Commencedbythemiddleclassesfortheirownprofit，theRevolutionspeedilybecameapopularmovement，andatthesametimeastruggleoftheinstinctiveagainsttherational，arevoltagainstalltheconstraintswhichmakecivilisationoutofbarbarism。Itwasbyrelyingontheprincipleofpopularsovereigntythatthereformersattemptedtoimposetheirdoctrines。Guidedbyleaders，thepeopleintervenedincessantlyinthedeliberationsoftheAssemblies，andcommittedthemostsanguinaryactsofviolence。
ThehistoryofthemultitudesduringtheRevolutioniseminentlyinstructive。Itshowstheerrorofthepoliticianswhoattributeallthevirtuestothepopularsoul。
ThefactsoftheRevolutionteachus，onthecontrary，thatapeoplefreedfromsocialconstraints，thefoundationsofcivilisation，andabandonedtoitsinstinctiveimpulses，speedilyrelapsesintoitsancestralsavagery。Everypopularrevolutionwhichsucceedsintriumphingisatemporaryreturntobarbarism。
IftheCommuneof1871hadlasted，itwouldhaverepeatedtheTerror。Nothavingthepowertokillsomanypeople，ithadtoconfineitselftoburningtheprincipalmonumentsofthecapital。
TheRevolutionrepresentstheconflictofpsychologicalforcesliberatedfromthebondswhosefunctionitistorestrainthem。
Popularinstincts，Jacobinbeliefs，ancestralinfluences，appetites，andpassionsunloosed，allthesevariousinfluencesengagedinafuriousmutualconflictforthespaceoftenyears，duringwhichtimetheysoakedFranceinbloodandcoveredthelandwithruins。
Seenfromadistance，thisseemstobethewholeupshotoftheRevolution。Therewasnothinghomogeneousaboutit。Onemustresorttoanalysisbeforeonecanunderstandandgraspthegreatdramaanddisplaytheimpulseswhichcontinuallyactuateditsheroes。Innormaltimesweareguidedbythevariousformsoflogic——rational，affective，collective，andmystic——whichmoreorlessperfectlybalanceoneanother。Duringseasonsofupheavaltheyenterintoconflict，andmanisnolongerhimself。
WehavebynomeansundervaluedinthisworktheimportanceofcertainacquisitionsoftheRevolutioninrespectoftherightsofthepeople。Butwithmanyotherhistorians，weareforcedtoadmitthattheprizegainedatthecostofsuchruinandbloodshedwouldhavebeenobtainedatalaterdatewithouteffort，bythemereprogressofcivilisation。Forafewyearsgained，whataloadofmaterialdisaster，whatmoraldisintegration！Wearestillsufferingasaresultofthelatter。Thesebrutalpagesinthebookofhistorywilltakelongtoefface：theyarenoteffacedasyet。
Ouryoungmenofto—dayseemtopreferactiontothought。
Disdainingthesteriledissertationsofthephilosophers，theytakenointerestinvainspeculationconcerningmatterswhoseessentialnatureremainsunknown。
Actioniscertainlyanexcellentthing，andallrealprogressisaresultofaction，butitisonlyusefulwhenproperlydirected。
ThemenoftheRevolutionwereassuredlymenofaction，yettheillusionswhichtheyacceptedasguidesledthemtodisaster。
Actionisalwayshurtfulwhen，despisingrealities，itprofessesviolentlytochangethecourseofevents。Onecannotexperimentwithsocietyaswithapparatusinalaboratory。Ourpoliticalupheavalsshowuswhatsuchsocialerrorsmaycost。
AlthoughthelessonoftheRevolutionwasextremelycategorical，manyunpracticalspirits，hallucinatedbytheirdreams，arehopingtorecommenceit。Socialism，themodernsynthesisofthishope，wouldbearegressiontolowerformsofevolution，foritwouldparalysethegreatestsourcesofouractivity。Byreplacingindividualinitiativeandresponsibilitybycollectiveinitiativeandresponsibilitymankindwoulddescendseveralstepsonthescaleofhumanvalues。
