Thewholesystemturnedupontheprofittobemadefromthecriminals’labourbyBenthamandhisbrother。Thecommitteeobservedthat，howeverunimpeachablemightbethecharactersofthefounders，theschememightleadtoabusesinthehandsoftheirsuccessors。Theadoptionofthisprincipleof’farming’
　　hadinfactledtogrossabusesbothingaolsandinworkhouses；butitwas，asIhavesaid，inharmonywiththewhole’individualist’theory。Thecommitteerecommendedadifferentplan；andtheresultwasthefoundationofMillbankpenitentiary，openedin1816。86*Benthamultimatelyreceived£；23，000
　　bywayofcompensationin1813。87*Theobjectionsofthecommitteewouldnowbeacommonplace，butBenthamsawinthemanotherproofofthedesiretoincreasegovernmentpatronage。Hewaswelloutoftheplan。TherewereprobablyfewmeninEnglandlesscapableofmanagingathousandconvicts，inspiteofhistheoriesabout’springsofaction。’Ifanythingelsehadbeenrequiredtoensurefailure，itwouldhavebeenassociationwithasanguineinventorofbrilliantabilities。
　　Bentham’sagitationhadnotbeenaltogetherfruitless。HisplanhadbeenpartlyadoptedatEdinburghbyoneoftheAdams，88*andhisworkformedanimportantstageinthedevelopmentofthepenalsystem。
　　Bentham，thoughhecouldnotseethathisfailurewasablessingindisguise，hadlearnedonelessonworthlearning。Hewasill-treated，accordingtoimpartialobservers。’Never，’saysWilberforce，89*’wasanyoneworseused。Ihaveseenthetearsrundownthecheeksofthatstrong-mindedmanthroughvexationatthepressingimportunityofhiscreditors，andtheindolenceofofficialunderlingswhendayafterdayhewasbeggingattheTreasuryforwhatwasindeedamerematterofright。’WilberforceaddsthatBenthamwas’quitesoured，’andattributeshislateropinionstothiscause。WhentheQuarterlyReviewlongafterwardstauntedhimasadisappointedman，Benthamdeclaredhimselftobein’astateofperpetualandunruffledgaiety，’andthe’mainspring’
　　ofthegaietyofhisowncircle。90*Noone，indeed，couldbeless’soured’
　　sofarashishabitualtemperwasconcerned。ButWilberforce’sremarkcontainedaserioustruth。Benthamhadmadeadiscovery。Hehadvowedwarinhisyouthagainstthe’demonofchicane。’Hehadnowlearnedthatthenameofthedemonwas’Legion。’Tocasthimout，itwouldbenecessarytocastoutthedemonofofficialism；andweshallseewhatthisbitofknowledgepresentlyimplied。
　　IV。THEUTILITARIANPROPAGANDA。
　　Benthamin1802hadreachedtherespectableageoffifty-four。Hehadpublishedhisfirstworktwenty-sixyears，andhismostelaboratetreatisethirteenyears，previously。Hehadbeenbroughtintocontactwithmanyoftheeminentpoliticiansandphilanthropistsoftheday。Lansdownehadbeenafriendlypatron：hisadvicehadbeentreatedwithrespectbyPitt，Dundas，andevenbyBlackstone；hewasonfriendlytermswithColquhoun，SirF。Eden，ArthurYoung，Wilberforce，andothersinterestedinphilanthropicmovements，andhisnameatleastwasknowntosomeFrenchpoliticians。Buthisreputationwasstillobscure；andhisconnectionsdidnotdevelopintointimacies。Helivedasarecluseandavoidedsociety。HisintroductiontogreatpeopleatBowoodhadapparentlyratherincreasedthansoftenedhisshyness。Thelittlecircleofintimates，RomillyandWilsonandhisownbrother，musthavesatisfiedhisneedsforsocialintercourse。ItrequiredanelaboratenegotiationtobringaboutameetingbetweenhimandDrParr，thegreatWhigprophet，althoughtheyhadbeenpreviouslyacquainted，andParrwas，asRomillysaidbywayofintroduction，aprofoundadmireranduniversalpanegyrist。91*
