195。Iwillnotdisputenowwhetherprincesareexemptfromthelawsoftheircountry，butthisIamsure，theyowesubjectiontothelawsofGodandNature。Nobody，nopowercanexemptthemfromtheobligationsofthateternallaw。Thosearesogreatandsostronginthecaseofpromises，thatOmnipotencyitselfcanbetiedbythem。
Grants，promises，andoathsarebondsthatholdtheAlmighty，whateversomeflattererssaytoprincesoftheworld，who，alltogether，withalltheirpeoplejoinedtothem，are，incomparisonofthegreatGod，butasadropofthebucket，oradustonthebalance-
inconsiderable，nothing！
196。Theshortofthecaseinconquest，isthis：Theconqueror，ifhehaveajustcause，hasadespoticalrightoverthepersonsofallthatactuallyaidedandconcurredinthewaragainsthim，andarighttomakeuphisdamageandcostoutoftheirlabourandestates，soheinjurenottherightofanyother。Overtherestofthepeople，iftherewereanythatconsentednottothewar，andoverthechildrenofthecaptivesthemselvesorthepossessionsofeitherhehasnopower，andsocanhave，byvirtueofconquest，nolawfultitlehimselftodominionoverthem，orderiveittohisposterity；
butisanaggressor，andputshimselfinastateofwaragainstthem，andhasnobetterarightofprincipality，he，noranyofhissuccessors，thanHingar，orHubba，theDanes，hadhereinEngland，orSpartacus，hadbeconqueredItaly，whichistohavetheiryokecastoffassoonasGodshallgivethoseundertheirsubjectioncourageandopportunitytodoit。Thus，notwithstandingwhatevertitlethekingsofAssyriahadoverJudah，bythesword，GodassistedHezekiahtothrowoffthedominionofthatconqueringempire。"AndtheLordwaswithHezekiah，andheprospered；whereforehewentforth，andherebelledagainstthekingofAssyria，andservedhimnot"（IIKings18。7）。Whenceitisplainthatshakingoffapowerwhichforce，andnotright，hathsetoveranyone，thoughithaththenameofrebellion，yetisnooffencebeforeGod，butthatwhichHeallowsandcountenances，thoughevenpromisesandcovenants，whenobtainedbyforce，haveintervened。Foritisveryprobable，toanyonethatreadsthestoryofAhazandHezekiahattentively，thattheAssyrianssubduedAhaz，anddeposedhim，andmadeHezekiahkinginhisfather’slifetime，andthatHezekiah，byagreement，haddonehimhomage，andpaidhimtributetillthistime。
ChapterXVII
OfUsurpation197。Asconquestmaybecalledaforeignusurpation，sousurpationisakindofdomesticconquest，withthisdifference-thatanusurpercanneverhaverightonhisside，itbeingnousurpationbutwhereoneisgotintothepossessionofwhatanotherhasrightto。
This，sofarasitisusurpation，isachangeonlyofpersons，butnotoftheformsandrulesofthegovernment；foriftheusurperextendhispowerbeyondwhat，ofright，belongedtothelawfulprincesorgovernorsofthecommonwealth，itistyrannyaddedtousurpation。
198。Inalllawfulgovernmentsthedesignationofthepersonswhoaretobearrulebeingasnaturalandnecessaryapartastheformofthegovernmentitself，andthatwhichhaditsestablishmentoriginallyfromthepeople-theanarchybeingmuchalike，tohavenoformofgovernmentatall，ortoagreethatitshallbemonarchical，yetappointnowaytodesignthepersonthatshallhavethepowerandbethemonarch-allcommonwealths，therefore，withtheformofgovernmentestablished，haverulesalsoofappointingandconveyingtherighttothosewhoaretohaveanyshareinthepublicauthority；andwhoevergetsintotheexerciseofanypartofthepowerbyotherwaysthanwhatthelawsofthecommunityhaveprescribedhathnorighttobeobeyed，thoughtheformofthecommonwealthbestillpreserved，sinceheisnotthepersonthelawshaveappointed，and，consequently，notthepersonthepeoplehaveconsentedto。Norcansuchanusurper，oranyderivingfromhim，everhaveatitletillthepeoplearebothatlibertytoconsent，andhaveactuallyconsented，toallowandconfirminhimthepowerhehathtillthenusurped。
ChapterXVIII
OfTyranny199。Asusurpationistheexerciseofpowerwhichanotherhatharightto，sotyrannyistheexerciseofpowerbeyondright，whichnobodycanhavearightto；andthisismakinguseofthepoweranyonehasinhishands，notforthegoodofthosewhoareunderit，butforhisownprivate，separateadvantage。Whenthegovernor，howeverentitled，makesnotthelaw，buthiswill，therule，andhiscommandsandactionsarenotdirectedtothepreservationofthepropertiesofhispeople，butthesatisfactionofhisownambition，revenge，covetousness，oranyotherirregularpassion。
200。Ifonecandoubtthistobetruthorreasonbecauseitcomesfromtheobscurehandofasubject，Ihopetheauthorityofakingwillmakeitpasswithhim。KingJames，inhisspeechtotheParliament，16O3，tellsthemthus："Iwilleverpreferthewealofthepublicandofthewholecommonwealth，inmakingofgoodlawsandconstitutions，toanyparticularandprivateendsofmine，thinkingeverthewealthandwealofthecommonwealthtobemygreatestwealandworldlyfelicity-apointwhereinalawfulkingdothdirectlydifferfromatyrant；forIdoacknowledgethatthespecialandgreatestpointofdifferencethatisbetweenarightfulkingandanusurpingtyrantisthis-thatwhereastheproudandambitioustyrantdoththinkhiskingdomandpeopleareonlyordainedforsatisfactionofhisdesiresandunreasonableappetites，therighteousandjustkingdoth，bythecontrary，acknowledgehimselftobeordainedfortheprocuringofthewealthandpropertyofhispeople。"Andagain，inhisspeechtotheParliament，1609，hehaththesewords："Thekingbindshimself，byadoubleoath，totheobservationofthefundamentallawsofhiskingdom-tacitly，asbybeingaking，andsoboundtoprotect，aswellthepeopleasthelawsofhiskingdom；andexpresslybyhisoathathiscoronation；soaseveryjustking，inasettledkingdom，isboundtoobservethatpactionmadetohispeople，byhislaws，inframinghisgovernmentagreeablethereunto，accordingtothatpactionwhichGodmadewithNoahafterthedeluge：
’Hereafter，seed-time，andharvest，andcold，andheat，andsummer，andwinter，andday，andnight，shallnotceasewhiletheearthremaineth。’Andthereforeaking，governinginasettledkingdom，leavestobeaking，anddegeneratesintoatyrant，assoonasheleavesofftoruleaccordingtohislaws。"Andalittleafter：
"Therefore，allkingsthatarenottyrants，orperjured，willbegladtoboundthemselveswithinthelimitsoftheirlaws，andtheythatpersuadethemthecontraryarevipers，pests，bothagainstthemandthecommonwealth。"Thus，thatlearnedking，whowellunderstoodthenotionsofthings，makesthedifferencebetwixtakingandatyranttoconsistonlyinthis：thatonemakesthelawstheboundsofhispowerandthegoodofthepublictheendofhisgovernment；theothermakesallgivewaytohisownwillandappetite。
201。Itisamistaketothinkthisfaultisproperonlytomonarchies。Otherformsofgovernmentareliabletoitaswellasthat；forwhereverthepowerthatisputinanyhandsforthegovernmentofthepeopleandthepreservationoftheirpropertiesisappliedtootherends，andmadeuseoftoimpoverish，harass，orsubduethemtothearbitraryandirregularcommandsofthosethathaveit，thereitpresentlybecomestyranny，whetherthosethatthususeitareoneormany。ThuswereadofthethirtytyrantsatAthens，aswellasoneatSyracuse；andtheintolerabledominionoftheDecemviriatRomewasnothingbetter。
