Itseemsbesttokeepthisnorthwesternformspecificallyseparatefromthatlargeassemblageofsouthernformsthathavebeencommonlyreferredtoit。TheformsreferredtothisspeciesfromwesternKansas(Smyth’schecklist)havenotbeenexamined,andtheymayrepresentintermediateforms,incliningtosimplehabitandovateform,asintheColoradoforms。Thesoutherntype(C。radiosus)isdistinguishedfromC。viviparusnotonlybyitsverydifferentrange,butalsobyitsovatetocylindricalform,simplehabit,morenumerous(12to40)andlonger(6to22
  mm。)radialspines,usuallymorenumerous(3to14)centralspinesinwhichtheupperaremorerobustthanthelower,porrectlowercentral,obtusestigmas,andbrownobovatestraightseeds。
  58。Cactusradiosus(Engelm。)。
  MamillariaviviparaEngelm。Pl。Fendl。49(1849),notHaw。
  (1819)。
  MamillariaradiosaEngelm。Pl。Lindh。196(1850)。
  MamillariavivipararadiosatexanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。269
  (1856)。
  Ovateorcylindrical,5to12。5cm。highandabout5cm。indiameter,simpleorsparinglyproliferous:tuberclesterete,moreorlessgroovedabove,8to12mm。long:radialspines20to30,straight,slender,withwithduskyapex,veryunequal,6to8mmlong;centralspines4or5,stouter,yellowishortawny,8to12
  mm。long,theupperonesthelongerandmorerobust,thelowestoneshorterandporrect:flowers3。5to5。5cm。long,aboutthesamediameterwhenfullyopen,violettodarkpurple:stigmas7
  to9,obtuse:fruitovalandgreen:seedsyellowishorbrown,obovate,pitted,fully2mm,long。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。
  74,fig。5,seeds)Type,Lindheimerof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。
  Gard。
  ExtendingacrosssouthernTexas,fromtheGuadalupetoElPaso。
  thenceintocontiguousNewMexicoandacrosstheRioGrandenearJuarez(northernChihuahua)。Fl。May-June。
  Specimensexamined:Texas(Lindheimerof1846):NewMexico(Bigelowof1855):Chihuahua,nearJuarez(Evansof1891):alsospecimenscultivatedfromthetypeinSt。Louisin1846。
  AttentionhasbeencalledunderC。viviparustothecharactersthatdistinguishfromC。radiosusThecharacterstheregivenforthelatterspeciesapplytotothewholegroupofincludedforms。
  Thetypeofthespeciesisthevar。TexanaofEngelmann’sSyn。
  Cact。andMex。Bound。,whichischaracterizedintheabove。
  description。
  59。Cactusradiosusneo-mexicanus(Engelm。)。
  Mamillariavivipararadiosaneo-mexicanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。
  269(1856)。
  Generallylower(3。5to10cm。)andsubglobosetoovateorevensub-cylindrical,branchingatbaseorsimple,withmorenumerous(12to40)radialspines,morenumerous(3to12)andpurplishcentrals,andsmallerseeds。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。74。fig。
  4,seeds)Type,presumablytheWright,Bigelow,andSchottspecimensfromwesternTexas,NewMexico,andSonora,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。
  FromsouthernUtah,centralColorado,andwesternKansas,southwardthroughwesternTexas,NewMexicoandArizonaintoChihuahuaandSonora。
  Specimensexamined:Kansas(Carleton530of1891,inMeadeCounty):Oklahoma(Carleton233of1891):Colorado(HallandHarbourof1862;Brandegee645of1873;Hicksof1890):Utah(Silerof1870):NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Fendler244,271,of1847:Wright298;Bigelowof1853;G。R。Vaseyof1881):
  Texas(Wrightof1849,1851,1852;Bigelowof1853):Arizona(Rothrock,withnonumberordate):Sonora(Schottof1855):
  Chihuahua(Evansof1891,nearJuarez)。
  ItisthroughthisvarietythatC。radiosusapproachesmostnearlytoC。viviparus,intheformswithfewradialsandcentrals,butthespecificcharactersseemtohold。ThisistheMamillariaviviparaoftheSynFl。Colorado(PorterandCoulter)。
  60。Cactusradiosusarizonicus(Engelm。)。
  MamillariaarizonicaEngelmBot。Calif。i。244(1876)。
  Arobustgloboseorovatesimpleform(7。5to10cm。indiameter),withlong(12to25mm。)deeply-groovedtubercles,15
