{footnote]*’WanderingsinNewSouthWales’，vol。ii。chap。viii。，1834。
Dr。BurroughstatesofanotherGibbon，theHorlackorHooluk："Theywalkerect；andwhenplacedonthefloor，orinanopenfield，balancethemselvesveryprettily，byraisingtheirhandsovertheirheadandslightlybendingthearmatthewristandelbow，andthenruntolerablyfast，rockingfromsidetoside；and，ifurgedtogreaterspeed，theyletfalltheirhandstotheground，andassistthemselvesforward，ratherjumpingthanrunning，stillkeepingthebody，however，nearlyerect。"
Somewhatdifferentevidence，however，isgivenbyDr。WinslowLewis：*
"Theironlymannerofwalkingwasontheirposteriororinferiorextremities，theothersbeingraisedupwardstopreservetheirequilibrium，asrope-dancersareassistedbylongpolesatfairs。Theirprogressionwasnotbyplacingonefootbeforetheother，butbysimultaneouslyusingboth，asinjumping。"Dr。SalomonMulleralsostatesthattheGibbonsprogressalongthegroundbyashortseriesoftotteringjumps，effectedonlybythehindlimbs，thebodybeingheldaltogetherupright。
[footnote]*’BostonJournalofNaturalHistory’，vol。i。，1834。
ButMr。Martin（l。c。p。418），whoalsospeaksfromdirectobservation，saysoftheGibbonsgenerally：
"Pre-eminentlyqualifiedforarborealhabits，anddisplayingamongthebranchesamazingactivity，theGibbonsarenotsoawkwardorembarrassedonalevelsurfaceasmightbeimagined。Theywalkerect，withawaddlingorunsteadygait，butataquickpace；theequilibriumofthebodyrequiringtobekeptup，eitherbytouchingthegroundwiththeknuckles，firstononesidethenontheother，orbyupliftingthearmssoastopoiseit。AswiththeChimpanzee，thewholeofthenarrow，longsoleofthefootisplaceduponthegroundatonceandraisedatonce，withoutanyelasticityofstep。"
FIG。8。——Gibbon（’H。pileatus’），afterWolf。
Afterthismassofconcurrentandindependenttestimony，itcannotreasonablybedoubtedthattheGibbonscommonlyandhabituallyassumetheerectattitude。
Butlevelgroundisnottheplacewheretheseanimalscandisplaytheirveryremarkableandpeculiarlocomotivepowers，andthatprodigiousactivitywhichalmosttemptsonetorankthemamongflying，ratherthanamongordinaryclimbingmammals。
Mr。Martin（l。c。p。430）hasgivensoexcellentandgraphicanaccountofthemovementsofa’Hylobatesagilis’，livingintheZoologicalGardens，in1840，thatIwillquoteitinfull：
"Itisalmostimpossibletoconveyinwordsanideaofthequicknessandgracefuladdressofhermovements：theymayindeedbetermedaerial，assheseemsmerelytotouchinherprogressthebranchesamongwhichsheexhibitsherevolutions。Inthesefeatsherhandsandarmsarethesoleorgansoflocomotion；herbodyhangingasifsuspendedbyarope，sustainedbyonehand（therightforexample）shelaunchesherself，byanenergeticmovement，toadistantbranch，whichshecatcheswiththelefthand；butherholdislessthanmomentary：theimpulseforthenextlaunchisacquired：thebranchthenaimedatisattainedbytherighthandagain，andquittedinstantaneously，andsoon，inalternatesuccession。Inthismannerspacesoftwelveandeighteenfeetarecleared，withthegreatesteaseanduninterruptedly，forhourstogether，withouttheslightestappearanceoffatiguebeingmanifested；
anditisevidentthat，ifmorespacecouldbeallowed，distancesverygreatlyexceedingeighteenfeetwouldbeaseasilycleared；sothatDuvaucel’sassertionthathehasseentheseanimalslaunchthemselvesfromonebranchtoanother，fortyfeetasunder，startlingasitis，maybewellcredited。Sometimes，onseizingabranchinherprogress，shewillthrowherself，bythepowerofonearmonly，completelyroundit，makingarevolutionwithsuchrapidityasalmosttodeceivetheeye，andcontinueherprogresswithundiminishedvelocity。ItissingulartoobservehowsuddenlythisGibboncanstop，whentheimpetusgivenbytherapidityanddistanceofherswingingleapswouldseemtorequireagradualabatementofhermovements。Intheverymidstofherflightabranchisseized，thebodyraised，andsheisseen，asifbymagic，quietlyseatedonit，graspingitwithherfeet。Assuddenlysheagainthrowsherselfintoaction。
"Thefollowingfactswillconveysomenotionofherdexterityandquickness。Alivebirdwasletlooseinherapartment；shemarkeditsflight，madealongswingtoadistantbranch，caughtthebirdwithonehandinherpassage，andattainedthebranchwithherotherhand；heraim，bothatthebirdandatthebranch，beingassuccessfulasifoneobjectonlyhadengagedherattention。Itmaybeaddedthatsheinstantlybitofftheheadofthebird，pickeditsfeathers，andthenthrewitdownwithoutattemptingtoeatit。
"Onanotheroccasionthisanimalswungherselffromaperch，acrossapassageatleasttwelvefeetwide，againstawindowwhichitwasthoughtwouldbeimmediatelybroken：butnotso；tothesurpriseofall，shecaughtthenarrowframeworkbetweenthepaneswithherhand，inaninstantattainedtheproperimpetus，andsprangbackagaintothecageshehadleft——afeatrequiringnotonlygreatstrength，butthenicestprecision。"
TheGibbonsappeartobenaturallyverygentle，butthereisverygoodevidencethattheywillbiteseverelywhenirritated——afemale’Hylobatesagilis’havingsoseverelylaceratedonemanwithherlongcanines，thathedied；whileshehadinjuredotherssomuchthat，bywayofprecaution，theseformidableteethhadbeenfileddown；but，ifthreatened，shewouldstillturnonherkeeper。TheGibbonseatinsects，butappeargenerallytoavoidanimalfood。ASiamang，however，wasseenbyMr。Bennetttoseizeanddevourgreedilyalivelizard。Theycommonlydrinkbydippingtheirfingersintheliquidandthenlickingthem。Itisassertedthattheysleepinasittingposture。
