YettherewereotherworksforBritishdukestodo。GeorgeLoudon，Quintinye，Evelyn，hadtaughtthemtomakegardens。ArthurYoung，Bakewell，andMechi，havemadethemagricultural。ScotlandwasacampuntilthedayofCulloden。TheDukesofAthol，Sutherland，Buccleugh，andtheMarquisofBreadalbanehaveintroducedtherape—culture，thesheep—farm，wheat，drainage，theplantationofforests，theartificialreplenishmentoflakesandpondswithfish，therentingofgame—preserves。Againstthecryoftheoldtenantry，andthesympatheticcryoftheEnglishpress，theyhaverootedoutandplantedanew，andnowsixmillionsofpeoplelive，andlivebetteronthesamelandthatfedthreemillions。
　　TheEnglishbarons，ineveryperiod，havebeenbraveandgreat，aftertheestimateandopinionoftheirtimes。ThegrandoldhallsscatteredupanddowninEngland，aredumbvoucherstothestateandbroadhospitalityoftheirancientlords。Shakspeare’sportraitsofgooddukeHumphrey，ofWarwick，ofNorthumberland，ofTalbot，weredrawninstrictconsonancewiththetraditions。AsketchoftheEarlofShrewsbury，fromthepenofQueenElizabeth’sarchbishopParker；
　　（*3）LordHerbertofCherbury’sautobiography；thelettersandessaysofSirPhilipSidney；theanecdotespreservedbytheantiquariesFullerandCollins；someglimpsesattheinteriorsofnoblehouses，whichweowetoPepysandEvelyn；thedetailswhichBenJonson’smasques（performedatKenilworth，Althorpe，Belvoir，andothernoblehouses，）recordorsuggest；downtoAubrey’spassagesofthelifeofHobbesinthehouseoftheEarlofDevon，arefavorablepicturesofaromanticstyleofmanners。Penshurststillshinesforus，anditsChristmasrevels，"wherelogsnotburn，butmen。"AtWiltonHouse，the"Arcadia"waswritten，amidstconversationswithFulkeGreville，LordBrooke，amanofnovulgarmind，ashisownpoemsdeclarehim。ImustholdLudlowCastleanhonesthouse，forwhichMilton’s"Comus"waswritten，andthecompanynoblybredwhichperformeditwithknowledgeandsympathy。Intherollofnobles，arefoundpoets，philosophers，chemists，astronomers，alsomenofsolidvirtuesandofloftysentiments；oftentheyhavebeenthefriendsandpatronsofgeniusandlearning，andespeciallyofthefinearts；andatthismoment，almosteverygreathousehasitssumptuouspicture—gallery。
　　（*3）Dibdin’sLiteraryReminiscences，vol。1，xii。
　　Ofcourse，thereisanothersidetothisgorgeousshow。Everyvictorywasthedefectofapartyonlylessworthy。Castlesareproudthings，but’tissafesttobeoutsideofthem。Warisafoulgame，andyetwarisnottheworstpartofaristocratichistory。Inlatertimes，whenthebaron，educatedonlyforwar，withhisbrainsparalyzedbyhisstomach，foundhimselfidleathome，hegrewfatandwanton，andasorrybrute。Grammont，Pepys，andEvelyn，showthekennelstowhichthekingandcourtwentinquestofpleasure。
　　Prostitutestakenfromthetheatres，weremadeduchesses，theirbastardsdukesandearls。"Theyoungmensatuppermost，theoldseriouslordswereoutoffavor。"Thediscoursethattheking’scompanionshadwithhimwas"poorandfrothy。"Nomanwhovaluedhisheadmightdowhatthesepot—companionsfamiliarlydidwiththeking。
　　Inlogicalsequenceofthesedignifiedrevels，Pepyscantellthebeggarlyshiftstowhichthekingwasreduced，whocouldnotfindpaperathiscounciltable，and"nohandkerchers"inhiswardrobe，"andbutthreebandstohisneck，"andthelinen—draperandthestationerwereoutofpocket，andrefusingtotrusthim，andthebakerwillnotbringbreadanylonger。Meantime，theEnglishChannelwasswept，andLondonthreatenedbytheDutchfleet，mannedtoobyEnglishsailors，who，havingbeencheatedoftheirpayforyearsbytheking，enlistedwiththeenemy。
　　TheSelwyncorrespondenceinthereignofGeorgeIII。，disclosesarottennessinthearistocracy，whichthreatenedtodecomposethestate。Thesycophancyandsaleofvotesandhonor，forplaceandtitle；lewdness，gaming，smuggling，bribery，andcheating；
　　thesneeratthechildishindiscretionofquarrellingwithtenthousandayear；thewantofideas；thesplendorofthetitles，andtheapathyofthenation，areinstructive，andmakethereaderpauseandexplorethefirmboundswhichconfinedthesevicestoahandfulofrichmen。InthereignoftheFourthGeorge，thingsdonotseemtohavemended，andtherottendebaucheeletdownfromawindowbyaninclinedplaneintohiscoachtotaketheair，wasascandaltoEuropewhichtheillfameofhisqueenandofhisfamilydidnothingtoretrieve。
　　Underthepresentreign，theperfectdecorumoftheCourtisthoughttohaveputacheckonthegrossvicesofthearistocracyyetgaming，racing，drinking，andmistresses，bringthemdown，andthedemocratcanstillgatherscandals，ifhewill。Dismalanecdotesabound，verifyingthegossipofthelastgenerationofdukesservedbybailiffs，withalltheirplateinpawn；ofgreatlordslivingbytheshowingoftheirhouses；andofanoldmanwheeledinhischairfromroomtoroom，whilsthischambersareexhibitedtothevisitorformoney；ofruineddukesandearlslivinginexilefordebt。ThehistoricnamesoftheBuckinghams，Beauforts，Marlboroughs，andHertfords，havegainednonewlustre，andnowandthendarkerscandalsbreakout，ominousasthenewchaptersaddedundertheOrleansdynastytothe_"CausesCelebres"_inFrance。Evenpeers，whoaremenofworthandpublicspirit，areover—takenandembarrassedbytheirvastexpense。TherespectableDukeofDevonshire，willingtobetheMecaenasandLucullusofhisisland，isreportedtohavesaid，thathecannotliveatChatsworthbutonemonthintheyear。Theirmanyhouseseatthemup。Theycannotsellthem，becausetheyareentailed。Theywillnotletthem，forpride’ssake，butkeepthemempty，aired，andthegroundsmownanddressed，atacostoffourorfivethousandpoundsayear。Thespendingisforagreatpartinservants，inmanyhousesexceedingahundred。
　　Mostofthemareonlychargeablewithidleness，which，becauseitsquanderssuchvastpowerofbenefit，hasthemischiefofcrime。
　　"TheymightbelittleProvidencesonearth，"saidmyfriend，"andtheyare，forthemostpart，jockeysandfops。"Campbellsays，"acquaintancewiththenobility，Icouldneverkeepup。Itrequiresalifeofidleness，dressing，andattendanceontheirparties。"I
　　suppose，too，thatafeelingofself—respectisdrivingcultivatedmenoutofthissociety，asifthenoblewereslowtoreceivethelessonsofthetimes，andhadnotlearnedtodisguisehisprideofplace。Amanofwit，whoisalsooneofthecelebritiesofwealthandfashion，confessedtohisfriend，thathecouldnotentertheirhouseswithoutbeingmadetofeelthattheyweregreatlords，andhealowplebeian。Withthetribeof_artistes_，includingthemusicaltribe，thepatricianmorguekeepsnoterms，butexcludesthem。WhenJuliaGrisiandMariosangatthehousesoftheDukeofWellingtonandothergrandees，acordwasstretchedbetweenthesingerandthecompany。
