Surveyingthesubject，then，fromthisego—altruisticposition，wecanperceivewhymatrimony，aswepractiseit，shouldresultinincreasingthepersonalityofourrace：forthereasonnamelythatpsychicalsimilaritydeterminestheselection。Atfirstsight，indeed，suchanaturalaffinitywouldseemtohavelittleornothingtodowithmarriage。Asfarasoutsidersarecapableofjudging，unlikesappeartofancyoneanotherquiteasgratuitouslyasdolikes。Connubialcouplesareoftenanythingbuttwinsouls。Yetourowndualuseoftheword"like"bearshistoricwitnesstothecontrary。ForinthisexpressionwehavearecordfromearlyGothictimesthatmenlikedothersforbeinglikethemselves。Sincethen，ourfeelingshavenotchangedmaterially，althoughourmodeofshowingthemisslightlylessintense。Inthosesimpledaysstrangerandenemyweresynonymousterms，andtheirobjectswerereceivedinacorrespondingspirit。Inourpresentrefinedcivilizationwehurlepithetsinsteadofspears，andcontentourselveswithbrandingasheterodoxtheopinionsofanotherwhichdonothappentocoincidewithourown。Theinstinctofself—developmentnaturallybegetsthisself—sidedview。Weinsensiblyfindthosepersonscongenialwhoseideasresembleours，andgravitatetothem，asleavesonaponddotooneanother，nearerandnearertilltheytouch。Isitlikely，then，thatinthemostimportantcaseofalltheruleshouldsuddenlyceasetohold？IsittobepresumedthatevenSocrateschoseXantippeforherremarkablecontrarietytohimself？
　　Merephysicalattractionisanothermatter。Corporeallyconsidered，mennotinfrequentlyfallinlovewiththeiropposites，thephenomenallytallwiththepainfullyshort，theunnecessarilystoutwiththedistressinglyslender。Butevensuchinartisticjuxtapositionsaremuchlesscommonthanweareaptattimestothink。Foritmustneverbeforgottenthattheexceptionalcharacterofthephenomenarendersthemconspicuous，thecustomarymoreconsortedcombinationsfailingtoexciteattention。
　　Besides，thereexistsareasonforphysicalincongruitywhichdoesnotholdpsychically。Naturesanctionstheonewhileshediscountenancestheother。Insteadoftheforethoughtsheoncebestoweduponthebody，itreceivesatherhandsnowbutthescantiestattention。Itsdevelopmenthasceasedtobeanobjectwithher。Forsometimepastalmostallhercarehasbeendevotedtotheevolutionofthesoul。Theconsequenceisthatphysicallymanismuchlessspecializedthanmanyotheranimals。Inotherwords，heisbodilylessadvancedintheraceforcompetitiveextermination。Hebelongstoanantiquated，inefficienttypeofmammal。Hisorganismisstillofthejack—of—all—tradespattern，suchasprevailedgenerallyinthemoreyouthfulstagesoforganiclife——onenotspeciallysuitedtoanyparticularpursuit。Wereitnotforhiscerebralconvolutionshecouldnotcompeteforaninstantinthestruggleforexistence，andeventhemonkeywouldreigninhisstead。Butbrainismoreeffectivethanbiceps，andabeingwhocankillhisopponentfartheroffthanhecanseehimevidentlyneedsnogreatexcellenceofbodytosurvivehisfoe。
　　Thefieldofcompetitionhasthusbeentransferredfrommattertomind，butthefighthaslostnoneofitskeennessinconsequence。
　　Withthesamezealwithwhichadvantageousanatomicalvariationswereseizeduponandperpetuated，psychicalonesarenowgraspedandrenderedhereditary。Nowifoppositesweretofancyandwedoneanother，suchfortunateimprovementswouldsoonbelost。Theywouldbescatteredoverthecommunityatlargeevenittheyescapedentireneutralization。Topreventsodisastrousaresultnatureimplantsadesireforresemblance，whichdesiremaninstinctivelyactsupon。
