Hisdictatorship，absoluteduringfivemonths，isastrikingexampleofthepowerofcertainleaders。Wecanunderstandthatatyrantbackedbyanarmycaneasilydestroywhomhepleases，butthatasinglemanshouldsucceedinsendingtodeathalargenumberofhisequalsisathingthatisnoteasilyexplained。
　　ThepowerofRobespierrewassoabsolutethathewasabletosendtotheTribunal，andthereforetothescaffold，themosteminentdeputies：Desmoulins，Hebert，Danton，andmanyanother。ThebrilliantGirondistsmeltedawaybeforehim。HeattackedeventheterribleCommune，guillotineditsleaders，andreplaceditbyanewCommuneobedienttohisorders。
　　InordertoridhimselfmorequicklyofthemenwhodispleasedhimheinducedtheConventiontoenactthelawofPrairial，whichpermittedtheexecutionofmeresuspects，andbymeansofwhichhehad1，373headscutoffinParisinforty—ninedays。Hiscolleagues，thevictimsofaninsaneterror，nolongersleptathome；scarcelyahundreddeputieswerepresentatsessions。
　　Davidsaid：``IdonotbelievetwentyofusmembersoftheMountainwillbeleft。’’
　　ItwashisveryexcessofconfidenceinhisownpowersandinthecowardiceoftheConventionthatlostRobespierrehislife。
　　HavingattemptedtomakethemvoteameasurewhichwouldpermitdeputiestobesentbeforetheRevolutionaryTribunal，whichmeantthescaffold，withouttheauthorisationoftheAssembly，onanorderfromthegoverningCommittee，severalMontagnardsconspiredwithsomemembersofthePlaintooverthrowhim。
　　Tallien，knowinghimselfmarkeddownforearlyexecution，andhavingthereforenothingtolose，accusedhimloudlyoftyranny。
　　Robespierrewishedtodefendhimselfbyreadingaspeechwhichhehadlonghadinhand，buthelearnedtohiscostthatalthoughitispossibletodestroymeninthenameoflogicitisnotpossibletoleadanassemblybymeansoflogic。Theshoutsoftheconspiratorsdrownedhisvoice；thecry``Downwiththetyrant！’’quicklyrepeated，thankstomentalcontagion，bymanyofthememberspresent，wasenoughtocompletehisdownfall。
　　WithoutlosingamomenttheAssemblydecreedhisaccusation。
　　TheCommunehavingwishedtosavehim，theAssemblyoutlawedhim。
　　Struckbythismagicformula，hewasdefinitelylost。
　　``Thiscryofoutlawry，’’writesWilliams，``atthisperiodproducedthesameeffectonaFrenchmanasthecryofpestilence；
　　theoutlawbecamecivillyexcommunicated，anditwasasthoughmenbelievedthattheywouldbecontaminatedpassingthroughtheairwhichhehadbreathed。SuchwastheeffectitproduceduponthegunnerswhohadtrainedtheircannonagainsttheConvention。
　　Withoutreceivingfurtherorders，merelyonhearingthattheCommunewas`outsidethelaw，’theyimmediatelyturnedtheirbatteriesabout。’’
　　Robespierreandallhisband——Saint—Just，thepresidentoftheRevolutionaryTribunal，themayoroftheCommune，&c。，——wereguillotinedonthe10thofThermidortothenumberoftwenty—one。
　　TheirexecutionwasfollowedonthemorrowbyafreshbatchofseventyJacobins，andonthenextdaybythirteen。TheTerror，whichhadlastedtenmonths，wasatanend。
　　ThedownfalloftheJacobinedificeinThermidorisoneofthemostcuriouspsychologicaleventsoftherevolutionaryperiod。
　　NoneoftheMontagnardswhohadworkedforthedownfallofRobespierrehadforamomentdreamedthatitwouldmarktheendoftheTerror。
　　Tallien，Barras，Fouche，&c。，overthrewRobespierreashehadoverthrownHebert，Danton，theGirondists，andmanyothers。