　　Wheneverynoblewasasoldier，theywerecarefullybredtogreatpersonalprowess。Theeducationofasoldierisasimpleraffairthanthatofanearlinthenineteenthcentury。Andthiswasveryseriouslypursued；theywereexpertineveryspeciesofequitation，tothemostdangerouspractices，andthisdowntotheaccessionofWilliamofOrange。Butgravermenappeartohavetrainedtheirsonsforcivilaffairs。Elizabethextendedherthoughttothefuture；andSirPhilipSidneyinhislettertohisbrother，andMiltonandEvelyn，gaveplainandheartycounsel。Alreadytoo，theEnglishnobleandsquirewerepreparingforthecareerofthecountry—gentleman，andhispeaceableexpense。Theywentfromcitytocity，learningreceiptstomakeperfumes，sweetpowders，pomanders，antidotes，gatheringseeds，gems，coins，anddiverscuriosities，preparingforaprivatelifethereafter，inwhichtheyshouldtakepleasureintheserecreations。
　　Alladvantagesgiventoabsolvetheyoungpatricianfromintellectuallaborareofcoursemistaken。"Intheuniversity，noblemenareexemptedfromthepublicexercisesforthedegree，&c。，bywhichtheyattainadegreecalled_honorary_。Atthesametime，thefeestheyhavetopayformatriculation，andonallotheroccasions，aremuchhigher。"（*4）Fullerrecords"theobservationofforeigners，thatEnglishmen，bymakingtheirchildrengentlemen，beforetheyaremen，causetheyaresoseldomwisemen。"ThiscockeringjustifiesDr。Johnson’sbitterapologyforprimogeniture，"thatitmakesbutonefoolinafamily。"
　　（*4）Huber。HistoryofEnglishUniversities。
　　Therevolutioninsocietyhasreachedthisclass。Thegreatpowersofindustrialarthavenoexclusionofnameorblood。Thetoolsofourtime，namely，steam，ships，printing，money，andpopulareducation，belongtothosewhocanhandlethem：andtheireffecthasbeen，thatadvantagesonceconfinedtomenoffamily，arenowopentothewholemiddleclass。Theroadthatgrandeurlevelsforhiscoach，toilcantravelinhiscart。
　　Thisismoremanifesteveryday，butIthinkitistruethroughoutEnglishhistory。Englishhistory，wiselyread，isthevindicationofthebrainofthatpeople。Here，atlast，wereclimateandconditionfriendlytotheworkingfaculty。Whonowwillworkanddare，shallrule。Thisisthecharter，orthechartism，whichfogs，andseas，andrainsproclaimed，——thatintellectandpersonalforceshouldmakethelaw；thatindustryandadministrativetalentshouldadminister；thatworkshouldwearthecrown。Iknowthatnotthis，butsomethingelseispretended。Thefictionwithwhichthenobleandthebystanderequallypleasethemselvesis，thattheformerisofunbrokendescentfromtheNorman，andsohasneverworkedforeighthundredyears。Allthefamiliesarenew，butthenameisold，andtheyhavemadeacovenantwiththeirmemoriesnottodisturbit。Buttheanalysisofthepeerageandgentryshowstherapiddecayandextinctionofoldfamilies，thecontinualrecruitingofthesefromnewblood。Thedoors，thoughostentatiouslyguarded，arereallyopen，andhencethepowerofthebribe。Allthebarrierstorankonlywhetthethirst，andenhancetheprize。"Now，"saidNelson，whenclearingforbattle，"apeerage，orWestminsterAbbey！""Ihavenoillusionleft，"saidSydneySmith，"buttheArchbishopofCanterbury。""Thelawyers，"saidBurke，"areonlybirdsofpassageinthisHouseofCommons，"andthenadded，withanewfigure，"theyhavetheirbestboweranchorintheHouseofLords。"
　　Anotherstridethathasbeentaken，appearsintheperishingofheraldry。Whilsttheprivilegesofnobilityarepassingtothemiddleclass，thebadgeisdiscredited，andthetitlesoflordshiparegettingmustyandcumbersome。Iwonderthatsensiblemenhavenotbeenalreadyimpatientofthem。Theybelong，withwigs，powder，andscarletcoats，toanearlierage，andmaybeadvantageouslyconsigned，withpaintandtattoo，tothedignitariesofAustraliaandPolynesia。
　　AmultitudeofEnglish，educatedattheuniversities，bredintotheirsocietywithmanners，ability，andthegiftsoffortune，areeverydayconfrontingthepeersonafootingofequality，andoutstrippingthem，asoften，intheraceofhonorandinfluence。
　　Thatcultivatedclassislargeandeverenlarging。Itiscomputedthat，withtitlesandwithout，thereareseventythousandofthesepeoplecomingandgoinginLondon，whomakeupwhatiscalledhighsociety。Theycannotshuttheireyestothefactthatanuntitlednobilitypossessallthepowerwithouttheinconveniencesthatbelongtorank，andtherichEnglishmangoesovertheworldatthepresentday，drawingmorethanalltheadvantageswhichthestrongestofhiskingscouldcommand。
　　ChapterXII_Universities_
　　OfBritishuniversities，Cambridgehasthemostillustriousnamesonitslist。Atthepresentday，too，ithastheadvantageofOxford，countinginits_alumni_agreaternumberofdistinguishedscholars。IregretthatIhadbutasingledaywhereintoseeKing’sCollegeChapel，thebeautifullawnsandgardensofthecolleges，andafewofitsgownsmen。
　　ButIavailedmyselfofsomerepeatedinvitationstoOxford，whereIhadintroductionstoDr。Daubeny，ProfessorofBotany，andtotheRegiusProfessorofDivinity，aswellastoavaluedfriend，aFellowofOriel，andwentthitheronthelastdayofMarch，1848。I
　　wastheguestofmyfriendinOriel，washousedcloseuponthatcollege，andIlivedoncollegehospitalities。
　　Mynewfriendsshowedmetheircloisters，theBodleianLibrary，theRandolphGallery，MertonHall，andtherest。Isawseveralfaithful，high—mindedyoungmen，someoftheminthemoodofmakingsacrificesforpeaceofmind，——atopic，ofcourse，onwhichIhadnocounseltooffer。Theiraffectionateandgregariouswaysremindedmeatonceofthehabitsof_our_Cambridgemen，thoughIimputedtotheseEnglishanadvantageintheirsecureandpolishedmanners。Thehallsarerichwithoakenwainscotingandceiling。Thepicturesofthefoundershangfromthewalls；thetablesglitterwithplate。A
　　youthcameforwardtotheuppertable，andpronouncedtheancientformofgracebeforemeals，which，Isuppose，hasbeeninusehereforages，_Benedictusbenedicat；__benedicitur，__benedicatur_。
　　ItisacuriousproofoftheEnglishuseandwont，oroftheirgoodnature，thattheseyoungmenarelockedupeverynightatnineo’clock，andtheporterateachhallisrequiredtogivethenameofanybelatedstudentwhoisadmittedafterthathour。Stillmoredescriptiveisthefact，thatoutoftwelvehundredyoungmen，comprisingthemostspiritedofthearistocracy，aduelhasneveroccurred。