Duvaucelaffirmsthathehasseenthefemalescarrytheiryoungtothewatersideandtherewashtheirfaces，inspiteofresistanceandcries。Theyaregentleandaffectionateincaptivity——fulloftricksandpettishness，likespoiledchildren，andyetnotdevoidofacertainconscience，asananecdote，toldbyMr。Bennett（l。c。p。156），willshow。ItwouldappearthathisGibbonhadapeculiarinclinationfordisarrangingthingsinthecabin。Amongthesearticles，apieceofsoapwouldespeciallyattracthisnotice，andfortheremovalofthishehadbeenonceortwicescolded。"Onemorning，"saysMr。Bennett，"I
waswriting，theapebeingpresentinthecabin，whencastingmyeyestowardshim，Isawthelittlefellowtakingthesoap。IwatchedhimwithouthisperceivingthatIdidso：andheoccasionallywouldcastafurtiveglancetowardstheplacewhereIsat。Ipretendedtowrite；
he，seeingmebusilyoccupied，tookthesoap，andmovedawaywithitinhispaw。Whenhehadwalkedhalfthelengthofthecabin，Ispokequietly，withoutfrighteninghim。TheinstanthefoundIsawhim，hewalkedbackagain，anddepositedthesoapnearlyinthesameplacefromwhencehehadtakenit。Therewascertainlysomethingmorethaninstinctinthataction：heevidentlybetrayedaconsciousnessofhavingdonewrongbothbyhisfirstandlastactions——andwhatisreasonifthatisnotanexerciseofit？"
ThemostelaborateaccountofthenaturalhistoryoftheORANG-UTAN
extant，isthatgiveninthe"VerhandelingenoverdeNatuurlijkeGeschiedenisderNederlandscheoverzeescheBezittingen（1839-45），"byDr。SalomonMullerandDr。Schlegel，andIshallbasewhatIhavetosay，uponthissubjectalmostentirelyontheirstatements，adding，hereandthere，particularsofinterestfromthewritingsofBrooke，Wallace，andothers。
TheOrang-Utanwouldrarelyseemtoexceedfourfeetinheight，butthebodyisverybulky，measuringtwo-thirdsoftheheightincircumference。*
[footnote]*ThelargestOrang-Utan，citedbyTemminck，measured，whenstandingupright，4ft。；buthementionshavingjustreceivednewsofthecaptureofanOrang5ft。
3in。high。SchlegelandJullersaythattheirlargestoldmalemeasured，upright，1。25Netherlands"el"；andfromthecrowntotheendofthetoes，1。5el；thecircumferenceofthebodybeingabout1el。Thelargestoldfemalewas1。09
elhigh，whenstanding。TheadultskeletonintheCollegeofSurgeons’Museum，ifsetupright，wouldstand3ft。6-8
in。fromcrowntosole。Dr。Humphrygives3ft。8in。asthemeanheightoftwoOrangs。OfseventeenOrangsexaminedbyMr。Wallace，thelargestwas4ft。2in。high，fromtheheeltothecrownofthehead。Mr。SpencerSt。
John，however，inhis’LifeintheForestsoftheFarEast’，tellsusofanOrangof"5ft。2in。，measuringfairlyfromtheheadtotheheel，"15in。acrosstheface，and12in。roundthewrist。Itdoesnotappear，however，thatMr。St。JohnmeasuredthisOranghimself。
TheOrang-UtanisfoundonlyinSumatraandBorneo，andiscommoninneitheroftheseislands——inbothofwhichitoccursalwaysinlow，flatplains，neverinthemountains。Itlovesthedensestandmostsombreoftheforests，whichextendfromthesea-shoreinland，andthusisfoundonlyintheeasternhalfofSumatra，wherealonesuchforestsoccur，though，occasionally，itstraysovertothewesternside。
Ontheotherhand，itisgenerallydistributedthroughBorneo，exceptinthemountains，orwherethepopulationisdense。Infavourableplaces，thehuntermay，bygoodfortune，seethreeorfourinaday。
FIG。9-AnadultmaleOrang-utan，afterMullerandSchlegel。
Exceptinthepairingtime，theoldmalesusuallylivebythemselves。
Theoldfemales，andtheimmaturemales，ontheotherhand，areoftenmetwithintwosandthrees；andtheformeroccasionallyhaveyoungwiththem，thoughthepregnantfemalesusuallyseparatethemselves，andsometimesremainapartaftertheyhavegivenbirthtotheiroffspring。
TheyoungOrangsseemtoremainunusuallylongundertheirmother’sprotection，probablyinconsequenceoftheirslowgrowth。Whileclimbing，themotheralwayscarriesheryoungagainstherbosom，theyoungholdingonbyhismother’shair。*AtwhattimeoflifetheOrang-Utanbecomescapableofpropagation，andhowlongthefemalesgowithyoung，isunknown，butitisprobablethattheyarenotadultuntiltheyarriveattenorfifteenyearsofage。AfemalewhichlivedforfiveyearsatBatavia，hadnotattainedone-thirdtheheightofthewildfemales。Itisprobablethat，afterreachingadultyears，theygoongrowing，thoughslowly，andthattheylivetofortyorfiftyyears。
TheDyakstellofoldOrangs，whichhavenotonlylostalltheirteeth，butwhichfinditsotroublesometoclimb，thattheymaintainthemselvesonwindfallsandjuicyherbage。
[footnote]*SeeMr。Wallace’saccountofaninfant"Orang-utan，"inthe’AnnalsofNaturalHistory’for1856。
Mr。Wallaceprovidedhisinterestingchargewithanartificialmotherofbuffalo-skin，butthecheatwastoosuccessful。Theinfant’sentireexperienceledittoassociateteatswithhair，andfeelingthelatter，itspentitsexistenceinvainendeavourstodiscovertheformer。
TheOrangissluggish，exhibitingnoneofthatmarvellousactivitycharacteristicoftheGibbons。Hungeraloneseemstostirhimtoexertion，andwhenitisstilled，herelapsesintorepose。Whentheanimalsits，itcurvesitsbackandbowsitshead，soastolookstraightdownontheground；sometimesitholdsonwithitshandsbyahigherbranch，sometimesletsthemhangphlegmaticallydownbyitsside——andinthesepositionstheOrangwillremain，forhourstogether，inthesamespot，almostwithoutstirring，andonlynowandthengivingutterancetoitsdeep，growlingvoice。Byday，heusuallyclimbsfromonetree-toptoanother，andonlyatnightdescendstotheground，andifthenthreatenedwithdanger，heseeksrefugeamongtheunderwood。
