27。Ibid。，ii，45-67。
　　28。Ibid。，iii，159。
　　29。Ibid。，v，21。
　　30。Stewart’sWorks，ii，165-93；iii，81-97。SchopenhauerTheWorldasWillandIdea，ii，240admiresReid’steachinguponthispoint，andrecommendsusnot’towasteanhouroverthescribblingsofthisshallowwriter’Stewart。
　　31。Rosmini’sOriginofIdeasEnglishtranslationi，96-176。
　　32。Ibid。，i，147n。
　　33。Stewart’sWorks，iv，29，35，35，38，andv，149-88。
　　34。Ibid。，ii，97，etc。andiii。235，289，417。
　　35。Works，vii，13-34。
　　36。Ibid。，vii，26，etc。
　　37。Works，iv，265。
　　38。Ibid。，ii，52。
　　39。Ibid。，v，10。
　　40。Works，ii，155。
　　41。Ibid。，ii，337。
　　42。Works，vi，46；vii，11。
　　43。Ibid。，vii，46。
　　44。Ibid。，i，357。
　　45。Works，vi，320。
　　46。Ibid。，vi，279。
　　47。Ibid。，vi，297。
　　48。Works，vi，295。Cf。v，83。
　　49。Ibid。，vi，298-99。
　　50。Ibid。，v，84。
　　51。InWorks，vi，205-6，hequotesDumont’sBentham；buthisgeneralsilenceisthemoresignificant，asinthelecturesonPoliticalEconomyhemakesfrequentandapprovingreferencestoBentham’stractuponusury。
　　52。Works，vii，236-38。
　　53。Ibid。，vi，221。
　　54。Works，vi，213。
　　55。Ibid。，vi，199。
　　56。Works，vi，111。
　　57。Works，vi，117-18。IhavegivensomedetailsastoStewarts’ssuffereingunderanEnglishproselyteofKantinmyStudiesofaBiographer。
　　CHAPTERV
　　BENTHAM’SLIFE
　　I。EarlyLifeJeremyBentham，1*thepatriarchoftheEnglishUtilitarians，sprangfromtheclassimbuedmostthoroughlywiththetypicalEnglishprejudices。
　　Hisfirstrecordedancestor，BrianBentham，wasapawnbroker，wholostmoneybythestopoftheExchequerin1672，butwasneitherruined，nor，itwouldseem，alienatedbytheking’sdishonesty。Heleftsomethousandstohisson，Jeremiah，anattorneyandastrongJacobite。AsecondJeremiah，born2ndDecember1712，carriedonhisfather’sbusiness，andthoughhisclientswerenotnumerous，increasedhisfortunebyjudiciousinvestmentsinhousesandlands。AlthoughbroughtupinJacobiteprinciples，hetransferredhisattachmenttotheHanoveriandynastywhenarelationofhiswifemarriedavaletofGeorgeII。Thewife，AliciaGrove，wasdaughterofatradesmanwhohadmadeasmallcompetenceatAndover。JeremiahBenthamhadfalleninlovewithheratfirstsight，andwiselygaveupforhersakeamatchwithafortuneof£；10，000。Thecouplewerefondlyattachedtoeachotherandtotheirchildren。Themarriagetookplacetowardstheendof1744，andtheeldestson，Jeremy，wasborninRedLionStreet，Houndsditch，4thFebruary1747-48
　　o。s。TheonlyotherchildwhogrewupwasSamuel，afterwardsSirSamuelBentham，born11thJanuary1757。Wheneightyyearsold，Jeremygaveanecdotesofhisinfancytohisbiographer，Bowring，whosaysthattheiraccuracywasconfirmedbycontemporarydocuments，andprovedhismemorytobeaswonderfulashisprecocity。Althoughthechildwasphysicallypuny，hisintellectualdevelopmentwasamazing。Beforehewastwoheburstintotearsatthesightofhismother’schagrinuponhisrefusalofsomeoffereddainty。Beforehewas’breeched，’aneventwhichhappenedwhenhewasthreeandaquarter，heranhomefromadullwalk，orderedafootmantobringlightsandplaceafolioRapinuponthetable，andwasfoundplungedinhistoricalstudieswhenhisparentsreturnedtothehouse。InhisfourthyearhewasimbibingtheLatingrammar，andattheageoffiveyearsninemonthsandnineteendays，ashisfathernotes，hewroteascrapofLatin，carefullypastedamongtheparentalmemoranda。ThechildwasnotalwaysimmuredinLondon。HisparentsspenttheirSundayswiththegrandfatherBenthamatBarking，andmadeoccasionalexcursionstothehouseofMrsBentham’smotheratBrowningHill，nearReading。
　　Benthamrememberedthelastasa’paradise，’andaloveofflowersandgardensbecameoneofhispermanentpassions。
　　Jeremycherishedthememoryofhismother’stenderness。Thefather，thoughlesssympathetic，wasproudofhisson’sprecocity，andapparentlyinjudiciousinstimulatingtheunformedintellect。Theboywasalmostadwarfinsize。