　　Oxfordisold，eveninEngland，andconservative。ItsfoundationsdatefromAlfred，andevenfromArthur，if，asisalleged，thePherylltoftheDruidshadaseminaryhere。InthereignofEdwardI。，itispretended，herewerethirtythousandstudents；andnineteenmostnoblefoundationswerethenestablished。
　　Chaucerfounditasfirmasifithadalwaysstood；anditis，inBritishstory，richwithgreatnames，theschooloftheisland，andthelinkofEnglandtothelearnedofEurope。HithercameErasmus，withdelight，in1497。AlbericusGentilis，in1580，wasrelievedandmaintainedbytheuniversity。AlbertAlaskie，anoblePolonian，PrinceofSirad，whovisitedEnglandtoadmirethewisdomofQueenElizabeth，wasentertainedwithstage—playsintheRefectoryofChristchurch，in1583。IsaacCasaubon，comingfromHenriQuatreofFrance，byinvitationofJamesI。，wasadmittedtoChrist’sCollege，inJuly，1613。IsawtheAshmoleanMuseum，whitherEliasAshmole，in1682，senttwelvecart—loadsofrarities。HereindeedwastheOlympiaofallAntonyWood’sandAubrey’sgamesandheroes，andeveryinchofgroundhasitslustre。ForWood’s_AthenaeOxonienses_，orcalendarofthewritersofOxfordfortwohundredyears，isalivelyrecordofEnglishmannersandmerits，andasmuchanationalmonumentasPurchas’sPilgrimsorHansard’sRegister。Oneveryside，Oxfordisredolentofageandauthority。Itsgatesshutofthemselvesagainstmoderninnovation。ItisstillgovernedbythestatutesofArchbishopLaud。ThebooksinMertonLibraryarestillchainedtothewall。Here，onAugust27，1660，JohnMilton’s_ProPopuloAnglicanoDefensio_，and_Iconoclastes_werecommittedtotheflames。
　　Isawtheschool—courtorquadrangle，where，in1683，theConvocationcausedtheLeviathanofThomasHobbestobepubliclyburnt。IdonotknowwhetherthislearnedbodyhaveyetheardoftheDeclarationofAmericanIndependence，orwhetherthePtolemaicastronomydoesnotstillholditsgroundagainstthenoveltiesofCopernicus。
　　Asmanysons，almostsomanybenefactors。Itisusualforanobleman，orindeedforalmosteverywealthystudent，onquittingcollege，toleavebehindhimsomearticleofplate；andgiftsofallvalues，fromahall，orafellowship，oralibrary，downtoapictureoraspoon，arecontinuallyaccruing，inthecourseofacentury。MyfriendDoctorJ。，gavemethefollowinganecdote。InSirThomasLawrence’scollectionatLondon，werethecartoonsofRaphaelandMichelAngelo。ThisinestimableprizewasofferedtoOxfordUniversityforseventhousandpounds。Theofferwasaccepted，andthecommitteechargedwiththeaffairhadcollectedthreethousandpounds，whenamongotherfriends，theycalledonLordEldon。Insteadofahundredpounds，hesurprisedthembyputtingdownhisnameforthreethousandpounds。Theytoldhim，theyshouldnowveryeasilyraisetheremainder。"No，"hesaid，"yourmenhaveprobablyalreadycontributedalltheycanspare；Icanaswellgivetherest"：andhewithdrewhischequeforthreethousand，andwrotefourthousandpounds。IsawthewholecollectioninApril，1848。
　　IntheBodleianLibrary，Dr。BandinelshowedmethemanuscriptPlato，ofthedateofA。D。896，broughtbyDr。ClarkefromEgypt；amanuscriptVirgil，ofthesamecentury；thefirstBibleprintedatMentz，（Ibelievein1450）；andaduplicateofthesame，whichhadbeendeficientinabouttwentyleavesattheend。But，oneday，beinginVenice，heboughtaroomfullofbooksandmanuscripts，——
　　everyscrapandfragment，——forfourthousandlouisd’ors，andhadthedoorslockedandsealedbytheconsul。Onproceeding，afterwards，toexaminehispurchase，hefoundthetwentydeficientpagesofhisMentzBible，inperfectorder；broughtthemtoOxford，withtherestofhispurchase，andplacedtheminthevolume；buthastoomuchawefortheProvidencethatappearsinbibliographyalso，tosufferthereunitedpartstobere—bound。TheoldestbuildinghereistwohundredyearsyoungerthanthefrailmanuscriptbroughtbyDr。
　　ClarkefromEgypt。NocandleorfireiseverlightedintheBodleian。ItscatalogueisthestandardcatalogueonthedeskofeverylibraryinOxford。Ineachseveralcollege，theyunderscoreinredinkonthiscataloguethetitlesofbookscontainedinthelibraryofthatcollege，——thetheorybeingthattheBodleianhasallbooks。Thisrichlibraryspentduringthelastyear（1847）forthepurchaseofbooks1668pounds。
　　ThelogicalEnglishtrainascholarastheytrainanengineer。
　　OxfordisaGreekfactory，asWiltonmillsweavecarpet，andSheffieldgrindssteel。Theyknowtheuseofatutor，astheyknowtheuseofahorse；andtheydrawthegreatestamountofbenefitoutofboth。Thereadingmenarekeptbyhardwalking，hardriding，andmeasuredeatinganddrinking，atthetopoftheircondition，andtwodaysbeforetheexamination，donotwork，butlounge，ride，orrun，tobefreshonthecollegedoomsday。Sevenyears’residenceisthetheoreticperiodforamaster’sdegree。Inpointoffact，ithaslongbeenthreeyears’residence，andfouryearsmoreofstanding。
　　This"threeyears"isabouttwenty—onemonthsinall。（*1）
　　（*1）Huber，ii。p。304。
　　"Thewholeexpense，"saysProfessorSewel，"ofordinarycollegetuitionatOxford，isaboutsixteenguineasayear。"Butthisplausiblestatementmaydeceiveareaderunacquaintedwiththefact，thattheprincipalteachingreliedonisprivatetuition。Andtheexpensesofprivatetuitionarereckonedatfrom50to70poundsayear，or，$1000forthewholecourseofthreeyearsandahalf。AtCambridge$750ayeariseconomical，and$1500
　　notextravagant。（*2）
　　（*2）Bristed。FiveYearsatanEnglishUniversity。
　　Thenumberofstudentsandofresidents，thedignityoftheauthorities，thevalueofthefoundations，thehistoryandthearchitecture，theknownsympathyofentireBritaininwhatisdonethere，justifyadedicationtostudyintheundergraduate，suchascannoteasilybeinAmerica，wherehiscollegeishalfsuspectedbytheFreshmantobeinsignificantinthescalebesidetradeandpolitics。Oxfordisalittlearistocracyinitself，numerousanddignifiedenoughtorankwithotherestatesintherealm；andwherefameandsecularpromotionaretobehadforstudy，andinadirectionwhichhastheunanimousrespectofallcultivatednations。