　　Completecompatibilityoftemperamentisofcourseathingnottobeexpectednorindeedtobedesired，sinceitwoulddefeatitsownendbyallowingnoroomforvariation。Afairlybroadbasisofagreement，however，existsevenwhenleastsuspected。Thiscommongroundofcontentconsistsofthosequalitiesheldtobemostessentialbytheindividualsconcerned，althoughnotnecessarilysoappearingtootherpeople。Sometimes，indeed，thesequalitiesarestillinthelarvaestateofdesires。Theyarenonethelesspotentupontheman’spersonalityonthataccount，forthewishisalwaysfathertoitsownfulfilment。
　　Thewantofconjugalresemblancenotonlyworksmediatelyonthechild，itworksmutuallyontheparents;forcompanionship，asiswellrecognized，tendstosimilarity。Nowcompanionshipisthelastthingtobelookedforinafar—easterncouple。Wherecustomrequiresawifetofollowdutifullyinthewakeofherhusband，wheneverthetwogoouttogether，thereissmallopportunityforintercoursebytheway，evenweretheretheslightestinclinationtoit，whichthereisnot。Theappearanceofthepaironanexcursionisawalkingsatireonsociability，forthecomicalityoftheconnectionisquiteunperceivedbytheperformers。Intheprivacyofthedomesticcircletheseparation，iflesshumorous，isnolesscomplete。Eachlivesinaworldofhisown，largelyseparateinfactinChinaandKorea，andnonethelessinfancyinJapan。
　　Onthecontinentafriendofthehusbandwouldseelittleornothingofthewife，andeveninJapanhewouldmeethermuchaswemeetanupperservantinafriend’shouse。Suchasemi—attachedrelationshipdoesnotconducetomuchmutualunderstanding。
　　Theremainderofourhero’suneventfulexistencecallsfornoparticularcomment。Assoonashehaschildrenbornehimheisraisedipsofactofromthepositionofacommonsoldiertothatofasubordinateofficerinthefamilyranks。Buthisopportunitiesfortheexpressionofindividualityarenotonewhitincreased。
　　Hehassimplyadvancedapeginaregularhierarchyofsubjection。
　　Frombeinglookedafterhimselfheproceedstolookafterothers。
　　Suchistheextentofthechange。Evenshouldhechancetobetheeldestsonoftheeldestson，andthuseventuallyendbybecomingtheheadofthefamily，hecannotconsistentlyconsiderhimself。
　　Thereisabsolutelynoplaceinhissocialcosmosforsoparticularathingastheego。
　　Withacertaingrimhumorsuggestiveofmetaphysics，itmaybesaidofhiswholelifethatitisnothingbutarelativeaffairafterall。
　　Chapter3。Adoption。
　　Butonemaygoastepfartherinthismatterofthefamily，andbysodoingfarestillworsewithrespecttoindividuality。Therearecertaincustomsinvogueamongthesepeopleswhichwouldseemtoindicatethatevensogenericathingasthefamilyistoopersonaltoservethemforultimatesocialatom，andthatinfactitisonlytheideaofthefamilythatisreallyimportant，acaseofabstractionofanabstract。Thesesuggestivecustomsarethefar—easternpracticesofadoptionandabdication。