　　ButwhentheacclamationsofthecrowdtoldthemthatthedeathofRobespierrewasregardedashavingputanendtotheTerrortheyactedasthoughsuchhadbeentheirintention。TheywerethemoreobligedtodosointhatthePlain——thatis，thegreatmajorityoftheAssembly——whichhadalloweditselftobedecimatedbyRobespierre，nowrebelledfuriouslyagainstthesystemithadsolongacclaimedevenwhileitabhorredit。
　　Nothingismoreterriblethanabodyofmenwhohavebeenafraidandareafraidnolonger。ThePlainrevengeditselfforbeingterrorisedbytheMountain，andterrorisedthatbodyinturn。
　　TheservilityofthecolleaguesofRobespierreintheConventionwasbynomeansbaseduponanyfeelingofsympathyforhim。Thedictatorfilledthemwithanunspeakablealarm，butbeneaththemarksofadmirationandenthusiasmwhichtheylavishedonhimoutoffearwasconcealedanintensehatred。WecangatherasmuchbyreadingthereportsofvariousdeputiesinsertedintheMoniteurofAugust11，15，and29，1794，andnotablythaton``theconspiracyofthetriumvirs，Robespierre，Couthon，andSaint—Just。’’Neverdidslavesheapsuchinvectivesonafallenmaster。
　　Welearnthat``thesemonstershadforsometimebeenrenewingthemosthorribleprescriptionsofMariusandSulla。’’
　　Robespierreisrepresentedasamostfrightfulscoundrel；weareassuredthat``likeCaligula，hewouldsoonhaveaskedtheFrenchpeopletoworshiphishorse……Hesoughtsecurityintheexecutionofallwhoarousedhisslightestsuspicion。’’
　　ThesereportsforgettoaddthatthepowerofRobespierreobtainednosupport，asdidthatoftheMariusandSullatowhomtheyallude，fromapowerfularmy，butmerelyfromtherepeatedadhesionofthemembersoftheConvention。Withouttheirextremetimiditythepowerofthedictatorcouldnothavelastedasingleday。
　　Robespierrewasoneofthemostodioustyrantsofhistory，butheisdistinguishedfromallothersinthathemadehimselfatyrantwithoutsoldiers。
　　Wemaysumuphisdoctrinesbysayingthathewasthemostperfectincarnation，saveperhapsSaint—Just，oftheJacobinfaith，inallitsnarrowlogic，itsintensemysticism，anditsinflexiblerigidity。Hehasadmirersevento—day。M。Hameldescribeshimas``themartyrofThermidor。’’Therehasbeensometalkoferectingamonumenttohim。Iwouldwillinglysubscribetosuchapurpose，feelingthatitisusefultopreserveproofsoftheblindnessofthecrowd，andoftheextraordinarydocilityofwhichanassemblyiscapablewhentheleaderknowshowtohandleit。HisstatuewouldrecallthepassionatecriesofadmirationandenthusiasmwithwhichtheConventionacclaimedthemostthreateningmeasuresofthedictator，ontheveryeveofthedaywhenitwasabouttocasthimdown。
　　4。Fouquier—Tinville，Marat，Billaud—Varenne，&c。
　　Ishalldevoteaparagraphtocertainrevolutionistswhowerefamousforthedevelopmentoftheirmostsanguinaryinstincts。
　　Theirferocitywascomplicatedbyothersentiments，byfearandhatred，whichcouldbutfortifyit。
　　Fouquier—Tinville，thepublicprosecutoroftheRevolutionaryTribunal，wasoneofthosewhohaveleftthemostsinistermemories。Thismagistrate，formerlyreputedforhiskindness，andwhobecamethebloodthirstycreaturewhosememoryevokessuchrepulsion，hasalreadyservedmeasanexampleinotherworks，whenIhavewishedtoshowthetransformationofcertainnaturesintimeofrevolution。
　　Needyintheextremeatthemomentofthefallofthemonarchy，hehadeverythingtohopefromasocialupheavalandnothingtolose。Hewasoneofthosemenwhomaperiodofdisorderwillalwaysfindreadytosustainit。