  to20long(10to30mm。)rigidwhitishradialspines,and3to6
  centralsdeepbrownabove。Type,thespecimensofCous,Palmer,BischoffandJohnson,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。
  SandyandrockysoilfromsouthernUtahthroughnorthernandwesternArizonatosouthernCalifornia。
  Specimensexamined:Arizona(Cousof1865;Cous&Palmerof1865
  and1872;Palmerof1869;Bischoffof1871;Millerof1881;Rusby617of1853;Pringleof1884):Utah(Johnsonof1871,1872,1874;
  Parryof1875,1877):California(Parishof1880):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;andinMeehan’sGard。in1882。
  61。Cactusradiosusdeserti(Engelm。)。
  MamillariadesertiEngelm。Bot。Calif。ii。449(1880)。
  Subgloboseoroval(5to10cm。high)andsimple,withdeeplygroovedtubercles(slenderandabout12mm。long),25to30
  ratherlong(10to16mm。)grayishwhiteradialspines(thelargerwithreddishtips),3or4shorterandstoutercentralswith5or6intermediateonesabove,small(2。5cm。long)
  straw-coloredflowers(becomingpurplish-tipped),5or6stigmas,andobliquelyobovatecurvedseeds。Type,Parish433inHerb。
  Mo。Bot。Gard。
  InthemountainsborderingthedesertsofsoutheasternCalifornia(SanBernardinoCounty)andextendingtocentralNevada(ReeseRiverValley)。
  Specimensexamined:California(Parish453of1880,alsoof1882;
  Baileyof1890):Nevada,LincolnCounty(Coville&Funstonof1891,DeathValleyExpedition):alsospecimenscultivatedinMeehan’sGard。in1882。
  Thesmallerstraw-coloredflowersalonesuggesttheproprietyofkeepingthisformspecificallydistinct,buteveninsizeandcolorthereisanoccasionaltendencytowardthespecificcharacter。TheobliquelyobovatecurvedseedsresemblethoseofC。viviparus。Theplantdenselycoveredwithstoutashy-grayinterlockingspinesiseasilyrecognized。
  62。Cactusradiosuschloranthus(Engelm。)。
  MamillariachloranthaEngelm。Wheeler’sRep。127(1878)。
  Ovaltocylindrical(7。5cm。indiameter,sometimes20to22。5
  cm。high),with20to25grayradialspinesalmostintwoseries,6to9stouterreddishorbrownish-tippedcentrals(12to25mm。
  long),andyellowishorgreenish-yellowflowers3。5cm。longandwide。Type:SouthernUtahspecimensofbothParryandJohnsonoccurinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。,buttheyareallreferredtoC。
  radiosusarizonicus,andIcanfindnotraceofanyspecimensofC。radiosuschloranthusintheEngelmanncollection。
  SouthernUtah,eastofSt。George(Parry;Johnson)。
  TheplantisevidentlynearC。radiosusdeserti,ofwhichvarietyitseemstobetheUtahrepresentative,butintheabsencenotonlyofthetype,butevenofauthenticspecimens,thetwoarekeptseparate,athingfullyjustifiedbythedescription。
  63。Cactusradiosusalversoni,var。nov。
  Differsfromvar。desertiinitsmorerobustandbranchinghabit(becoming12。5cm。talland10cm。indiameter),shorterandthickertubercles,morenumerous(12to14centrals)stouterandlonger(12to22mm。)spines,allofwhichareblack-tipped(thecentralsblackhalfwaydown,shadingintored),andpinkflowers。Type,Alverson’sspecimensinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。andinHerb。Coulter。
  InthedesertregionofextremesoutheasternCalifornia。
  Specimensexamined:SouthernCalifornia(A。H。Alversonof1892):
  alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。
  Thecoveringofstoutbushyinterlockingspinesislikethatofvar。deserti,buttheblackandreddishcolorationgivesadecidedlydifferentappearance。Onaccountofthisappearanceofareddish-blackbrushtheplanthasbeenpopularlycalled"foxtailcactus。"ThedecidedlypinkflowersweresentbyMr。S。
  B。ParishfromspecimensgrowingincultivationinSanDiego,andarenotfromtheoriginalcollectionofMr。Alverson。
  64。Cactusmacromeris(Engelm。)KuntzeRev。Gen。Pl。260(1891)。
  MamillariamacromerisEngelm。Wisliz。Rep。13(1848)。
  MamillariaheteromorphaScheerinSalm。Cact。Hort。Dyck。128
  (1850)。
  MamillariadactylitheleLabouret,Monogr。Cact。146(1858)。