　　Adoption，withus，isakindofdomesticluxury，akintothekeepingofanyotherpets，suchaslap—dogsandcanaries。Itisaspeciesofself—indulgencewhichthosewhocanafforditgivethemselveswhenfortunehasprovedunpropitious，anartificialmethodofcounteractingtheinequalitiesoffate。Thatsuchistheplainunglamouredviewoftheprocedureisshownbytheageatwhichtheobjectisadopted。Usuallythefuturesonordaughterenterstheadoptivehouseholdasaninfant，intentionallysoonthepartofthewould—beparents。Hisignoranceofapreviousrelationshiplargelyincreaseshisrelativevalue;forthepossibilityofhismakingcomparisonsinhisownmindbetweenaformerstateofexistenceandthepresentoneunfavorabletothelatterisnotpleasantfortheadopterstocontemplate。Heisthereforeacquiredyoung。Theamusementderivedfromhiscompanyisthusseentobedistinctlyparamounttoallotherconsiderations。Noonecaressoheartilytoownadogwhichhasbeenthepropertyofanother;afortioriofachild。Itisclearly，then，notasanecessitythatthebabeisadopted。Ifsuchwerethecase，ifliketheancientRomansallamanwantedwasthecontinuanceofthefamilyline，hewouldnaturallywaituntilthelastpracticablemoment;forhewouldthussavebothcareandexpense。IntheFarEastadoptionisquiteadifferentaffair。Thereitisagenealogicalnecessity——likehavingafatherormother。Itis，indeed，ofalmostmoreimportance。
　　Forthegreatdesideratumtothesepeoplesisnotancestorsbutdescendants。Pedigreesinthelandoftheuniversaloppositearenotmattersofbequestbutofposthumousreversion。Amanisnotbeholdentothepast，helooksforwardtothefutureforinheritedhonors。Nofameattachestohimforhavinghadanillustriousgrandfather。Onthecontrary，itistheillustriousgrandsonwhoreflectssomeofhisowngreatnessbackuponhisgrandfather。Ifamanthereforefailtoattaineminencehimself，healwayshasanotherchanceinhisdescendants;forhewillofnecessitybeennobledthroughthemeritsofthosewhosucceedhim。Suchistheimmemoriallawoftheland。Fameisretroactive。Thisadmirablesystemhasonlyoneobjection：itisposthumousinitseffect。Anambitiousmanwhounfortunatelylacksabilityhimselfhastowaittoolongforvicariousrecognition。Theobjectionislikethatincidenttothemakingofacountryseatoutofatreelessplainbyplantingthesamewithsaplings。Aboutthetimethetreesbegintobeworthhavingtheproprietarylandscape—gardenerdiesofoldage。However，ascustompermitsaFarOrientalnoancestralgrowthoftimber，heisobligedtolaytheseedsofhisownfamilytrees。Naturaloffspringareonthewholeeasiertoget，andmoresatisfactorywhengot。Hencethehastewithwhichthesepeoplesrushintomatrimony。
　　Ifindespiteofhisprecipitationfateperverselyrefusetogranthimchildren，hemustendeavortomakegoodtheomissionbyartificialmeans。Heproceedstoadoptsomebody。Truetoinstinct，hechoosesfrompreferenceacollateralrelative。Insomefar—easternlandshemustsorestricthimselfbylaw。InKorea，forinstance，hecanonlyadoptanagnateandoneofalowergenerationthanhisown。
　　ButinJapanhischoiceisnotsolimited。Insopraiseworthyanactastheperpetuationofhisunimportantfamilyline，itisdeemedunwiseinthatprogressivelandtohinderhimfromunconsciouslybetteringitbytheway。Heisconsequentlypermittedtoadoptanybody。Aspeoplearebynomeansaversetobeingadopted，thepowertoadoptwhomhewillgiveshimmorevoiceinthematterofhisunnaturaloffspringthanheeverhadintheselectionofamorenaturalone。
　　Theadoptedchangeshisname，ofcourse，totakethatofthefamilyheenters。Asheisveryfrequentlygrownupandextensivelyknownatthetimetheadoptiontakesplace，hischangeofcognomenoccasionsatfirstsomeslightconfusionamonghisacquaintance。
　　Thiswouldbenoworse，however，thanthechangewithusfromthemaidtothematron，andintercoursewouldsoonproceedsmoothlyagainifpeoplewouldonlyrestcontentwithonesuchdomesticmigration。Buttheydonot。Thefatalfacilityoftheprocesstemptsthemtorepeatit。Theresultisbewildering：apeopleasnomadicnowinthepropertyoftheirpersonsastheirforefatherswereintheirrealestate。Amanadoptsanotherto—daytounadopthimto—morrowandreplacehimbysomebodyelsethedayafter。