Thepresenttimeishardlyfavourabletosuchexperiments。Whiledreamersarepursuingtheirdreams，excitingappetitesandthepassionsofthemultitude，thepeoplesareeverydayarmingthemselvesmorepowerfully。Allfeelthatamidtheuniversalcompetitionofthepresenttimethereisnoroomforweaknations。
InthecentreofEuropeaformidablemilitaryPowerisincreasinginstrength，andaspiringtodominatetheworld，inordertofindoutletsforitsgoods，andforanincreasingpopulation，whichitwillsoonbeunabletonourish。
Ifwecontinuetoshatterourcohesionbyintestinestruggles，partyrivalries，basereligiouspersecutions，andlawswhichfetterindustrialdevelopment，ourpartintheworldwillsoonbeover。Weshallhavetomakeroomforpeoplesmoresolidlyknit，whohavebeenabletoadaptthemselvestonaturalnecessitiesinsteadofpretendingtoturnbackupontheircourse。Thepresentdoesnotrepeatthepast，andthedetailsofhistoryarefullofunforeseenconsequences；butintheirmainlineseventsareconditionedbyeternallaws。
INDEX
Absolutemonarchy，theAccelerationofforcesofviolenceAdministrations，realrulingforcesAffectivelogicAffirmation，powerofAlexanderIofRussiaAlsacelossofAmbition，asamotiveofrevolutionAnarchy，followedbydictatorship；mentalAncestralsoulAncienregime，basesofthe；inconveniencesof；lifeunder；
dissolutionofAncients，CouncilofAnti—clericallawsArmies，oftheRepublic；characterof；victoriesof；causesofsuccessArmy，roleof，inrevolution；in1789
Assemblies，theRevolutionary；psychologyof；obedienttotheclubs；seeNational，Constituent，LegislativeAssemblies，Convention，&c。
AssignatsAugustine，St。
Aulaud，M。
Austria，revolutionin；royalistillusionsastoherattitude；
attackstheRepublicBalfour，Rt。Hon。A。J。，oncoalstrikeBarrasBarrereBartholomew，St。，Massacreof；EuropeanrejoicingoverBastille，takingoftheBattifol，M。
Bayle，P。
Beaulieu，EdictofBedouin，executionsatBelgium，invasionofBeliefs，affectiveandmysticoriginof；intoleranceof；
justificationof；intolerancegreatestbetweenalliedbeliefs；
intoleranceofdemocraticandsocialisticbeliefsBerquin，executedbySorbonneBerry，DuchessdeBillaud—VarenneBismarckBlanc，LouisBlois，StatesofBonaparte，seeNapoleonBonnal，GeneralBossuetBourdeau，M。
Bourgeoisie，theirjealousyofthenoblescausestheRevolution；
theirthirstforrevenge；therealauthorsoftheRevolution；
philosophicideasofBrazilianRevolution，theBritanny，revoltinBroglie，deBrumaire，coupd’etatofBrunswick，Dukeof，hismanifestoBuddhismBureaucracyinFranceCaesar，ondivisionamidtheGaulsCaesarismCaesarsfollowanarchyanddominatemobsCahiers，theCalvin；comparedtoRobespierreCarnotCarrier；crimesof，andtrialCatechismoftheScottishPresbyteriansCatherinedeMedicisCatholicLeagueCavaignac，GeneralChalandonChamp—de—Mars，affairoftheCharlesIX
CharlesX
China，revolutioninChineselabourChristianRevolution，theChristians，mutualhatredofChurch，confiscationofgoodsoftheCivilWarClemenceau，M。
Clergy；civilconstitutionofClubs，the，24—psychologyofthe；obeyedbytheAssemblies；
closed；increasingpowerofthe；seeJacobinsCoalition，theCochin，A。
Colin，M。
Collectiveideas；collectivelogicCollotd’HerboisCommissariesoftheConvention，psychologyofCommittees，theGovernmentalCommuneofParis，the；ininsurrection；chiefpowerinState；
ordersmassacreofSeptember；tyrannyofCommuneof1871
Communes，therevolutionaryComte，A。