　　TheConventionabandoneditspowerstohim。Hehadtopronounceuponthefateofnearlytwothousandaccused，amongwhomwereMarie—Antoinette，theGirondists，Danton，Hebert，&c。Hehadallthesuspectsbroughtbeforehimexecuted，anddidnotscrupletobetrayhisformerprotectors。Assoonasoneofthemfellintohispower——CamilleDesmoulins，Danton，oranother——hewouldpleadagainsthim。
　　Fouquier—Tinvillehadaveryinferiormind，whichtheRevolutionbroughttothetop。Undernormalconditions，hedgedaboutbyprofessionalrules，hisdestinywouldhavebeenthatofapeaceableandobscuremagistrate。Thiswaspreciselythelotofhisdeputy，orsubstitute，attheTribunal，Gilbert—Liendon。
　　``Heshould，’’writesM。Durel，``haveinspiredthesamehorrorashiscolleague，yethecompletedhiscareerintheupperranksoftheImperialmagistracy。’’
　　Oneofthegreatbenefitsofanorganisedsocietyisthatitdoesrestrainthesedangerouscharacters，whomnothingbutsocialrestraintscanhold。
　　Fouquier—Tinvillediedwithoutunderstandingwhyhewascondemned，andfromtherevolutionarypointofviewhiscondemnationwasnotjustifiable。Hadhenotmerelyzealouslyexecutedtheordersofhissuperiors？Itisimpossibletoclasshimwiththerepresentativeswhoweresentintotheprovinces，whocouldnotbesupervised。ThedelegatesoftheConventionexaminedallhissentencesandapprovedofthemuptothelast。
　　Ifhiscrueltyandhissummaryfashionoftryingtheprisonersbeforehimhadnotbeenencouragedbyhischiefs，hecouldnothaveremainedinpower。IncondemningFouquier—Tinville，theConventioncondemneditsownfrightfulsystemofgovernment。Itunderstoodthisfact，andsenttothescaffoldanumberofTerroristswhomFouquier—Tinvillehadmerelyservedasafaithfulagent。
　　BesideFouquier—TinvillewemaysetDumas，whopresidedovertheRevolutionaryTribunal，andwhoalsodisplayedanexcessivecruelty，whichwaswhettedbyanintensefear。Heneverwentoutwithouttwoloadedpistols，barricadedhimselfinhishouse，andonlyspoketovisitorsthroughawicket。Hisdistrustofeverybody，includinghisownwife，wasabsolute。Heevenimprisonedthelatter，andwasabouttohaveherexecutedwhenThermidorarrived。
　　AmongthemenwhomtheConventionbroughttolight，Billaud—
　　Varennewasoneofthewildestand，mostbrutal。Hemayberegardedasaperfecttypeofbestialferocity。
　　``Inthesehoursoffruitfulangerandheroicanguishheremainedcalm，acquittinghimselfmethodicallyofhistask——anditwasafrightfultask：heappearedofficiallyatthemassacresoftheAbbaye，congratulatedtheassassins，andpromisedthemmoney；uponwhichhewenthomeasifhehadmerelybeentakingawalk。WeseehimaspresidentoftheJacobinClub，presidentoftheConvention，andmemberoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety；hedragstheGirondiststothescaffold：hedragsthequeenthither，andhisformerpatron，Danton，saidofhim，`Billaudhasadaggerunderhistongue。’HeapprovesofthecannonadesatLyons，thedrowningsatNantes，themassacresatArras；heorganisesthepitilesscommissionofOrange；heisconcernedinthelawsofPrairial；heeggsonFouquier—Tinville；onalldecreesofdeathishisname，oftenthefirst；hesignsbeforehiscolleagues；heiswithoutpity，withoutemotion，withoutenthusiasm；whenothersarefrightened，hesitate，anddrawback，hegoeshisway，speakinginturgidsentences，`shakinghislion’smane’——fortomakehiscoldandimpassivefacemoreinharmonywiththeexuberancethatsurroundshimhenowdeckshimselfinayellowwigwhichwouldmakeonelaughwereitonanybutthesinisterheadofBillaud—Varenne。WhenRobespierre，Saint—Just，andCouthonarethreatenedinturn，hedesertsthemandgoesovertotheenemy，andpushesthemundertheknife……Why？Whatishisaim？Nooneknows；heisnotinanywayambitious；hedesiresneitherpowernormoney。’’