　　Whensixteenhegrewahead，2*andwassofeeblethathecouldscarcelydraghimselfupstairs。Attemptstoteachhimdancingfailedfromtheextremeweaknessofhisknees。3*Heshowedatasteformusic，andcouldscrapeaminuetonthefiddleatsixyearsofage。Hereadallsuchbooksascameinhisway。Hisparentsobjectedtolightliterature，andhewascrammedwithsuchsolidworksasRapin，Burnet’sTheoryoftheEarth，andCave’sLivesoftheApostles。Variousaccidents，however，furnishedhimwithbetterfoodfortheimagination。HeweptforhoursoverCiarissaHarlowe，studiedGulliver’sTravelsasanauthenticdocument，anddippedintoavarietyofsuchbooksasthendriftedintomiddle-classlibraries。AFrenchteacherintroducedhimtosomeremarkablebooks。HereadTé；lé；maque，whichdeeplyimpressedhim，and，ashethought，implantedinhismindtheseedsoflatermoralising。HeattackedunsuccessfullysomeofVoltaire’shistoricalworks，andevenreadCandide，withwhatemotionswearenottold。
　　Theservantsmeanwhilefilledhisfancywithghostsandhobgoblins。Totheendofhisdayshewasstillhauntedbytheimaginaryhorrorsinthedark，4*
　　andhesays5*thattheyhadbeenamongthetormentsofhislife。Hehadfewcompanionsofhisownage，andthoughhewas’notunhappy’andwasneversubjectedtocorporalpunishment，hefeltmoreawethanaffectionforhisfather。Hismother，towhomhewasstronglyattached，diedon6thJanuary1759。
　　Benthamwasthusastrangelyprecocious，andamorbidlysensitivechild，whenitwasdecidedin1755tosendhimtoWestminster。Theheadmaster，DrMarkham，wasafriendofhisfather’s。Westminster，hesays，represented’hell’forhimwhenBrowningHillstoodforparadise。Theinstruction’waswretched。’Thefaggingsystemwasa’horriddespotism。’Thegamesweretoomuchforhisstrength。Hisindustry，however，enabledhimtoescapethebirch，nosmallachievementinthosedays，6*andhebecamedistinguishedinthestudiessuchastheywere。Helearnedthecatechismbyheart，andwasgoodatGreekandLatinverses，whichhemanufacturedforhiscompanionsaswellashimself。Hehadalsotherareraccomplishment，acquiredfromhisearlytutor，ofwritingmoreeasilyinFrenchthanEnglish。SomeofhiswritingswereoriginallycomposedinFrench。Hewas，accordingtoBowring，electedtooneoftheKing’sscholarshipswhenbetweennineandten，butas’ill-usagewasapprehended’theappointmentwasdeclined。7*Hewasataboarding-house，andthelifeoftheboysonthefoundationwasprobablyrougher。InJune1760hisfathertookhimtoOxford，andenteredhimasacommoneratQueen’sCollege。HecameintoresidenceinthefollowingOctober，whenonlytwelveyearsold。OxfordwasnotmorecongenialthanWestminster。HehadtosigntheThirty-nineArticlesinspiteofscruplessuppressedbyauthority。Theimpressionmadeuponhimbythischildishcomplianceneverlefthimtotheendofhislife。8*HisexperienceresembledthatofAdamSmithandGibbon。
　　Lazinessandvicewereprevalent。AgentlemancommonerofQueen’swaspresidentofa’hellfireclub，’andbrutalhorseplaywasstillpractisedupontheweakerlads。Bentham，stillaschoolboyinage，continuedhisschoolboycourse。
　　HewroteLatinverses，andoneofhisexperiments，anodeuponthedeathofGeorgeII，wassenttoJohnson，whocalledit’averyprettyperformanceforayoungman。’Healsohadtogothroughtheformofdisputationintheschools。Queen’sCollegehadsomereputationatthistimeforteachinglogic。9*
　　BenthamwassettoreadWatt’sLogic1725，Sanderson’sCompendiumartisLogicae，1615，andRowning’sCompendiousSystemofNaturalPhilosophy1735-42。
　　Sometracesofthesestudiesremainedinhismind。
　　In1763BenthamtookhisB。A。degree，andreturnedtohishome。ltissignificantthatwhenrobbedofallhismoneyatOxfordhedidnotconfideinhisfather。HeWaspayingbyamorbidreservefortheattemptsmadetoforcehimintoprematureactivity。Heacceptedthecareerimposedbyhisfather’swishes，andinNovember1763begantoeathisdinnersinLincoln’sInn。Hereturned，however，toOxfordinDecembertohearBlackstone’slectures。
　　TheselectureswerethenanoveltyatanEnglishuniversity。TheVinerianprofessorshiphadbeenfoundedin1758inconsequenceofthesuccessofacoursevoluntarilygivenbyBlackstone；andhislecturescontainedthesubstanceofthefamousCommentaries，firstpublished1765-1769。TheyhadagreateffectuponBentham。Hesaysthathe’immediatelydetectedBlackstone’sfallacyrespectingnaturalrights，’thoughtotherdoctrinesillogical，andwassomuchoccupiedbythesereflectionsastobeunabletotakenotes。Bentham’sdissatisfactionwithBlackstonehadnotyetmadehimanopponentoftheconstitutedorder。HewaspresentatsomeoftheproceedingsagainstWilkes，andwasperfectlybewitchedbyLordMansfield’s’Grimgibber’thatis，takeninbyhispompousverbiage。10*