InhislateryearstheUnitedStatesbecamehisideal，andhenevertiredofcomparingitscheapandhonestenactmentwiththecorruptionandextravaganceathome。
　　V。CODIFICATION。
　　TheunsettledconditionswhichfollowedthepeaceinvariousEuropeancountriesfoundBenthamotheremployment。In1809DumontdidsomecodifyingfortheEmperorofRussia，andin1817wasengagedtodothesameserviceforGeneva。Hewasemployedforsomeyears，andissaidtohaveintroducedaBenthamitePenalCodeandPanopticon，andanapplicationoftheTactics。125*
　　In1820and1821BenthamwasconsultedbytheConstitutionalpartyinSpainandPortugal，andwroteelaboratetractsfortheirenlightenment。HemadeanimpressionuponatleastoneSpaniard。Borrow，whentravellinginSpainsometenyearsafterBentham’sdeath，waswelcomedbyanAlcaldeonCapeFinisterre，whohaduponhisshelvesalltheworksofthe’grandBaintham，’
　　andcomparedhimtoSolon，Plato，andevenLopedeVega。126*ThelastcomparisonappearedtoBorrowtobeoverstrained。Benthamevenendeavouredin1822-23
　　toadministersomesoundadvicetothegovernmentofTripoli，buthissuggestionsfor’remediesagainstmisrule’seemnevertohavebeencommunicated。127*
　　In1823and1824hewasamemberoftheGreekCommittee；hecorrespondedwithMavrocordatoandotherleaders；andhebeggedParrtoturnsomeofhisadmonitionsinto’Parrian’Greekforthebenefitofthemoderns。128*Blaquiè；reandStanhope，twoardentmembersofthecommittee，weredisciples；andStanhopecarriedwithhimtoGreeceBentham’sTableoftheSpringsofAction，withwhichhetriedtoindoctrinateByron。Thepoet，however，thoughtwithsomeplausibilitythathewasabetterjudgeofhumanpassionsthanthephilosopher。
　　Parry，theengineer，whojoinedByronatthesametime，givesaqueeraccountoftheoldphilosophertrottingaboutLondonintheserviceoftheGreeks。129*
　　Thecoarseandthoughtlessmightlaugh，andperhapssomeneithercoarsenorthoughtlessmightsmile。ButBowringtellsusthattheseweredaysofboundlesshappinessforBentham。130*Tributesofadmirationwerepouringinfromallsides，andthetrueGospelwasspreadingacrosstheAtlanticandalongtheshoresoftheMediterranean。
　　AthometheUtilitarianpartywasconsolidatingitself；andthestrugglewhichresultedintheReformBillwasslowlybeginning。TheveteranCartwright，Bentham’sseniorbyeightyears，triedin1821topersuadehimtocomeoutasoneofacommitteeof’GuardiansofConstitutionalReform，’electedatapublicmeeting。131*Benthamwiselyrefusedtobedrawnfromhisprivacy。
　　Heleftittohisfriendstoagitate，whilehereturnedtolabourinhisstudy。ThedemandforlegislationwhichhadsprungupinsomanypartsoftheworldencouragedBenthamtoundertakethelastofhisgreatlabours。
　　ThePortugueseCortesvotedinDecember1821thatheshouldbeinvitedtopreparean’all-comprehensivecode’；andin1822heputoutacurious’Codificationproposal，’offeringtodotheworkforanynationinneedofalegislator，andappendingtestimonialstohiscompetenceforthework。Hesettoworkupona’ConstitutionalCode，’whichoccupiedhimatintervalduringtheremainderofhislife，andembodiedthefinaloutcomeofhisspeculations。Hedivergedfromthismainpurposetowritevariouspamphletsupontopicsofimmediateinterest；andwaskeenlyinterestedinthevariousactivitiesofhisdisciples。
　　TheUtilitariansnowthoughtthemselvesentitledtoenterthefieldofpoliticsasadistinctbody。Anorgantodefendtheircausewasdesirable，andBenthamsuppliedthefundsfortheWestminsterReview，ofwhichthefirstnumberappearedinApril1824。
　　TheeditorshipfellchieflyintothehandsofBowring1792-1872。BowringhadtravelledmuchupontheContinentforacommercialhouse，andhisknowledgeofSpanishpoliticshadbroughthimintoconnectionwithBentham，towhomBlaquiè；rerecommendedhimin1820。132*Astrongattachmentsprangupbetweenthetwo。Benthamconfidedallhisthoughtsandfeelingstotheyoungman，andBowringlookeduptohisteacherwithaffectionatereverence。
　　In1828BenthamsaysthatBowringis’themostintimatefriendhehas。’133*
　　Bowringcomplainsofcalumnies，bywhichhewasassailed，thoughtheyfailedtoalienateBentham。Whattheymayhavebeenmatterslittle；butitisclearthatacertainjealousyarosebetweenthislastdiscipleandhisolderrivals。