　　Soprofoundlyunimportanttothemistheirsocialidentity，thattheybandyitaboutwithalmostfarcicalfreedom。Perhapsitisfittingthatthereshouldbesomeslightpreparationinthisworldforafuturetransmigrationofsouls。Stillonefailstoconceivethatthepracticecanbedevoidofdisadvantageseventoitsbeneficiaries。
　　Toforeignersitprovesdisastrouslyperplexing。Forifyouchanceuponamanwhomyouhavenotmetforsometime，youcanneverbequitesurehowtoaccosthim。Ifyoubegin，"Wellmet，Green，howgoesit？"aslikelyasnothereplies，"Finely。ButIamnolongerGreen;IhavebecomeBrown。Iwasadoptedlastmonthbymymaternalgrandfather。"Youofcourseapologizeforyourunfortunatemistake，carefullynotehischangeofhueforafutureoccasion，andbehold，onmeetinghimthenexttimeyoufindhehasturnedBlack。Suchachameleon—likecognomenisveryunsettlingtoyourideaofhisidentity，andcanhardlyprovereassuringtohisown。Theonlypersonswhoreapanybenefitfromthedoubtarethose，withusunhappy，individualswhopossessthefutilefacultyofrememberingfaceswithoutrecallingtheiraccompanyingnames。
　　Girls，asarule，arenotadopted，beingvaluelessgenealogically。
　　Anieceorgrandniecetowhomonehastakenagreatfancymightofcoursebeadoptedthereaselsewhere，butitwouldbedistinctlyoutoftheevery—dayrun，asshecouldneverbeincludedinthehouseholdonstrictbusinessprinciples。
　　Thepracticeofadoptingisnotconfinedtochildlesscouples。
　　Othersmayfindthemselvesinquiteasunfortunateapredicament。
　　Amanmaybethefatherofalargeandthrivingfamilyandyetbeasdestitutepatriarchallyasifhehadnotachildtohisname。
　　Hisoffspringmaybeofthewrongsex;theymayallbegirls。
　　Inthisuntowardeventthefatherhassomethingmoreonhishandsthanmerelyahousefulofdaughterstodisposeof。Inadditiontosecuringsons—in—law，hemust，unlesshewouldhavehisancestrallinebecomeextinct，providehimselfwithason。Thesimplestprocedureinsuchacaseistocombinerelationshipsinasingleindividual，andthemostself—evidentpersontoselectforthedualcapacityisthehusbandoftheeldestdaughter。Thisisthecoursepursued。Someworthyyoungmanissecuredasspousefortheseniorsister;heisatthesametimeformallytakeninasasonbythefamilywhosecognomenheassumes，andeventuallybecomestheheadofthehouse。Strangetosay，thisvistaofgraduallyunfoldinghonorsdoesnotseemtoproveinviting。Perhapsthenew—comerobjectstomarryingthewholefamily，aprejudicenotwithoutparallelelsewhere。Certainlytheopportunityisnotappreciated。Indeed，to"gooutasason—in—law，"astheJapaneseidiomhathit，isconsidereddemeaningtothematrimonialdomestic。Likeotherhouseholdhelphewearstoopatentlythebadgeofservitude。
　　"Ifyouhavethreekokuofricetoyourname，don’tdoit，"istheadviceofthelocalproverb——aproverbwhosewarningagainstmarryingformoneyisthemoresuggestiveforbeinglaunchedinalandwheremarryingforloveisbeyondthepaleofrespectability。
　　Tobarterone’snameinthismercenarymannerislookeduponasderogatorytoone’sself—respect，although，aswehaveseen，topartwithitforanylessdirectremunerationisnotattendedwiththeslightestlossofpersonalprestige。Aspracticallytheunfortunatehadnonetoloseineitherevent，itwouldseemtobeacaseoftakingawayfromamanthatwhichhehathnot。Socontumaciousathingiscustom。Itisindeedluckythatpopularprejudiceinterposessomelimittothisfictitiousmethodofacquiringchildren。Atriflingpredilectionfortherealthinginsonshipsisabsolutelyvital，eventothecontinuanceoftheartificialvariety。