202。Whereverlawends，tyrannybegins，ifthelawbetransgressedtoanother’sharm；andwhosoeverinauthorityexceedsthepowergivenhimbythelaw，andmakesuseoftheforcehehasunderhiscommandtocompassthatuponthesubjectwhichthelawallowsnot，ceasesinthattobeamagistrate，andactingwithoutauthoritymaybeopposed，asanyothermanwhobyforceinvadestherightofanother。
Thisisacknowledgedinsubordinatemagistrates。Hethathathauthoritytoseizemypersoninthestreetmaybeopposedasathiefandarobberifheendeavourstobreakintomyhousetoexecuteawrit，notwithstandingthatIknowhehassuchawarrantandsuchalegalauthorityaswillempowerhimtoarrestmeabroad。Andwhythisshouldnotholdinthehighest，aswellasinthemostinferiormagistrate，Iwouldgladlybeinformed。Isitreasonablethattheeldestbrother，becausehehasthegreatestpartofhisfather’sestate，shouldtherebyhavearighttotakeawayanyofhisyoungerbrothers’portions？Orthatarichman，whopossessedawholecountry，shouldfromthencehavearighttoseize，whenhepleased，thecottageandgardenofhispoorneighbour？Thebeingrightfullypossessedofgreatpowerandriches，exceedinglybeyondthegreatestpartofthesonsofAdam，issofarfrombeinganexcuse，muchlessareasonforrapineandoppression，whichtheendamaginganotherwithoutauthorityis，thatitisagreataggravationofit。Forexceedingtheboundsofauthorityisnomorearightinagreatthanapettyofficer，nomorejustifiableinakingthanaconstable。Butsomuchtheworseinhimasthathehasmoretrustputinhim，issupposed，fromtheadvantageofeducationandcounsellors，tohavebetterknowledgeandlessreasontodoit，havingalreadyagreatersharethantherestofhisbrethren。
203。Maythecommands，then，ofaprincebeopposed？Mayheberesisted，asoftenasanyoneshallfindhimselfaggrieved，andbutimaginehehasnotrightdonehim？Thiswillunhingeandoverturnallpolities，andinsteadofgovernmentandorder，leavenothingbutanarchyandconfusion。
204。TothisIanswer：Thatforceistobeopposedtonothingbuttounjustandunlawfulforce。Whoevermakesanyoppositioninanyothercasedrawsonhimselfajustcondemnation，bothfromGodandman；
andsonosuchdangerorconfusionwillfollow，asisoftensuggested。
For-
205。First。Asinsomecountriesthepersonoftheprincebythelawissacred，andsowhateverhecommandsordoes，hispersonisstillfreefromallquestionorviolence，notliabletoforce，oranyjudicialcensureorcondemnation。Butyetoppositionmaybemadetotheillegalactsofanyinferiorofficerorothercommissionedbyhim，unlesshewill，byactuallyputtinghimselfintoastateofwarwithhispeople，dissolvethegovernment，andleavethemtothatdefence，whichbelongstoeveryoneinthestateofNature。Forofsuchthings，whocantellwhattheendwillbe？Andaneighbourkingdomhasshowedtheworldanoddexample。Inallothercasesthesacrednessofthepersonexemptshimfromallinconveniencies，wherebyheissecure，whilstthegovernmentstands，fromallviolenceandharmwhatsoever，thanwhichtherecannotbeawiserconstitution。Fortheharmhecandoinhisownpersonnotbeinglikelytohappenoften，nortoextenditselffar，norbeingablebyhissinglestrengthtosubvertthelawsnoroppressthebodyofthepeople，shouldanyprincehavesomuchweaknessandill-natureastobewillingtodoit。Theinconveniencyofsomeparticularmischiefsthatmayhappensometimeswhenaheadyprincecomestothethronearewellrecompensedbythepeaceofthepublicandsecurityofthegovernmentinthepersonofthechiefmagistrate，thussetoutofthereachofdanger；itbeingsaferforthebodythatsomefewprivatemenshouldbesometimesindangertosufferthanthattheheadoftherepublicshouldbeeasilyanduponslightoccasionsexposed。
206。Secondly。Butthisprivilege，belongingonlytotheking’sperson，hindersnotbuttheymaybequestioned，opposed，andresisted，whouseunjustforce，thoughtheypretendacommissionfromhimwhichthelawauthorisesnot；asisplaininthecaseofhimthathastheking’swrittoarrestamanwhichisafullcommissionfromtheking，andyethethathasitcannotbreakopenaman’shousetodoit，norexecutethiscommandofthekinguponcertaindaysnorincertainplaces，thoughthiscommissionhavenosuchexceptioninit；
buttheyarethelimitationsofthelaw，which，ifanyonetransgress，theking’scommissionexcuseshimnot。Fortheking’sauthoritybeinggivenhimonlybythelaw，hecannotempoweranyonetoactagainstthelaw，orjustifyhimbyhiscommissioninsodoing。Thecommissionorcommandofanymagistratewherehehasnoauthority，beingasvoidandinsignificantasthatofanyprivateman，thedifferencebetweentheoneandtheotherbeingthatthemagistratehassomeauthoritysofarandtosuchends，andtheprivatemanhasnoneatall；foritisnotthecommissionbuttheauthoritythatgivestherightofacting，andagainstthelawstherecanbenoauthority。
Butnotwithstandingsuchresistance，theking’spersonandauthorityarestillbothsecured，andsonodangertogovernororgovernment。
207。Thirdly。Supposingagovernmentwhereinthepersonofthechiefmagistrateisnotthussacred，yetthisdoctrineofthelawfulnessofresistingallunlawfulexercisesofhispowerwillnot，uponeveryslightoccasion，endangerhimorembroilthegovernment；forwheretheinjuredpartymayberelievedandhisdamagesrepairedbyappealtothelaw，therecanbenopretenceforforce，whichisonlytobeusedwhereamanisinterceptedfromappealingtothelaw。Fornothingistobeaccountedhostileforcebutwhereitleavesnottheremedyofsuchanappeal。anditissuchforcealonethatputshimthatusesitintoastateofwar，andmakesitlawfultoresisthim。A
manwithaswordinhishanddemandsmypurseonthehighway，whenperhapsIhavenot12d。inmypocket。ThismanImaylawfullykill。ToanotherIdeliverL100toholdonlywhilstIalight，whichherefusestorestoremewhenIamgotupagain，butdrawshisswordtodefendthepossessionofitbyforce。Iendeavourtoretakeit。Themischiefthismandoesmeisahundred，orpossiblyathousandtimesmorethantheotherperhapsintendedme（whomIkilledbeforehereallydidmeany）；andyetImightlawfullykilltheoneandcannotsomuchashurttheotherlawfully。Thereasonwhereofisplain；
becausetheoneusingforcewhichthreatenedmylife，Icouldnothavetimetoappealtothelawtosecureit，andwhenitwasgoneitwastoolatetoappeal。Thelawcouldnotrestorelifetomydeadcarcass。
Thelosswasirreparable；whichtopreventthelawofNaturegavemearighttodestroyhimwhohadputhimselfintoastateofwarwithmeandthreatenedmydestruction。Butintheothercase，mylifenotbeingindanger，Imighthavethebenefitofappealingtothelaw，andhavereparationformyL100thatway。
208。Fourthly。Butiftheunlawfulactsdonebythemagistratebemaintained（bythepowerhehasgot），andtheremedy，whichisduebylaw，bebythesamepowerobstructed，yettherightofresisting，eveninsuchmanifestactsoftyranny，willnotsuddenly，oronslightoccasions，disturbthegovernment。Forifitreachnofartherthansomeprivatemen’scases，thoughtheyhavearighttodefendthemselves，andtorecoverbyforcewhatbyunlawfulforceistakenfromthem，yettherighttodosowillnoteasilyengagetheminacontestwhereintheyaresuretoperish；itbeingasimpossibleforoneorafewoppressedmentodisturbthegovernmentwherethebodyofthepeopledonotthinkthemselvesconcernedinit，asforaravingmadmanorheadymalcontenttooverturnawell-settledstate，thepeoplebeingaslittleapttofollowtheoneastheother。