  Ovateorcylindrical,5to10cm。high,simpleorbranchingfromthebaseandatlengthcespitose:tubercleslarge,looseandspreading,fromadilatedbase,moreorlesselongated(12to30
  mm。)andteretish(oftenincurved),thegrooveabsentinyoungplantsandneverreachingtheaxil:radialspines10to17,slenderandterete,orstouterandoftenangled,spreading,12to40mm。long,whitish(ormoreorlessrose-coloredwhenyoung),straightoralittlecurved;centralspines4(orfewerinyoungplantsorevenwanting),spreading,25to55mm。long,stouter,bulbousatbase,mostlyblack(thelowestthelongestandstoutest),straightorsometimescurvedortwisted:flowers6to7。5cm。longandofsamediameter,deepredtopurple:fruitovate-subglobose,green,15to25mm,long:seedsglobose-obovate,yellow,andsmooth。1。2to1。6mm。long。(Ill。
  Cact。Mex。Bound。t。14and15)Type,Wislizenusof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。
  Mostlyinloosesand,inthevalleyoftheRioGrande(onbothsidesoftheriver),fromsouthernNewMexicotoEaglePass,Texas,anddoubtlessfurtherdown。
  Specimensexamined:NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Wright384,531,of1852;G。R。Vaseyof1881):Texas(Wrightof1850,1851,1852;Bigelowof1852):Chihuahua(Evansof1891;Buddof1891):
  alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。
  ThisspeciesshowsaninterestingtransitionfromCoryphanthatoEchinocactus。ThewoollygrooveoftheCoryphanthaextendsfromthespine-bearingareolatotheaxilofthetubercle,whereitexpandsintotheflower-bearingareola。InC。macromeristhegrooveextendsonlyabouthalfwaydownthetubercleandgivesorigintotheflower-bearingareolaonthesideofthetubercle;
  whileinEchinocactustheflower-bearingareolabecomesadjacenttothespine-bearingareolaandtheflowerappearsatthesummitofthetubercle。
  ARTIFICIALKEYTOTHESPECIES。
  Itseemsimpossibletomakeasimpleartificialkeythatwillserveasausefulguidetoeachindividualspeciesandvariety。
  Ourknowledgeofsomanyofthespeciesisimperfect,thatnosetofcharacterscanbeappliedthroughout。However,asnoplantsarecollectedinsuchfragmentarycondition,itwillbeusefultoconstructakeybaseduponsuchcharactersasarealwayslikelytobepresent,evenifspecificdistinctionsarenotalwaysreached。Inmanycases,speciesaresocloselyanddifferentlyrelatedtoeachotherthatthecompletedescriptionswillhavetobeconsultedtodeterminethedifferences,andinsuchcasestheartificialkeycanonlyindicatethegroup。Eventhefulldescriptionsareverycompact,allcharactersnotnecessaryfordiscriminationhavingbeeneliminated。Noattemptneedbemadetodetermineanyspeciesbymeansoftheflowersalone。Inmostcasesmoreorlessoftheplantbodywillbeavailable,presentingspineandtuberclecharacters,andtheseareusedinthefollowingkey。ThedistinctionbetweenEumamillariaandCoryphantha,onthebasisofgroovelessandgroovedtuberclesshouldalwaysbemadeouteasily。Itmaybeusefultosuggestasacaution,however,thatoftentuberclesindryingdevelopfoldswhichsimulategrooves,andespeciallyisthistrueinquadrangulartubercles。Insuchcasesitisnecessarytorestoretheoriginalplumpnessofthetuberclebyboiling,beforethepresenceorabsenceofthegroovecanbedefinitelydetermined。
  Thespeciesandvarietiesareindicatedonlybytheirspecificorvarietalnamesinthefollowingkey,andthenumbersrefertotheserialnumbersofthesynopticalpresentation。FormsoccurringwithintheUnitedStatesaremarkedwithan"*":
  I。Tuberclesnevergrooved。
  *Centralspinesnone。
  Radials5to9,stout。
  meiacanthus*(7)。
  Radials20to40。
  micromeris*(12),greggii(13)。
  Radials40to80。
  lasiacanthus*(10),denudatus*(11)。
  **Centralspinesolitaryandnothooked。
  Centralspinelongerthantheradials。
  Radials7or8:tuberclesverylong(40to50mm。)。
  longimamma(36)。
  Radials15to20:tubercles6to8mm。long。
  eschanzieri(21)。
  Centralspineshorterthantheradials。
  Radials5to9,stout。