　　Idonotthinkitwouldbedifficulttoanswerwhy。Thethirstforblood，ofwhichwehavealreadyspoken，andwhichisverycommonamongcertaincriminals，perfectlyexplainstheconductofBillaud—Varennes。Banditsofthistypekillforthesakeofkilling，assportsmenshootgame——fortheverypleasureofexercisingtheirtastefordestruction。Inordinarytimesmenendowedwiththesehomicidaltendenciesrefrain，generallyfromfearofthepolicemanandthescaffold。Whentheyareabletogivethemfreeventnothingcanstopthem。SuchwasthecasewithBillaud—Varenneandmanyothers。
　　ThepsychologyofMaratisrathermorecomplicated，notonlybecausehiscravingformurderwascombinedwithotherelements——
　　woundedself—love，ambition，mysticbeliefs，&c。——butalsobecausewemustregardhimasasemi—lunatic，affectedbymegalomania，andhauntedbyfixedideas。
　　BeforetheRevolutionhehadadvancedgreatscientificpretensions，butnooneattachedmuchimportancetohismaunderings。Dreamingofplaceandhonour，hehadonlyobtainedaverysubordinatesituationinthehouseholdofagreatnoble。
　　TheRevolutionopenedupanunhoped—forfuture。Swollenwithhatredoftheoldsocialsystemwhichhadnotrecognisedhismerits，heputhimselfattheheadofthemostviolentsectionofthepeople。HavingpubliclyglorifiedthemassacresofSeptember，hefoundedajournalwhichdenouncedeverybodyandclamouredincessantlyforexecutions。
　　Speakingcontinuallyoftheinterestsofthepeople，Maratbecametheiridol。Themajorityofhiscolleaguesheartilydespisedhim。HadheescapedtheknifeofCharlotteCorday，hecertainlywouldnothaveescapedthatoftheguillotine。
　　5。TheDestinyofthoseMembersoftheConventionwhosurvivedtheRevolution。
　　BesidethemembersoftheConventionwhosepsychologypresentsparticularcharacteristicstherewereothers——Barras，Fouche，Tallien，MerlindeThionville，&c。——completelydevoidofprinciplesorbelief，whoonlysoughttoenrichthemselves。
　　Theysoughttobuildupenormousfortunesoutofthepublicmisery。Inordinarytimestheywouldhavebeenqualifiedassimplescoundrels，butinperiodsofrevolutionallstandardsofviceandvirtueseemtodisappear。
　　AlthoughafewJacobinsremainedfanatics，themajorityrenouncedtheirconvictionsassoonastheyhadobtainedriches，andbecamethefaithfulcourtiersofNapoleon。Cambaceres，who，onaddressingLouisXVI。inprison，calledhimLouisCapet，undertheEmpirerequiredhisfriendstocallhim``Highness’’inpublicand``Monseigneur’’inprivate，thusdisplayingtheenviousfeelingwhichaccompaniedthecravingforequalityinmanyoftheJacobins。
　　``ThemajorityoftheJacobins，’’writesM。Madelin``weregreatlyenriched，andlikeChabot，Bazire，Merlin，Barras，Boursault，Tallien，Barrere，&c。，possessedchateauxandestates。Thosewhowerenotwealthyasyetweresoontobecomeso……IntheCommitteeoftheyearIII。alonethestaffoftheThermidorianpartycomprisedafutureprince，13futurecounts，5