209。Butifeithertheseillegalactshaveextendedtothemajorityofthepeople，orifthemischiefandoppressionhaslightonlyonsomefew，butinsuchcasesastheprecedentandconsequencesseemtothreatenall，andtheyarepersuadedintheirconsciencesthattheirlaws，andwiththem，theirestates，liberties，andlivesareindanger，andperhapstheirreligiontoo，howtheywillbehinderedfromresistingillegalforceusedagainstthemIcannottell。Thisisaninconvenience，Iconfess，thatattendsallgovernmentswhatsoever，whenthegovernorshavebroughtittothispass，tobegenerallysuspectedoftheirpeople，themostdangerousstatetheycanpossiblyputthemselvesin；whereintheyarethelesstobepitied，becauseitissoeasytobeavoided。Itbeingasimpossibleforagovernor，ifhereallymeansthegoodofhispeople，andthepreservationofthemandtheirlawstogether，nottomakethemseeandfeelit，asitisforthefatherofafamilynottolethischildrenseehelovesandtakescareofthem。
210。Butifalltheworldshallobservepretencesofonekind，andactionsofanother，artsusedtoeludethelaw，andthetrustofprerogative（whichisanarbitrarypowerinsomethingsleftintheprince’shandtodogood，notharm，tothepeople）employedcontrarytotheendforwhichitwasgiven；ifthepeopleshallfindtheministersandsubordinatemagistrateschosen，suitabletosuchends，andfavouredorlaidbyproportionablyastheypromoteoropposethem；
iftheyseeseveralexperimentsmadeofarbitrarypower，andthatreligionunderhandfavoured，thoughpubliclyproclaimedagainst，whichisreadiesttointroduceit，andtheoperatorsinitsupportedasmuchasmaybe；andwhenthatcannotbedone，yetapprovedstill，andlikedthebetter，andalongtrainofactingshowthecounselsalltendingthatway，howcanamananymorehinderhimselffrombeingpersuadedinhisownmindwhichwaythingsaregoing；or，fromcastingabouthowtosavehimself，thanhecouldfrombelievingthecaptainofashiphewasinwascarryinghimandtherestofthecompanytoAlgiers，whenhefoundhimalwayssteeringthatcourse，thoughcrosswinds，leaksinhisship，andwantofmenandprovisionsdidoftenforcehimtoturnhiscourseanotherwayforsometime，whichhesteadilyreturnedtoagainassoonasthewind，weather，andothercircumstanceswouldlethim？
ChapterXIX
OftheDissolutionofGovernment211。HEthatwill，withanyclearness，speakofthedissolutionofgovernment，oughtinthefirstplacetodistinguishbetweenthedissolutionofthesocietyandthedissolutionofthegovernment。Thatwhichmakesthecommunity，andbringsmenoutoftheloosestateofNatureintoonepoliticsociety，istheagreementwhicheveryonehaswiththeresttoincorporateandactasonebody，andsobeonedistinctcommonwealth。Theusual，andalmostonlywaywherebythisunionisdissolved，istheinroadofforeignforcemakingaconquestuponthem。Forinthatcase（notbeingabletomaintainandsupportthemselvesasoneentireandindependentbody）theunionbelongingtothatbody，whichconsistedtherein，mustnecessarilycease，andsoeveryonereturntothestatehewasinbefore，withalibertytoshiftforhimselfandprovideforhisownsafety，ashethinksfit，insomeothersociety。Wheneverthesocietyisdissolved，itiscertainthegovernmentofthatsocietycannotremain。Thusconquerors’
swordsoftencutupgovernmentsbytheroots，andmanglesocietiestopieces，separatingthesubduedorscatteredmultitudefromtheprotectionofanddependenceonthatsocietywhichoughttohavepreservedthemfromviolence。Theworldistoowellinstructedin，andtooforwardtoallowofthiswayofdissolvingofgovernments，toneedanymoretobesaidofit；andtherewantsnotmuchargumenttoprovethatwherethesocietyisdissolved，thegovernmentcannotremain；thatbeingasimpossibleasfortheframeofahousetosubsistwhenthematerialsofitarescatteredanddisplacedbyawhirlwind，orjumbledintoaconfusedheapbyanearthquake。
212。Besidesthisoverturningfromwithout，governmentsaredissolvedfromwithin：
First。Whenthelegislativeisaltered，civilsocietybeingastateofpeaceamongstthosewhoareofit，fromwhomthestateofwarisexcludedbytheumpiragewhichtheyhaveprovidedintheirlegislativefortheendingalldifferencesthatmayariseamongstanyofthem；itisintheirlegislativethatthemembersofacommonwealthareunitedandcombinedtogetherintoonecoherentlivingbody。Thisisthesoulthatgivesform，life，andunitytothecommonwealth；fromhencetheseveralmembershavetheirmutualinfluence，sympathy，andconnection；andthereforewhenthelegislativeisbroken，ordissolved，dissolutionanddeathfollows。
Fortheessenceandunionofthesocietyconsistinginhavingonewill，thelegislative，whenonceestablishedbythemajority，hasthedeclaringand，asitwere，keepingofthatwill。Theconstitutionofthelegislativeisthefirstandfundamentalactofsociety，wherebyprovisionismadeforthecontinuationoftheirunionunderthedirectionofpersonsandbondsoflaws，madebypersonsauthorisedthereunto，bytheconsentandappointmentofthepeople，withoutwhichnooneman，ornumberofmen，amongstthemcanhaveauthorityofmakinglawsthatshallbebindingtotherest。Whenanyone，ormore，shalltakeuponthemtomakelawswhomthepeoplehavenotappointedsotodo，theymakelawswithoutauthority，whichthepeoplearenotthereforeboundtoobey；bywhichmeanstheycomeagaintobeoutofsubjection，andmayconstitutetothemselvesanewlegislative，astheythinkbest，beinginfulllibertytoresisttheforceofthosewho，withoutauthority，wouldimposeanythinguponthem。Everyoneisatthedisposureofhisownwill，whenthosewhohad，bythedelegationofthesociety，thedeclaringofthepublicwill，areexcludedfromit，andothersusurptheplacewhohavenosuchauthorityordelegation。
213。Thisbeingusuallybroughtaboutbysuchinthecommonwealth，whomisusethepowertheyhave，itishardtoconsideritaright，andknowatwhosedoortolayit，withoutknowingtheformofgovernmentinwhichithappens。Letussuppose，then，thelegislativeplacedintheconcurrenceofthreedistinctpersons：-
First，asinglehereditarypersonhavingtheconstant，supreme，executivepower，andwithitthepowerofconvokinganddissolvingtheothertwowithincertainperiodsoftime。Secondly，anassemblyofhereditarynobility。Thirdly，anassemblyofrepresentativeschosen，protempore，bythepeople。Suchaformofgovernmentsupposed，itisevident：
214。First，thatwhensuchasinglepersonorprincesetsuphisownarbitrarywillinplaceofthelawswhicharethewillofthesocietydeclaredbythelegislative，thenthelegislativeischanged。Forthatbeing，ineffect，thelegislativewhoserulesandlawsareputinexecution，andrequiredtobeobeyed，whenotherlawsaresetup，andotherrulespretendedandenforcedthanwhatthelegislative，constitutedbythesociety，haveenacted，itisplainthatthelegislativeischanged。Whoeverintroducesnewlaws，notbeingthereuntoauthorised，bythefundamentalappointmentofthesociety，orsubvertstheold，disownsandoverturnsthepowerbywhichtheyweremade，andsosetsupanewlegislative。