Whennothunted，heremainsalongtimeinthesamelocality，andsometimesstopsformanydaysonthesametree——afirmplaceamongitsbranchesservinghimforabed。ItisrarefortheOrangtopassthenightinthesummitofalargetree，probablybecauseitistoowindyandcoldthereforhim；but，assoonasnightdrawson，hedescendsfromtheheightandseeksoutafitbedintheloweranddarkerpart，orintheleafytopofasmalltree，amongwhichheprefersNibongPalms，Pandani，oroneofthoseparasiticOrchidswhichgivetheprimevalforestsofBorneosocharacteristicandstrikinganappearance。Butwhereverhedeterminestosleep，thereheprepareshimselfasortofnest：littleboughsandleavesaredrawntogetherroundtheselectedspot，andbentcrosswiseoveroneanother；whiletomakethebedsoft，greatleavesofFerns，ofOrchids，of’Pandanusfascicularis’，’Nipafruticans’，etc。，arelaidoverthem。ThosewhichMullersaw，manyofthembeingveryfresh，weresituatedataheightoftentotwenty-fivefeetabovetheground，andhadacircumference，ontheaverage，oftwoorthreefeet。Somewerepackedmanyinchesthickwith’Pandanus’
leaves；otherswereremarkableonlyforthecrackedtwigs，which，unitedinacommoncentre，formedaregularplatform。"Therude’hut’，"saysSirJamesBrooke，"whichtheyarestatedtobuildinthetrees，wouldbemoreproperlycalledaseatornest，forithasnorooforcoverofanysort。Thefacilitywithwhichtheyformthisnestiscurious，andIhadanopportunityofseeingawoundedfemaleweavethebranchestogetherandseatherself，withinaminute。"
AccordingtotheDyakstheOrangrarelyleaveshisbedbeforethesuniswellabovethehorizonandhasdissipatedthemists。Hegetsupaboutnine，andgoestobedagainaboutfive；butsometimesnottilllateinthetwilight。Heliessometimesonhisback；or，bywayofchange，turnsononesideortheother，drawinghislimbsuptohisbody，andrestinghisheadonhishand。Whenthenightiscold，windy，orrainy，heusuallycovershisbodywithaheapof’Pandanus’，’Nipa’，orFernleaves，likethoseofwhichhisbedismade，andheisespeciallycarefultowrapuphisheadinthem。ItisthishabitofcoveringhimselfupwhichhasprobablyledtothefablethattheOrangbuildshutsinthetrees。
AlthoughtheOrangresidesmostlyamidtheboughsofgreattrees，duringthedaytime，heisveryrarelyseensquattingonathickbranch，asotherapes，andparticularlytheGibbons，do。TheOrang，onthecontrary，confineshimselftotheslenderleafybranches，sothatheisseenrightatthetopofthetrees，amodeoflifewhichiscloselyrelatedtotheconstitutionofhishinderlimbs，andespeciallytothatofhisseat。Forthisisprovidedwithnocallosities，suchasarepossessedbymanyofthelowerapes，andevenbytheGibbons；andthosebonesofthepelvis，whicharetermedtheischia，andwhichformthesolidframeworkofthesurfaceonwhichthebodyrestsinthesittingposture，arenotexpandedlikethoseoftheapeswhichpossesscallosities，butaremorelikethoseofman。
AnOrangclimbssoslowlyandcautiously，*as，inthisact，toresembleamanmorethananape，takinggreatcareofhisfeet，sothatinjuryofthemseemstoaffecthimfarmorethanitdoesotherapes。UnliketheGibbons，whoseforearmsdothegreaterpartofthework，astheyswingfrombranchtobranch，theOrangnevermakeseventhesmallestjump。Inclimbing，hemovesalternatelyonehandandonefoot，or，afterhavinglaidfastholdwiththehands，hedrawsupbothfeettogether。Inpassingfromonetreetoanother，healwaysseeksoutaplacewherethetwigsofbothcomeclosetogether，orinterlace。Evenwhencloselypursued，hiscircumspectionisamazing：heshakesthebranchestoseeiftheywillbearhim，andthenbendinganoverhangingboughdownbythrowinghisweightgraduallyalongit，hemakesabridgefromthetreehewishestoquittothenext。**
[footnote]*"Theyaretheslowestandleastactiveofallthemonkeytribe，andtheirmotionsaresurprisinglyawkwardanduncouth。"——SirJamesBrooke，inthe’ProceedingsoftheZoologicalSociety’，1841。
[footnote]**Mr。Wallace’saccountoftheprogressionoftheOrangalmostexactlycorrespondswiththis。
OnthegroundtheOrangalwaysgoeslaboriouslyandshakily，onallfours。Atstartinghewillrunfasterthanaman，thoughhemaysoonbeovertaken。Theverylongarmswhich，whenheruns，arebutlittlebent，raisethebodyoftheOrangremarkably，sothatheassumesmuchthepostureofaveryoldmanbentdownbyage，andmakinghiswayalongbythehelpofastick。Inwalking，thebodyisusuallydirectedstraightforward，unliketheotherapes，whichrunmoreorlessobliquely；excepttheGibbons，whointhese，asinsomanyotherrespects，departremarkablyfromtheirfellows。
TheOrangcannotputitsfeetflatontheground，butissupportedupontheirouteredges，theheelrestingmoreontheground，whilethecurvedtoespartlyrestuponthegroundbytheuppersideoftheirfirstjoint，thetwooutermosttoesofeachfootcompletelyrestingonthissurface。Thehandsareheldintheoppositemanner，theirinneredgesservingasthechiefsupport。Thefingersarethenbentoutinsuchamannerthattheirforemostjoints，especiallythoseofthetwoinnermostfingers，restuponthegroundbytheiruppersides，whilethepointofthefreeandstraightthumbservesasanadditionalfulcrum。
TheOrangneverstandsonitshindlegs，andallthepictures，representingitassodoing，areasfalseastheassertionthatitdefendsitselfwithsticks，andthelike。
Thelongarmsareofespecialuse，notonlyinclimbing，butinthegatheringoffoodfromboughstowhichtheanimalcouldnottrusthisweight。Figs，blossoms，andyoungleavesofvariouskinds，constitutethechiefnutrimentoftheOrang；butstripsofbambootwoorthreefeetlongwerefoundinthestomachofamale。Theyarenotknowntoeatlivinganimals。
Although，whentakenyoung，theOrang-Utansoonbecomesdomesticated，andindeedseemstocourthumansociety，itisnaturallyaverywildandshyanimal，thoughapparentlysluggishandmelancholy。TheDyaksaffirm，thatwhentheoldmalesarewoundedwitharrowsonly，theywilloccasionallyleavethetreesandrushragingupontheirenemies，whosesolesafetyliesininstantflight，astheyaresuretobekilledifcaught。*