　　Thisaristocracy，ofcourse，repairsitsownlosses；fillsplaces，astheyfallvacant，fromthebodyofstudents。ThenumberoffellowshipsatOxfordis540，averaging200poundsayear，withlodginganddietatthecollege。IfayoungAmerican，lovinglearning，andhinderedbypoverty，wereofferedahome，atable，thewalks，andthelibrary，inoneoftheseacademicalpalaces，andathousanddollarsayearaslongashechosetoremainabachelor，hewoulddanceforjoy。Yettheseyoungmenthushappilyplaced，andpaidtoread，areimpatientoftheirfewchecks，andmanyofthempreparingtoresigntheirfellowships。TheyshudderedattheprospectofdyingaFellow，andtheypointedouttomeaparalyticoldman，whowasassistedintothehall。AsthenumberofundergraduatesatOxfordisonlyabout1200or1300，andmanyofthesearenevercompetitors，thechanceofafellowshipisverygreat。Theincomeofthenineteencollegesisconjecturedat150，000poundsayear。
　　TheeffectofthisdrillistheradicalknowledgeofGreekandLatin，andofmathematics，andthesolidityandtasteofEnglishcriticism。Whateverlucktheremaybeinthisorthataward，anEtoncaptaincanwriteLatinlongsandshorts，canturntheCourt—Guideintohexameters，anditiscertainthataSeniorClassiccanquotecorrectlyfromthe_CorpusPoetarum_，andiscriticallylearnedinallthehumanities。GreekeruditionexistsontheIsisandCam，whethertheMaudmanortheBrazenNosemanbeproperlyrankedornot；theatmosphereisloadedwithGreeklearning；thewholeriverhasreachedacertainheight，andkillsallthatgrowthofweeds，whichthisCastalianwaterkills。TheEnglishnaturetakesculturekindly。SoMiltonthought。ItrefinestheNorseman。AccesstotheGreekmindliftshisstandardoftaste。Hehasenoughtothinkof，and，unlessofanimpulsivenature，isindisposedfromwritingorspeaking，bythefulnessofhismind，andthenewseverityofhistaste。Thegreatsilentcrowdofthorough—bredGreciansalwaysknowntobearoundhim，theEnglishwritercannotignore。Theyprunehisorations，andpointhispen。Hence，thestyleandtoneofEnglishjournalism。Themenhavelearnedaccuracyandcomprehension，logic，andpace，orspeedofworking。Theyhavebottom，endurance，wind。
　　Whenbornwithgoodconstitutions，theymakethoseeupepticstudying—mills，thecast—ironmen，the_durailia_，whosepowersofperformancecomparewithours，asthesteam—hammerwiththemusic—box；——Cokes，Mansfields，Seldens，andBentleys，andwhenithappensthatasuperiorbrainputsarideronthisadmirablehorse，weobtainthosemastersoftheworldwhocombinethehighestenergyinaffairs，withasupremeculture。
　　ItiscontendedbythosewhohavebeenbredatEton，Harrow，Rugby，andWestminster，thatthepublicsentimentwithineachofthoseschoolsishigh—tonedandmanly；that，intheirplaygrounds，courageisuniversallyadmired，meannessdespised，manlyfeelingsandgenerousconductareencouraged：thatanunwrittencodeofhonordealstothespoiledchildofrank，andtothechildofupstartwealthaneven—handedjustice，purgestheirnonsenseoutofboth，anddoesallthatcanbedonetomakethemgentlemen。
　　Again，attheuniversities，itisurged，thatallgoestoformwhatEnglandvaluesastheflowerofitsnationallife，——awell—educatedgentleman。TheGermanHuber，indescribingtohiscountrymentheattributesofanEnglishgentleman，franklyadmits，that，"inGermany，wehavenothingofthekind。Agentlemanmustpossessapoliticalcharacter，anindependentandpublicposition，or，atleast，therightofassumingit。Hemusthaveaverageopulence，eitherofhisown，orinhisfamily。Heshouldalsohavebodilyactivityandstrength，unattainablebyoursedentarylifeinpublicoffices。TheraceofEnglishgentlemenpresentsanappearanceofmanlyvigorandform，notelsewheretobefoundamonganequalnumberofpersons。Noothernationproducesthestock。And，inEngland，ithasdeteriorated。Theuniversityisadecidedpresumptioninanyman’sfavor。AndsoeminentarethemembersthataglanceatthecalendarswillshowthatinalltheworldonecannotbeinbettercompanythanonthebooksofoneofthelargerOxfordorCambridgecolleges。"（*3）
　　（*3）Huber：HistoryoftheEnglishUniversities。Newman’sTranslation。
　　Theseseminariesarefinishingschoolsfortheupperclasses，andnotforthepoor。Theusefulisexploded。Thedefinitionofapublicschoolis"aschoolwhichexcludesallthatcouldfitamanforstandingbehindacounter。"（*4）
　　（*4）SeeBristed。FiveYearsinanEnglishUniversity。NewYork。1852。
　　Nodoubt，thefoundationshavebeenperverted。Oxford，whichequalsinwealthseveralofthesmallerEuropeanstates，shutsupthelectureshipswhichweremade"publicforallmenthereuntotohaveconcourse；"mis—spendstherevenuesbestowedforsuchyouths"asshouldbemostmeetfortowardness，poverty，andpainfulness；"thereisgrossfavoritism；manychairsandmanyfellowshipsaremadebedsofease；and’tislikelythattheuniversitywillknowhowtoresistandmakeinoperativetheterrorsofparliamentaryinquiry；nodoubt，theirlearningisgrownobsolete；——butOxfordalsohasitsmerits，andIfoundherealsoproofofthenationalfidelityandthoroughness。Suchknowledgeastheyprizetheypossessandimpart。
　　Whetherincourseorbyindirection，whetherbyacrammingtutororbyexaminerswithprizesandfoundationscholarships，educationaccordingtotheEnglishnotionofitisarrivedat。IlookedovertheExaminationPapersoftheyear1848，forthevariousscholarshipsandfellowships，theLusby，theHertford，theDean—Ireland，andtheUniversity，（copiesofwhichwerekindlygivenmebyaGreekprofessor，）containingthetaskswhichmanycompetitorshadvictoriouslyperformed，andIbelievedtheywouldprovetooseveretestsforthecandidatesforaBachelor’sdegreeinYaleorHarvard。
　　And，ingeneral，herewasproofofamoresearchingstudyintheappointeddirections，andtheknowledgepretendedtobeconveyedwasconveyed。Oxfordsendsoutyearlytwentyorthirtyveryablemen，andthreeorfourhundredwell—educatedmen。
　　ThedietandroughexercisesecureacertainamountofoldNorsepower。Afopwillfight，and，inexigentcircumstances，willplaythemanlypart。Inseeingtheseyouths，IbelievedIsawalreadyanadvantageinvigorandcolorandgeneralhabit，overtheircontemporariesintheAmericancolleges。Nodoubtmuchofthepowerandbrilliancyofthereading—menismerelyconstitutionalorhygienic。Withahardierhabitandresolutegymnastics，withfivemilesmorewalking，orfiveounceslesseating，orwithasaddleandgallopoftwentymilesaday，withskatingandrowing—matches，theAmericanwouldarriveatasrobustexegesis，andcheeryandhilarioustone。Ishouldreadilyconcedetheseadvantages，whichitwouldbeeasytoacquire，ifIdidnotfindalsothattheyreadbetterthanwe，andwritebetter。