215。Secondly，whentheprincehindersthelegislativefromassemblinginitsduetime，orfromactingfreely，pursuanttothoseendsforwhichitwasconstituted，thelegislativeisaltered。Foritisnotacertainnumberofmen-no，northeirmeeting，unlesstheyhavealsofreedomofdebatingandleisureofperfectingwhatisforthegoodofthesociety，whereinthelegislativeconsists；whenthesearetakenaway，oraltered，soastodeprivethesocietyofthedueexerciseoftheirpower，thelegislativeistrulyaltered。Foritisnotnamesthatconstitutegovernments，buttheuseandexerciseofthosepowersthatwereintendedtoaccompanythem；sothathewhotakesawaythefreedom，orhinderstheactingofthelegislativeinitsdueseasons，ineffecttakesawaythelegislative，andputsanendtothegovernment。
216。Thirdly，when，bythearbitrarypoweroftheprince，theelectorsorwaysofelectionarealteredwithouttheconsentandcontrarytothecommoninterestofthepeople，therealsothelegislativeisaltered。Forifothersthanthosewhomthesocietyhathauthorisedthereuntodochoose，orinanotherwaythanwhatthesocietyhathprescribed，thosechosenarenotthelegislativeappointedbythepeople。
217。Fourthly，thedeliveryalsoofthepeopleintothesubjectionofaforeignpower，eitherbytheprinceorbythelegislative，iscertainlyachangeofthelegislative，andsoadissolutionofthegovernment。Fortheendwhypeopleenteredintosocietybeingtobepreservedoneentire，free，independentsocietytobegovernedbyitsownlaws，thisislostwhenevertheyaregivenupintothepowerofanother。
218。Why，insuchaconstitutionasthis，thedissolutionofthegovernmentinthesecasesistobeimputedtotheprinceisevident，becausehe，havingtheforce，treasure，andofficesoftheStatetoemploy，andoftenpersuadinghimselforbeingflatteredbyothers，that，assuprememagistrate，heisincapableofcontrol；healoneisinaconditiontomakegreatadvancestowardssuchchangesunderpretenceoflawfulauthority，andhasitinhishandstoterrifyorsuppressopposersasfactious，seditious，andenemiestothegovernment；whereasnootherpartofthelegislative，orpeople，iscapablebythemselvestoattemptanyalterationofthelegislativewithoutopenandvisiblerebellion，aptenoughtobetakennoticeof，which，whenitprevails，produceseffectsverylittledifferentfromforeignconquest。Besides，theprince，insuchaformofgovernment，havingthepowerofdissolvingtheotherpartsofthelegislative，andtherebyrenderingthemprivatepersons，theycannever，inoppositiontohim，orwithouthisconcurrence，alterthelegislativebyalaw，hisconsentbeingnecessarytogiveanyoftheirdecreesthatsanction。Butyetsofarastheotherpartsofthelegislativeanywaycontributetoanyattemptuponthegovernment，anddoeitherpromote，ornot，whatliesinthem，hindersuchdesigns，theyareguilty，andpartakeinthis，whichiscertainlythegreatestcrimemencanbeguiltyofonetowardsanother。
219。Thereisonewaymorewherebysuchagovernmentmaybedissolved，andthatis：Whenhewhohasthesupremeexecutivepowerneglectsandabandonsthatcharge，sothatthelawsalreadymadecannolongerbeputinexecution；thisisdemonstrativelytoreducealltoanarchy，andsoeffectivelytodissolvethegovernment。Forlawsnotbeingmadeforthemselves，buttobe，bytheirexecution，thebondsofthesocietytokeepeverypartofthebodypoliticinitsdueplaceandfunction。Whenthattotallyceases，thegovernmentvisiblyceases，andthepeoplebecomeaconfusedmultitudewithoutorderorconnection。Wherethereisnolongertheadministrationofjusticeforthesecuringofmen’srights，noranyremainingpowerwithinthecommunitytodirecttheforce，orprovideforthenecessitiesofthepublic，therecertainlyisnogovernmentleft。Wherethelawscannotbeexecuteditisalloneasiftherewerenolaws，andagovernmentwithoutlawsis，Isuppose，amysteryinpoliticsinconceivabletohumancapacity，andinconsistentwithhumansociety。
220。Inthese，andthelikecases，whenthegovernmentisdissolved，thepeopleareatlibertytoprovideforthemselvesbyerectinganewlegislativedifferingfromtheotherbythechangeofpersons，orform，orboth，astheyshallfinditmostfortheirsafetyandgood。Forthesocietycannever，bythefaultofanother，losethenativeandoriginalrightithastopreserveitself，whichcanonlybedonebyasettledlegislativeandafairandimpartialexecutionofthelawsmadebyit。Butthestateofmankindisnotsomiserablethattheyarenotcapableofusingthisremedytillitbetoolatetolookforany。Totellpeopletheymayprovideforthemselvesbyerectinganewlegislative，when，byoppression，artifice，orbeingdeliveredovertoaforeignpower，theiroldoneisgone，isonlytotellthemtheymayexpectreliefwhenitistoolate，andtheevilispastcure。Thisis，ineffect，nomorethantobidthemfirstbeslaves，andthentotakecareoftheirliberty，and，whentheirchainsareon，tellthemtheymayactlikefreemen。This，ifbarelyso，israthermockerythanrelief，andmencanneverbesecurefromtyrannyiftherebenomeanstoescapeittilltheyareperfectlyunderit；
and，therefore，itisthattheyhavenotonlyarighttogetoutofit，buttopreventit。
221。Thereis，therefore，secondly，anotherwaywherebygovernmentsaredissolved，andthatis，whenthelegislative，ortheprince，eitherofthemactcontrarytotheirtrust。
Forthelegislativeactsagainstthetrustreposedinthemwhentheyendeavourtoinvadethepropertyofthesubject，andtomakethemselves，oranypartofthecommunity，mastersorarbitrarydisposersofthelives，liberties，orfortunesofthepeople。
222。Thereasonwhymenenterintosocietyisthepreservationoftheirproperty；andtheendwhiletheychooseandauthorisealegislativeisthattheremaybelawsmade，andrulesset，asguardsandfencestothepropertiesofallthesociety，tolimitthepowerandmoderatethedominionofeverypartandmemberofthesociety。Forsinceitcanneverbesupposedtobethewillofthesocietythatthelegislativeshouldhaveapowertodestroythatwhicheveryonedesignstosecurebyenteringintosociety，andforwhichthepeoplesubmittedthemselvestolegislatorsoftheirownmaking：wheneverthelegislatorsendeavourtotakeawayanddestroythepropertyofthepeople，ortoreducethemtoslaveryunderarbitrarypower，theyputthemselvesintoastateofwarwiththepeople，whoarethereuponabsolvedfromanyfartherobedience，andarelefttothecommonrefugewhichGodhathprovidedforallmenagainstforceandviolence。