[footnote]*SirJamesBrooke，inalettertoMr。Waterhouse，publishedintheproceedingsoftheZoologicalSocietyfor1841，says：——"OnthehabitsoftheOrangs，asfarasIhavebeenabletoobservethem，Imayremarkthattheyareasdullandslothfulascanwellbeconceived，andonnooccasion，whenpursuingthem，didtheymovesofastastoprecludemykeepingpacewiththemeasilythroughamoderatelyclearforest；andevenwhenobstructionsbelow（suchaswadinguptotheneck）allowedthemtogetawaysomedistance，theyweresuretostopandallowmetocomeup。Ineverobservedtheslightestattemptatdefence，andthewoodwhichsometimesrattledaboutourearswasbrokenbytheirweight，andnotthrown，assomepersonsrepresent。Ifpushedtoextremity，however，the’Pappan’
couldnotbeotherwisethanformidable，andoneunfortunateman，who，withaparty，wastryingtocatchalargeonealive，losttwoofhisfingers，besidesbeingseverelybittenontheface，whilsttheanimalfinallybeatoffhispursuersandescaped。"Mr。Wallace，ontheotherhand，affirmsthathehasseveraltimesobservedthemthrowingdownbrancheswhenpursued。"Itistruehedoesnotthrowthem’at’aperson，butcaststhemdownvertically；foritisevidentthataboughcannotbethrowntoanydistancefromthetopofaloftytree。InonecaseafemaleMias，onaduriantree，keptupforatleasttenminutesacontinuousshowerofbranchesandoftheheavy，spinedfruits，aslargeas32-pounders，whichmosteffectuallykeptusclearofthetreeshewason。Shecouldbeseenbreakingthemoffandthrowingthemdownwitheveryappearanceofrage，utteringatintervalsaloudpumpinggrunt，andevidentlymeaningmischief。"——"OntheHabitsoftheOrang-Utan，"’AnnalsofNat。History，1856。Thisstatement，itwillbeobserved，isquiteinaccordancewiththatcontainedintheletteroftheResidentPalmquotedabove（p。210）。
But，thoughpossessedofimmensestrength，itisrarefortheOrangtoattempttodefenditself，especiallywhenattackedwithfire-arms。Onsuchoccasionsheendeavourstohidehimself，ortoescapealongthetopmostbranchesofthetrees，breakingoffandthrowingdowntheboughsashegoes。Whenwoundedhebetakeshimselftothehighestattainablepointofthetree，andemitsasingularcry，consistingatfirstofhighnotes，whichatlengthdeepenintoalowroar，notunlikethatofapanther。WhilegivingoutthehighnotestheOrangthrustsouthislipsintoafunnelshape；butinutteringthelownotesheholdshismouthwideopen，andatthesametimethegreatthroatbag，orlaryngealsac，becomesdistended。
AccordingtotheDyaks，theonlyanimaltheOrangmeasureshisstrengthwithisthecrocodile，whooccasionallyseizeshimonhisvisitstothewaterside。ButtheysaythattheOrangismorethanamatchforhisenemy，andbeatshimtodeath，orripsuphisthroatbypullingthejawsasunder！
MuchofwhathasbeenherestatedwasprobablyderivedbyDr。MullerfromthereportsofhisDyakhunters；butalargemale，fourfeethigh，livedincaptivity，underhisobservation，foramonth，andreceivesaverybadcharacter。
"Hewasaverywildbeast，"saysMuller，"ofprodigiousstrength，andfalseandwickedtothelastdegree。Ifanyoneapproachedheroseupslowlywithalowgrowl，fixedhiseyesinthedirectioninwhichhemeanttomakehisattack，slowlypassedhishandbetweenthebarsofhiscage，andthenextendinghislongarm，gaveasuddengrip——usuallyattheface。"Henevertriedtobite（thoughOrangswillbiteoneanother），hisgreatweaponsofoffenceanddefencebeinghishands。
Hisintelligencewasverygreat；andMullerremarks，thatthoughthefacultiesoftheOranghavebeenestimatedtoohighly，yetCuvier，hadheseenthisspecimen，wouldnothaveconsidereditsintelligencetobeonlyalittlehigherthanthatofthedog。
Hishearingwasveryacute，butthesenseofvisionseemedtobelessperfect。Theunderlipwasthegreatorganoftouch，andplayedaveryimportantpartindrinking，beingthrustoutlikeatrough，soaseithertocatchthefallingrain，ortoreceivethecontentsofthehalfcocoa-nutshellfullofwaterwithwhichtheOrangwassupplied，andwhich，indrinking，hepouredintothetroughthusformed。
InBorneotheOrang-UtanoftheMalaysgoesbythenameof"Mias"amongtheDyaks，whodistinguishseveralkindsas’MiasPappan’，or’Zimo’，’MiasKassu’，and’MiasRambi’。Whetherthesearedistinctspecies，however，orwhethertheyaremereraces，andhowfaranyofthemareidenticalwiththeSumatranOrang，asMr。WallacethinkstheMiasPappantobe，areproblemswhichareatpresentundecided；andthevariabilityofthesegreatapesissoextensive，thatthesettlementofthequestionisamatterofgreatdifficulty。Oftheformcalled"MiasPappan，"Mr。Wallace*observes，"Itisknownbyitslargesize，andbythelateralexpansionofthefaceintofattyprotuberances，orridges，overthetemporalmuscles，whichhasbeenmis-termed’callosities’，astheyareperfectlysoft，smooth，andflexible。Fiveofthisform，measuredbyme，variedonlyfrom4feet1inchto4feet2inchesinheight，fromtheheeltothecrownofthehead，thegirthofthebodyfrom3feetto3feet71/2inches，andtheextentoftheoutstretchedarmsfrom7feet2inchesto7feet6inches；thewidthofthefacefrom10to131/4inches。Thecolourandlengthofthehairvariedindifferentindividuals，andindifferentpartsofthesameindividual；
somepossessedarudimentarynailonthegreattoe，othersnoneatall；
buttheyotherwisepresentnoexternaldifferencesonwhichtoestablishevenvarietiesofaspecies。
[footnote]*OntheOrang-Utan，orMiasofBorneo，’AnnalsofNaturalHistory’，1856。