  meiacanthus*(7)。
  Radials9to22。
  heyderi*(5),hemisphaericus*(6),gummiferus(8),gabbii(34),sphaericus(35)。
  ***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。
  Stemsslendercylindric:LowerCalifornian。
  Centrals1,20to30mm。long。
  roseanus(23)。
  Centrals1to4,20to50mm。long。
  setispinus(24)。
  Stemsdepressed-globosetoovate。
  Radials4to6,rigid。
  uncinatus(9)。
  Radials8to12。
  wrightii*(15)。
  Radials15to30。
  grahami*(19),eschanzieri(21)。
  Radials50to60。
  barbatus(18)。
  ****Centralspinesmorethanone,andnoneofthemhooked。
  Slenderorsometimesstoutcylindricalplants,branchingatbase:LowerCalifornian。
  brandegei(3),setispinus(24),halei(25)。
  Depressed-globosetoovateandstoutcylindrical。
  Radialsfew(3to12)andrigid:Mexican。
  Radials3:centrals3。
  alternatus(1)
  Radials7or8:tubercles40to50mm。long。
  longimamma(36)。
  Radials10to12:tubercles12to15mm。long。
  gummiferus(8)。
  Radialsnumerous(16to60),capillaryorbristle-like。
  Radials15to30,slenderbutrigid(bristly)。
  acanthophlegmus(2),densispinus(4),bispinus(14),rhodanthus(26),sulphureospinus(27),palmeri(29),pringlei(32)。
  Radials30to60ormore,mostlycapillary。
  tetrancistrus*(22),capillaris(28),texanus*(31),spaerotrichus(33)。
  *****Centralspinesmorethanoneandbutoneofthemhooked。
  Radials10to15。
  goodrichii*(16),setispinus(24)。
  Radials15to30。
  pondii(17),grahami*(19),bocasanus(20)。
  Radials30to60。
  tetrancistrus(22)。
  ******Centralspinesmorethanone,andmorethenoneofthemhooked。
  Radials8to12。
  wrightii*(15)。
  Radials30to60。
  tetrancistrus(22)。
  II。Tubercleswithamoreorlessprominentgroove。
  *Centralspinesnone。
  Radialswhitishandrigid,oppressed(pectinate)andinterwovenwithadjacentclusters。
  Depressed-globoseandsimple。
  compactus(44)。
  Globoseandsimple。
  radians*(45),corniferus(47)。
  Cespitose。
  pectenoides(46),sulcatus*(49)。
  Radialsmoreslenderandspreading。
  Radials10to17。
  missouriensis*(37),similis*(38),macromeris*(64)。
  Radials30to50,capillary。
  dasyacanthus*(51)。
  **Centralspinesolitary,nothooked。
  Centralspineporrect。
  Radials6to17。
  missouriensis*(37),robustior*(39),scheerii*(40)。
  Radials30to50,whiteandcapillary。
  dasyacanthus*(51)。
  Centralspinecurveddownwards。
  Radials8to12。
  sulcatus*(49)。
  Radials12to26。
  robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),corniferus(47),scolymoides*(48)。
  Centralspineerect:Mexican。
  Radials7or8:central50mm。long。
  salm-dyckianus(43)。
  Radials10or11:central25to35mm。long。
  maculatus(52)。
  Radials13to16。
  compactus(44)。
  ***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。
  brunneus(53)。
  ****Centralspinesmorethanoneandnoneofthemhooked。
  Centrals2:radials6to20。
  scheerii*(40),robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),scolymoides*(48)。
  Centrals3:radials6to40。
  scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60)。
  Centrals4or5:radials6to40。
  scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),radiosus*(58),neo-mexicanus*(59)。arizonicus*(60),macromeris*(64)。
  Centrals6or7:radials12to40。
  potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60),chloranthus(62)。
  Centrals8to14:radials12to40ormore。
  potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),deserti*(61),chloranthus*(62),alversoni*(63)。
  GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION
  ItisonlypossibletodealwiththeformsthatoccurwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates,asevenindividualstationsofcommonMexicanformsarelittleifatallknown。TheseUnitedStatesformsrepresentanorthernextensionofanabundantMexicandisplay。ThegroupEUMAMILLARIA,containingtwelveofthethirty-oneformsdefinedasoccurringnorthoftheRioGrande,makesthefeeblestextensionnorthward,atnoplacebeingfoundfarfromtheboundary,andallthetwelveareMexicanformswhichextendbutslightlyintotheUnitedStates。OnlyfiveoftheformsarefoundeastofthePecos:heyderi,themostwidelydistributedEUMAMILLARIA,extendingfromthesoutheasternborderofTexaswestwardalongthewholeMexicanboundaryexceptinCalifornia;hemisphaericus,extendingthroughsouthernTexasandsouthernNewMexico;meiacanthus,alsoalongtheMexicanborderofTexasandNewMexico;texanus,alowgroundformoftheRioGrandeValley,extendingfromthemouthoftherivertoElPaso,andsuggestingaconnectionwiththeWestIndianstellatus;andsphaericus,anotherlowgroundvalleyformofsimilarrange,butapparentlyonlyextendinguptheRioGrandetotheregionofEaglePass。
  ThePecosformstheeasternboundaryoffiveotherEUMAMILLARIA
  forms:micromeris,extendingnorthwardfromCoahuilaandChihuahua,apparentlyonlyinthemountainsbetweenthePecosandElPaso;wrightii,ofsimilarnarrownorthwardextension,butrangingfurthernorthwardonthehighplainsoftheUpperPecosinNewMexico;denudatus,alsowithanarrownorthwardextensionwestofthePecos;lasiacanthus,extendingfromChihuahuawithanorthernlimitbetweenthePecosandArizona;andgrahami,aSonorantypewhichhasspreadbetweenthePecosandsoutheasternCalifornia。
  ThetenprecedingformshaveevidentlyenteredourbordersfromthehighlandsofSonoraandChihuahua,withtheexceptionoftheRioGrandeValleyforms,texanusandsphaericus。Anotherspecies,tetrancistrus,isalsoaSonorantypewhichhasreachedtheeasternslopesofthemountainsofsoutheasternCalifornia,andextendedthroughwesternArizonatosouthernNevadaandsouthernUtah,themostextendednorthernrangeofanyEUMAMILLARIA。Thetwelfthform,goodrichii,isLowerCalifornian,andextendsintoCaliforniaonlyinSanDiegoCounty。AsummarizedstatementofthedistributionofourtwelveEUMAMILLARIAwouldbethattwoofthemhaveextendedfromthelowgroundsofCoahuilaandChihuahuaandspreadalongthevalleyoftheRioGrande;ninehavecomefromthehighgroundsofChihuahuaandSonora,fourofwhichhaveextendedeastwardtothelowlevelsofsoutheasternTexas;fourhavekepttothehighlandswestofthePecos,andonehaskepttotheColoradoValleyanditstributaries,whileonehasashortnorthernextensionfromLowerCalifornia。
  ThenineteenformsofCORYPHANTHAaredecidedlymorenorthernintheirdistribution,andareourcharacteristicrepresentativesofthegenusCactus。Tenofthese,however,arebutnorthernextensionsofMexicanforms,andsixofthetenhavesimplythattongue-likenorthernextensioninthemountainsbetweenthePecosandtheUpperRioGrande(above。ElPaso),viz。:dasyacanthus,tuberculosus,scheerii(whichhasalsospreadsomewhateastofthePecos),andthethreepectinateandcloselyrelatedformsradians,echinus,andscolymoides。OfthefourremainingMexicanforms,macromerisisalowgroundRioGrandeValleyform,extendingfromaboveElPasowelltowardstheLowerRioGrande;
  potsiijustcrossestheborderintheneighborhoodofLaredo;andradiosusandneo-mexicanushavebyfarthegreatestnorthernextension,stretchingfromSonoraandChihuahuatosouthernUtahandcentralColorado,andeastwardtotheGuadalupeRiverofTexas。
  ThenineremainingcoryphanthsaredistinctlyformsoftheUnitedStates,occupyingtwowell-markedregions,viz。:thenorthernplains,andthedesertregionofwesternArizonaandadjacentCalifornia,Nevada,andUtah。Intheformerregionisfoundthewidespreadviviparus,whichextendsfromthesouthernbordersofBritishAmericatotheplainsofeasternColoradoandwesternKansas,andevencrossestheRockyMountaindivideintonorthernIdahoandnortheasternWashington;andmissouriensis,whichalsorangesfromthehighprairiesoftheUpperMissouritothesamesouthernlimit,andiscontinuedsouthwardintoTexasinitsvarietiessimilisandrobustior。