Whensoever，therefore，thelegislativeshalltransgressthisfundamentalruleofsociety，andeitherbyambition，fear，folly，orcorruption，endeavourtograspthemselves，orputintothehandsofanyother，anabsolutepoweroverthelives，liberties，andestatesofthepeople，bythisbreachoftrusttheyforfeitthepowerthepeoplehadputintotheirhandsforquitecontraryends，anditdevolvestothepeople，whohavearighttoresumetheiroriginalliberty，andbytheestablishmentofanewlegislative（suchastheyshallthinkfit），providefortheirownsafetyandsecurity，whichistheendforwhichtheyareinsociety。WhatIhavesaidhereconcerningthelegislativeingeneralholdstruealsoconcerningthesupremeexecutor，whohavingadoubletrustputinhim，bothtohaveapartinthelegislativeandthesupremeexecutionofthelaw，actsagainstboth，whenhegoesabouttosetuphisownarbitrarywillasthelawofthesociety。Heactsalsocontrarytohistrustwhenheemploystheforce，treasure，andofficesofthesocietytocorrupttherepresentativesandgainthemtohispurposes，whenheopenlypre-engagestheelectors，andprescribes，totheirchoice，suchwhomhehas，bysolicitation，threats，promises，orotherwise，wontohisdesigns，andemploysthemtobringinsuchwhohavepromisedbeforehandwhattovoteandwhattoenact。Thustoregulatecandidatesandelectors，andnewmodelthewaysofelection，whatisitbuttocutupthegovernmentbytheroots，andpoisontheveryfountainofpublicsecurity？Forthepeoplehavingreservedtothemselvesthechoiceoftheirrepresentativesasthefencetotheirproperties，coulddoitfornootherendbutthattheymightalwaysbefreelychosen，andsochosen，freelyactandadviseasthenecessityofthecommonwealthandthepublicgoodshould，uponexaminationandmaturedebate，bejudgedtorequire。This，thosewhogivetheirvotesbeforetheyhearthedebate，andhaveweighedthereasonsonallsides，arenotcapableofdoing。Topreparesuchanassemblyasthis，andendeavourtosetupthedeclaredabettorsofhisownwill，forthetruerepresentativesofthepeople，andthelaw-makersofthesociety，iscertainlyasgreatabreachoftrust，andasperfectadeclarationofadesigntosubvertthegovernment，asispossibletobemetwith。Towhich，ifoneshalladdrewardsandpunishmentsvisiblyemployedtothesameend，andalltheartsofpervertedlawmadeuseoftotakeoffanddestroyallthatstandinthewayofsuchadesign，andwillnotcomplyandconsenttobetraythelibertiesoftheircountry，itwillbepastdoubtwhatisdoing。Whatpowertheyoughttohaveinthesocietywhothusemployitcontrarytothetrustthatalongwithitinitsfirstinstitution，iseasytodetermine；andonecannotbutseethathewhohasonceattemptedanysuchthingasthiscannotanylongerbetrusted。
223。Tothis，perhaps，itwillbesaidthatthepeoplebeingignorantandalwaysdiscontented，tolaythefoundationofgovernmentintheunsteadyopinionanduncertainhumourofthepeople，istoexposeittocertainruin；andnogovernmentwillbeablelongtosubsistifthepeoplemaysetupanewlegislativewhenevertheytakeoffenceattheoldone。TothisIanswer，quitethecontrary。
Peoplearenotsoeasilygotoutoftheiroldformsassomeareapttosuggest。Theyarehardlytobeprevailedwithtoamendtheacknowledgedfaultsintheframetheyhavebeenaccustomedto。Andiftherebeanyoriginaldefects，oradventitiousonesintroducedbytimeorcorruption，itisnotaneasythingtogetthemchanged，evenwhenalltheworldseesthereisanopportunityforit。Thisslownessandaversioninthepeopletoquittheiroldconstitutionshasinthemanyrevolutions[that]havebeenseeninthiskingdom，inthisandformerages，stillkeptusto，oraftersomeintervaloffruitlessattempts，stillbroughtusbackagainto，ouroldlegislativeofking，lordsandcommons；andwhateverprovocationshavemadethecrownbetakenfromsomeofourprinces’heads，theynevercarriedthepeoplesofarastoplaceitinanotherline。
224。Butitwillbesaidthishypothesislaysafermentforfrequentrebellion。TowhichIanswer：
First：nomorethananyotherhypothesis。Forwhenthepeoplearemademiserable，andfindthemselvesexposedtotheillusageofarbitrarypower，cryuptheirgovernorsasmuchasyouwillforsonsofJupiter，letthembesacredanddivine，descendedorauthorisedfromHeaven；givethemoutforwhomorwhatyouplease，thesamewillhappen。Thepeoplegenerallyilltreated，andcontrarytoright，willbereadyuponanyoccasiontoeasethemselvesofaburdenthatsitsheavyuponthem。Theywillwishandseekfortheopportunity，whichinthechange，weakness，andaccidentsofhumanaffairs，seldomdelayslongtoofferitselfHemusthavelivedbutalittlewhileintheworld，whohasnotseenexamplesofthisinhistime；andhemusthavereadverylittlewhocannotproduceexamplesofitinallsortsofgovernmentsintheworld。
225。Secondly：Ianswer，suchrevolutionshappennotuponeverylittlemismanagementinpublicaffairs。Greatmistakesintherulingpart，manywrongandinconvenientlaws，andalltheslipsofhumanfrailtywillbebornebythepeoplewithoutmutinyormurmur。Butifalongtrainofabuses，prevarications，andartifices，alltendingthesameway，makethedesignvisibletothepeople，andtheycannotbutfeelwhattheylieunder，andseewhithertheyaregoing，itisnottobewonderedthattheyshouldthenrousethemselves，andendeavourtoputtheruleintosuchhandswhichmaysecuretothemtheendsforwhichgovernmentwasatfirsterected，andwithoutwhich，ancientnamesandspeciousformsaresofarfrombeingbetter，thattheyaremuchworsethanthestateofNatureorpureanarchy；theinconvenienciesbeingallasgreatandasnear，buttheremedyfartheroffandmoredifficult。
226。Thirdly：Ianswer，thatthispowerinthepeopleofprovidingfortheirsafetyanewbyanewlegislativewhentheirlegislatorshaveactedcontrarytotheirtrustbyinvadingtheirproperty，isthebestfenceagainstrebellion，andtheprobablemeanstohinderit。Forrebellionbeinganopposition，nottopersons，butauthority，whichisfoundedonlyintheconstitutionsandlawsofthegovernment：those，whoevertheybe，who，byforce，breakthrough，and，byforce，justifytheirviolationofthem，aretrulyandproperlyrebels。Forwhenmen，byenteringintosocietyandcivilgovernment，haveexcludedforce，andintroducedlawsforthepreservationofproperty，peace，andunityamongstthemselves，thosewhosetupforceagaininoppositiontothelaws，dorebellare-thatis，bringbackagainthestateofwar，andareproperlyrebels，whichtheywhoareinpower，bythepretencetheyhavetoauthority，thetemptationofforcetheyhaveintheirhands，andtheflatteryofthoseaboutthembeinglikeliesttodo，theproperwaytopreventtheevilistoshowthemthedangerandinjusticeofitwhoareunderthegreatesttemptationtorunintoit。
227。Inboththeforementionedcases，wheneitherthelegislativeischanged，orthelegislatorsactcontrarytotheendforwhichtheywereconstituted，thosewhoareguiltyareguiltyofrebellion。Forifanyonebyforcetakesawaytheestablishedlegislativeofanysociety，andthelawsbythemmade，pursuanttotheirtrust，hetherebytakesawaytheumpiragewhicheveryonehadconsentedtoforapeaceabledecisionofalltheircontroversies，andabartothestateofwaramongstthem。Theywhoremoveorchangethelegislativetakeawaythisdecisivepower，whichnobodycanhavebutbytheappointmentandconsentofthepeople，andsodestroyingtheauthoritywhichthepeopledid，andnobodyelsecan，setup，andintroducingapowerwhichthepeoplehathnotauthorised，actuallyintroduceastateofwar，whichisthatofforcewithoutauthority；andthusbyremovingthelegislativeestablishedbythesociety，inwhosedecisionsthepeopleacquiescedandunitedastothatoftheirownwill，theyuntietheknot，andexposethepeopleanewtothestateofwar。Andifthose，whobyforcetakeawaythelegislative，arerebels，thelegislatorsthemselves，ashasbeenshown，canbenolessesteemedso，whentheywhoweresetupfortheprotectionandpreservationofthepeople，theirlibertiesandpropertiesshallbyforceinvadeandendeavourtotakethemaway；andsotheyputtingthemselvesintoastateofwarwiththosewhomadethemtheprotectorsandguardiansoftheirpeace，areproperly，andwiththegreatestaggravation，rebellantes，rebels。