Concordat，theCondorcetConstituentAssembly，the；psychologyofthe；itsfearofthepeople；temporarilyresiststhepeople；losespower；itslastactionConstitutionof1791；of1793；of1795；oftheyearVIII
Constitutions，faithinConstraints，social，necessityofConsulate，theContagion，mental；causesof；incrowdsContratSocial，theConvention，giantsofthe；inconsistencyof；decimatesitself；
psychologyofthe；cowardiceof；mentalcharacteristicsof；
compositionof；fearinthe；besiegedbytheCommune；surrendersGirondists；Governmentofthe；abolishesroyalty；dissolvedCouncilofStateCouthonCriminalmentalityCromwellCrowd，PsychologyoftheCrowdsintheFrenchRevolutionCruppi，M。
CubaCunisset—CarnotCurrency，paperDantonDarwin，CharlesDausset，M。
``Days，’’ofMay31；June2；ofJune20；ofAug。10；ofJune2；ofOct。5
Debidour，M。
DeclarationofRights，theDemocracy；intellectualandpopularDepartmentalinsurrectionsDesmoulins，CamilleDictatorshipfollowsanarchyDiderotDirectory，the，failureof；closesclubs；psychologyofthe；
governmentofthe；deportationsunderDiscontent，resultofDreux—BrezeDrinkmann，BaronDubourg，Anne，burnedDumas，PresidentoftheRevolutionaryTribunalDumouriezDurelEgo，analysisoftheElchingen，GeneralElizabeth，EmpressofRussiaEmigres，banishedEmpire，theSecondEncyclopaedists，theEngland，coalstrikeinEnglishRevolution；ConstitutionEnthusiasmEnvyEqualityEvolutionFaguet，E。
Fatalism，historiansonFaubourgs，disarmedFearFederationFerrer，notesonanniversaryofexecutionofFersenFiveHundred，theFontenelleFrance，kingsof；artificialunityofFrancisI
Franco—PrussianwarFraternityFreethinkers，intoleranceofFrenchRevolution，the，revisionofideasconcerning；generallymisunderstood；anewreligiousmovement；originsof；religionsnatureof；descendstolowerclasses；causesof；opinionsofhistoriansconcerning；becomesapopulargovernment；causesofdemocratisation；causesoftheRevolution；astruggleofinstinctagainstreasonFouche，atLyonsFouquier—TinvilleFreronGalileoGermanEmperors``Giants’’oftheConvention；mediocrityofGilbert—LiendonGirondists，the；lateofthe；surrenderedbytheConvention；voteforLouis’deathGlosson，Professor，experimentincrowdpsychologyGovernments，feebleresistanceof，torevolution；besttacticstopursue；revolutionseffectedbyGreekRevolutionGregoireGregoryXIII
Guillotine，regenerationbyGuiraud，M。
Guise，DukeofGuizotHamel，M。
Hamilton，GeneralHanotaux，G。
HanriotHatred，valueofHaxo，GeneralHebertHebertistsHelvetiusHenriII
HenriIII
HenriIV
HenryIVofGermanyHenryVIIIofEnglandHistorians，mistakenviewsof，reFrenchRevolution；opinionsof；
concerningHoche，GeneralHolbachHolland，invasionofHugo，VictorHuguenots，massacreofHumboldtHunter’sancestralinstinctofcarnageIena，explosiononboardofImpartiality，impossibilityofIncendiarism，ofCommuneof1871
Inequality，cravingforInquisition，theIslamItaly，revolutioninJacobinism；failureof；modern；itscrazeforreformsJacobins，the；realprotagonistsoftheRevolution；claimtoreorganiseFranceinnameofpurereason；theyruleFrance；
resultsoftheirtriumph；theoriesof；smallnumbersof；theclubsclosed，；downfallofJourdan，GeneralLaBruyereLaFayetteLanessan，M。
Langlois，GeneralLatinmind，theLavisseLavoisierLeaders，popular，psychologyofLebonLebrun，Mme。VigeeLegendaryhistoryLegislation，faithinLegislativeAssembly，thepsychologyof；characterof；timidityofLettresdecachetLevy，GeneralLiberte，the，explosiononboard``Liberty，Equality，Fraternity’’
LippomanoLogics，differentspeciesofLouisXIII