　　futurebarons，7futuresenatorsoftheEmpire，and6futureCouncillorsofState，andbesidethemintheConventiontherewere，betweenthefutureDukeofOtrantotothefutureCountRegnault，nolessthan50democratswhofifteenyearslaterpossessedtitles，coatsofarms，plumes，carriages，endowments，entailedestates，hotels，andchateaux。
　　FouchediedworthL600，000。’’
　　Theprivilegesoftheancienregimewhichhadbeensobitterlydecriedwerethusverysoonre—establishedforthebenefitofthebourgeoisie。ToarriveatthisresultitwasnecessarytoruinFrance，toburnentireprovinces，tomultiplysuffering，toplungeinnumerablefamiliesintodespair，tooverturnEurope，andtodestroymenbythehundredthousandonthefieldofbattle。
　　Inclosingthischapterwewillrecallwhatwehavealreadysaidconcerningthepossibilityofjudgingthemenofthisperiod。
　　Althoughthemoralistisforcedtodealseverelywithcertainindividuals，becausehejudgesthembythetypeswhichsocietymustrespectifitistosucceedinmaintainingitself，thepsychologistisnotinthesamecase。Hisaimistounderstand，andcriticismvanishesbeforeacompletecomprehension。
　　Thehumanmindisaveryfragilemechanism，andthemarionetteswhichdanceuponthestageofhistoryarerarelyabletoresisttheimperiousforceswhichimpelthem。Heredity，environment，andcircumstancesareimperiousmasters。Noonecansaywithcertaintywhatwouldhavebeenhisconductintheplaceofthemenwhoseactionsheendeavourstointerpret。
　　BOOKIII
　　THECONFLICTBETWEENANCESTRALINFLUENCESANDREVOLUTIONARY
　　PRINCIPLES
　　CHAPTERI
　　THELASTCONVULSIONSOFANARCHY——THEDIRECTORY
　　1。ThePsychologyoftheDirectory。
　　Asthevariousrevolutionaryassemblieswerecomposedinpartofthesamemen，onemightsupposethattheirpsychologywouldbeverysimilar。
　　Atordinaryperiodsthiswouldhavebeenso，foraconstantenvironmentmeansconstancyofcharacter。ButwhencircumstanceschangeasrapidlyastheydidundertheRevolution，charactermustperforcetransformitselftoadaptitselfthereto。SuchwasthecasewiththeDirectory。
　　TheDirectorycomprisedseveraldistinctassemblies：twolargechambers，consistingofdifferentcategoriesofdeputies，andoneverysmallchamber，whichconsistedofthefiveDirectors。
　　ThetwolargerAssembliesremindonestronglyoftheConventionbytheirweakness。Theywerenolongerforcedtoobeypopularriots，asthesewereenergeticallypreventedbytheDirectors，buttheyyieldedwithoutdiscussiontothedictatorialinjunctionsofthelatter。
　　Thefirstdeputiestobeelectedweremostlymoderates。EveryonewaswearyoftheJacobintyranny。ThenewAssemblydreamedofrebuildingtheruinswithwhichFrancewascovered，andestablishingaliberalgovernmentwithoutviolence。
　　ButbyoneofthosefatalitieswhichwerealawoftheRevolution，andwhichprovethatthecourseofeventsisoftensuperiortomen’swills，thesedeputies，liketheirpredecessors，maybesaidalwaystohavedonethecontraryofwhattheywishedtodo。Theyhopedtobemoderate，andtheywereviolent；theywantedtoeliminatetheinfluenceoftheJacobins，andtheyallowedthemselvestobeledbythem；theythoughttorepairtheruinsofthecountryandtheysucceededonlyinaddingotherstothem；theyaspiredtoreligiouspeace，andtheyfinallypersecutedandmassacredthepriestswithgreaterrigourthanduringtheTerror。
　　ThepsychologyofthelittleassemblyformedbythefiveDirectorswasverydifferentfromthatoftheChamberofDeputies。Encounteringfreshdifficultiesdaily，thedirectorswereforcedtoresolvethem，whilethelargeAssemblies，withoutcontactwithrealities，hadonlytheiraspirations。