　　Forifonegenerationeverwentinexclusivelyforadoption，therewouldbenosubsequentgenerationtoadopt。
　　Asittogivethefinishingtouchtosoconventionalasystemofsociety，amancanleaveitundercertaincircumstanceswithevengreatereasethanheenteredit。Hecanbecomeasgoodasdeadwithoutthenecessityofmakingwaywithhimself。Theoretically，hecanceasetolivewhilestillpracticallyexisting;foritisalwaysopentotheheadofafamilytoabdicate。
　　Thewordabdicatehastoourearsacertainregalsound。
　　Weinstinctivelyassociatetheactwithaking。Eventhemoredemocraticexpressionresignsuggestsatonceanofficeofpublicorquasipubliccharacter。Totalkofabdicatingone’sprivaterelationshipssoundsabsurd;onemightaswelltalkofelectinghisparents，itwouldseemtous。Suchmisunderstandingoffar—easternsocialpossibilitiescomesfromourhavingindulgedindigressionsfromourmoresimplenomadichabits。Ifinimaginationwewillreturntoourancestralmuttonsandthethenexistingorderofthings，theideawillnotstrikeusassostrange;forinthoseearlybucolicdayseveryfatherwasaking。Familyeconomicsweretheonlypoliticalquestionsinexistencethen。Theclanwastheunit。Domesticdisputeswerestatedisturbances，andclan—claimstheonlykindofinternationalquarrels。Thepatriarchwasbothfathertohispeopleandking。
　　Astimewidenedthefamilycircleiteventuallyreachedapointwherecohesionceasedtobepossible。Thecentrifugaltendencycouldnolongerbecontrolledbythecentripetalforce。Itsplitupintoseparatebodies，eachofthemafamilybyitself。Intheirturntheseagaindivided，andsotheprocesswenton。Thisprinciplehasworkeduniversally，theonlydifferenceinitsactionamongdifferentracesbeingthegreaterorlessdegreeoftheevolvingmotion。Withusthesocialsystemhasbeenturningmoreandmorerapidlywithtime。IntheFarEastitsforce，insteadofincreasing，wouldseemtohavedecreased，enablingthenebulaofitsoriginalconditiontokeeptogetherasasinglemass，sothatto—dayawholenation，resemblinganebulaindeedinhomogeneity，isswayedbyasinglepatriarchalprinciple。Here，onthecontrary，sorapidhasthemotionbecomethatevenbrethrenfindthemselvesscatteredtothefourwinds。
　　AnOccidentalfatherandanOrientalheadofafamilyarenolongerreallycorrelativeterms。Thelattermorecloselyresemblesakinginhisduties，responsibilities，andfunctionsgenerally。Now，intheMiddleAgesinEurope，whenakinggrewtiredofaffairsofstate，heabdicated。SointheFarEast，whentheheadofafamilyhashadenoughofactivelife，heabdicates，andhiseldestsonreignsinhisstead。
　　Fromthatmomentheceasestobelongtothebodypoliticinanyactivesense。Notthatheisnolongeramemberofsocietynorunamenabletoitsgenerallaws，butthathehasbecomearespectabledeclasse，asitwere。Hehasentered，sotospeak，thesocialnirvana，anotunfittingfirststep，asheregardsit，towardenteringtheeventualnirvanabeyond。Suchabdicationnowtakesplacewithoutparticularcause。Afteracertaintimeoflife，andlongbeforeamangrowsold，itisthefashionthustomakeone’sbow。
　　Chapter4。Language。
