Itseemsbesttokeepthisnorthwesternformspecificallyseparatefromthatlargeassemblageofsouthernformsthathavebeencommonlyreferredtoit。TheformsreferredtothisspeciesfromwesternKansas(Smyth’schecklist)havenotbeenexamined,andtheymayrepresentintermediateforms,incliningtosimplehabitandovateform,asintheColoradoforms。Thesoutherntype(C。radiosus)isdistinguishedfromC。viviparusnotonlybyitsverydifferentrange,butalsobyitsovatetocylindricalform,simplehabit,morenumerous(12to40)andlonger(6to22
mm。)radialspines,usuallymorenumerous(3to14)centralspinesinwhichtheupperaremorerobustthanthelower,porrectlowercentral,obtusestigmas,andbrownobovatestraightseeds。
58。Cactusradiosus(Engelm。)。
MamillariaviviparaEngelm。Pl。Fendl。49(1849),notHaw。
(1819)。
MamillariaradiosaEngelm。Pl。Lindh。196(1850)。
MamillariavivipararadiosatexanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。269
(1856)。
Ovateorcylindrical,5to12。5cm。highandabout5cm。indiameter,simpleorsparinglyproliferous:tuberclesterete,moreorlessgroovedabove,8to12mm。long:radialspines20to30,straight,slender,withwithduskyapex,veryunequal,6to8mmlong;centralspines4or5,stouter,yellowishortawny,8to12
mm。long,theupperonesthelongerandmorerobust,thelowestoneshorterandporrect:flowers3。5to5。5cm。long,aboutthesamediameterwhenfullyopen,violettodarkpurple:stigmas7
to9,obtuse:fruitovalandgreen:seedsyellowishorbrown,obovate,pitted,fully2mm,long。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。
74,fig。5,seeds)Type,Lindheimerof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。
Gard。
ExtendingacrosssouthernTexas,fromtheGuadalupetoElPaso。
thenceintocontiguousNewMexicoandacrosstheRioGrandenearJuarez(northernChihuahua)。Fl。May-June。
Specimensexamined:Texas(Lindheimerof1846):NewMexico(Bigelowof1855):Chihuahua,nearJuarez(Evansof1891):alsospecimenscultivatedfromthetypeinSt。Louisin1846。
AttentionhasbeencalledunderC。viviparustothecharactersthatdistinguishfromC。radiosusThecharacterstheregivenforthelatterspeciesapplytotothewholegroupofincludedforms。
Thetypeofthespeciesisthevar。TexanaofEngelmann’sSyn。
Cact。andMex。Bound。,whichischaracterizedintheabove。
description。
59。Cactusradiosusneo-mexicanus(Engelm。)。
Mamillariavivipararadiosaneo-mexicanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。
269(1856)。
Generallylower(3。5to10cm。)andsubglobosetoovateorevensub-cylindrical,branchingatbaseorsimple,withmorenumerous(12to40)radialspines,morenumerous(3to12)andpurplishcentrals,andsmallerseeds。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。74。fig。
4,seeds)Type,presumablytheWright,Bigelow,andSchottspecimensfromwesternTexas,NewMexico,andSonora,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。
FromsouthernUtah,centralColorado,andwesternKansas,southwardthroughwesternTexas,NewMexicoandArizonaintoChihuahuaandSonora。
Specimensexamined:Kansas(Carleton530of1891,inMeadeCounty):Oklahoma(Carleton233of1891):Colorado(HallandHarbourof1862;Brandegee645of1873;Hicksof1890):Utah(Silerof1870):NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Fendler244,271,of1847:Wright298;Bigelowof1853;G。R。Vaseyof1881):
Texas(Wrightof1849,1851,1852;Bigelowof1853):Arizona(Rothrock,withnonumberordate):Sonora(Schottof1855):
Chihuahua(Evansof1891,nearJuarez)。
ItisthroughthisvarietythatC。radiosusapproachesmostnearlytoC。viviparus,intheformswithfewradialsandcentrals,butthespecificcharactersseemtohold。ThisistheMamillariaviviparaoftheSynFl。Colorado(PorterandCoulter)。
60。Cactusradiosusarizonicus(Engelm。)。
MamillariaarizonicaEngelmBot。Calif。i。244(1876)。
Arobustgloboseorovatesimpleform(7。5to10cm。indiameter),withlong(12to25mm。)deeply-groovedtubercles,15
