St。Louis，inordertogiveadistasteoftheFrenchjurisprudence，causedthebooksoftheRomanlawtobetranslated；bywhichmeanstheyweremadeknowntothelawyersofthosetimes。Défontaines，whoistheoldestlawwriterwehave，madegreatuseofthoseRomanlaws。[284]Hisworkis，insomemeasure，aresultfromtheancientFrenchjurisprudence，ofthelawsorInstitutionsofSt。Louis，andoftheRomanlaw。Beaumanoirmadeverylittleuseofthelatter；buthereconciledtheancientFrenchlawstotheregulationsofSt。Louis。
Ihaveanotion，therefore，thatthelawbookknownbythenameoftheInstitutionswascompiledbysomebailiffs，withthesamedesignasthatoftheauthorsofthosetwoWorks，andespeciallyofDéfontaines。ThetitleofthisworkmentionsthatitiswrittenaccordingtotheusageofParis，Orleans，andthecourtofBarony；andthepreamblesaysthatittreatsoftheusageofthewholekingdom，ofAnjouandofthecourtofBarony。ItisplainthatthisworkwasmadeforParis，OrleansandAnjou，astheworksofBeaumanoirandDéfontaineswereframedforthecountiesofClermontandVermandois；andasitappearsfromBeaumanoirthatdiverslawsofSt。LouishadbeenreceivedinthecourtsofBarony，thecompilerwasintherighttosaythathisworkrelatedalsotothosecourts。[285]
ItismanifestthatthepersonwhocomposedthisworkcompiledthecustomsofthecountrytogetherwiththelawsandInstitutionsofSt。
Louis。Thisisaveryvaluablework，becauseitcontainstheancientcustomsofAnjou，theInstitutionsofSt。Louis，astheyweretheninuse；and，infine，thewholepracticeoftheancientFrenchlaw。
ThedifferencebetweenthisworkandthoseofDéfontainesandBeaumanoirisitsspeakinginimperativetermsasalegislator；andthismightberight，sinceitwasamedleyofwrittencustomsandlaws。
Therewasanintrinsicdefectinthiscompilation；itformedanamphibiouscode，inwhichtheFrenchandRomanlawsweremixed，andwherethingswerejoinedthatwereinnorelation，butoftencontradictorytoeachother。
IamnotignorantthattheFrenchcourtsofvassalsorpeers；thejudgmentswithoutpowerofappealingtoanothertribunal；themannerofpronouncingsentencebythesewords"Icondemn"or"Iabsolve，"[286]hadsomeconformitytothepopularjudgmentsoftheRomans。Buttheymadeverylittleuseofthatancientjurisprudence；theyratherchosethatwhichwasafterwardsintroducedbytheemperor，inordertoregulate，limit，correct，andextendtheFrenchjurisprudence。
39。ThesameSubjectcontinued。ThejudiciaryformsintroducedbySt。
Louisfellintodisuse。Thisprincehadnotsomuchinviewthethingitself，thatis，thebestmanneroftryingcauses，asthebestmannerofsupplyingtheancientpracticeoftrial。Theprincipalintentwastogiveadisrelishoftheancientjurisprudence，andthenexttoformanewone。Butwhentheinconveniencesofthelatterappeared，anothersoonsucceeded。
TheInstitutionsofSt。Louisdidnot，therefore，somuchchangetheFrenchjurisprudenceastheyaffordedthemeansofchangingit；theyopenednewtribunals，orratherwaystocomeatthem。Andwhenoncethepublichadeasyaccesstothesuperiorcourts，thejudgmentswhichbeforeconstitutedonlytheusagesofaparticularlordshipformedauniversaldigest。BymeansoftheInstitutions，theyhadobtainedgeneraldecisions，whichwereentirelywantinginthekingdom；whenthebuildingwasfinished，theyletthescaffoldfalltotheground。
ThustheInstitutionsproducedeffectswhichcouldhardlybeexpectedfromamasterpieceoflegislation。Topreparegreatchangeswholeagesaresometimesrequisite；theeventsripen，andtherevolutionsfollow。
Theparliamentjudgedinthelastresortofalmostalltheaffairsofthekingdom。Before，[287]ittookcognizanceonlyofdisputesbetweenthedukes，counts，barons，bishops，abbots，orbetweenthekingandhisvassals，[288]ratherintherelationtheyboretothepoliticalthantothecivilorder。Theyweresoonobligedtorenderitpermanent，whereasitusedtobeheldonlyafewtimesinayear：and，infine，agreatnumberwerecreated；inordertobesufficientforthedecisionofallmannerofcauses。