　　JamesMill’ssternandrigidcharacterhadevidentlyproducedsomeirritationatintervals；andtohimitwouldnaturallyappearthatBowringwastheobjectofasenilefavouritism。InanycaseitistoberegrettedthatBenthamthusbecamepartlyalienatedfromhisolderfriends。134*Millwastooproudtocomplain；andneverwaveredinhisallegiancetothemaster’sprinciples。
　　Butoneresult，andtousthemostimportant，wasthatthenewattachmentledtothecompositionofoneoftheworstbiographiesinthelanguage，outofmaterialswhichmighthaveservedforamasterpiece。Bowringwasagreatlinguist，andanenergeticmanofbusiness。Hewrotehymns，andoneofthem，’InthecrossofChristIglory，’issaidtohave’universalfame。’ABenthamitecapableofsosingularaneccentricityjudiciouslyagreedtoavoiddiscussionsuponreligioustopicswithhismaster。ToBowringwealsoowetheDeontology，whichprofessestorepresentBentham’sdictation。TheMillsrepudiatedthisversion，certainlyaverypoorone，oftheirteacher’smorality，andheldthatitrepresentedlessBenthamthansuchanimpressionofBenthamascouldbestampeduponamuddle-headeddisciple。135*
　　ThelastyearsofhislifebroughtBenthamintocloserconnectionwithmoreremarkablemen。TheRadicalshaddespisedtheWhigsastrimmersandhalf-heartedreformers，andJamesMillexpressedthisfeelingveryfranklyinthefirstnumbersoftheWestminsterReview。Reform，however，wasnowbecomingrespectable，andtheWhigsweregainingthecouragetotakeitupseriously。ForemostamongtheEdinburghReviewerswasthegreatHenryBrougham，whosefamewasatthistimealmostasgreatashisambitioncoulddesire，andwhoconsideredhimselftobethenaturalleaderofallreform。HehadshowneagernesstodistinguishhimselfinlinesfullyapprovedbyBentham。
　　Hisadmirersregardedhimasagiant；andhisopponents，iftheysawinhimadashofthecharlatan，couldnotdenyhisamazingenergyandhiscapacityasanorator。Theinsatiablevanitywhichafterwardsruinedhiscareeralreadymadeitdoubtfulwhetherhefoughtforthecauseortheglory。Buthewasatleastaninstrumentworthhaving。Hewasakindofhalf-disciple。Ifin1809hehadcheckedMill’spraiseofBentham，hewassoonafterwardsinfrequentcommunicationwiththemaster。InJuly1812BenthamannouncesthatBroughamisatlasttobeadmittedtoadinner，forwhichhehadbeen’intriguinganytimethissixmonths，’andexpectsthathisproselytewillsoonbethefirstmanintheHouseofCommons，andeclipseevenRomilly。136*Inlateryearstheyhadfrequentcommunications；andwhenin1827Broughamwasknowntobepreparinganutteranceuponlawreform，Bentham’shopesrosehigh。
　　Heofferedtohisdisciple’somenicelittlesweetpapofmyownmaking，’
　　soundteachingthatis，uponevidence，judicialestablishmentsandcodification。
　　Broughamthankshis’deargrandpapa，’andBenthamoffersfurthersuppliestohis’dear，sweetlittlepoppet。’137*ButwhentheoratorhadspokenBenthamdeclares9thFebruary1828thatthemountainhasbeendeliveredofamouse。Broughamwas’notthemantosetup’simpleandrationalprinciples。
　　HewastheshamadversarybuttherealaccompliceofPeel，pullingupliesbytheroottoplantothersequallynoxious。138*In1830Benthamhadeventoholdup’MasterPeel’asa’modelgoodboy’totheself-styledreformer。
　　Broughamneedsadoseofjalapinsteadofpap，forhecannotevenspellthe’greatesthappinessprinciple’properly。139*BenthamwentsofarastowritewhathefondlytooktobeanepigramuponBrougham：
　　’Sofoolishandsowise，sogreat，sosmall，Everythingnow，to-morrownoughtatall。’140*
　　InSeptember1831BroughamasChancellorannouncedaschemeforcertainchangesintheconstitutionofthecourts。TheproposalcalledforthBentham’slastpamphlet，LordBroughamdisplayed。141*Benthamlamentsthathisdisciplehas’stretchedouttherighthandoffellowshiptojobbersofallsorts。’142*
　　InvainhadBroughaminhisspeechcalledBentham’oneofthegreatsagesofthelaw。’Benthamacknowledgeshisamiabilityandhisgenius；butlamentsovertheuntrustworthycharacterofamanwhocouldonlyadoptprinciplessofarastheyweresubservienttohisownvanity。