　　HerefusedtobeintroducedbyParrtoFox，becausehehad’nothingparticulartosay’tothestatesman，andconsideredthattobe’alwaysasufficientreasonfordecliningacquaintance。’92*
　　But，atlast，Bentham’sfamewastotakeastart。Bentham，Isaid，hadlongbeforefoundhimself。DumonthadnowfoundBentham。Afterlongandtediouslaboursandmultipliedcommunicationsbetweenthemasterandthedisciple，Dumontinthespringof1802broughtouthisTraité；sdeLé；gislationdeM。Jé；ré；mieBentham。ThebookwaspartlyatranslationfromBentham’spublishedandunpublishedworks，93*andpartlyastatementofthepithofthenewdoctrineinDumont’sownlanguage。IthadthegreatmeritofputtingBentham’smeaningvigorouslyandcompactly，andfreefrommanyofthedigressions，minutediscussionsofminorpointsandargumentsrequiringaspecialknowledgeofEnglishlaw，whichhadimpededthepopularityofBentham’spreviousworks。
　　TheJacobincontroversieswerepassingintothebackground：andBenthambegantoattainahearingasareformerupondifferentlines。In1803DumontvisitedSt。Petersburg，andsenthomeglowingreportsofBentham’srisingfame。AsmanycopiesoftheTraité；shadbeensoldthereasinLondon。
　　Codeswerewanted；lawswerebeingdigested；andBentham’sworkwouldsupplytheprinciplesandtheclassification。Amagnificenttranslationwasordered，andRussianofficialswroteglowinglettersinwhichBenthamwasplacedinalinewithBacon，Newton，andAdamSmith——eachthefounderofanewscience。94*
　　AthomethenewbookwasoneoftheobjectsofwhatDumontcallsthe’scandalousirreverence，oftheEdinburghReview。95*ThisreferstoareviewoftheTraité；sintheEdinburghReviewofApril1804。Althoughpatronisingintone，andridiculingsomeofBentham’sdoctrinesascommonplaceandcondemningothersascriminal，itpaidsomehighcomplimentstohisability。TheirreverencemeantatleastthatBenthamhadbecomeoneofthepersonsworthtalkingabout，andthathewashenceforthtoinfluencetherisinggeneration。InJanuary1807theEdinburghitselfprobablyJeffreysuggestedthatBenthamshouldbeemployedinaproposedreformoftheScottishjudicialsystem。Hisoldfriend，Lansdowne，diedon7thMay1805，andinoneofhislastlettersexpressesahopethatBentham’sprinciplesareatlastbeginningtospread。96*Thehopewasfulfilled。
　　DuringtheeighteenthcenturyBenthamismhadgonethroughitsperiodofincubation。Itwasnowtobecomeanactiveagency，togatherproselytes，andtohaveamarkedinfluencenotonlyuponlegislativebutuponpoliticalmovements。TheimmediateeffectuponBenthamofthedeclineofthePanopticon，andhisconsequentemancipationfromimmediatelypracticalwork，wasapparentlyhisreturntohismorelegitimateemploymentofspeculativelabour。HesenttoDumontatSt。Petersburg97*partofthetreatiseuponPoliticalEconomy，whichhadbeennaturallysuggestedbyhislaterwork：andheappliedhimselftotheScottishjudiciaryquestion，towhichmanyofhisspeculationshadacloseapplication。Hepublishedaworkuponthissubjectin1808。Totheperiodbetween1802and1812belongsalsothebook，orratherthecollectionofpapers，afterwardstransformedintothebook，UponEvidence，whichisoneofhismostvaluableperformances。