"Yet，whenweexaminethecraniaoftheseindividuals，wefindremarkabledifferencesofform，proportion，anddimension，notwobeingexactlyalike。Theslopeoftheprofile，andtheprojectionofthemuzzle，togetherwiththesizeofthecranium，offerdifferencesasdecidedasthoseexistingbetweenthemoststronglymarkedformsoftheCaucasianandAfricancraniainthehumanspecies。Theorbitsvaryinwidthandheight，thecranialridgeiseithersingleordouble，eithermuchorlittledeveloped，andthezygomaticaperturevariesconsiderablyinsize。Thisvariationintheproportionsofthecraniaenablesussatisfactorilytoexplainthemarkeddifferencepresentedbythesingle-crestedanddouble-crestedskulls，whichhavebeenthoughttoprovetheexistenceoftwolargespeciesofOrang。Theexternalsurfaceoftheskullvariesconsiderablyinsize，asdoalsothezygomaticapertureandthetemporalmuscle；buttheybearnonecessaryrelationtoeachother，asmallmuscleoftenexistingwithalargecranialsurface，and’viceversa’。Now，thoseskullswhichhavethelargestandstrongestjawsandthewidestzygomaticaperture，havethemusclessolargethattheymeetonthecrownoftheskull，anddepositthebonyridgewhichsupportsthem，andwhichisthehighestinthatwhichhasthesmallestcranialsurface。Inthosewhichcombinealargesurfacewithcomparativelyweakjaws，andsmallzygomaticaperture，themuscles，oneachside，donotextendtothecrown，aspaceoffromlto2inchesremainingbetweenthem，andalongtheirmarginssmallridgesareformed。Intermediateformsarefound，inwhichtheridgesmeetonlyinthehinderpartoftheskull。Theformandsizeoftheridgesarethereforeindependentofage，beingsometimesmorestronglydevelopedinthelessagedanimal。ProfessorTemminckstatesthattheseriesofskullsintheLeydenMuseumshowsthesameresult。"
Mr。WallaceobservedtwomaleadultOrangs（MiasKassuoftheDyaks），however，soverydifferentfromanyofthesethatheconcludesthemtobespecificallydistinct；theywererespectively3feet81/2inchesand3feet91/2incheshigh，andpossessednosignofthecheekexcrescences，butotherwiseresembledthelargerkinds。Theskullhasnocrest，buttwobonyridges，13/4inchesto2inchesapart，asinthe’Simiamorio’ofProfessorOwen。Theteeth，however；areimmense，equallingorsurpassingthoseoftheotherspecies。Thefemalesofboththesekinds，accordingtoMr。Wallace，aredevoidofexcrescences，andresemblethesmallermales，butareshorterby11/2to3inches，andtheircanineteetharecomparativelysmall，subtruncatedanddilatedatthebase，asintheso-called’Simiamorio’，whichis，inallprobability，theskullofafemaleofthesamespeciesasthesmallermales。Bothmalesandfemalesofthissmallerspeciesaredistinguishable，accordingtoMr。Wallace，bythecomparativelylargesizeofthemiddleincisorsoftheupperjaw。
SofarasIamaware，noonehasattemptedtodisputetheaccuracyofthestatementswhichIhavejustquotedregardingthehabitsofthetwoAsiaticman-likeApes；andiftrue，theymustbeadmittedasevidence，thatsuchanApe——
Firstly，Mayreadilymovealongthegroundintheerect，orsemi-erect，position，andwithoutdirectsupportfromitsarms。
Secondly，Thatitmaypossessanextremelyloudvoice，soloudastobereadilyheardoneortwomiles。
Thirdly，Thatitmaybecapableofgreatviciousnessandviolencewhenirritated：andthisisespeciallytrueofadultmales。
Fourthly，Thatitmaybuildanesttosleepin。
SuchbeingwellestablishedfactsrespectingtheAsiaticAnthropoids，analogyalonemightjustifyusinexpectingtheAfricanspeciestooffersimilarpeculiarities，separatelyorcombined；or，atanyrate，woulddestroytheforceofanyattempted’apriori’argumentagainstsuchdirecttestimonyasmightbeadducedinfavouroftheirexistence。And，iftheorganizationofanyoftheAfricanApescouldbedemonstratedtofititbetterthaneitherofitsAsiaticalliesfortheerectpositionandforefficientattack，therewouldbestilllessreasonfordoubtingitsoccasionaladoptionoftheuprightattitudeorofaggressiveproceedings。
FromthetimeofTysonandTulpiusdownwards，thehabitsoftheyoungCHIMPANZEEinastateofcaptivityhavebeenabundantlyreportedandcommentedupon。Buttrustworthyevidenceastothemannersandcustomsofadultanthropoidsofthisspecies，intheirnativewoods，wasalmostwantinguptothetimeofthepublicationofthepaperbyDr。Savage，towhichIhavealreadyreferred；containingnotesoftheobservationswhichhemade，andoftheinformationwhichhecollectedfromsourceswhichheconsideredtrustworthy，whileresidentatCapePalmas，atthenorth-westernlimitoftheBightofBenin。
TheadultChimpanzeesmeasuredbyDr。Savage，neverexceeded，thoughthemalesmayalmostattain，fivefeetinheight。
"Whenatrest，thesittingpostureisthatgenerallyassumed。Theyaresometimesseenstandingandwalking，butwhenthusdetected，theyimmediatelytaketoallfours，andfleefromthepresenceoftheobserver。Suchistheirorganizationthattheycannotstanderect，butleanforward。Hencetheyareseen，whenstanding，withthehandsclaspedovertheocciput，orthelumbarregion，whichwouldseemnecessarytobalanceoreaseofposture。
"Thetoesoftheadultarestronglyflexedandturnedinwards，andcannotbeperfectlystraightened。Intheattempttheskingathersintothickfoldsontheback，shewingthatthefullexpansionofthefoot，asisnecessaryinwalking，isunnatural。Thenaturalpositionisonallfours，thebodyanteriorlyrestingupontheknuckles。Thesearegreatlyenlarged，withtheskinprotuberantandthickenedlikethesoleofthefoot。
"Theyareexpertclimbers，asonewouldsupposefromtheirorganization。
Intheirgambolstheyswingfromlimbtolimbtoagreatdistance，andleapwithastonishingagility。Itisnotunusualtoseethe’oldfolks’（inthelanguageofanobserver）sittingunderatreeregalingthemselveswithfruitandfriendlychat，whiletheir’children’areleapingaroundthem，andswingingfromtreetotreewithboisterousmerriment。