　　Englishwealthfallingontheirschoolanduniversitytraining，makesasystematicreadingofthebestauthors，andtotheendofaknowledgehowthethingswhereoftheytreatreallystand：whilstpamphleteerorjournalistreadingforanargumentforaparty，orreadingtowrite，or，atallevents，forsomeby—endimposedonthem，mustreadmeanlyandfragmentarily。CharlesI。said，thatheunderstoodEnglishlawaswellasagentlemanoughttounderstandit。
　　Thentheyhaveaccesstobooks；therichlibrariescollectedateveryoneofmanythousandsofhouses，giveanadvantagenottobeattainedbyayouthinthiscountry，whenonethinkshowmuchmoreandbettermaybelearnedbyascholar，who，immediatelyonhearingofabook，canconsultit，thanbyonewhoisonthequest，foryears，andreadsinferiorbooks，becausehecannotfindthebest。
　　Again，thegreatnumberofcultivatedmenkeepeachotheruptoahighstandard。Thehabitofmeetingwell—readandknowingmenteachestheartofomissionandselection。
　　Universitiesare，ofcourse，hostiletogeniuses，whichseeingandusingwaysoftheirown，discredittheroutine：aschurchesandmonasteriespersecuteyouthfulsaints。Yetweallsendoursonstocollege，and，thoughhebeagenius，hemusttakehischance。Theuniversitymustberetrospective。Thegalethatgivesdirectiontothevanesonallitstowersblowsoutofantiquity。Oxfordisalibrary，andtheprofessorsmustbelibrarians。AndIshouldassoonthinkofquarrellingwiththejanitorfornotmagnifyinghisofficebyhostilesalliesintothestreet，liketheGovernorofKertchorKinburn，asofquarrellingwiththeprofessorsfornotadmiringtheyoungneologistswhopluckthebeardsofEuclidandAristotle，orfornotattemptingthemselvestofilltheirvacantshelvesasoriginalwriters。
　　Itiseasytocarpatcolleges，andthecollege，ifwewillwaitforit，willhaveitsownturn。Geniusexiststherealso，butwillnotansweracallofacommitteeoftheHouseofCommons。Itisrare，precarious，eccentric，anddarkling。Englandisthelandofmixtureandsurprise，andwhenyouhavesettleditthattheuniversitiesaremoribund，outcomesapoeticinfluencefromtheheartofOxford，tomouldtheopinionsofcities，tobuildtheirhousesassimplyasbirdstheirnests，togiveveracitytoart，andcharmmankind，asanappealtomoralorderalwaysmust。Butbesidesthisrestorativegenius，thebestpoetryofEnglandofthisage，intheoldforms，comesfromtwograduatesofCambridge。
　　ChapterXIII_Religion_
　　Nopeople，atthepresentday，canbeexplainedbytheirnationalreligion。Theydonotfeelresponsibleforit；itliesfaroutsideofthem。Theirloyaltytotruth，andtheirlaborandexpenditurerestonrealfoundations，andnotonanationalchurch。
　　AndEnglishlife，itisevident，doesnotgrowoutoftheAthanasiancreed，ortheArticles，ortheEucharist。Itiswithreligionaswithmarriage。Ayouthmarriesinhaste；afterwards，whenhismindisopenedtothereasonoftheconductoflife，heisasked，whathethinksoftheinstitutionofmarriage，andoftherightrelationsofthesexes？`Ishouldhavemuchtosay，’hemightreply，`ifthequestionwereopen，butIhaveawifeandchildren，andallquestionisclosedforme。’Inthebarbarousdaysofanation，some_cultus_
　　isformedorimported；altarsarebuilt，tithesarepaid，priestsordained。Theeducationandexpenditureofthecountrytakethatdirection，andwhenwealth，refinement，greatmen，andtiestotheworld，supervene，itsprudentmensay，whyfightagainstFate，orlifttheseabsurditieswhicharenowmountainous？Betterfindsomenicheorcreviceinthismountainofstonewhichreligiousageshavequarriedandcarved，whereintobestowyourself，thanattemptanythingridiculouslyanddangerouslyaboveyourstrength，likeremovingit。
　　Inseeingoldcastlesandcathedrals，Isometimessay，asto—day，infrontofDundeeChurchtower，whichiseighthundredyearsold，`thiswasbuiltbyanotherandabetterracethananythatnowlookonit。’And，plainly，therehasbeengreatpowerofsentimentatworkinthisisland，ofwhichthesebuildingsaretheproofs：asvolcanicbasaltsshowtheworkoffirewhichhasbeenextinguishedforages。EnglandfeltthefullheatoftheChristianitywhichfermentedEurope，anddrew，likethechemistryoffire，afirmlinebetweenbarbarismandculture。Thepowerofthereligioussentimentputanendtohumansacrifices，checkedappetite，inspiredthecrusades，inspiredresistancetotyrants，inspiredself—respect，setboundstoserfdomandslavery，foundedliberty，createdthereligiousarchitecture，——York，Newstead，Westminster，FountainsAbbey，Ripon，Beverley，andDundee，——workstowhichthekeyislost，withthesentimentwhichcreatedthem；inspiredtheEnglishBible，theliturgy，themonkishhistories，thechronicleofRichardofDevizes。
　　ThepriesttranslatedtheVulgate，andtranslatedthesanctitiesofoldhagiologyintoEnglishvirtuesonEnglishground。ItwasacertainaffirmativeoraggressivestateoftheCaucasianraces。Manawokerefreshedbythesleepofages。TheviolenceofthenorthernsavagesexasperatedChristianityintopower。Itlivedbytheloveofthepeople。BishopWilfridmanumittedtwohundredandfiftyserfs，whomhefoundattachedtothesoil。TheclergyobtainedrespitefromlaborfortheboorontheSabbath，andonchurchfestivals。"ThelordwhocompelledhisboortolaborbetweensunsetonSaturdayandsunsetonSunday，forfeitedhimaltogether。"Thepriestcameoutofthepeople，andsympathizedwithhisclass。Thechurchwasthemediator，check，anddemocraticprinciple，inEurope。Latimer，Wicliffe，Arundel，Cobham，AntonyParsons，SirHarryVane，GeorgeFox，Penn，Bunyanarethedemocrats，aswellasthesaintsoftheirtimes。TheCatholicchurch，thrownonthistoiling，seriouspeople，hasmadeinfourteencenturiesamassivesystem，closefittedtothemannersandgeniusofthecountry，atoncedomesticalandstately。
　　Inthelongtime，ithasblendedwitheverythinginheavenaboveandtheearthbeneath。Itmovesthroughazodiacoffeastsandfasts，nameseverydayoftheyear，everytownandmarketandheadlandandmonument，andhascoupleditselfwiththealmanac，thatnocourtcanbeheld，nofieldploughed，nohorseshod，withoutsomeleavefromthechurch。Allmaximsofprudenceorshoporfarmarefixedanddatedbythechurch。Hence，itsstrengthintheagriculturaldistricts。Thedistributionoflandintoparishesenforcesachurchsanctiontoeverycivilprivilege；andthegradationoftheclergy，——prelatesfortherich，andcuratesforthepoor，——withthefactthataclassicaleducationhasbeensecuredtotheclergyman，makesthem"thelinkwhichunitesthesequesteredpeasantrywiththeintellectualadvancementoftheage。"（*1）
　　（*1）Wordsworth。