228。Butiftheywhosayitlaysafoundationforrebellionmeanthatitmayoccasioncivilwarsorintestinebroilstotellthepeopletheyareabsolvedfromobediencewhenillegalattemptsaremadeupontheirlibertiesorproperties，andmayopposetheunlawfulviolenceofthosewhoweretheirmagistrateswhentheyinvadetheirproperties，contrarytothetrustputinthem，andthat，therefore，thisdoctrineisnottobeallowed，beingsodestructivetothepeaceoftheworld；theymayaswellsay，uponthesameground，thathonestmenmaynotopposerobbersorpirates，becausethismayoccasiondisorderorbloodshed。Ifanymischiefcomeinsuchcases，itisnottobechargeduponhimwhodefendshisownright，butonhimthatinvadeshisneighbour’s。Iftheinnocenthonestmanmustquietlyquitallhehasforpeacesaketohimwhowilllayviolenthandsuponit，Idesireitmaybeconsideredwhatkindofapeacetherewillbeintheworldwhichconsistsonlyinviolenceandrapine，andwhichistobemaintainedonlyforthebenefitofrobbersandoppressors。Whowouldnotthinkitanadmirablepeacebetwixtthemightyandthemean，whenthelamb，withoutresistance，yieldedhisthroattobetornbytheimperiouswolf？Polyphemus’sdengivesusaperfectpatternofsuchapeace。SuchagovernmentwhereinUlyssesandhiscompanionshadnothingtodobutquietlytosufferthemselvestobedevoured。AndnodoubtUlysses，whowasaprudentman，preacheduppassiveobedience，andexhortedthemtoaquietsubmissionbyrepresentingtothemofwhatconcernmentpeacewastomankind，andbyshowing[what]inconvenienciesmighthappeniftheyshouldoffertoresistPolyphemus，whohadnowthepoweroverthem。
229。Theendofgovernmentisthegoodofmankind；andwhichisbestformankind，thatthepeopleshouldbealwaysexposedtotheboundlesswilloftyranny，orthattherulersshouldbesometimesliabletobeopposedwhentheygrowexorbitantintheuseoftheirpower，andemployitforthedestruction，andnotthepreservation，ofthepropertiesoftheirpeople？
230。Norletanyonesaythatmischiefcanarisefromhenceasoftenasitshallpleaseabusyheadorturbulentspirittodesirethealterationofthegovernment。Itistruesuchmenmaystirwhenevertheyplease，butitwillbeonlytotheirownjustruinandperdition。
Fortillthemischiefbegrowngeneral，andtheilldesignsoftherulersbecomevisible，ortheirattemptssensibletothegreaterpart，thepeople，whoaremoredisposedtosufferthanrightthemselvesbyresistance，arenotapttostir。Theexamplesofparticularinjusticeoroppressionofhereandthereanunfortunatemanmovesthemnot。Butiftheyuniversallyhaveapersuasiongroundeduponmanifestevidencethatdesignsarecarryingonagainsttheirliberties，andthegeneralcourseandtendencyofthingscannotbutgivethemstrongsuspicionsoftheevilintentionoftheirgovernors，whoistobeblamedforit？Whocanhelpitifthey，whomightavoidit，bringthemselvesintothissuspicion？Arethepeopletobeblamediftheyhavethesenseofrationalcreatures，andcanthinkofthingsnootherwisethanastheyfindandfeelthem？Andisitnotrathertheirfaultwhoputthingsinsuchaposturethattheywouldnothavethemthoughtastheyare？Igrantthatthepride，ambition，andturbulencyofprivatemenhavesometimescausedgreatdisordersincommonwealths，andfactionshavebeenfataltostatesandkingdoms。Butwhetherthemischiefhathoftenerbeguninthepeople’swantonness，andadesiretocastoffthelawfulauthorityoftheirrulers，orintherulers’insolenceandendeavourstogetandexerciseanarbitrarypowerovertheirpeople，whetheroppressionordisobediencegavethefirstrisetothedisorder，Ileaveittoimpartialhistorytodetermine。ThisIamsure，whoever，eitherrulerorsubject，byforcegoesabouttoinvadetherightsofeitherprinceorpeople，andlaysthefoundationforoverturningtheconstitutionandframeofanyjustgovernment，heisguiltyofthegreatestcrimeIthinkamaniscapableof，beingtoanswerforallthosemischiefsofblood，rapine，anddesolation，whichthebreakingtopiecesofgovernmentsbringonacountry；andhewhodoesitisjustlytobeesteemedthecommonenemyandpestofmankind，andistobetreatedaccordingly。
231。Thatsubjectsorforeignersattemptingbyforceonthepropertiesofanypeoplemayberesistedwithforceisagreedonallhands；butthatmagistratesdoingthesamethingmayberesisted，hathoflatebeendenied；asifthosewhohadthegreatestprivilegesandadvantagesbythelawhadtherebyapowertobreakthoselawsbywhichalonetheyweresetinabetterplacethantheirbrethren；whereastheiroffenceistherebythegreater，bothasbeingungratefulforthegreatersharetheyhavebythelaw，andbreakingalsothattrustwhichisputintotheirhandsbytheirbrethren。
232。Whosoeverusesforcewithoutright-aseveryonedoesinsocietywhodoesitwithoutlaw-putshimselfintoastateofwarwiththoseagainstwhomhesousesit，andinthatstateallformertiesarecancelled，allotherrightscease，andeveryonehasarighttodefendhimself，andtoresisttheaggressor。ThisissoevidentthatBarclayhimself-thatgreatassertorofthepowerandsacrednessofkings-isforcedtoconfessthatitislawfulforthepeople，insomecases，toresisttheirking，andthat，too，inachapterwhereinhepretendstoshowthattheDivinelawshutsupthepeoplefromallmannerofrebellion。Wherebyitisevident，evenbyhisowndoctrine，thatsincetheymay，insomecases，resist，allresistingofprincesisnotrebellion。Hiswordsarethese："Quodsiquisdicat，Ergonepopulustyrannicaecrudelitatietfurorijugulumsemperpraebebit？Ergonemultitudocivitatessuasfame，ferro，etflammavastari，seque，conjuges，etliberosfortunaeludibrioettyrannilibidiniexponi，inqueomniavitaepericulaomnesquemiseriasetmolestiasaregededucipatientur？Numillisquodomnianimantiumgeneriestanaturatributum，denegaridebet，utsc。vimvirepellant，sesequeabinjuriatueantur？Huicbreviterresponsumsit，populouniversonegaridefensionem，quaejurisnaturalisest，nequeultionemquaepraeternaturamestadversusregemconcedidebere。
Quaproptersirexnoninsingularestantumpersonasaliquotprivatumodiumexerceat，sedcorpusetiamreipublicae，cujusipse，caputest-
i。e。，totumpopulum，velinsignemaliquamejuspartemimmanietintolerandasaevitiaseutyrannidedivexet；populo，quidemhoccasuresistendiactuendiseabinjuriapotestascompetit，sedtuendisetantum，noneniminprincipeminvadendi：etrestituendaeinjuriaeillatae，nonrecedendiadebitareverentiapropteracceptuminjuriam。Praesentemdeniqueimpetumpropulsandinonvimpraeteritamulciscendijushabet。Horumenimalterumanaturaest，utvitaniscilicetcorpusquetueamur。Alterumverocontranaturam，utinferiordesuperiorisuppliciumsumat。Quoditaquepopulusmalum，antequamfactumsit，impedirepotest，nefiat，idpostquamfactumest，inregemauthoremscelerisvindicarenonpotest，populusigiturhocampliusquamprivatusquispiamhabet：Quodhuic，velipsisadversariisjudicibus，exceptoBuchanano，nullumnisiinpatientiaremediumsuperest。Cumillesiintolerabilistyrannisest（modicumenimferreomninodebet）resisterecumreverentiapossit。"-Barclay，ContraMonarchomachos，iii。8。