to20long(10to30mm。)rigidwhitishradialspines,and3to6
centralsdeepbrownabove。Type,thespecimensofCous,Palmer,BischoffandJohnson,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。
SandyandrockysoilfromsouthernUtahthroughnorthernandwesternArizonatosouthernCalifornia。
Specimensexamined:Arizona(Cousof1865;Cous&Palmerof1865
and1872;Palmerof1869;Bischoffof1871;Millerof1881;Rusby617of1853;Pringleof1884):Utah(Johnsonof1871,1872,1874;
Parryof1875,1877):California(Parishof1880):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;andinMeehan’sGard。in1882。
61。Cactusradiosusdeserti(Engelm。)。
MamillariadesertiEngelm。Bot。Calif。ii。449(1880)。
Subgloboseoroval(5to10cm。high)andsimple,withdeeplygroovedtubercles(slenderandabout12mm。long),25to30
ratherlong(10to16mm。)grayishwhiteradialspines(thelargerwithreddishtips),3or4shorterandstoutercentralswith5or6intermediateonesabove,small(2。5cm。long)
straw-coloredflowers(becomingpurplish-tipped),5or6stigmas,andobliquelyobovatecurvedseeds。Type,Parish433inHerb。
Mo。Bot。Gard。
InthemountainsborderingthedesertsofsoutheasternCalifornia(SanBernardinoCounty)andextendingtocentralNevada(ReeseRiverValley)。
Specimensexamined:California(Parish453of1880,alsoof1882;
Baileyof1890):Nevada,LincolnCounty(Coville&Funstonof1891,DeathValleyExpedition):alsospecimenscultivatedinMeehan’sGard。in1882。
Thesmallerstraw-coloredflowersalonesuggesttheproprietyofkeepingthisformspecificallydistinct,buteveninsizeandcolorthereisanoccasionaltendencytowardthespecificcharacter。TheobliquelyobovatecurvedseedsresemblethoseofC。viviparus。Theplantdenselycoveredwithstoutashy-grayinterlockingspinesiseasilyrecognized。
62。Cactusradiosuschloranthus(Engelm。)。
MamillariachloranthaEngelm。Wheeler’sRep。127(1878)。
Ovaltocylindrical(7。5cm。indiameter,sometimes20to22。5
cm。high),with20to25grayradialspinesalmostintwoseries,6to9stouterreddishorbrownish-tippedcentrals(12to25mm。
long),andyellowishorgreenish-yellowflowers3。5cm。longandwide。Type:SouthernUtahspecimensofbothParryandJohnsonoccurinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。,buttheyareallreferredtoC。
radiosusarizonicus,andIcanfindnotraceofanyspecimensofC。radiosuschloranthusintheEngelmanncollection。
SouthernUtah,eastofSt。George(Parry;Johnson)。
TheplantisevidentlynearC。radiosusdeserti,ofwhichvarietyitseemstobetheUtahrepresentative,butintheabsencenotonlyofthetype,butevenofauthenticspecimens,thetwoarekeptseparate,athingfullyjustifiedbythedescription。
63。Cactusradiosusalversoni,var。nov。
Differsfromvar。desertiinitsmorerobustandbranchinghabit(becoming12。5cm。talland10cm。indiameter),shorterandthickertubercles,morenumerous(12to14centrals)stouterandlonger(12to22mm。)spines,allofwhichareblack-tipped(thecentralsblackhalfwaydown,shadingintored),andpinkflowers。Type,Alverson’sspecimensinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。andinHerb。Coulter。
InthedesertregionofextremesoutheasternCalifornia。
Specimensexamined:SouthernCalifornia(A。H。Alversonof1892):
alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。
Thecoveringofstoutbushyinterlockingspinesislikethatofvar。deserti,buttheblackandreddishcolorationgivesadecidedlydifferentappearance。Onaccountofthisappearanceofareddish-blackbrushtheplanthasbeenpopularlycalled"foxtailcactus。"ThedecidedlypinkflowersweresentbyMr。S。
B。ParishfromspecimensgrowingincultivationinSanDiego,andarenotfromtheoriginalcollectionofMr。Alverson。
64。Cactusmacromeris(Engelm。)KuntzeRev。Gen。Pl。260(1891)。
MamillariamacromerisEngelm。Wisliz。Rep。13(1848)。
MamillariaheteromorphaScheerinSalm。Cact。Hort。Dyck。128
(1850)。
MamillariadactylitheleLabouret,Monogr。Cact。146(1858)。