LouisXIV；povertyunderLouisXVI；flightandcapture；hischance；powersrestored，；aprisoner；regardedastraitor；suspended；trialof；executionof，ablunderLouisXVII
LouisXVIII
Louis—PhilippeLutherMacMahon，MarshalMadelinMohammedMaistre，deMalesherbesMaratMarieAntoinette；influenceofMarieLouiseMassacres，duringwarsofreligion；duringtheFrenchRevolution；
seeSeptember，Commissaries，&c。
MentalitiesprevalentintimeofrevolutionMerlinMicheletMidi，revoltintheMirabeauMonarch，positionof，undertheReformationMonarchicalfeelingMontagnardsMontesquieuMontlucMoorsinSpainMountain，theMysticlogicMysticmentalityNantes，Edictof；revokedNantes，massacresatNapoleon；inRussia；onfatalism；onthe5thofOctober；inItaly；inEgypt；returns；asConsul；reorganisesFrance；defeatedNapoleonIII
NationalAssembly，theNationalGuardNature，returnto，illusionsrespectingNeckerNoailles，ComtedeNoblesrenounceprivileges；emigrateOctober，``days’’ofOlivier，E。
OpinionsandBeliefsOppede，Barond’
Orleans，Ducd’
Paris，hershareintheRevolution。SeePeoplePasteurPeasants，conditionof，beforeRevolution；burnchateauxPeople，the，inrevolution；neverdirectsitself；supposedpartof；thereality；analysisof；thebasepopulace；commencestoterrorisetheAssemblies；thesectionsrisePeoples，thePsychologyofPersecution，religiousPersonality，transformationof，duringrevolutionPetertheGreatPetionPhilipII
PhilippinesPhilosophers，influenceofPlain，thePoissy，assemblyofPoland，decadenceof；revolutionin；partitionofPoliticalbeliefsPope，thePortugueseRevolutionPositivismPredestinationPresbyterianCatechismProtestants，martyrs；persecuteCatholics；exodusof；mentalityofPrussia，invadesFrancePublicsafety，committeeofQuinetRacialmind，stabilityoftheRambaud，M。
Rationallogic，seldomguidesconduct；originalmotiveinFrenchRevolutionReason，GoddessofReformation，the；rationalpovertyofdoctrinesReforms，JacobincravingforReligion，theFrenchrepublicaformofReligion，warsof，theRepetition，valueofRepublic，thefirst；thesecond；thethirdRevision，necessityofRevolutionof1789；seeFrenchRevolution；of1836；of1848；of1870
Revolutions，classificationof；originof；usualobjectofRevolutions，political；resultsofRevolutions，religiousRevolutions，scientificRevolutionaryarmyRevolutionarycommunesRevolutionarymentalityRevolutionarymunicipalitiesRevolutionarytribunalsRobespierre；comparedtoCalvin；HighPontiff；pontiff；reignsalone；solemasteroftheConvention；psychologyof；hisfallRochelleRoland，Mme。
RomanEmpireRossignolRousseauRoussel，F。
RussiaRussianRevolutionRusso—JapanesewarSaint—Denis，destructionoftombsatSaint—JustSedanSeptember，massacresofSieyesSocialdistinctionsSocialism；hatestheelectSorel，A。
Spain，revolutioninStatesGeneralSullaSuspects，LawofSyndicalismTacitusTaine；onJacobinism；hisworkTaxes，pro—revolutionaryTerror，the；motivesof；psychologyof；executionsduring；
stupefyingeffectof；intheprovinces；inthedepartmentsThermidor，reactionofThiebault，GeneralThiers；PresidentThirdEstate，jealousyoftheTocquevilleTolerance，impossiblebetweenopposedorrelatedbeliefsTogo，AdmiralToulon；fallofTraditionTsushimaTuileries，attacked；Louisprisonerin；attackedbypopulaceTurenneTurgotTurkey，revolutioninUnitedStatesUniversalsuffrageValmyVanity，causeofrevolutionVarennes，flighttoVasariVendee，LaVergniaudVersailles，attackonViolence，causesofVoltaireWendell，BarrettWilliams，H。
Young，ArthurEnd