　　Aletter，dated1stNovember1810，givesacharacteristicaccountofhisposition。HereferstohopesoftheacceptanceofsomeofhisprinciplesinSouthAmerica。InSpainSpaniardsarepreparedtoreceivehislaws’asoracles。’’Nowatlength，whenIamjustreadytodropintothegrave’hehadstilltwentyyearsofenergeticworkbeforehim，’myfamehasspreaditselfalloverthecivilisedworld。’Dumont’spublicationof1802isconsideredtohavesupersededallpreviouswritingsonlegislation。InGermanyandFrancecodeshavebeenpreparedbyauthorisedlawyers，whohave’soughttodothemselvescreditbyreferencestothatwork。’98*IthasbeentranslatedintoRussian。
　　EveninEnglandheisoftenmentionedinbooksandinparliament。’MeantimeIamherescribblingoninmyhermitage，neverseeinganybodybutforsomespecialreason，alwaysbearingrelationtotheserviceofmankind。’99*
　　Makingalldueallowanceforthedeceptiveviewsoftheouterworldwhichhauntevery’hermitage，’itremainstruethatBentham’sfamewasemergingfromobscurity。
　　Theendofthisperiod，moreover，wasbringinghimintoclosercontactwithEnglishpoliticallife。Bentham，aswehaveseen，rejectedthewholeJacobindoctrineofabstractrights。SolongasEnglishpoliticsmeanteithertheacceptanceofatheorywhich，forwhateverreason，gatheredrounditnosolidbodyofsupport，or，ontheotherhand，theacceptanceofanobstructiveandpurelyconservativeprinciple，towhichallreformwasradicallyopposed，Benthamwasnecessarilyinanisolatedposition。Hehad’nothingparticulartosay’toFox。HewasneitheraTorynoraJacobin，andcaredlittlefortheparalysedWhigs。Healliedhimselftherefore，sofarashewasalliedwithanyone，withthephilanthropicagitatorswhostood，likehim，outsidethelinesofparty。Theimprovementofprisonswasnotapartyquestion。
　　Amarkedchange——notalways，Ithink，sufficientlyemphasisedbyhistorians——hadfollowedthesecondwar。Theparty-divisionsbegantotaketheformwhichwastobecomemoremarkedastimewenton。TheoldissuesbetweenJacobinandAnti-Jacobinnolongerexisted。Napoleonhadbecometheheiroftherevolution。
　　ThegreatstrugglewasbeginninginwhichEnglandcommandedtheocean，whiletheContinentwasatthefeetoftheempire。ForatimethequestionwaswhetherEngland，too，shouldbeinvaded。AfterTrafalgarinvasionbecamehopeless。TheNapoleonicvictoriesthreatenedtoexcludeEnglishtradefromtheContinent：whileEnglandretortedbydeclaringthattheContinentshouldtradewithnobodyelse。Upononesidethewarwasnowappealingtohigherfeelings。Itwasnolongeracrusadeagainsttheories，butastrugglefornationalexistenceandfortheexistenceofothernationsthreatenedbyagiganticdespotism。MenlikeWordsworthandColeridge，whocouldnotbeAnti-Jacobins，hadbeenfirstshockedbytheJacobintreatmentofSwitzerland，andnowthrewthemselvesenthusiasticallyintothecausewhichmeanttherescueofSpainandGermanyfromforeignoppression。ThegenerousfeelingwhichhadresentedtheattempttoforbidFrenchmentobreaktheirownbonds，nowresentedtheattemptsofFrenchmentoimposebondsuponothers。Thepatriotismwhichpromptedtoacrusadehadseemedunworthy，butthepatriotismwhichwasnowalliedwiththepatriotismofSpainandGermanyinvolvednosacrificeofothersentiment。
　　Manymenhadsympathisedwiththeearlyrevolution，notsomuchfromanystrongsentimentofevilsathomeasfromabeliefthattheFrenchmovementwasbutafullerdevelopmentoftheveryprincipleswhichwerepartiallyembodiedintheBritishConstitution。TheyhadnolongertochoosebetweensympathisingwiththeenemiesofEnglandandsympathisingwiththesuppressorsoftheoldEnglishliberties。