"Asseenhere，theycannotbecalled’gregarious’，seldommorethanfive，ortenatmost，beingfoundtogether。Ithasbeensaid，ongoodauthority，thattheyoccasionallyassembleinlargenumbers，ingambols。Myinformantassertsthathesawoncenotlessthanfiftysoengaged；hooting，screaming，anddrummingwithsticksuponoldlogs，whichisdoneinthelattercasewithequalfacilitybythefourextremities。Theydonotappearevertoactontheoffensive，andseldom，ifeverreally，onthedefensive。Whenabouttobecaptured，theyresistbythrowingtheirarmsabouttheiropponent，andattemptingtodrawhimintocontactwiththeirteeth。"（Savage，l。c。p。384。）
WithrespecttothislastpointDr。Savageisveryexplicitinanotherplace："Biting"istheirprincipalartofdefence。Ihaveseenonemanwhohadbeenthusseverelywoundedinthefeet。
"Thestrongdevelopmentofthecanineteethintheadultwouldseemtoindicateacarnivorouspropensity；butinnostatesavethatofdomesticationdotheymanifestit。Atfirsttheyrejectflesh，buteasilyacquireafondnessforit。Thecaninesareearlydeveloped，andevidentlydesignedtoacttheimportantpartofweaponsofdefence。
Whenincontactwithmanalmostthefirsteffortoftheanimalis——’tobite’。
"Theyavoidtheabodesofmen，andbuildtheirhabitationsintrees。
Theirconstructionismorethatof’nests’than’huts’，astheyhavebeenerroneouslytermedbysomenaturalists。Theygenerallybuildnotfarabovetheground。Branchesortwigsarebent，orpartlybroken，andcrossed，andthewholesupportedbythebodyofalimboracrotch。Sometimesanestwillbefoundnearthe’end’ofa’strongleafybranch’twentyorthirtyfeetfromtheground。OneIhavelatelyseenthatcouldnotbelessthanfortyfeet，andmoreprobablyitwasfifty。Butthisisanunusualheight。
"Theirdwelling-placeisnotpermanent，butchangedinpursuitoffoodandsolitude，accordingtotheforceofcircumstances。Wemoreoftenseetheminelevatedplaces；butthisarisesfromthefactthatthelowgrounds，beingmorefavourableforthenatives’rice-farms，aretheoftenercleared，andhencearealmostalwayswantinginsuitabletreesfortheirnests……Itisseldomthatmorethanoneortwonestsareseenuponthesametree，orinthesameneighbourhood：fivehavebeenfound，butitwasanunusualcircumstance。"……
"Theyareveryfilthyintheirhabits……Itisatraditionwiththenativesgenerallyhere，thattheywereoncemembersoftheirowntribe；
thatfortheirdepravedhabitstheywereexpelledfromallhumansociety，and，thatthroughanobstinateindulgenceoftheirvilepropensities，theyhavedegeneratedintotheirpresentstateandorganization。Theyare，however，eatenbythem，andwhencookedwiththeoilandpulpofthepalm-nutconsideredahighlypalatablemorsel。
"Theyexhibitaremarkabledegreeofintelligenceintheirhabits，and，onthepartofthemother，muchaffectionfortheiryoung。Thesecondfemaledescribedwasuponatreewhenfirstdiscovered，withhermateandtwoyoungones（amaleandafemale）。Herfirstimpulsewastodescendwithgreatrapidity，andmakeoffintothethicket，withhermateandfemaleoffspring。Theyoungmaleremainingbehind，shesoonreturnedtotherescue。Sheascendedandtookhiminherarms，atwhichmomentshewasshot，theballpassingthroughtheforearmoftheyoungone，onitswaytotheheartofthemother……
"Inarecentcase，themother，whendiscovered，remaineduponthetreewithheroffspring，watchingintentlythemovementsofthehunter。Ashetookaim，shemotionedwithherhand，preciselyinthemannerofahumanbeing，tohavehimdesistandgoaway。Whenthewoundhasnotprovedinstantlyfatal，theyhavebeenknowntostoptheflowofbloodbypressingwiththehanduponthepart，andwhenthisdidnotsucceed，toapplyleavesandgrass……Whenshot，theygiveasuddenscreech，notunlikethatofahumanbeinginsuddenandacutedistress。"
TheordinaryvoiceoftheChimpanzee，however，isaffirmedtobehoarse，guttural，andnotveryloud，somewhatlike"whoo-whoo。"（l。c。p。365）。
TheanalogyoftheChimpanzeetotheOrang，initsnest-buildinghabitandinthemodeofformingitsnest，isexceedinglyinteresting；while，ontheotherhand，theactivityofthisape，anditstendencytobite，areparticularsinwhichitratherresemblestheGibbons。Inextentofgeographicalrange，again，theChimpanzees——whicharefoundfromSierraLeonetoCongo——remindoneoftheGibbons，ratherthanofeitheroftheotherman-likeapes；anditseemsnotunlikelythat，asisthecasewiththeGibbons，theremaybeseveralspeciesspreadoverthegeographicalareaofthegenus。
Thesameexcellentobserver，fromwhomIhaveborrowedtheprecedingaccountofthehabitsoftheadultChimpanzee，publishedfifteenyearsago，*anaccountoftheGORILLA，whichhas，initsmostessentialpoints，beenconfirmedbysubsequentobservers，andtowhichsoverylittlehasreallybeenadded，thatinjusticetoDr。SavageIgiveitalmostinfull。
[footnote]*NoticeoftheexternalcharactersandhabitsofTroglodytesGorilla。’BostonJournalofNaturalHistory’，1847。
"Itshouldbeborneinmindthatmyaccountisbaseduponthestatementsoftheaboriginesofthatregion（theGaboon）。Inthisconnection，itmayalsobeproperformetoremark，thathavingbeenamissionaryresidentforseveralyears，studying，fromhabitualintercourse，theAfricanmindandcharacter，Ifeltmyselfpreparedtodiscriminateanddecideupontheprobabilityoftheirstatements。Besides，beingfamiliarwiththehistoryandhabitsofitsinterestingcongener（’Trog。niger’，Geoff。），Iwasabletoseparatetheiraccountsofthetwoanimals，which，havingthesamelocalityandasimilarityofhabit，areconfoundedinthemindsofthemass，especiallyasbutfew——suchastraderstotheinteriorandhuntsmen——haveeverseentheanimalinquestion。
FIG。10。——TheGorilla（afterWolff）。
"Thetribefromwhichourknowledgeoftheanimalisderived，andwhoseterritoryformsitshabitat，isthe’Mpongwe’，occupyingbothbanksoftheRiverGaboon，fromitsmouthtosomefiftyorsixtymilesupward……