　　TheEnglishchurchhasmanycertificatestoshow，ofhumbleeffectiveserviceinhumanizingthepeople，incheeringandrefiningmen，feeding，healing，andeducating。Ithasthesealofmartyrsandconfessors；thenoblestbooks；asublimearchitecture；aritualmarkedbythesamesecularmerits，nothingcheaporpurchasable。
　　Fromthisslow—grownchurchimportantreactionsproceed；muchforculture，muchforgivingadirectiontothenation’saffectionandwillto—day。Thecarvedandpicturedchapel，——itsentiresurfaceanimatedwithimageandemblem，——madetheparish—churchasortofbookandBibletothepeople’seye。
　　Then，whentheSaxoninstincthadsecuredaserviceinthevernaculartongue，itwasthetutoranduniversityofthepeople。InYorkminster，onthedayoftheenthronizationofthenewarchbishop，Iheardtheserviceofeveningprayerreadandchantedinthechoir。
　　ItwasstrangetoheartheprettypastoralofthebetrothalofRebeccaandIsaac，inthemorningoftheworld，readwithcircumstantialityinYorkminster，onthe13thJanuary，1848，tothedecorousEnglishaudience，justfreshfromtheTimesnewspaperandtheirwine；andlisteningwithallthedevotionofnationalpride。
　　Thatwasbindingoldandnewtosomepurpose。ThereverencefortheScripturesisanelementofcivilization，forthushasthehistoryoftheworldbeenpreserved，andispreserved。HereinEnglandeverydayachapterofGenesis，andaleaderintheTimes。
　　Anotherpartofthesameserviceonthisoccasionwasnotinsignificant。Handel’scoronationanthem，_GodsavetheKing_，wasplayedbyDr。Camidgeontheorgan，withsublimeeffect。Theminsterandthemusicweremadeforeachother。Itwasahintofthepartthechurchplaysasapoliticalengine。Fromhisinfancy，everyEnglishmanisaccustomedtoheardailyprayersforthequeen，fortheroyalfamilyandtheParliament，byname；andthislifelongconsecrationofthesepersonagescannotbewithoutinfluenceonhisopinions。
　　Theuniversities，also，areparceloftheecclesiasticalsystem，andtheirfirstdesignistoformtheclergy。Thustheclergyforathousandyearshavebeenthescholarsofthenation。
　　Thenationaltemperamentdeeplyenjoystheunbrokenorderandtraditionofitschurch；theliturgy，ceremony，architecturethesobergrace，thegoodcompany，theconnectionwiththethrone，andwithhistory，whichadornit。Andwhilstitendearsitselfthustomenofmoretastethanactivity，thestabilityoftheEnglishnationispassionatelyenlistedtoitssupport，fromitsinextricableconnectionwiththecauseofpublicorder，withpoliticsandwiththefunds。
　　Goodchurchesarenotbuiltbybadmen；atleast，theremustbeprobityandenthusiasmsomewhereinthesociety。Theseminsterswereneitherbuiltnorfilledbyatheists。Nochurchhashadmorelearned，industriousordevotedmen；plentyof"clerksandbishops，who，outoftheirgowns，wouldturntheirbacksonnoman。"（*2）
　　Theirarchitecturestillglowswithfaithinimmortality。Heatsandgenialperiodsarriveinhistory，or，shallwesay，plentitudesofDivinePresence，bywhichhightidesarecausedinthehumanspirit，andgreatvirtuesandtalentsappear，asintheeleventh，twelfth，thirteenth，andagaininthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies，whenthenationwasfullofgeniusandpiety。
　　（*2）Fuller。
　　ButtheageoftheWicliffes，Cobhams，Arundels，Beckets；oftheLatimers，Mores，Cranmers；oftheTaylors，Leightons，Herberts；
　　oftheSherlocks，andButlers，isgone。Silentrevolutionsinopinionhavemadeitimpossiblethatmenliketheseshouldreturn，orfindaplaceintheironcesacredstalls。Thespiritthatdweltinthischurchhasglidedawaytoanimateotheractivities；andtheywhocometotheoldshrinesfindapesandplayersrustlingtheoldgarments。
　　ThereligionofEnglandispartofgood—breeding。Whenyouseeonthecontinentthewell—dressedEnglishmancomeintohisambassador’schapel，andputhisfaceforsilentprayerintohissmooth—brushedhat，onecannothelpfeelinghowmuchnationalprideprayswithhim，andthereligionofagentleman。Sofarishefromattachinganymeaningtothewords，thathebelieveshimselftohavedonealmostthegenerousthing，andthatitisverycondescendinginhimtopraytoGod。Agreatdukesaid，ontheoccasionofavictory，intheHouseofLords，thathethoughttheAlmightyGodhadnotbeenwellusedbythem，andthatitwouldbecometheirmagnanimity，aftersogreatsuccesses，totakeorderthataproperacknowledgmentbemade。Itisthechurchofthegentry；butitisnotthechurchofthepoor。Theoperativesdonotownit，andgentlemenlatelytestifiedintheHouseofCommonsthatintheirlivestheyneversawapoormaninaraggedcoatinsideachurch。
　　ThetorpidityonthesideofreligionofthevigorousEnglishunderstanding，showshowmuchwitandfollycanagreeinonebrain。
　　Theirreligionisaquotation；theirchurchisadoll；andanyexaminationisinterdictedwithscreamsofterror。Ingoodcompany，youexpectthemtolaughatthefanaticismofthevulgar；buttheydonot：theyarethevulgar。
　　TheEnglish，incommonperhapswithChristendominthenineteenthcentury，donotrespectpower，butonlyperformance；valueideasonlyforaneconomicresult。Wellingtonesteemsasaintonlyasfarashecanbeanarmychaplain：——"Mr。Briscoll，byhisadmirableconductandgoodsense，gotthebetterofMethodism，whichhadappearedamongthesoldiers，andonceamongtheofficers。"Theyvalueaphilosopherastheyvalueanapothecarywhobringsbarkoradrench；andinspirationisonlysomeblowpipe，orafinermechanicalaid。
　　IsuspectthatthereisinanEnglishman’sbrainavalvethatcanbeclosedatpleasure，asanengineershutsoffsteam。Themostsensibleandwell—informedmenpossessthepowerofthinkingjustsofarasthebishopinreligiousmatters，andasthechancelloroftheexchequerinpolitics。Theytalkwithcourageandlogic，andshowyoumagnificentresults，butthesamemenwhohavebroughtfreetradeorgeologytotheirpresentstanding，lookgraveandlofty，andshutdowntheirvalve，assoonastheconversationapproachestheEnglishchurch。Afterthat，youtalkwithabox—turtle。
　　Theactionoftheuniversity，bothinwhatistaught，andinthespiritoftheplace，isdirectedmoreonproducinganEnglishgentleman，thanasaintorapsychologist。Itripensabishop，andextrudesaphilosopher。IdonotknowthatthereismorecabalismintheAnglican，thaninotherchurches，buttheAnglicanclergyareidentifiedwiththearistocracy。Theysay，here，that，ifyoutalkwithaclergyman，youaresuretofindhimwell—bred，informed，andcandid。Heentertainsyourthoughtoryourprojectwithsympathyandpraise。Butifasecondclergymancomein，thesympathyisatanend：twotogetherareinaccessibletoyourthought，and，wheneveritcomestoaction，theclergymaninvariablysideswithhischurch。