  IntheArizonadesertregion,fourdistinctbutcloselyalliedformshavebecomedifferentiatedfromthestrongradiosusstock,viz。:arizonicus,deserti,alversoni,andchloranthus,allofwhichmightberegardedasdistinctspecies。InsoutheasternTexasisfoundanisolatedform,sulcatus,occurringbetweentheBrazosandNuecesrivers。Thatviviparusmustberegardedasastrongnorthernextensionoftheradiosusstockcannotbedoubted,asthelowdepressedcespitosenorthernformseemstomergesouthwardsograduallyintothesimplemorerobustovatetocylindricalformsofradiosusastosuggesttheproprietyofregardingthemallasspecificallyidentical。
  Theresultofacloserinspectionofthedistributionofthesenearlyrelatedformsisworthyofnote。C。viviparusextendsfromBritishAmericaandtheUpperMissouritoeasternColoradoandwesternKansas;neo-mexicanus(theformmostnearlyrelatedtoviviparus)extendsfromcentralColoradoandsouthernUtahintoMexico;atthesoutheasternedgeofthisrangebeginsradiosusandextendseastwardthroughsouthernTexas;fromthewesternedgeofneo-mexicanustheformarizonicusextendswestwardintosouthernCalifornia,touchingchloranthusatitsUtahlimit,andatitsCaliforniaextensionreachingalversonianddeserti,thelatterofwhichextendsnorthwardintothedesertregionofsoutheasternCaliforniaandadjacentNevada。
  TakingthistypeasofMexicanorigin,itseemstohaveenteredtheUnitedStatesfromSonoraandChihuahua,andtohavespreadinthreedirections,viz。:eastwardthroughsouthernTexas;
  westwardandnorthwestwardintosouthernCaliforniaandsouthern,Utah;andnorthwardtotheheadwatersoftheMissouriandBritishAmerica,thoughwewouldlimitthenorthernextensionofthepresentspecifictypetocentralColorado,andwouldregardthestillmorenorthernformsasofthesameoriginbutentitledtospecificrank。
  2。ANHALONIUMLem。Cact。Gen。Nov。(1839)。
  Depressedorflattened,simple,unarmedplants,coveredwithpeculiarimbricatedtuberclesaboveandtheirscale-likeremainsbelow:tuberclewithlowerandupperpartsverydifferent;lowerpartcomparativelythinandflat;upperexposedparttriangularinoutlineanddivergent,verythickandhard,thelowersurfacesmoothandkeeled,theuppersurfaceplaneorconvex,smoothortuberculateorvariouslyfissured,withabroadwool-bearinggrooveorsimplyamoreorlessevidenttomentuloseapicalareola:spine-bearingareolaobsolete:flower-bearingareolaatthesummitofthelowerpeduncle-likeportionoftheveryyoungtubercle(thusappearingaxillarywithreferencetotheexposedpartofthetubercle)andbearingadensepenicellatetuftoflongsofthairswhichconcealsthelowerpartoftheflowerandtheentirefruitandpersistsabouttheapicalregionoftheplantasmattedandapparentlyaxillarywool:ovarynaked:seedslarge,black,andtuberculate:embryoobovate,straight。
  AccordingtothepresentviewsconcerninggenericlimitationsinCactaceae,AnhaloniummustcertainlybekeptdistinctfromMamillaria,andtosuchaviewDr。Engelmannhadfinallycome。
  Thegenericdistinctionisbaseduponsuchcharactersas(1)thecompletesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae;(2)thestrongdifferentiationofthetuberclesintotwoverydistinctregions;
  (3)theproductionoftheflowerattheapexofthebasalorpenduncle-likeportion(whichbecomesflattenedandexpandedatmaturity)ofaveryyoungtubercle;and(4)thelargetuberculateseeds。
  Inthecaseofengelmannithebroadwoollygrooveoftheupperportionofthetubercleexpandsbelowintotheflower-bearingareola,butterminatesblindlyabovejustbehindthesharpapex。
  Inprismaticumandfurfuraceumthegrooveisobliterated,butthereusuallyremainsasmall(moreorlesstufted)areolaanddepressionjustbehindtheapextomarkitsupperextremity。
  Thisapicalareolatherefore,doesnotrepresentaspine-bearingareola,buttheclosedupperextremityofatuberclegroove。
  ItseemsevidentthatAnhaloniumisamuchmodifiedCactus,andthatitsaffinityiswiththecoryphanths,throughsuchaspeciesasC。macromeris,inwhichtheflowerbecomesextra-axillary。Ifinmacromeris,withtheflowerstandingwelluponthetubercle,theportionsofthetubercleaboveandbelowtheflowershouldbecomeverydifferentfromeachother,theupperportionbeingsomuchmodifiedastocausethespine-bearingareolatobeobliterated,theconditionofthingsinAnhaloniumwouldbeobtained。