"Iftheword’Pongo’beofAfricanorigin，itisprobablyacorruptionoftheword’Mpongwe’，thenameofthetribeonthebanksoftheGaboon，andhenceappliedtotheregiontheyinhabit。TheirlocalnamefortheChimpanzeeis’Enche-eko’，asnearasitcanbeAnglicized，fromwhichthecommonterm’Jocko’probablycomes。TheMpongweappellationforitsnewcongeneris’Enge-ena’，prolongingthesoundofthefirstvowel，andslightlysoundingthesecond。
"Thehabitatofthe’Enge-ena’istheinterioroflowerGuinea，whilstthatofthe’Enche-eko’isnearerthesea-board。
"Itsheightisaboutfivefeet；itisdisproportionatelybroadacrosstheshoulders，thicklycoveredwithcoarseblackhair，whichissaidtobesimilarinitsarrangementtothatofthe’Enche-eko’；withageitbecomesgrey，whichfacthasgivenrisetothereportthatbothanimalsareseenofdifferentcolours。
"’Head’。——Theprominentfeaturesoftheheadare，thegreatwidthandelongationoftheface，thedepthofthemolarregion，thebranchesofthelowerjawbeingverydeepandextendingfarbackward，andthecomparativesmallnessofthecranialportion；theeyesareverylarge，andsaidtobelikethoseoftheEnche-eko，abrighthazel；nosebroadandflat，slightlyelevatedtowardstheroot；themuzzlebroad，andprominentlipsandchin，withscatteredgrayhairs；theunderliphighlymobile，andcapableofgreatelongationwhentheanimalisenraged，thenhangingoverthechin；skinofthefaceandearsnaked，andofadarkbrown，approachingtoblack。
"Themostremarkablefeatureoftheheadisahighridge，orcrestofhair，inthecourseofthesagittalsuture，whichmeetsposteriorilywithatransverseridgeofthesame，butlessprominent，runningroundfromthebackofoneeartotheother。Theanimalhasthepowerofmovingthescalpfreelyforwardandback，andwhenenragedissaidtocontractitstronglyoverthebrow，thusbringingdownthehairyridgeandpointingthehairforward，soastopresentanindescribablyferociousaspect。
"Neckshort，thick，andhairy；chestandshouldersverybroad，saidtobefullydoublethesizeoftheEnche-ekos；armsverylong，reachingsomewaybelowtheknee——thefore-armmuchtheshortest；handsverylarge，thethumbsmuchlargerthanthefingers……
FIG。11。——Gorillawalking（afterWolff）。
"Thegaitisshuffling；themotionofthebody，whichisneveruprightasinman，butbentforward，issomewhatrolling，orfromsidetoside。ThearmsbeinglongerthantheChimpanzee，itdoesnotstoopasmuchinwalking；likethatanimal，itmakesprogressionbythrustingitsarmsforward，restingthehandsontheground，andthengivingthebodyahalfjumpinghalfswingingmotionbetweenthem。Inthisactitissaidnottoflexthefingers，asdoestheChimpanzee，restingonitsknuckles，buttoextendthem，makingafulcrumofthehand。Whenitassumesthewalkingposture，towhichitissaidtobemuchinclined，itbalancesitshugebodybyflexingitsarmsupward。
"Theyliveinbands，butarenotsonumerousastheChimpanzees：thefemalesgenerallyexceedtheothersexinnumber。Myinformantsallagreeintheassertionthatbutoneadultmaleisseeninaband；thatwhentheyoungmalesgrowup，acontesttakesplaceformastery，andthestrongest，bykillinganddrivingouttheothers，establisheshimselfastheheadofthecommunity。"
Dr。SavagerepudiatesthestoriesabouttheGorillascarryingoffwomenandvanquishingelephantsandthenadds：
"Theirdwellings，iftheymaybesocalled，aresimilartothoseoftheChimpanzee，consistingsimplyofafewsticksandleafybranches，supportedbythecrotchesandlimbsoftrees：theyaffordnoshelter，andareoccupiedonlyatnight。
"Theyareexceedinglyferocious，andalwaysoffensiveintheirhabits，neverrunningfromman，asdoestheChimpanzee。Theyareobjectsofterrortothenatives，andareneverencounteredbythemexceptonthedefensive。Thefewthathavebeencapturedwerekilledbyelephanthuntersandnativetraders，astheycamesuddenlyuponthemwhilepassingthroughtheforests。
"Itissaidthatwhenthemaleisfirstseenhegivesaterrificyell，thatresoundsfarandwidethroughtheforest，somethinglikekh-ah！
kh-ah！prolongedandshrill。Hisenormousjawsarewidelyopenedateachexpiration，hisunderliphangsoverthechin，andthehairyridgeandscalparecontracteduponthebrow，presentinganaspectofindescribableferocity。
"Thefemalesandyoung，atthefirstcry，quicklydisappear。Hethenapproachestheenemyingreatfury，pouringouthishorridcriesinquicksuccession。Thehunterawaitshisapproachwithhisgunextended：ifhisaimisnotsure，hepermitstheanimaltograspthebarrel，andashecarriesittohismouth（whichishishabit）hefires。Shouldthegunfailtogooff，thebarrel（thatoftheordinarymusket，whichisthin）iscrushedbetweenhisteeth，andtheencountersoonprovesfataltothehunter。
"Inthewildstate，theirhabitsareingenerallikethoseofthe’Troglodytesniger’，buildingtheirnestslooselyintrees，livingonsimilarfruits，andchangingtheirplaceofresortfromforceofcircumstances。"
Dr。Savage’sobservationswereconfirmedandsupplementedbythoseofMr。Ford，whocommunicatedaninterestingpaperontheGorillatothePhiladelphianAcademyofSciences，in1852。Withrespecttothegeographicaldistributionofthisgreatestofalltheman-likeApes，Mr。Fordremarks：
"ThisanimalinhabitstherangeofmountainsthattraversetheinteriorofGuinea，fromtheCamerooninthenorth，toAngolainthesouth，andabout100milesinland，andcalledbythegeographersCrystalMountains。Thelimittowhichthisanimalextends，eithernorthorsouth，Iamunabletodefine。Butthatlimitisdoubtlesssomedistancenorthofthisriver[Gaboon]。Iwasabletocertifymyselfofthisfactinalateexcursiontothehead-watersoftheMooney（Danger）
River，whichcomesintotheseasomesixtymilesfromthisplace。Iwasinformed（credibly，Ithink）thattheywerenumerousamongthemountainsinwhichthatriverrises，andfarnorthofthat。