Ovateorcylindrical,5to10cm。high,simpleorbranchingfromthebaseandatlengthcespitose:tubercleslarge,looseandspreading,fromadilatedbase,moreorlesselongated(12to30
mm。)andteretish(oftenincurved),thegrooveabsentinyoungplantsandneverreachingtheaxil:radialspines10to17,slenderandterete,orstouterandoftenangled,spreading,12to40mm。long,whitish(ormoreorlessrose-coloredwhenyoung),straightoralittlecurved;centralspines4(orfewerinyoungplantsorevenwanting),spreading,25to55mm。long,stouter,bulbousatbase,mostlyblack(thelowestthelongestandstoutest),straightorsometimescurvedortwisted:flowers6to7。5cm。longandofsamediameter,deepredtopurple:fruitovate-subglobose,green,15to25mm,long:seedsglobose-obovate,yellow,andsmooth。1。2to1。6mm。long。(Ill。
Cact。Mex。Bound。t。14and15)Type,Wislizenusof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。
Mostlyinloosesand,inthevalleyoftheRioGrande(onbothsidesoftheriver),fromsouthernNewMexicotoEaglePass,Texas,anddoubtlessfurtherdown。
Specimensexamined:NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Wright384,531,of1852;G。R。Vaseyof1881):Texas(Wrightof1850,1851,1852;Bigelowof1852):Chihuahua(Evansof1891;Buddof1891):
alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。
ThisspeciesshowsaninterestingtransitionfromCoryphanthatoEchinocactus。ThewoollygrooveoftheCoryphanthaextendsfromthespine-bearingareolatotheaxilofthetubercle,whereitexpandsintotheflower-bearingareola。InC。macromeristhegrooveextendsonlyabouthalfwaydownthetubercleandgivesorigintotheflower-bearingareolaonthesideofthetubercle;
whileinEchinocactustheflower-bearingareolabecomesadjacenttothespine-bearingareolaandtheflowerappearsatthesummitofthetubercle。
ARTIFICIALKEYTOTHESPECIES。
Itseemsimpossibletomakeasimpleartificialkeythatwillserveasausefulguidetoeachindividualspeciesandvariety。
Ourknowledgeofsomanyofthespeciesisimperfect,thatnosetofcharacterscanbeappliedthroughout。However,asnoplantsarecollectedinsuchfragmentarycondition,itwillbeusefultoconstructakeybaseduponsuchcharactersasarealwayslikelytobepresent,evenifspecificdistinctionsarenotalwaysreached。Inmanycases,speciesaresocloselyanddifferentlyrelatedtoeachotherthatthecompletedescriptionswillhavetobeconsultedtodeterminethedifferences,andinsuchcasestheartificialkeycanonlyindicatethegroup。Eventhefulldescriptionsareverycompact,allcharactersnotnecessaryfordiscriminationhavingbeeneliminated。Noattemptneedbemadetodetermineanyspeciesbymeansoftheflowersalone。Inmostcasesmoreorlessoftheplantbodywillbeavailable,presentingspineandtuberclecharacters,andtheseareusedinthefollowingkey。ThedistinctionbetweenEumamillariaandCoryphantha,onthebasisofgroovelessandgroovedtuberclesshouldalwaysbemadeouteasily。Itmaybeusefultosuggestasacaution,however,thatoftentuberclesindryingdevelopfoldswhichsimulategrooves,andespeciallyisthistrueinquadrangulartubercles。Insuchcasesitisnecessarytorestoretheoriginalplumpnessofthetuberclebyboiling,beforethepresenceorabsenceofthegroovecanbedefinitelydetermined。
Thespeciesandvarietiesareindicatedonlybytheirspecificorvarietalnamesinthefollowingkey,andthenumbersrefertotheserialnumbersofthesynopticalpresentation。FormsoccurringwithintheUnitedStatesaremarkedwithan"*":
I。Tuberclesnevergrooved。
*Centralspinesnone。
Radials5to9,stout。
meiacanthus*(7)。
Radials20to40。
micromeris*(12),greggii(13)。
Radials40to80。
lasiacanthus*(10),denudatus*(11)。
**Centralspinesolitaryandnothooked。
Centralspinelongerthantheradials。
Radials7or8:tuberclesverylong(40to50mm。)。
longimamma(36)。
Radials15to20:tubercles6to8mm。long。
eschanzieri(21)。
Centralspineshorterthantheradials。
Radials5to9,stout。