InEnglishthus：
233。"Butifanyoneshouldask：Mustthepeople，then，alwayslaythemselvesopentothecrueltyandrageoftyranny-musttheyseetheircitiespillagedandlaidinashes，theirwivesandchildrenexposedtothetyrant’slustandfury，andthemselvesandfamiliesreducedbytheirkingtoruinandallthemiseriesofwantandoppression，andyetsitstill-mustmenalonebedebarredthecommonprivilegeofopposingforcewithforce，whichNatureallowssofreelytoallothercreaturesfortheirpreservationfrominjury？I
answer：Self-defenceisapartofthelawofNature；norcanitbedeniedthecommunity，evenagainstthekinghimself；buttorevengethemselvesuponhimmust，bynomeans，beallowedthem，itbeingnotagreeabletothatlaw。Wherefore，ifthekingshallshowanhatred，notonlytosomeparticularpersons，butsetshimselfagainstthebodyofthecommonwealth，whereofheisthehead，andshall，withintolerableill-usage，cruellytyranniseoverthewhole，oraconsiderablepartofthepeople；inthiscasethepeoplehavearighttoresistanddefendthemselvesfrominjury；butitmustbewiththiscaution，thattheyonlydefendthemselves，butdonotattacktheirprince。Theymayrepairthedamagesreceived，butmustnot，foranyprovocation，exceedtheboundsofduereverenceandrespect。
Theymayrepulsethepresentattempt，butmustnotrevengepastviolences。Foritisnaturalforustodefendlifeandlimb，butthataninferiorshouldpunishasuperiorisagainstnature。Themischiefwhichisdesignedthemthepeoplemaypreventbeforeitbedone，but，whenitisdone，theymustnotrevengeitontheking，thoughauthorofthevillany。This，therefore，istheprivilegeofthepeopleingeneralabovewhatanyprivatepersonhath：Thatparticularmenareallowed，byouradversariesthemselves（Buchananonlyexcepted），tohavenootherremedybutpatience；butthebodyofthepeoplemay，withrespect，resistintolerabletyranny，forwhenitisbutmoderatetheyoughttoendureit。"
234。Thusfarthatgreatadvocateofmonarchicalpowerallowsofresistance。
235。Itistrue，hehasannexedtwolimitationstoit，tonopurpose：
First。Hesaysitmustbewithreverence。
Secondly。Itmustbewithoutretributionorpunishment；andthereasonhegivesis，"becauseaninferiorcannotpunishasuperior。"
First。Howtoresistforcewithoutstrikingagain，orhowtostrikewithreverence，willneedsomeskilltomakeintelligible。Hethatshallopposeanassaultonlywithashieldtoreceivetheblows，orinanymorerespectfulposture，withoutaswordinhishandtoabatetheconfidenceandforceoftheassailant，willquicklybeatanendofhisresistance，andwillfindsuchadefenceserveonlytodrawonhimselftheworseusage。ThisisasridiculousawayofresistingasJuvenalthoughtitoffighting：Ubitupulsas，egovapulotantum。Andthesuccessofthecombatwillbeunavoidablythesamehetheredescribesit：
Libertaspauperishaecest；
Pulsatusrogat，etpugnisconcisus，adorat，Utliceatpauciscumdentibusindereverti。
Thiswillalwaysbetheeventofsuchanimaginaryresistance，wheremenmaynotstrikeagain。He，therefore，whomayresistmustbeallowedtostrike。Andthenletourauthor，oranybodyelse，joinaknockontheheadoracutonthefacewithasmuchreverenceandrespectashethinksfit。Hethatcanreconcileblowsandreverencemay，foraughtIknow，deserveforhispainsacivil，respectfulcudgellingwhereverhecanmeetwithit。
Secondly。Astohissecond-"Aninferiorcannotpunishasuperior"-thatistrue，generallyspeaking，whilstheishissuperior。Buttoresistforcewithforce，beingthestateofwarthatlevelstheparties，cancelsallformerrelationofreverence，respect，andsuperiority；andthentheoddsthatremainsis-thathewhoopposestheunjustaggressorhasthissuperiorityoverhim，thathehasaright，whenheprevails，topunishtheoffender，bothforthebreachofthepeaceandalltheevilsthatfolloweduponit。
Barclay，therefore，inanotherplace，morecoherentlytohimself，deniesittobelawfultoresistakinginanycase。Buthethereassignstwocaseswherebyakingmayunkinghimself。Hiswordsare：
"Quidergo，nullinecasusinciderepossuntquibuspopuloseseerigereatqueinregemimpotentiusdominantemarmacapereetinvaderejuresuosuaqueauthoritateliceat？Nullicertequamdiurexmanet。Semperenimexdivinisidobstat，Regemhonorificato，etquipotestatiresistit，Deiordinationiresistit；nonaliasigiturineumpopulopotestasestquamsiidcommittatpropterquodipsojurerexessedesinat。Tuncenimseipseprincipatuexuitatqueinprivatisconstituitliber；hocmodopopulusetsuperiorefficitur，reversoadeumscilicetjureilloquodanteregeminauguratumininterregnohabuit。Atsuntpaucorumgenerumcommissaejusmodiquaehunceffectumpariunt。Ategocumplurimaanimoperlustrem，duotantuminvenio，duos，inquam，casusquibusrexipsofactoexregenonregemsefacitetomnihonoreetdignitateregaliatqueinsubditospotestatedestituit；quorumetiammeminitWinzerus。Horumunusest，siregnumdisperdat，quemadmodumdeNeronefertur，quodisnempesenatumpopulumqueRomanumatqueadeourbemipsamferroflammaquevastare，acnovassibisedesquaereredecrevisset。EtdeCaligula，quodpalamdenunciaritsenequecivemnequeprincipemsenatuiampliusfore，inqueanimohabuerit，interemptoutriusqueordiniselectissimo，quoqueAlexandriamcommigrare，acutpopulumunoictuinterimeret，unameicervicemoptavit。Taliacumrexaliquismeditaturetmoliturserio，omnemregnandicurametanimumilicoabjicit，acproindeimperiuminsubditosamittit，utdominusserviproderelictohabiti，dominium。
236。"Arltercasusest，sirexinalicujusclientelamsecontulit，acregnumquodliberumamajoribusetpopulotraditumaccepit，alienaeditionimancipavit。Namtuncquamvisfortenoneamenteidagitpopuloplaneutincommodet；tamenquiaquodpraecipuumestregiaedignitatisamisit，utsummusscilicetinregnosecundumDeumsit，etsoloDeoinferior，atquepopulumetiamtotumignorantemvelinvitum，cujuslibertatemsartamettectamconservaredebuit，inalteriusgentisditionemetpotestatemdedidit；hacvelutquadamrengiabalienationeeffecit，utnecquodipseinregnoimperiumhabuitretineat，necineumcuicollatumvoluit，jurisquicquamtransferat，atqueitaeofactoliberumjametsuaepotestatispopulumrelinquit，cujusreiexemplumunumannalesScoticisuppeditant。"-Barclay，ContraMonarchomachos，I。iii。，c。16。
WhichmaybethusEnglished：