　　AnotherlightoftheEdinburghReview，whoatthistimetookBroughamathisownvaluation，didanincidentalservicetoBentham。UponthepublicationoftheBookofFallaciesin1825，SydneySmithreviewedorrathercondenseditintheEdinburghReview，andgavethepithofthewholeinhisfamousNoodle’sOration。Thenoodleuttersallthecommonplacesbywhichthestupidconservatives，withEldonattheirhead，metthedemandsofreformers。NothingcouldbewittierthanSmith’sbrilliantsummary。WhigsandRadicalsforthetimeagreedinridiculingblindprejudice。ThedaywastocomewhentheWhigsatleastwouldseethatsomeprinciplesmightbeworsethanprejudice。Allthefools，saidLordMelbourne，’wereagainstCatholicEmancipation，andtheworstofitis，thefoolswereintheright。’SydneySmithwasgladtobeBentham’smouthpieceforthemoment：though，whenBenthamismwasappliedtochurchreform，SmithbegantoperceivethatNoodlewasnotsosillyasheseemed。
　　OneotherallyofBenthamdeservesnotice。O’Connellhadin1828，inspeakingoflegalabuses，calledhimself’anhumblediscipleoftheimmortalBentham。’143*
　　Benthamwrotetoacknowledgethecompliment。HeinvitedO’ConnelltobecomeaninmateofhishermitageatQueen’sSquarePlace，andO’Connellrespondedwarmlytothelettersofhis’reveredmaster。’Bentham’saversiontoCatholicismwasasstrongashisobjectiontoCatholicdisqualifications，andhetooksometroubletosmoothdownthedifficultieswhichthreatenedanalliancebetweenardentbelieversandthorough-goingsceptics。O’Connellhadattackedsomewhowerepoliticallyuponhisside。’Dan，dearchild，’saysBentham，’whominimaginationIamatthismomentpressingtomyfondbosom，putoff，ifitbepossible，yourintolerance。’144*Theirfriendship，however，didnotsufferfromthisdiscord，andtheircorrespondenceisinthesametonetilltheend。InoneofBentham’slettershespeaksofacontemporarycorrespondencewithanothergreatman，whomhedoesnotappeartohavemetpersonally。Hewaswritinglongletters，entreatingthedukeofWellingtontoeclipseCromwellbysuccessfullyattackingthelawyers。Thedukewrote’immediateanswersinhisownhand，’andtookgood-humouredlyaremonstrancefromBenthamupontheduelwithLordWinchilseain1829。145*Benthamwasreadytotheendtoseekalliesinanyquarter。WhenLordSidmouthtookofficein1812，Benthamhadaninterviewwithhim，andhadsomehopesofbeingemployedtoprepareapenalcode。146*AlthoughexperiencehadconvincedhimofthefutilityofexpectationsfromtheSidmouthsandEldons，hewasalwaysonthelookoutforsympathy；andthevenerableoldmanwasnaturallytreatedwithrespectbypeoplewhohadlittleenoughofrealinterestinhisdoctrines。
　　Duringthelasttenyearsofhislife，Benthamwascheeredbysymptomsofthetriumphofhiscreed。TheapproachofthemillenniumseemedtobeindicatedbythegatheringofthevariousforceswhichcarriedRomanCatholicEmancipationandtheReformBill。Benthamstillreceivedtestimoniesofhisfameabroad。In1825hevisitedParistoconsultsomephysicians。HewasreceivedwiththerespectwhichtheFrenchcanalwayspaytointellectualeminence。147*Allthelawyersinacourtofjusticerosetoreceivehim，andhewasplacedatthepresident’srighthand。Ontherevolutionof1830，headdressedsomegoodadvicetothecountryofwhichhehadbeenmadeacitizennearlyfortyyearsbefore。In1832，Talleyrand，towhomhehadtalkedaboutthePanopticonin1792，dinedwithhimaloneinhishermitage。148*
　　WhenBowringobservedtotheprincethatBentham’sworkshadbeenplundered，thepolitediplomatistreplied，etpillé；detoutlemonde，ilesttoujoursriche。Benthamwasbythistimefailing。Ateighty-twohewasstill，asheputit，’codifyinglikeanydragon。’149*On18thMay1832hedidhislastbitofhislife-longlabour，uponthe’ConstitutionalCode。’Thegreatreformagitationwasreachingthelandofpromise，butBenthamwastodieinthewilderness。Hesankwithoutastruggleon6thJune1832，hisheadrestingonBowring’sbosom。Heleftthecharacteristicdirectionthathisbodyshouldbedissectedforthebenefitofscience。Anincisionwasformallymade；andtheoldgentleman，inhisclothesashelived，hisfacecoveredbyawaxmask，isstilltobeseenatUniversityCollegeinGowerStreet。
　　Bentham，aswearetold，hadastrongpersonalresemblancetoBenjaminFranklin。Sagacity，benevolence，andplayfulnesswereexpressedinbothphysiognomies。
　　Bentham，however，differedfromthemanwhoseintellectpresentsmanypointsoflikeness，inthathewasnotamanofthemarket-placeortheoffice。