meiacanthus*(7)。
Radials9to22。
heyderi*(5),hemisphaericus*(6),gummiferus(8),gabbii(34),sphaericus(35)。
***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。
Stemsslendercylindric:LowerCalifornian。
Centrals1,20to30mm。long。
roseanus(23)。
Centrals1to4,20to50mm。long。
setispinus(24)。
Stemsdepressed-globosetoovate。
Radials4to6,rigid。
uncinatus(9)。
Radials8to12。
wrightii*(15)。
Radials15to30。
grahami*(19),eschanzieri(21)。
Radials50to60。
barbatus(18)。
****Centralspinesmorethanone,andnoneofthemhooked。
Slenderorsometimesstoutcylindricalplants,branchingatbase:LowerCalifornian。
brandegei(3),setispinus(24),halei(25)。
Depressed-globosetoovateandstoutcylindrical。
Radialsfew(3to12)andrigid:Mexican。
Radials3:centrals3。
alternatus(1)
Radials7or8:tubercles40to50mm。long。
longimamma(36)。
Radials10to12:tubercles12to15mm。long。
gummiferus(8)。
Radialsnumerous(16to60),capillaryorbristle-like。
Radials15to30,slenderbutrigid(bristly)。
acanthophlegmus(2),densispinus(4),bispinus(14),rhodanthus(26),sulphureospinus(27),palmeri(29),pringlei(32)。
Radials30to60ormore,mostlycapillary。
tetrancistrus*(22),capillaris(28),texanus*(31),spaerotrichus(33)。
*****Centralspinesmorethanoneandbutoneofthemhooked。
Radials10to15。
goodrichii*(16),setispinus(24)。
Radials15to30。
pondii(17),grahami*(19),bocasanus(20)。
Radials30to60。
tetrancistrus(22)。
******Centralspinesmorethanone,andmorethenoneofthemhooked。
Radials8to12。
wrightii*(15)。
Radials30to60。
tetrancistrus(22)。
II。Tubercleswithamoreorlessprominentgroove。
*Centralspinesnone。
Radialswhitishandrigid,oppressed(pectinate)andinterwovenwithadjacentclusters。
Depressed-globoseandsimple。
compactus(44)。
Globoseandsimple。
radians*(45),corniferus(47)。
Cespitose。
pectenoides(46),sulcatus*(49)。
Radialsmoreslenderandspreading。
Radials10to17。
missouriensis*(37),similis*(38),macromeris*(64)。
Radials30to50,capillary。
dasyacanthus*(51)。
**Centralspinesolitary,nothooked。
Centralspineporrect。
Radials6to17。
missouriensis*(37),robustior*(39),scheerii*(40)。
Radials30to50,whiteandcapillary。
dasyacanthus*(51)。
Centralspinecurveddownwards。
Radials8to12。
sulcatus*(49)。
Radials12to26。
robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),corniferus(47),scolymoides*(48)。
Centralspineerect:Mexican。
Radials7or8:central50mm。long。
salm-dyckianus(43)。
Radials10or11:central25to35mm。long。
maculatus(52)。
Radials13to16。
compactus(44)。
***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。
brunneus(53)。
****Centralspinesmorethanoneandnoneofthemhooked。
Centrals2:radials6to20。
scheerii*(40),robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),scolymoides*(48)。
Centrals3:radials6to40。
scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60)。
Centrals4or5:radials6to40。
scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),radiosus*(58),neo-mexicanus*(59)。arizonicus*(60),macromeris*(64)。
Centrals6or7:radials12to40。
potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60),chloranthus(62)。
Centrals8to14:radials12to40ormore。
potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),deserti*(61),chloranthus*(62),alversoni*(63)。
GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION
ItisonlypossibletodealwiththeformsthatoccurwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates,asevenindividualstationsofcommonMexicanformsarelittleifatallknown。TheseUnitedStatesformsrepresentanorthernextensionofanabundantMexicandisplay。ThegroupEUMAMILLARIA,containingtwelveofthethirty-oneformsdefinedasoccurringnorthoftheRioGrande,makesthefeeblestextensionnorthward,atnoplacebeingfoundfarfromtheboundary,andallthetwelveareMexicanformswhichextendbutslightlyintotheUnitedStates。OnlyfiveoftheformsarefoundeastofthePecos:heyderi,themostwidelydistributedEUMAMILLARIA,extendingfromthesoutheasternborderofTexaswestwardalongthewholeMexicanboundaryexceptinCalifornia;hemisphaericus,extendingthroughsouthernTexasandsouthernNewMexico;meiacanthus,alsoalongtheMexicanborderofTexasandNewMexico;texanus,alowgroundformoftheRioGrandeValley,extendingfromthemouthoftherivertoElPaso,andsuggestingaconnectionwiththeWestIndianstellatus;andsphaericus,anotherlowgroundvalleyformofsimilarrange,butapparentlyonlyextendinguptheRioGrandetotheregionofEaglePass。
ThePecosformstheeasternboundaryoffiveotherEUMAMILLARIA
forms:micromeris,extendingnorthwardfromCoahuilaandChihuahua,apparentlyonlyinthemountainsbetweenthePecosandElPaso;wrightii,ofsimilarnarrownorthwardextension,butrangingfurthernorthwardonthehighplainsoftheUpperPecosinNewMexico;denudatus,alsowithanarrownorthwardextensionwestofthePecos;lasiacanthus,extendingfromChihuahuawithanorthernlimitbetweenthePecosandArizona;andgrahami,aSonorantypewhichhasspreadbetweenthePecosandsoutheasternCalifornia。
ThetenprecedingformshaveevidentlyenteredourbordersfromthehighlandsofSonoraandChihuahua,withtheexceptionoftheRioGrandeValleyforms,texanusandsphaericus。Anotherspecies,tetrancistrus,isalsoaSonorantypewhichhasreachedtheeasternslopesofthemountainsofsoutheasternCalifornia,andextendedthroughwesternArizonatosouthernNevadaandsouthernUtah,themostextendednorthernrangeofanyEUMAMILLARIA。Thetwelfthform,goodrichii,isLowerCalifornian,andextendsintoCaliforniaonlyinSanDiegoCounty。AsummarizedstatementofthedistributionofourtwelveEUMAMILLARIAwouldbethattwoofthemhaveextendedfromthelowgroundsofCoahuilaandChihuahuaandspreadalongthevalleyoftheRioGrande;ninehavecomefromthehighgroundsofChihuahuaandSonora,fourofwhichhaveextendedeastwardtothelowlevelsofsoutheasternTexas;fourhavekepttothehighlandswestofthePecos,andonehaskepttotheColoradoValleyanditstributaries,whileonehasashortnorthernextensionfromLowerCalifornia。
ThenineteenformsofCORYPHANTHAaredecidedlymorenorthernintheirdistribution,andareourcharacteristicrepresentativesofthegenusCactus。Tenofthese,however,arebutnorthernextensionsofMexicanforms,andsixofthetenhavesimplythattongue-likenorthernextensioninthemountainsbetweenthePecosandtheUpperRioGrande(above。ElPaso),viz。:dasyacanthus,tuberculosus,scheerii(whichhasalsospreadsomewhateastofthePecos),andthethreepectinateandcloselyrelatedformsradians,echinus,andscolymoides。OfthefourremainingMexicanforms,macromerisisalowgroundRioGrandeValleyform,extendingfromaboveElPasowelltowardstheLowerRioGrande;
potsiijustcrossestheborderintheneighborhoodofLaredo;andradiosusandneo-mexicanushavebyfarthegreatestnorthernextension,stretchingfromSonoraandChihuahuatosouthernUtahandcentralColorado,andeastwardtotheGuadalupeRiverofTexas。
ThenineremainingcoryphanthsaredistinctlyformsoftheUnitedStates,occupyingtwowell-markedregions,viz。:thenorthernplains,andthedesertregionofwesternArizonaandadjacentCalifornia,Nevada,andUtah。Intheformerregionisfoundthewidespreadviviparus,whichextendsfromthesouthernbordersofBritishAmericatotheplainsofeasternColoradoandwesternKansas,andevencrossestheRockyMountaindivideintonorthernIdahoandnortheasternWashington;andmissouriensis,whichalsorangesfromthehighprairiesoftheUpperMissouritothesamesouthernlimit,andiscontinuedsouthwardintoTexasinitsvarietiessimilisandrobustior。