Nosoonerhadtheparliamentbecomeafixedbody，thantheybegantocompileitsdecrees。JeandeMonluc，inthereignofPhiliptheFair，madeacollectionwhichatpresentisknownbythenameoftheOlimregisters。[289]
40。InwhatMannerthejudiciaryFormswereborrowedfromtheDecretals。
Buthowcomesit，somewillask，thatwhentheInstitutionswerelaidaside，thejudicialformsofthecanonlawshouldbepreferredtothoseoftheRoman？Itwasbecausetheyhadconstantlybeforetheireyestheecclesiasticcourts，whichfollowedtheformsofthecanonlaw，andtheyknewofnocourtthatfollowedthoseoftheRomanlaw。Besides，thelimitsofthespiritualandtemporaljurisdictionwereatthattimeverylittleunderstood；therewerepeoplewhosuedindifferently[290]andcausesthatweretriedindifferently，ineithercourt。[291]Itseems[292]asifthetemporaljurisdictionreservednoothercasesexclusivelytoitselfthanthejudgmentoffeudalmatters，[293]andofsuchcrimescommittedbylaymenasdidnotrelatetoreligion。For[294]
ifontheaccountofconventionsandcontracts，theyhadoccasiontosueinatemporalcourt，thepartiesmightoftheirownaccordproceedbeforethespiritualtribunals；andasthelatterhadnotapowertoobligethetemporalcourttoexecutethesentence，theycommandedsubmissionbymeansofexcommunications。Underthosecircumstances，whentheywantedtochangethecourseofproceedingsinthetemporalcourt，theytookthatofthespiritualtribunals，becausetheyknewit；butdidnotmeddlewiththatoftheRomanlaw，byreasontheywerestrangerstoit：forinpointofpracticepeopleknowonlywhatisreallypractised。
41。FluxandRefluxoftheecclesiasticandtemporalJurisdiction。Thecivilpowerbeinginthehandsofaninfinitenumberoflords，itwasaneasymatterfortheecclesiasticjurisdictiontogaindailyagreaterextent。Butastheecclesiasticcourtsweakenedthoseofthelords，andcontributedtherebytogivestrengthtotheroyaljurisdiction，thelattergraduallycheckedthejurisdictionoftheclergy。Theparliament，whichinitsformofproceedingshadadoptedwhateverwasgoodandusefulinthespiritualcourts，soonperceivednothingelsebuttheabuseswhichhadcreptintothosetribunals；andastheroyaljurisdictiongainedgroundeveryday，itgreweverydaymorecapableofcorrectingthoseabuses。And，indeed，theywereintolerable；withoutenumeratingthemIshallreferthereadertoBeaumanoir，toBoutillierandtotheordinancesofourkings。[295]Ishallmentiononlytwoinwhichthepublicinterestwasmoredirectlyconcerned。Theseabusesweknowbythedecreesthatreformedthem；theyhadbeenintroducedinthetimesofthedarkestignorance，anduponthebreakingoutofthefirstgleamoflight，theyvanished。Fromthesilenceoftheclergyitmaybepresumedthattheyforwardedthisreformation：which，consideringthenatureofthehumanmind，deservescommendation。Everymanthatdiedwithoutbequeathingapartofhisestatetothechurch，whichwascalleddying"withoutconfession，"wasdeprivedofthesacramentandofChristianburial。Ifhediedintestate，hisrelativeswereobligedtoprevailuponthebishopthathewould，jointlywiththem，nameproperarbiterstodeterminewhatsumthedeceasedoughttohavegiven，incasehehadmadeawill。Peoplecouldnotlietogetherthefirstnightoftheirnuptials，oreventhetwofollowingnights，withouthavingpreviouslypurchasedleave；these，indeed，werethebestthreenightstochoose；forastotheothers，theywerenotworthmuch。Allthiswasredressedbytheparliament：wefindintheglossaryoftheFrenchlaw，[296]byRagau，thedecreewhichitpublishedagainsttheBishopofAmiens。[297]
Ireturntothebeginningofmychapter。Wheneverweobserveinanyageorgovernmentthedifferentbodiesofthestateendeavouringtoincreasetheirauthority，andtotakeparticularadvantagesofeachother，weshouldbeoftenmistakenwerewetoconsidertheirencroachmentsasanevidentmarkoftheircorruption。Throughafatalityinseparablefromhumannature，moderationingreatmenisveryrare：andasitisalwaysmucheasiertopushonforceinthedirectioninwhichitmovesthantostopitsmovement，sointhesuperiorclassofthepeople，itislessdifficult，perhaps，tofindmenextremelyvirtuous，thanextremelyprudent。