"Inthesouth，thisspeciesextendstotheCongoRiver，asIamtoldbynativetraderswhohavevisitedthecoastbetweentheGaboonandthatriver。Beyondthat，Iamnotinformed。Thisanimalisonlyfoundatadistancefromthecoastinmostcases，and，accordingtomybestinformation，approachesitnowheresonearlyasonthesouthsideofthisriver，wheretheyhavebeenfoundwithintenmilesofthesea。
This，however，isonlyoflateoccurrence。IaminformedbysomeoftheoldestMpongwementhatformerlyhewasonlyfoundonthesourcesoftheriver，butthatatpresenthemaybefoundwithinhalf-a-day’swalkofitsmouth。FormerlyheinhabitedthemountainousridgewhereBushmenaloneinhabited，butnowheboldlyapproachestheMpongweplantations。Thisisdoubtlessthereasonofthescarcityofinformationinyearspast，astheopportunitiesforreceivingaknowledgeoftheanimalhavenotbeenwanting；tradershavingforonehundredyearsfrequentedthisriver，andspecimens，suchashavebeenbroughtherewithinayear，couldnothavebeenexhibitedwithouthavingattractedtheattentionofthemoststupid。"
OnespecimenMr。Fordexaminedweighed1701bs。，withoutthethoracic，orpelvic，viscera，andmeasuredfourfeetfourinchesroundthechest。ThiswriterdescribessominutelyandgraphicallytheonslaughtoftheGorilla——thoughhedoesnotforamomentpretendtohavewitnessedthescene——thatIamtemptedtogivethispartofhispaperinfull，forcomparisonwithothernarratives：
"Healwaysrisestohisfeetwhenmakinganattack，thoughheapproacheshisantagonistinastoopingposture。
"Thoughheneverliesinwait，yet，whenhehears，sees，orscentsaman，heimmediatelyuttershischaracteristiccry，preparesforanattack，andalwaysactsontheoffensive。Thecryheuttersresemblesagruntmorethanagrowl，andissimilartothecryoftheChimpanzee，whenirritated，butvastlylouder。Itissaidtobeaudibleatagreatdistance。Hispreparationconsistsinattendingthefemalesandyoungones，bywhomheisusuallyaccompanied，toalittledistance。He，however，soonreturns，withhiscresterectandprojectingforward，hisnostrilsdilated，andhisunder-lipthrowndown；atthesametimeutteringhischaracteristicyell，designed，itwouldseem，toterrifyhisantagonist。Instantly，unlessheisdisabledbyawelldirectedshot，hemakesanonset，and，strikinghisantagonistwiththepalmofhishands，orseizinghimwithagraspfromwhichthereisnoescape，hedasheshimupontheground，andlacerateshimwithhistusks。
"Heissaidtoseizeamusket，andinstantlycrushthebarrelbetweenhisteeth……Thisanimal’ssavagenatureisverywellshownbytheimplacabledesperationofayoungonethatwasbroughthere。Itwastakenveryyoung，andkeptfourmonths，andmanymeanswereusedtotameit；butitwasincorrigible，sothatitbitmeanhourbeforeitdied。"
Mr。Forddiscreditsthehouse-buildingandelephant-drivingstories，andsaysthatnowell-informednativesbelievethem。Theyaretalestoldtochildren。
Imightquoteothertestimonytoasimilareffect，but，asitappearstome，lesscarefullyweighedandsifted，fromthelettersofMM。FranquetandGautierLaboullay，appendedtothememoirofM。I。G。St。Hilaire，whichIhavealreadycited。
BearinginmindwhatisknownregardingtheOrangandtheGibbon，thestatementsofDr。SavageandMr。Forddonotappeartometobejustlyopentocriticismon’apriori’grounds。TheGibbons，aswehaveseen，readilyassumetheerectposture，buttheGorillaisfarbetterfittedbyitsorganizationforthatattitudethanaretheGibbons：ifthelaryngealpouchesoftheGibbons，asisverylikely，areimportantingivingvolumetoavoicewhichcanbeheardforhalfaleague，theGorilla，whichhassimilarsacs，morelargelydeveloped，andwhosebulkisfivefoldthatofaGibbon，maywellbeaudiblefortwicethatdistance。IftheOrangfightswithitshands，theGibbonsandChimpanzeeswiththeirteeth，theGorillamay，probablyenough，doeitherorboth；noristhereanythingtobesaidagainsteitherChimpanzeeorGorillabuildinganest，whenitisprovedthattheOrang-Utanhabituallyperformsthatfeat。
Withallthisevidence，nowtentofifteenyearsold，beforetheworlditisnotalittlesurprisingthattheassertionsofarecenttraveller，who，sofarastheGorillaisconcerned，reallydoesverylittlemorethanrepeat，onhisownauthority，thestatementsofSavageandofFord，shouldhavemetwithsomuchandsuchbitteropposition。
Ifsubtractionbemadeofwhatwasknownbefore，thesumandsubstanceofwhatM。DuChailluhasaffirmedasamatterofhisownobservationrespectingtheGorilla，is，that，inadvancingtotheattack，thegreatbrutebeatshischestwithhisfists。IconfessIseenothingveryimprobable，orverymuchworthdisputingabout，inthisstatement。
Withrespecttotheotherman-likeApesofAfrica，M。DuChaillutellsusabsolutelynothing，ofhisownknowledge，regardingthecommonChimpanzee；butheinformsusofabald-headedspeciesorvariety，the’nschiegombouve’，whichbuildsitselfashelter，andofanotherrarekindwithacomparativelysmallface，largefacialangle，andpeculiarnote，resembling"Kooloo。"
AstheOrangsheltersitselfwitharoughcoverletofleaves，andthecommonChimpanzee，accordingtothateminentlytrustworthyobserverDr。
Savage，makesasoundlike"Whoo-whoo，"——thegroundsofthesummaryrepudiationwithwhichM。DuChaillu’sstatementsonthesemattershavebeenmetarenotobvious。
IfIhaveabstainedfromquotingM。DuChaillu’swork，then，itisnotbecauseIdiscernanyinherentimprobabilityinhisassertionsrespectingtheman-likeApes；norfromanywishtothrowsuspiciononhisveracity；butbecause，inmyopinion，solongashisnarrativeremainsinitspresentstateofunexplainedandapparentlyinexplicableconfusion，ithasnoclaimtooriginalauthorityrespectinganysubjectwhatsoever。
Itmaybetruth，butitisnotevidence。