IntheArizonadesertregion,fourdistinctbutcloselyalliedformshavebecomedifferentiatedfromthestrongradiosusstock,viz。:arizonicus,deserti,alversoni,andchloranthus,allofwhichmightberegardedasdistinctspecies。InsoutheasternTexasisfoundanisolatedform,sulcatus,occurringbetweentheBrazosandNuecesrivers。Thatviviparusmustberegardedasastrongnorthernextensionoftheradiosusstockcannotbedoubted,asthelowdepressedcespitosenorthernformseemstomergesouthwardsograduallyintothesimplemorerobustovatetocylindricalformsofradiosusastosuggesttheproprietyofregardingthemallasspecificallyidentical。
Theresultofacloserinspectionofthedistributionofthesenearlyrelatedformsisworthyofnote。C。viviparusextendsfromBritishAmericaandtheUpperMissouritoeasternColoradoandwesternKansas;neo-mexicanus(theformmostnearlyrelatedtoviviparus)extendsfromcentralColoradoandsouthernUtahintoMexico;atthesoutheasternedgeofthisrangebeginsradiosusandextendseastwardthroughsouthernTexas;fromthewesternedgeofneo-mexicanustheformarizonicusextendswestwardintosouthernCalifornia,touchingchloranthusatitsUtahlimit,andatitsCaliforniaextensionreachingalversonianddeserti,thelatterofwhichextendsnorthwardintothedesertregionofsoutheasternCaliforniaandadjacentNevada。
TakingthistypeasofMexicanorigin,itseemstohaveenteredtheUnitedStatesfromSonoraandChihuahua,andtohavespreadinthreedirections,viz。:eastwardthroughsouthernTexas;
westwardandnorthwestwardintosouthernCaliforniaandsouthern,Utah;andnorthwardtotheheadwatersoftheMissouriandBritishAmerica,thoughwewouldlimitthenorthernextensionofthepresentspecifictypetocentralColorado,andwouldregardthestillmorenorthernformsasofthesameoriginbutentitledtospecificrank。
2。ANHALONIUMLem。Cact。Gen。Nov。(1839)。
Depressedorflattened,simple,unarmedplants,coveredwithpeculiarimbricatedtuberclesaboveandtheirscale-likeremainsbelow:tuberclewithlowerandupperpartsverydifferent;lowerpartcomparativelythinandflat;upperexposedparttriangularinoutlineanddivergent,verythickandhard,thelowersurfacesmoothandkeeled,theuppersurfaceplaneorconvex,smoothortuberculateorvariouslyfissured,withabroadwool-bearinggrooveorsimplyamoreorlessevidenttomentuloseapicalareola:spine-bearingareolaobsolete:flower-bearingareolaatthesummitofthelowerpeduncle-likeportionoftheveryyoungtubercle(thusappearingaxillarywithreferencetotheexposedpartofthetubercle)andbearingadensepenicellatetuftoflongsofthairswhichconcealsthelowerpartoftheflowerandtheentirefruitandpersistsabouttheapicalregionoftheplantasmattedandapparentlyaxillarywool:ovarynaked:seedslarge,black,andtuberculate:embryoobovate,straight。
AccordingtothepresentviewsconcerninggenericlimitationsinCactaceae,AnhaloniummustcertainlybekeptdistinctfromMamillaria,andtosuchaviewDr。Engelmannhadfinallycome。
Thegenericdistinctionisbaseduponsuchcharactersas(1)thecompletesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae;(2)thestrongdifferentiationofthetuberclesintotwoverydistinctregions;
(3)theproductionoftheflowerattheapexofthebasalorpenduncle-likeportion(whichbecomesflattenedandexpandedatmaturity)ofaveryyoungtubercle;and(4)thelargetuberculateseeds。
Inthecaseofengelmannithebroadwoollygrooveoftheupperportionofthetubercleexpandsbelowintotheflower-bearingareola,butterminatesblindlyabovejustbehindthesharpapex。
Inprismaticumandfurfuraceumthegrooveisobliterated,butthereusuallyremainsasmall(moreorlesstufted)areolaanddepressionjustbehindtheapextomarkitsupperextremity。
Thisapicalareolatherefore,doesnotrepresentaspine-bearingareola,buttheclosedupperextremityofatuberclegroove。
ItseemsevidentthatAnhaloniumisamuchmodifiedCactus,andthatitsaffinityiswiththecoryphanths,throughsuchaspeciesasC。macromeris,inwhichtheflowerbecomesextra-axillary。Ifinmacromeris,withtheflowerstandingwelluponthetubercle,theportionsofthetubercleaboveandbelowtheflowershouldbecomeverydifferentfromeachother,theupperportionbeingsomuchmodifiedastocausethespine-bearingareolatobeobliterated,theconditionofthingsinAnhaloniumwouldbeobtained。