　　Aman’spersonalequation，asastronomerscalltheeffectofhisindividuality，iskin，forallitscomplexity，tothosesimplealgebraicalproblemswhichsopuzzledusatschool。Tosolveeitherwemustbeginbyknowingthevaluesoftheconstantsthatenterintoitsexpression。Upontheabc’softheone，asuponthoseoftheother，dependthepossibilitiesoftheindividualx。
　　Nowtheconstantsinanyman’sequationarethequalitiesthathehasinheritedfromthepast。Whatamandoesfollowsfromwhatheis，whichinturnismostlydependentuponwhathisancestorshavebeen;andofallthelinksinthelongchainofmind—evolution，fewaremoreimportantandmoresuggestivethanlanguage。Actionsmayatthemomentspeaklouderthanwords，butmethodsofexpressionhaveastell—taleatongueforbygonetimesaswaysofdoingthings。
　　IfitshouldeverfalltomylottohavetosettlethatexceedinglyvexedEasternquestion，——nottheemancipationofancientGreecefromthebondageofthemodernTurk，buttheemancipationofthemoderncollegestudentfromthebondofancientGreek，——Ishouldpropose，asasolutionofthedilemma，theadditionofacourseinJapanesetothecollegelistofrequiredstudies。Itmightlook，Iadmit，likebeggingthequestionforthesakeofgivingitsanswer，buttheanswer，Ithink，wouldjustifyitself。
　　Itisfromnodesiretoparadeafreshhobby—horseupontheuniversitycurriculumthatIofferthesuggestion，butbecauseI
　　believethatastudyoftheJapaneselanguagewouldprovethemostvaluableofponiesintheacademicpursuitofphilology。Inthematterofliterature，indeed，weshouldnotbeaddingverymuchtoourexistingstore，butweshouldgainaninsightintothegenesisofspeechthatwouldputusatleastonestepnearertobeingpresentatthebeginningsofhumanconversation。Asitisnow，ourlinguisticlearningiswithmostofuslimitedtoaknowledgeofAryantongues，andinconsequencewenotonlyfallintothemistakeofthinkingourwaytheonlyway，whichisbadenough，but，whatisfarworse，bynotperceivingtheotherpossiblepathswequitefailtoappreciatetheadvantagesordisadvantagesoffollowingourown。
　　Wearetheblindvotariesofaspeciesofancestrallanguage—worship，which，withallitserudition，tendstonarrowourlinguisticscope。
　　AstudyofJapanesewouldfreeusfromthefettersofanysuchfamilyinfatuation。Theinviolablerulesandregulationsofourmother—tonguewouldbefoundtobeofrelativeapplicationonly。
　　Forweshoulddiscoverthatspeechisamuchlesscategoricalmatterthanwehadbeenledtosuppose。Weshouldactuallycometodoubtthefundamentalnecessityofsomeofourmostsacredgrammaticalconstructions;andevenourreverencedLatingrammarswouldlosethatairofawfulabsolutenesswhichsoimpressedusinboyhood。
　　AnencouragingestimateofacertainmissionaryputstheamountofstudyneededbytheWesternstudentforthelearningofJapaneseassufficient，ifexpendednearerhome，toequiphimwithanythreemodernEuropeanlanguages。Itiscertainlytruethatacompletelystrangevocabulary，anutterinversionofgrammar，andanelaboratesystemofhonorificscombinetorenderitsacquisitionanythingbuteasy。Initsfundamentalprinciples，however，itisalluringlysimple。
　　Inthefirstplace，theJapaneselanguageispleasinglydestituteofpersonalpronouns。Notonlyistheobnoxious"I"conspicuousonlybyitsabsence;theobjectionableantagonistic"you"isalsoentirelysuppressed，whiletheintrusive"he"isevidentlytoomuchofathirdpersontobewanted。SuchinvidiousdistinctionsofidentityapparentlyneverthrusttheirpresenceuponthesimpleearlyTartarminds。I，you，andhe，notbeingdifferencesduetonature，demanded，totheirthi...剩余内容请长按扫描二维码或下载丁香书院APP继续免费看：

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