237。"What，then，cantherenocasehappenwhereinthepeoplemayofright，andbytheirownauthority，helpthemselves，takearms，andsetupontheirking，imperiouslydomineeringoverthem？Noneatallwhilstheremainsaking。’Honourtheking，’and’hethatresiststhepower，resiststheordinanceofGod，’areDivineoraclesthatwillneverpermitit。Thepeople，therefore，cannevercomebyapoweroverhimunlesshedoessomethingthatmakeshimceasetobeaking；forthenhedivestshimselfofhiscrownanddignity，andreturnstothestateofaprivateman，andthepeoplebecomefreeandsuperior；thepowerwhichtheyhadintheinterregnum，beforetheycrownedhimking，devolvingtothemagain。Buttherearebutfewmiscarriageswhichbringthemattertothisstate。Afterconsideringitwellonallsides，Icanfindbuttwo。Twocasesthereare，Isay，wherebyaking，ipsofacto，becomesnoking，andlosesallpowerandregalauthorityoverhispeople，whicharealsotakennoticeofbyWinzerus。Thefirstis，ifheendeavourtooverturnthegovernment-thatis，ifhehaveapurposeanddesigntoruinthekingdomandcommonwealth，asitisrecordedofNerothatheresolvedtocutoffthesenateandpeopleofRome，laythecitywastewithfireandsword，andthenremovetosomeotherplace；andofCaligula，thatheopenlydeclaredthathewouldbenolongeraheadtothepeopleorsenate，andthathehaditinhisthoughtstocutofftheworthiestmenofbothranks，andthenretiretoAlexandria；andhewishedthatthepeoplehadbutoneneckthathemightdispatchthemallatablow。Suchdesignsasthese，whenanykingharboursinhisthoughts，andseriouslypromotes，heimmediatelygivesupallcareandthoughtofthecommonwealth，and，consequently，forfeitsthepowerofgoverninghissubjects，asamasterdoesthedominionoverhisslaveswhomhehathabandoned。
238。"Theothercaseis，whenakingmakeshimselfthedependentofanother，andsubjectshiskingdom，whichhisancestorslefthim，andthepeopleputfreeintohishands，tothedominionofanother。
Forhowever，perhaps，itmaynotbehisintentiontoprejudicethepeople，yetbecausehehasherebylosttheprincipalpartofregaldignity-viz。，tobenextandimmediatelyunderGod，supremeinhiskingdom；andalsobecausehebetrayedorforcedhispeople，whoselibertyheoughttohavecarefullypreserved，intothepoweranddominionofaforeignnation。Bythis，asitwere，alienationofhiskingdom，hehimselflosesthepowerhehadinitbefore，withouttransferringanytheleastrighttothoseonwhomhewouldhavebestowedit；andsobythisactsetsthepeoplefree，andleavesthemattheirowndisposal。OneexampleofthisistobefoundintheScotchannals。"
239。InthesecasesBarclay，thegreatchampionofabsolutemonarchy，isforcedtoallowthatakingmayberesisted，andceasestobeaking。Thatisinshort-nottomultiplycases-inwhatsoeverhehasnoauthority，thereheisnoking，andmayberesisted：forwheresoevertheauthorityceases，thekingceasestoo，andbecomeslikeothermenwhohavenoauthority。Andthesetwocasesthatheinstancesdifferlittlefromthoseabovementioned，tobedestructivetogovernments，onlythathehasomittedtheprinciplefromwhichhisdoctrineflows，andthatisthebreachoftrustinnotpreservingtheformofgovernmentagreedon，andinnotintendingtheendofgovernmentitself，whichisthepublicgoodandpreservationofproperty。Whenakinghasdethronedhimself，andputhimselfinastateofwarwithhispeople，whatshallhinderthemfromprosecutinghimwhoisnoking，astheywouldanyotherman，whohasputhimselfintoastateofwarwiththem，Barclay，andthoseofhisopinion，woulddowelltotellus。Bilson，abishopofourChurch，andagreatsticklerforthepowerandprerogativeofprinces，does，ifImistakenot，inhistreatiseof"ChristianSubjection，"
acknowledgethatprincesmayforfeittheirpowerandtheirtitletotheobedienceoftheirsubjects；andifthereneededauthorityinacasewherereasonissoplain，IcouldsendmyreadertoBracton，Fortescue，andtheauthorofthe"Mirror，"andothers，writersthatcannotbesuspectedtobeignorantofourgovernment，orenemiestoit。ButIthoughtHookeralonemightbeenoughtosatisfythosemenwho，relyingonhimfortheirecclesiasticalpolity，arebyastrangefatecarriedtodenythoseprinciplesuponwhichhebuildsit。
Whethertheyarehereinmadethetoolsofcunningerworkmen，topulldowntheirownfabric，theywerebestlook。ThisIamsure，theircivilpolicyissonew，sodangerous，andsodestructivetobothrulersandpeople，thatasformeragesnevercouldbearthebroachingofit，soitmaybehopedthosetocome，redeemedfromtheimpositionsoftheseEgyptianunder-taskmasters，willabhorthememoryofsuchservileflatterers，who，whilstitseemedtoservetheirturn，resolvedallgovernmentintoabsolutetyranny，andwouldhaveallmenborntowhattheirmeansoulsfittedthem-slavery。
240。Hereitislikethecommonquestionwillbemade：Whoshallbejudgewhethertheprinceorlegislativeactcontrarytotheirtrust？This，perhaps，ill-affectedandfactiousmenmayspreadamongstthepeople，whentheprinceonlymakesuseofhisdueprerogative。
TothisIreply，Thepeopleshallbejudge；forwhoshallbejudgewhetherhistrusteeordeputyactswellandaccordingtothetrustreposedinhim，buthewhodeputeshimandmust，byhavingdeputedhim，havestillapowertodiscardhimwhenhefailsinhistrust？
Ifthisbereasonableinparticularcasesofprivatemen，whyshoulditbeotherwiseinthatofthegreatestmoment，wherethewelfareofmillionsisconcernedandalsowheretheevil，ifnotprevented，isgreater，andtheredressverydifficult，dear，anddangerous？
241。But，farther，thisquestion，Whoshallbejudge？cannotmeanthatthereisnojudgeatall。Forwherethereisnojudicatureonearthtodecidecontroversiesamongstmen，Godinheavenisjudge。
Healone，itistrue，isjudgeoftheright。Buteverymanisjudgeforhimself，asinallothercasessointhis，whetheranotherhathputhimselfintoastateofwarwithhim，andwhetherheshouldappealtothesupremejudge，asJephthadid。
242。Ifacontroversyarisebetwixtaprinceandsomeofthepeopleinamatterwherethelawissilentordoubtful，andthethingbeofgreatconsequence，Ishouldthinktheproperumpireinsuchacaseshouldbethebodyofthepeople。Forinsuchcaseswheretheprincehathatrustreposedinhim，andisdispensedfromthecommon，ordinaryrulesofthelaw，there，ifanymenfindthemselvesaggrieved，andthinktheprinceactscontraryto，orbeyondthattrust，whosopropertojudgeasthebodyofthepeople（whoatfirstlodgedthattrustinhim）howfartheymeantitshouldextend？
Butiftheprince，orwhoevertheybeintheadministration，declinethatwayofdetermination，theappealthenliesnowherebuttoHeaven。
Forcebetweeneitherpersonswhohavenoknownsuperioronearthor，whichpermitsnoappealtoajudgeonearth，beingproperlyastateofwar，whereintheappealliesonlytoheaven；andinthatstatetheinjuredpartymustjudgeforhimselfwhenhewillthinkfittomakeuseofthatappealandputhimselfuponit。
243。Toconclude。Thepowerthateveryindividualgavethesocietywhenheenteredintoitcanneverreverttotheindividualsagain，aslongasthesocietylasts，butwillalwaysremaininthecommunity；
becausewithoutthistherecanbenocommunity-nocommonwealth，whichiscontrarytotheoriginalagreement；soalsowhenthesocietyhathplacedthelegislativeinanyassemblyofmen，tocontinueinthemandtheirsuccessors，withdirectionandauthorityforprovidingsuchsuccessors，thelegislativecanneverreverttothepeoplewhilstthatgovernmentlasts：because，havingprovidedalegislativewithpowertocontinueforever，theyhavegivenuptheirpoliticalpowertothelegislative，andcannotresumeit。Butiftheyhavesetlimitstothedurationoftheirlegislative，andmadethissupremepowerinanypersonorassemblyonlytemporary；orelsewhen，bythemiscarriagesofthoseinauthority，itisforfeited；upontheforfeitureoftheirrulers，oratthedeterminationofthetimeset，itrevertstothesociety，andthepeoplehavearighttoactassupreme，andcontinuethelegislativeinthemselvesorplaceitinanewform，ornewhands，astheythinkgood。