　　TheAnglicanchurchismarkedbythegraceandgoodsenseofitsforms，bythemanlygraceofitsclergy。Thegospelitpreaches，is，`Bytasteareyesaved。’Itkeepstheoldstructuresinrepair，spendsaworldofmoneyinmusicandbuilding；andinbuyingPugin，andarchitecturalliterature。Ithasageneralgoodnameforamenityandmildness。Itisnotinordinaryapersecutingchurch；itisnotinquisitorial，noteveninquisitive，isperfectlywell—bred，andcanshutitseyesonallproperoccasions。Ifyouletitalone，itwillletyoualone。Butitsinstinctishostiletoallchangeinpolitics，literature，orsocialarts。ThechurchhasnotbeenthefounderoftheLondonUniversity，oftheMechanics’Institutes，oftheFreeSchool，orwhateveraimsatdiffusionofknowledge。ThePlatonistsofOxfordareasbitteragainstthisheresy，asThomasTaylor。
　　ThedoctrineoftheOldTestamentisthereligionofEngland。
　　ThefirstleafoftheNewTestamentitdoesnotopen。ItbelievesinaProvidencewhichdoesnottreatwithlevityapoundsterling。Theyareneithertranscendentalistsnorchristians。TheyputupnoSocraticprayer，muchlessanysaintlyprayerforthequeen’smind；
　　askneitherforlightnorright，butsaybluntly，"grantherinhealthandwealthlongtolive。"AndonetracesthisJewishprayerinallEnglishprivatehistory，fromtheprayersofKingRichard，inRichardofDevizes’Chronicle，tothoseinthediariesofSirSamuelRomilly，andofHaydonthepainter。"Abroadwithmywife，"writesPepyspiously，"thefirsttimethateverIrodeinmyowncoach；
　　whichdomakemyheartrejoiceandpraiseGod，andprayhimtoblessittome，andcontinueit。"ThebillforthenaturalizationoftheJews（in1753）wasresistedbypetitionsfromallpartsofthekingdom，andbypetitionfromthecityofLondon，reprobatingthisbill，as"tendingextremelytothedishonoroftheChristianreligion，andextremelyinjurioustotheinterestsandcommerceofthekingdomingeneral，andofthecityofLondoninparticular。"
　　ButtheyhavenotbeenabletocongealhumanitybyactofParliament。"Theheavensjourneystillandsojournnot，"andarts，wars，discoveries，andopinion，goonwardattheirownpace。Thenewagehasnewdesires，newenemies，newtrades，newcharities，andreadstheScriptureswithneweyes。ThechatterofFrenchpolitics，thesteam—whistle，thehumofthemill，andthenoiseofembarkingemigrants，hadquiteputmostoftheoldlegendsoutofmind；sothatwhenyoucametoreadtheliturgytoamoderncongregation，itwasalmostabsurdinitsunfitness，andsuggestedamasqueradeofoldcostumes。
　　Nochemisthasprosperedintheattempttocrystallizeareligion。Itisendogenous，liketheskin，andothervitalorgans。
　　Anewstatementeveryday。Theprophetandapostleknewthis，andthenonconformistconfutestheconformists，byquotingthetextstheymustallow。Itistheconditionofareligion，torequirereligionforitsexpositor。Prophetandapostlecanonlyberightlyunderstoodbyprophetandapostle。Thestatesmanknowsthatthereligiouselementwillnotfail，anymorethanthesupplyoffibrineandchyle；butitisinitsnatureconstructive，andwillorganizesuchachurchasitwants。Thewiselegislatorwillspendontemples，schools，libraries，colleges，butwillshuntheenrichingofpriests。If，inanymanner，hecanleavetheelectionandpayingofthepriesttothepeople，hewilldowell。LiketheQuakers，hemayresisttheseparationofaclassofpriests，andcreateopportunityandexpectationinthesociety，toruntomeetnaturalendowment，inthiskind。But，whenwealthaccruestoachaplaincy，abishopric，orrectorship，itrequiresmoneyedmenforitsstewards，whowillgiveitanotherdirectionthantothemysticsoftheirday。Ofcourse，moneywilldoafteritskind，andwillsteadilyworktounspiritualizeandunchurchthepeopletowhomitwasbequeathed。
　　Theclasscertaintobeexcludedfromallprefermentarethereligious，——anddriventootherchurches；——whichisnature’s_vismedicatrix_。
　　Thecuratesareillpaid，andtheprelatesareoverpaid。Thisabusedrawsintothechurchthechildrenofthenobility，andotherunfitpersons，whohaveatasteforexpense。Thusabishopisonlyasurplicedmerchant。
　　Throughhislawn，Icanseethebrightbuttonsoftheshopman’scoatglitter。
　　AwealthlikethatofDurhammakesalmostapremiumonfelony。Brougham，inaspeechintheHouseofCommonsontheIrishelectivefranchise，said，"Howwillthereverendbishopsoftheotherhousebeabletoexpresstheirdueabhorrenceofthecrimeofperjury，whosolemnlydeclareinthepresenceofGod，thatwhentheyarecalledupontoacceptaliving，perhapsof4000
　　poundsayear，atthatveryinstant，theyaremovedbytheHolyGhosttoaccepttheofficeandadministrationthereof，andfornootherreasonwhatever？"Themodesofinitiationaremoredamagingthancustom—houseoaths。
　　TheBishopiselectedbytheDeanandPrebendsofthecathedral。TheQueensendsthesegentlemena_conged’elire_，orleavetoelect；butalsosendsthemthenameofthepersonwhomtheyaretoelect。Theygointothecathedral，chantandpray，andbeseechtheHolyGhosttoassistthemintheirchoice；and，aftertheseinvocations，invariablyfindthatthedictatesoftheHolyGhostagreewiththerecommendationsoftheQueen。
　　Butyoumustpayforconformity。Allgoeswellaslongasyourunwithconformists。Butyou，whoarehonestmeninotherparticulars，know，thatthereisalivesomewhereamanwhosehonestyreachestothispointalso，thatheshallnotkneeltofalsegods，and，onthedaywhenyoumeethim，yousinkintotheclassofcounterfeits。Besides，thissuccumbinghasgravepenalties。Ifyoutakeinalie，youmusttakeinallthatbelongstoit。Englandacceptsthisornamentednationalchurch，anditglazestheeyes，bloatstheflesh，givesthevoiceastertorousclang，andcloudstheunderstandingofthereceivers。
　　TheEnglishchurch，underminedbyGermancriticism，hadnothingleftbuttradition，andwasledlogicallybacktoRomanism。Butthatwasanelementwhichonlyhotheadscouldbreathe：inviewoftheeducatedclass，generally，itwasnotafacttofrontthesun；andthealienationofsuchmenfromthechurchbecamecomplete。
　　Nature，tobesure，hadherremedy。ReligiouspersonsaredrivenoutoftheEstablishedChurchintosects，whichinstantlyrisetocredit，andholdtheEstablishmentincheck。Naturehassharperremedies，also。TheEnglish，abhorringchangeinallthings，abhorringitmostinmattersofreligion，clingtothelastragofform，andaredreadfullygiventocant。TheEnglish，（andIwishitwereconfinedtothem，but’tisataintintheAnglo—Saxonbloodinbothhemispheres，）theEnglishandtheAmericanscantbeyondallothernations。TheFrenchrelinquishallthatindustrytothem。