*Uppersurfaceoftuberclewithabroadanddeepwool-bearinglongitudinalgroovewhichwidensbelow。
1。AnhaloniumengelmanniLem。Cact42(1839)。
MamillariafissurataEngelm。Syn。Cact。270(1856)。
AnhaloniumfissuratumEngelm。Bot。Mex。Bound。75(1859)。
Depressedgloboseorflat,top-shapedbelowandtaperingintoathickroot,5to12cm。indiameter:tubercles(upperportion)
appressed-imbricate,12to18mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfaceconvexandvariouslyfissured(presentinganirregularwartyappearance)eventotheedges:flowersapparentlycentral,about2。5cm。longandbroad,shadingfromwhitishtorose:fruitoval,palegreen,about10mm。long:seeds1。6mm。
long。(Ill。Bot。Mex。Bound。t。16)Typeunknown;butspecimensofWright,Bigelow,andParryinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。arethebasisofEngelmann’sMamillariafissurata。
Onlimestonehills,inthe"GreatBend"regionoftheRioGrandeinTexas,andsouthwardintoCoahuila。Fl。September-October。
Specimensexamined:Texas(Wrightof1850;Bigelowof1852;
Parry,withnonumberordate;Lloydof1890;Evansof1891;
Briggsof1892):alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。
ThisspeciesisverycloselyrelatedtotheMexicanA。kotchubeyiLem。(A。sulcatumSalm-Dyck),butunfortunatelynotypeofthatspeciesseemstobeinexistence,andDr。Engelmannnotes(Mex。
Bound。Rep。75)that"itseemsnolivingordeadspecimenisatpresentextantinEurope。"Judgingfromthedescription,theuppersurfaceofthetuberclesinA。kotchubeyi,asidefromthecentralfurrow,issmooth;atleastthemarginis"veryentire。"
**Uppersurfaceoftuberclenotgrooved,butusuallywithatomentosepulvillusatthetip。
2。AnhaloniumprismaticumLem。Cact。1(1839)。
MamillariaprismaticaLem。Hort。Univ。i。231(1839)。
CactusprismaticusKuntze,Rev。Gen。Pl。261(1891)。
Flatabove,top-shapedbelow,7。5to12。5cm。indiameter:
tubercles(upperportion)close]yimbricatebutsquarrose-
spreading,sharplytriangular-pyramidalandveryacute(withasharpcartilaginoustip,whichusuallydisappearswithageandleavestheoldertuberclesbluntorretuse),18to25mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfacealmostplaneandsmooth,exceptthatitismoreorlesspulverulentandusuallybearsasmalltomentosepulvillus(oftenevanescentlater)justbehindtheclaw-liketip:flowersrose-color:fruitelongated-
ovalandreddish。(Ill。Lem。Cact。t。1。)Typeunknown。
ReferredtoMexicoingeneral,butreporteddefinitelyonlyfromSanLuisPotosi。UndoubtedlyfoundinCoahuila,andpossiblycrossestheRioGrandeintheregionofthe"GreatBend。"
Specimensexamined:SanLuisPotosi(Eschanzierof1891):Mexicoingeneral(specimensfromColl。Salm-Dyckin1858;Schottof1858):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;alsogrowinginsamegardenin1893。
3。Anhaloniumfurfuraceum(Watson)。
MamillariafurfuraceaWatson,Proc。Amer。Acad。xxv。150
(1890)。
Verycloselyrelatedtoprismaticum;buttriangularportionoftubercleacuminateandshorter,havinganirregularlymamillateuppersurface,andtheacuminationendingabruptlyinacartilaginousdepressioncontainingatomentosepulvillus:
flowers2。5to3cm。long,whiteorpinkish,thesepalsbrownish。
Type,Pringle2580inGrayHerb。
AtCarnerosPass,Coahuila。
Specimensexamined:Coahuila(Pringle2580of1889)。
ThetypeofthisspecieswasnotamongthecollectionsreceivedfromCambridge,butaspecimenofthesamedistributionfromtheNationalHerbariumshowstubercledimensionsdifferentfromthoserecordedinDr。Watson’sdescription。Inthatdescriptionthetriangularterminalsurfaceissaidtobe"aboutaninchbroadbyone-halfinch,"whichisdecidedlydifferentfromtheequilateralsurfaceofthetubercleofprismaticum。IntheNationalHerbariumspecimenoffurfuraceum,however,ofthesamedistribution,thesurfaceisalmostequilateral,measuring15mm。