　　TheprevailingthoughtoftheDirectorswasverysimple。Highlyindifferenttoprinciples，theywishedabovealltoremainthemastersofFrance。Toattainthatresulttheydidnotshrinkfromresortingtothemostillegitimatemeasures，evenannullingtheelectionsofagreatnumberofthedepartmentswhentheseembarrassedthem。
　　FeelingthemselvesincapableofreorganisingFrance，theylefthertoherself。Bytheirdespotismtheycontrivedtodominateher，buttheynevergovernedher。Now，whatFranceneededmorethananythingatthisjuncturewastobegoverned。
　　TheconventionhasleftbehinditthereputationofastrongGovernment，andtheDirectorythatofaweakGovernment。Thecontraryistrue：itwastheDirectorythatwasthestrongGovernment。
　　PsychologicallywemayreadilyexplainthedifferencebetweentheGovernmentoftheDirectoryandthatoftheprecedingAssembliesbyrecallingthefactthatagatheringofsixhundredtosevenhundredpersonsmaywellsufferfromwavesofcontagiousenthusiasm，asonthenightofthe4thofAugust，orevenimpulsesofenergeticwill—power，suchasthatwhichlauncheddefianceagainstthekingsofEurope。Butsuchimpulsesaretooephemeraltopossessanygreatforce。Acommitteeoffivemembers，easilydominatedbythewillofone，isfarmoresusceptibleofcontinuousresolution——thatis，ofperseveranceinasettledlineofconduct。
　　TheGovernmentoftheDirectoryprovedtobealwaysincapableofgoverning，butitneverlackedastrongwill。Nothingrestrainingit，neitherrespectforlawnorconsiderationforthecitizens，norloveofthepublicwelfare，itwasabletoimposeuponFranceadespotismmorecrushingthanthatofanyGovernmentsincethebeginningoftheRevolution，notexceptingtheTerror。
　　AlthoughitutilisedmethodsanalogoustothoseoftheConvention，andruledFranceinthemosttyrannicalmanner，theDirectory，nomorethantheConvention，wasneverthemasterofFrance。
　　Thisfact，whichIhavealreadynoted，provesoncemoretheimpotenceofmaterialconstrainttodominatemoralforces。Itcannotbetoooftenrepeatedthatthetrueguideofmankindisthemoralscaffoldingerectedbyhisancestors。
　　Accustomedtoliveinanorganisedsociety，supportedbycodesandrespectedtraditions，wecanwithdifficultyrepresenttoourselvestheconditionofanationdeprivedofsuchabasis。Asageneralthingweonlyseetheirksomesideofourenvironment，tooreadilyforgettingthatsocietycanexistonlyonconditionofimposingcertainrestraints，andthatlaws，manners，andcustomconstituteacheckuponthenaturalinstinctsofbarbarismwhichneverentirelyperishes。
　　ThehistoryoftheConventionandtheDirectorywhichfolloweditshowsplainlytowhatdegreedisordermayovercomeanationdeprivedofitsancientstructure，andhavingforguideonlytheartificialcombinationsofaninsufficientreason。
　　2。DespoticGovernmentoftheDirectory。RecrudescenceoftheTerror。
　　Withtheobjectofdivertingattention，occupyingthearmy，andobtainingresourcesbythepillageofneighbouringcountries，theDirectorsdecidedtoresumethewarsofconquestwhichhadsucceededundertheConvention。
　　ThesecontinuedduringthelifetimeoftheDirectory。Thearmieswonarichbooty，especiallyinItaly。
　　Someoftheinvadedpopulationsweresosimpleastosupposethattheseinvasionswereundertakenintheirinterest。Theywerenotlongindiscoveringthatallmilitaryoperationswereaccompaniedbycrushingtaxesandthepillageofchurches，publictreasuries，&c。