　　WhatissoodiousasthepolitebowstoGod，inourbooksandnewspapers？Thepopularpressisflagitiousintheexactmeasureofitssanctimony，andthereligionofthedayisatheatricalSinai，wherethethundersaresuppliedbytheproperty—man。Thefanaticismandhypocrisycreatesatire。Punchfindsaninexhaustiblematerial。
　　DickenswritesnovelsonExeter—Hallhumanity。Thackerayexposestheheartlesshighlife。Naturerevengesherselfmoresummarilybytheheathenismofthelowerclasses。LordShaftesburycallsthepoorthievestogether，andreadssermonstothem，andtheycallit`gas。’
　　GeorgeBorrowsummonstheGypsiestohearhisdiscourseontheHebrewsinEgypt，andreadstothemtheApostles’CreedinRommany。
　　"WhenIhadconcluded，"hesays，"Ilookedaroundme。Thefeaturesoftheassemblyweretwisted，andtheeyesofallturneduponmewithafrightfulsquint：notanindividualpresentbutsquinted；thegenteelPepa，thegood—humoredChicharona，theCosdami，allsquinted：
　　theGypsyjockeysquintedworstofall。"
　　Thechurchatthismomentismuchtobepitied。Shehasnothingleftbutpossession。Ifabishopmeetsanintelligentgentleman，andreadsfatalinterrogationsinhiseyes，hehasnoresourcebuttotakewinewithhim。Falsepositionintroducescant，perjury，simony，andeveralowerclassofmindandcharacterintotheclergy：and，whenthehierarchyisafraidofscienceandeducation，afraidofpiety，afraidoftradition，andafraidoftheology，thereisnothingleftbuttoquitachurchwhichisnolongerone。
　　ButthereligionofEngland，——isittheEstablishedChurch？
　　no；isitthesects？no；theyareonlyperpetuationsofsomeprivateman’sdissent，andaretotheEstablishedChurchascabsaretoacoach，cheaperandmoreconvenient，butreallythesamething。Wheredwellsthereligion？Tellmefirstwheredwellselectricity，ormotion，orthoughtorgesture。Theydonotdwellorstayatall。
　　Electricitycannotbemadefast，mortaredupandended，likeLondonMonument，ortheTower，sothatyoushallknowwheretofindit，andkeepitfixed，astheEnglishdowiththeirthings，forevermore；itispassing，glancing，gesticular；itisatraveller，anewness，asurprise，asecret，whichperplexesthem，andputsthemout。Yet，ifreligionbethedoingofallgood，andforitssakethesufferingofallevil，_souffrirdetoutlemondeetnefairesouffrirpersonne_，thatdivinesecrethasexistedinEnglandfromthedaysofAlfredtothoseofRomilly，ofClarkson，andofFlorenceNightingale，andinthousandswhohavenofame。
　　ChapterXIV_Literature_
　　Astrongcommonsense，whichitisnoteasytounseatordisturb，markstheEnglishmindforathousandyears：arudestrengthnewlyappliedtothought，asofsailorsandsoldierswhohadlatelylearnedtoread。Theyhavenofancy，andneveraresurprisedintoacovertorwittyword，suchaspleasedtheAtheniansandItalians，andwasconvertibleintoafablenotlongafter；buttheydelightinstrongearthyexpression，notmistakable，coarselytruetothehumanbody，and，thoughspokenamongprinces，equallyfitandwelcometothemob。Thishomeliness，veracity，andplainstyle，appearintheearliestextantworks，andinthelatest。Itimportsintosongsandballadsthesmelloftheearth，thebreathofcattle，and，likeaDutchpainter，seeksahouseholdcharm，thoughbypailsandpans。
　　Theyasktheirconstitutionalutilityinverse。Thekailandherringsareneveroutofsight。Thepoetnimblyrecovershimselffromeverysallyoftheimagination。TheEnglishmuselovesthefarmyard，thelane，andmarket。Shesays，withDeStael，"Itrampinthemirewithwoodenshoes，whenevertheywouldforcemeintotheclouds。"For，theEnglishmanhasaccurateperceptions；takesholdofthingsbytherightend，andthereisnoslipperinessinhisgrasp。
　　Helovestheaxe，thespade，theoar，thegun，thesteampipe：hehasbuilttheengineheuses。Heismaterialist，economical，mercantile。
　　Hemustbetreatedwithsincerityandreality，withmuffins，andnotthepromiseofmuffins；andprefershishotchop，withperfectsecurityandconvenienceintheeatingofit，tothechancesoftheamplestandFrenchiestbilloffare，engravedonembossedpaper。
　　Whenheisintellectual，andapoetoraphilosopher，hecarriesthesamehardtruthandthesamekeenmachineryintothementalsphere。
　　Hismindmuststandonafact。Hewillnotbebaffled，orcatchatclouds，butthemindmusthaveasymbolpalpableandresisting。WhatherelishesinDante，isthevice—liketenacitywithwhichheholdsamentalimagebeforetheeyes，asifitwereascutcheonpaintedonashield。Byron"likedsomethingcraggytobreakhismindupon。"A
　　tasteforplainstrongspeech，whatiscalledabiblicalstyle，markstheEnglish。ItisinAlfred，andtheSaxonChronicle，andintheSagasoftheNorthmen。Latimerwashomely。Hobbeswasperfectinthe"noblevulgarspeech。"Donne，Bunyan，Milton，Taylor，Evelyn，Pepys，Hooker，Cotton，andthetranslators，wroteit。Howrealisticormaterialisticintreatmentofhissubject，isSwift。Hedescribeshisfictitiouspersons，asifforthepolice。Defoehasnoinsecurityorchoice。Hudibrashasthesamehardmentality，——
　　keepingthetruthatoncetothesenses，andtotheintellect。
　　Itisnotlessseeninpoetry。Chaucer’shardpaintingofhisCanterburypilgrimssatisfiesthesenses。Shakspeare，Spenser，andMilton，intheirloftiestascents，havethisnationalgripandexactitudeofmind。ThismentalmaterialismmakesthevalueofEnglishtranscendentalgenius；inthesewriters，andinHerbert，HenryMore，Donne，andSirThomasBrowne。TheSaxonmaterialismandnarrowness，exaltedintothesphereofintellect，makestheverygeniusofShakspeareandMilton。Whenitreachesthepureelement，ittreadsthecloudsassecurelyastheadamant。Eveninitselevations，materialistic，itspoetryiscommonsenseinspired；orironraisedtowhiteheat。
　　Themarriageofthetwoqualitiesisintheirspeech。Itisatacitruleofthelanguagetomaketheframeorskeleton，ofSaxonwords，and，whenelevationorornamentissought，tointerweaveRoman；butsparingly；norisasentencemadeofRomanwordsalone，withoutlossofstrength。ThechildrenandlaborersusetheSaxonunmixed。TheLatinunmixedisabandonedtothecollegesandParliament。MixtureisasecretoftheEnglishisland；and，intheirdialect，themaleprincipleistheSaxon；thefemale，theLatin；andtheyarecombinedineverydiscourse。Agoodwriter，ifhehasindulgedinaRomanroundness，makeshastetochastenandnervehisperiodbyEnglishmonosyllables。