  *Uppersurfaceoftuberclewithabroadanddeepwool-bearinglongitudinalgroovewhichwidensbelow。
  1。AnhaloniumengelmanniLem。Cact42(1839)。
  MamillariafissurataEngelm。Syn。Cact。270(1856)。
  AnhaloniumfissuratumEngelm。Bot。Mex。Bound。75(1859)。
  Depressedgloboseorflat,top-shapedbelowandtaperingintoathickroot,5to12cm。indiameter:tubercles(upperportion)
  appressed-imbricate,12to18mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfaceconvexandvariouslyfissured(presentinganirregularwartyappearance)eventotheedges:flowersapparentlycentral,about2。5cm。longandbroad,shadingfromwhitishtorose:fruitoval,palegreen,about10mm。long:seeds1。6mm。
  long。(Ill。Bot。Mex。Bound。t。16)Typeunknown;butspecimensofWright,Bigelow,andParryinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。arethebasisofEngelmann’sMamillariafissurata。
  Onlimestonehills,inthe"GreatBend"regionoftheRioGrandeinTexas,andsouthwardintoCoahuila。Fl。September-October。
  Specimensexamined:Texas(Wrightof1850;Bigelowof1852;
  Parry,withnonumberordate;Lloydof1890;Evansof1891;
  Briggsof1892):alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。
  ThisspeciesisverycloselyrelatedtotheMexicanA。kotchubeyiLem。(A。sulcatumSalm-Dyck),butunfortunatelynotypeofthatspeciesseemstobeinexistence,andDr。Engelmannnotes(Mex。
  Bound。Rep。75)that"itseemsnolivingordeadspecimenisatpresentextantinEurope。"Judgingfromthedescription,theuppersurfaceofthetuberclesinA。kotchubeyi,asidefromthecentralfurrow,issmooth;atleastthemarginis"veryentire。"
  **Uppersurfaceoftuberclenotgrooved,butusuallywithatomentosepulvillusatthetip。
  2。AnhaloniumprismaticumLem。Cact。1(1839)。
  MamillariaprismaticaLem。Hort。Univ。i。231(1839)。
  CactusprismaticusKuntze,Rev。Gen。Pl。261(1891)。
  Flatabove,top-shapedbelow,7。5to12。5cm。indiameter:
  tubercles(upperportion)close]yimbricatebutsquarrose-
  spreading,sharplytriangular-pyramidalandveryacute(withasharpcartilaginoustip,whichusuallydisappearswithageandleavestheoldertuberclesbluntorretuse),18to25mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfacealmostplaneandsmooth,exceptthatitismoreorlesspulverulentandusuallybearsasmalltomentosepulvillus(oftenevanescentlater)justbehindtheclaw-liketip:flowersrose-color:fruitelongated-
  ovalandreddish。(Ill。Lem。Cact。t。1。)Typeunknown。
  ReferredtoMexicoingeneral,butreporteddefinitelyonlyfromSanLuisPotosi。UndoubtedlyfoundinCoahuila,andpossiblycrossestheRioGrandeintheregionofthe"GreatBend。"
  Specimensexamined:SanLuisPotosi(Eschanzierof1891):Mexicoingeneral(specimensfromColl。Salm-Dyckin1858;Schottof1858):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;alsogrowinginsamegardenin1893。
  3。Anhaloniumfurfuraceum(Watson)。
  MamillariafurfuraceaWatson,Proc。Amer。Acad。xxv。150
  (1890)。
  Verycloselyrelatedtoprismaticum;buttriangularportionoftubercleacuminateandshorter,havinganirregularlymamillateuppersurface,andtheacuminationendingabruptlyinacartilaginousdepressioncontainingatomentosepulvillus:
  flowers2。5to3cm。long,whiteorpinkish,thesepalsbrownish。
  Type,Pringle2580inGrayHerb。
  AtCarnerosPass,Coahuila。
  Specimensexamined:Coahuila(Pringle2580of1889)。
  ThetypeofthisspecieswasnotamongthecollectionsreceivedfromCambridge,butaspecimenofthesamedistributionfromtheNationalHerbariumshowstubercledimensionsdifferentfromthoserecordedinDr。Watson’sdescription。Inthatdescriptionthetriangularterminalsurfaceissaidtobe"aboutaninchbroadbyone-halfinch,"whichisdecidedlydifferentfromtheequilateralsurfaceofthetubercleofprismaticum。IntheNationalHerbariumspecimenoffurfuraceum,however,ofthesamedistribution,thesurfaceisalmostequilateral,measuring15mm。