longby18mm。wideatbase。Withouttheacuminateupperportionthebreadthofthetriangularportionwouldbeaboutdoubleitslength。Thelowerrimofthecup-likedepressionwhichterminatesthetubercleandcontainsthepulvillusissometimesslightlyprolongedintoatooth,whichinprismaticumbecomesthesharptipofthetubercle。The"minutelyfurfuraceous-punctulate"characterofthetubercleiscommontoallthespeciesofAnhaloniumIhaveseen,andsimplyrepresentstheexternalopeningsoftheremarkablylongcuticularpassagewaystothestomata。
4。AnhaloniumpulvilligerumLem。Cact。(1839)。
AnhaloniumelongatumSalm-Dyck(1850)。
ThisseemstobeathirdgroovelessMexicanspecies。Ihaveseennospecimens,butjudgefromthedescriptionthatitdiffersfromthetwoprecedingspecieschieflyinitslesscrowdedandmoreelongatedtubercles(triangularportion5cm。longby2。5cm。
broadatbase),whicharecoveredatapexwithatomentosepulvillus。
GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION。
ThiscuriousgenusisstrictlyMexican,and,sofarasatpresentrecorded,ischaracteristicofCoahuila,butasinglespecies(engelmanni)ofthefourorfiveknowncrossingtheRioGrandeintheGreatBend。
3。LOPHOPHORA,gen。nov。
Depressed-globose,proliferousandcespitose,tuberculate-ribbed,unarmedplants:tuberclesatfirstconicalandbearingatsummitaflower-bearingareolawithadensetuftorshortpencilofcompacterecthairs,whenmaturebecomingbroadandrounded(withtheremnantofthepenicellatetuftasapersistentpulvillusinasmallcentraldepression)andcoalescingintobroadconvexverticalribs:spinebearingareolaeobsolete:flowersborneatthesummitofnascenttubercles:ovarynaked(thatisfreefromscales,butoftendowny):fruitandseedunknown。
TheseformshavebeenvariouslyreferredtoAnhaloniumandEchinocactus,butseemtodeservegenericdistinction。TheydifferfromAnhaloniumintheentiresuppressionoftheupperhighlydifferentiatedportionofthetubercle,inthebroadandroundeddevelopmentofthelowerportion,andinthecoalescenceoftheenlargedtuberclesintobroadverticalribs。Infact,inyoungspecimens,theplantappearsalmostsmooth,withshallowfurrowsradiatingfromthedepressedapex。ThegenusdiffersfromEchinocactusinthesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae,andthenakedovary。IntheexaminationofdevelopingtuberclestherelationtoAnhaloniumisevident。Inthelattergenustheyoungtuberclebearsonthesummitofitspedicel-likelowerportionthetuftedflower-bearingareolathemodifiedupperportionofthetubercleatthattimeappearingasabractbeneaththeflower。InLophophorathereisthesameconditionofthings,exceptthatthebract-likeupperportioniswanting。FromthispointofviewitwouldappearthatthedifferencesbetweenLophophoraandEchinocactusareintensifiedbythefactthattheflower-bearingareolaintheformergenusistoberegardedasreallylateralonatubercletheupperpartofwhichhasdisappeared。ThisgenusoccursabundantlyinsoutheasternTexas,extendingsouthwardintoMexico。Mrs。A。B。NickelsreportsthattheIndiansusetheplantsinmanufacturinganintoxicatingdrink,alsofor"breakingfevers,"andthatthetopscutoffanddriedarecalled"mescalbuttons。"
1。Lophophorawilliamsii(Lem)。
EchinocactuswilliamsiiLem。Allg。Gart。Zeit。xiii。385
(1845)。
AnhaloniumwilliamsiiLem。inForstHandb。Cact。i。233
(1846)。
Hemispherical,fromaverythickroot,oftendenselyproliferous,transverselylinedbelowbytheremainsofwitheredtubercles:
ribsusually8(inyoungspecimensoften6),verybroad,graduallymergingaboveintothedistinctnascenttubercleswhicharecrownedwithsomewhatdelicatepenicellatetufts,whichbecomeratherinconspicuouspulvilliontheribs:flowerssmall,whitishtorose:stigmas4。(Ill。Bot。Mag。t。4296)Typeunknown。
AlongtheLowerRioGrande,Texas,andextendingsouthwardintoSanLuisPotosiandsouthernMexico。