　　But，ontheotherhand，anoppositechangetookplace。ThedisappearanceoftheJacobinmovementallowedtheRadicalismofhomegrowthtodisplayitselfmorefully。EnglishWhigsofallshadeshadopposedthewarwithcertainmisgivings。TheyhadbeennervouslyanxiousnottoidentifythemselveswiththesentimentsoftheJacobins。TheydesiredpeacewiththeFrench，buthadtoprotestthatitwasnotforloveofFrenchprinciples。Thatdifficultywasremoved。Therewasnolongeravision——suchasGillrayhadembodiedinhiscaricatures——ofaguillotineinSt。James’sStreet：orofaCommitteeofPublicSafetyformedbyFox，Paine，andHorneTooke。MeanwhileWhigpropheciesofthefailureofthewarwerenotdisprovedbyitsresults。ThoughtheEnglishnavyhadbeenvictorious，EnglishinterferenceontheContinenthadbeenfutile。Millionsofmoneyhadbeenwasted：andmillionswereflowingfreely。
　　Evennowwestandastonishedattherecklessprofusionofthefinanciersofthetime。Andwhatwastheretoshowforit?TheFrenchempire，sofarfrombeingdestroyed，hadbeenconsolidated。Ifweescapedforthetime，couldwepermanentlyresistthewholepowerofEurope?WhenthePeninsularWarbeganwehadbeenfighting，exceptfortheshorttruceofAmiens，forsixteenyears；andthereseemednoreasontobelievethattheexpeditiontoPortugalin1808wouldsucceedbetterthanpreviousefforts。TheWalcherenexpeditionof1809wasafreshproofofourcapacityforblundering。Pauperismwasstillincreasingrapidly，andforebodingsofawarwithAmericabeginningtotroublemeninterestedincommerce。TheEnglishOppositionhadampletextsfordiscourses；andademandforchangebegantospringupwhichwasnolongerarefectionofforeignsympathies。AnarticleintheEdinburghofJanuary1808，whichprofessedtodemonstratethehopelessnessofthePeninsularWar，rousedthewrathoftheTories。TheQuarterlyReviewwasstartedbyCanningandScott，andtheEdinburgh，inreturn，tookamoredecidedlyWhigcolour。
　　TheRadicalsnowshowedthemselvesbehindtheWhigs。Cobbett，whohadbeenthemostvigorousofJohnBullAnti-Jacobins，wasdrivenbyhishatredofthetax-gathererandthemiseryoftheagriculturallabourersintotheoppositecamp，andhisRegisterbecamethemosteffectiveorganofRadicalism。demandsforreformbeganagaintomakethemselvesheardinparliament。SirFrancisBurdett，whohadsatatthefeetofHorneTooke，andwhosereturnwithCochraneforWestminsterin1807wasthefirstparliamentarytriumphofthereformers，proposedamotionon15thJune1809，whichwas，ofcourse，rejected，butwhichwasthefirstofaseries，andmarkedtherevivalofaseriousagitationnottoceasetillthetriumphof1832。
　　MeanwhileBentham，meditatingprofoundlyuponthePanopticoin，hadatlastfoundoutthathehadbegunatthewrongend。Hisreasoninghadbeenthrownawayuponthehugedeadweightofofficialindifference，orworsethanindifference。Whydidtheynotacceptthemeansforproducingthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber?Becausestatesmendidnotdesiretheend。
　　Andwhynot?Toanswerthatquestion，andtoshowhowagovernmentcouldbeconstructedwhichshoulddesireit，becameamainoccupationofBentham’slife。Henceforward，therefore，insteadofmerelytreatingofpenalcodesandotherspecialreforms，hisattentionisdirectedtothepreviousquestionofpoliticalorganisation；whileattimeshedivergestoillustrateincidentallytheabusesofwhatheironicallycallsthe’matchlessconstitution。’Bentham’sprincipaloccupation，inaword，wastoprovidepoliticalphilosophyforradicalreformers。100*