　　ThefinalconsequenceofthispolicyofconquestwastheformationofanewcoalitionagainstFrance，whichlasteduntil1801。
　　Indifferenttothestateofthecountryandincapableofreorganisingit，theDirectorswereprincipallyconcernedinstrugglingagainstanincessantseriesofconspiraciesinordertokeepinpower。
　　Thistaskwasenoughtooccupytheirleisure，forthepoliticalpartieshadnotdisarmed。Anarchyhadreachedsuchapointthatallwerecallingforahandpowerfulenoughtorestoreorder。
　　Everyonefelt，theDirectorsincluded，thattherepublicansystemcouldnotlastmuchlonger。
　　Somedreamedofre—establishingroyalty，otherstheTerroristsystem，whileotherswaitedforageneral。OnlythepurchasersofthenationalpropertyfearedachangeofGovernment。
　　TheunpopularityoftheDirectoryincreaseddaily，andwheninMay，1797，thethirdpartoftheAssemblyhadtoberenewed，themajorityofthoseelectedwerehostiletothesystem。
　　TheDirectorswerenotembarrassedbyalittlethinglikethat。
　　Theyannulledtheelectionsin49departments；154ofthenewdeputieswereinvalidatedandexpelled，53condemnedtodeportation。AmongtheselatterfiguredthemostillustriousnamesoftheRevolution：Portalis，Carnot，TronsonduCoudray，&c。
　　Tointimidatetheelectors，militarycommissionscondemnedtodeath，ratheratrandom，160persons，andsenttoGuiana330，ofwhomhalfspeedilydied。TheemigresandpriestswhohadreturnedtoFrancewereviolentlyexpelled。Thiswasknownasthecoupd’etatofFructidor。
　　Thiscoup，whichstruckmoreespeciallyatthemoderates，wasnottheonlyoneofitskind；anotherquicklyfollowed。TheDirectors，findingtheJacobindeputiestoonumerous，annulledtheelectionsofsixtyofthem。
　　TheprecedingfactsdisplayedthetyrannicaltemperoftheDirectors，butthisappearedevenmoreplainlyinthedetailsoftheirmeasures。ThenewmastersofFrancealsoprovedtobeasbloodthirstyasthemostferociousdeputiesoftheTerror。
　　Theguillotinewasnotre—establishedasapermanency，butreplacedbydeportationunderconditionswhichleftthevictimslittlechanceofsurvival。SenttoRochefortincagesofironbars，exposedtoalltheseveritiesoftheweather，theywerethenpackedintoboats。
　　``BetweenthedecksoftheDecadeandtheBayonnaise，’’
　　saysTaine，``themiserableprisoners，suffocatedbythelackofairandthetorridheat，bulliedandfleeced，diedofhungerorasphyxia，andGuianacompletedtheworkofthevoyage：of193
　　takenthitherbytheDecade39wereleftaliveattheendoftwenty—twomonths；of120takenbytheBayonnaise1remained。
　　ObservingeverywhereaCatholicrenascence，andimaginingthattheclergywereconspiringagainstthem，theDirectorsdeportedorsenttothegalleysinoneyear1，448priests，tosaynothingofalargenumberwhoweresummarilyexecuted。TheTerrorwasinrealitycompletelyre—established。
　　TheautocraticdespotismoftheDirectorywasexercisedinallthebranchesoftheadministration，notablythefinances。Thus，havingneedofsixhundredmillionfrancs，itforcedthedeputies，alwaysdocile，tovoteaprogressiveimpost，whichyielded，however，onlytwelvemillions。Beingpresentlyinthesamecondition，itdecreedaforcedloanofahundredmillions，whichresultedintheclosingofworkshops，thestoppageofbusiness，andthedismissalofdomestics。Itwasonlyatthepriceofabsoluteruinthatfortymillionscouldbeobtained。