  longby18mm。wideatbase。Withouttheacuminateupperportionthebreadthofthetriangularportionwouldbeaboutdoubleitslength。Thelowerrimofthecup-likedepressionwhichterminatesthetubercleandcontainsthepulvillusissometimesslightlyprolongedintoatooth,whichinprismaticumbecomesthesharptipofthetubercle。The"minutelyfurfuraceous-punctulate"characterofthetubercleiscommontoallthespeciesofAnhaloniumIhaveseen,andsimplyrepresentstheexternalopeningsoftheremarkablylongcuticularpassagewaystothestomata。
  4。AnhaloniumpulvilligerumLem。Cact。(1839)。
  AnhaloniumelongatumSalm-Dyck(1850)。
  ThisseemstobeathirdgroovelessMexicanspecies。Ihaveseennospecimens,butjudgefromthedescriptionthatitdiffersfromthetwoprecedingspecieschieflyinitslesscrowdedandmoreelongatedtubercles(triangularportion5cm。longby2。5cm。
  broadatbase),whicharecoveredatapexwithatomentosepulvillus。
  GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION。
  ThiscuriousgenusisstrictlyMexican,and,sofarasatpresentrecorded,ischaracteristicofCoahuila,butasinglespecies(engelmanni)ofthefourorfiveknowncrossingtheRioGrandeintheGreatBend。
  3。LOPHOPHORA,gen。nov。
  Depressed-globose,proliferousandcespitose,tuberculate-ribbed,unarmedplants:tuberclesatfirstconicalandbearingatsummitaflower-bearingareolawithadensetuftorshortpencilofcompacterecthairs,whenmaturebecomingbroadandrounded(withtheremnantofthepenicellatetuftasapersistentpulvillusinasmallcentraldepression)andcoalescingintobroadconvexverticalribs:spinebearingareolaeobsolete:flowersborneatthesummitofnascenttubercles:ovarynaked(thatisfreefromscales,butoftendowny):fruitandseedunknown。
  TheseformshavebeenvariouslyreferredtoAnhaloniumandEchinocactus,butseemtodeservegenericdistinction。TheydifferfromAnhaloniumintheentiresuppressionoftheupperhighlydifferentiatedportionofthetubercle,inthebroadandroundeddevelopmentofthelowerportion,andinthecoalescenceoftheenlargedtuberclesintobroadverticalribs。Infact,inyoungspecimens,theplantappearsalmostsmooth,withshallowfurrowsradiatingfromthedepressedapex。ThegenusdiffersfromEchinocactusinthesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae,andthenakedovary。IntheexaminationofdevelopingtuberclestherelationtoAnhaloniumisevident。Inthelattergenustheyoungtuberclebearsonthesummitofitspedicel-likelowerportionthetuftedflower-bearingareolathemodifiedupperportionofthetubercleatthattimeappearingasabractbeneaththeflower。InLophophorathereisthesameconditionofthings,exceptthatthebract-likeupperportioniswanting。FromthispointofviewitwouldappearthatthedifferencesbetweenLophophoraandEchinocactusareintensifiedbythefactthattheflower-bearingareolaintheformergenusistoberegardedasreallylateralonatubercletheupperpartofwhichhasdisappeared。ThisgenusoccursabundantlyinsoutheasternTexas,extendingsouthwardintoMexico。Mrs。A。B。NickelsreportsthattheIndiansusetheplantsinmanufacturinganintoxicatingdrink,alsofor"breakingfevers,"andthatthetopscutoffanddriedarecalled"mescalbuttons。"
  1。Lophophorawilliamsii(Lem)。
  EchinocactuswilliamsiiLem。Allg。Gart。Zeit。xiii。385
  (1845)。
  AnhaloniumwilliamsiiLem。inForstHandb。Cact。i。233
  (1846)。
  Hemispherical,fromaverythickroot,oftendenselyproliferous,transverselylinedbelowbytheremainsofwitheredtubercles:
  ribsusually8(inyoungspecimensoften6),verybroad,graduallymergingaboveintothedistinctnascenttubercleswhicharecrownedwithsomewhatdelicatepenicellatetufts,whichbecomeratherinconspicuouspulvilliontheribs:flowerssmall,whitishtorose:stigmas4。(Ill。Bot。Mag。t。4296)Typeunknown。
  AlongtheLowerRioGrande,Texas,andextendingsouthwardintoSanLuisPotosiandsouthernMexico。