Thehumanmindfeelssuchanexquisitepleasureintheexerciseofpower；eventhosewhoareloversofvirtuearesoexcessivelyfondofthemselvesthatthereisnomansohappyasnotstilltohavereasontomistrusthishonestintentions；and，indeed，ouractionsdependonsomanythingsthatitisinfinitelyeasiertodogood，thantodoitwell。
42。TheRevivaloftheRomanLaw，andtheResultthereof。ChangeofTribunals。UponthediscoveryofJustinian’sdigesttowardstheyear1137，theRomanlawseemedtoriseoutofitsashes。SchoolswerethenestablishedinItaly，whereitwaspubliclytaught；theyhadalreadytheJustiniancodeandtheNovell？。ImentionedbeforethatthiscodehadbeensofavourablyreceivedinthatcountryastoeclipsethelawoftheLombards。
TheItaliandoctorsbroughtthelawofJustinianintoFrance，wheretheyhadonlytheTheodosiancode；[298]becauseJustinian’slawswerenotmadetillafterthesettlementoftheBarbariansinGaul。[299]Thislawmetwithsomeopposition：butitstooditsgroundnotwithstandingtheexcommunicationsofthepopes，whosupportedtheirowncanons。[300]StLouisendeavouredtobringitintoreputebythetranslationsofJustinian’sworks，madeaccordingtohisorders，whicharestillinmanuscriptinourlibraries；andIhavealreadyobservedthattheymadegreatuseofthemincompilingtheInstitutions。PhiliptheFairorderedtheLawsofJustiniantobetaughtonlyaswrittenreasoninthoseprovincesofFrancethatweregovernedbycustoms；andtheywereadoptedasalawinthoseprovinceswheretheRomanlawhadbeenreceived。[301]
Ihavealreadynoticedthatthemannerofproceedingbyjudicialcombatrequiredverylittleknowledgeinthejudges；disputesweredecidedaccordingtotheusageofeachplace，andtoafewsimplecustomsreceivedbytradition。InBeaumanoir’stimethereweretwodifferentwaysofadministeringjustice；[302]insomeplacestheytriedbypeers，[303]inothersbybailiffs：infollowingtheformerway，thepeersgavejudgmentaccordingtothepracticeoftheircourt；inthelatter，itwastheprud’hommes，oroldmen，whopointedoutthissamepracticetothebailiffs。[304]Thiswholeproceedingrequiredneitherlearning，capacity，norstudy。ButwhenthedarkcodeoftheInstitutionsmadeitsappearance；whentheRomanlawwastranslatedandtaughtinpublicschools；whenacertainartofprocedureandjurisprudencebegantobeformed；whenpractitionersandcivilianswereseentorise，thepeersandtheprud’hommeswerenolongercapableofjudging：thepeersbegantowithdrawfromthelords’tribunals；andthelordswereverylittleinclinedtoassemblethem；especiallyasthenewformoftrial，insteadofbeingasolemnproceeding，agreeabletothenobilityandinterestingtoawarlikepeople，hadbecomeacourseofpleadingwhichtheyneitherunderstood，norcaredtolearn。Thecustomoftryingbypeersbegantobelessused；[305]thatoftrying，bybailiffstobemoreso；thebailiffsdidnotgivejudgmentthemselves，[306]theysummeduptheevidenceandpronouncedthejudgmentoftheprud’hommes；butthelatterbeingnolongercapableofjudging，thebailiffsthemselvesgavejudgment。
Thiswaseffectedsomuchtheeasier，astheyhadbeforetheireyesthepracticeoftheecclesiasticcourts；thecanonandnewcivillawbothconcurredaliketoabolishthepeers。
ThusfelltheusagehithertoconstantlyobservedintheFrenchmonarchy，thatjudgmentshouldnotbepronouncedbyasingleperson，asmaybeseenintheSaliclaws，thecapitularies，andinthefirstlaw—writersunderthethirdrace。[307]Thecontraryabusewhichobtainsonlyinlocaljurisdictionshasbeenmoderated，andinsomemeasureredressed，byintroducinginmanyplacesajudge’sdeputy，whomheconsults，andwhorepresentstheancientprud’hommesbytheobligationthejudgeisunderoftakingtwograduatesincasesthatdeserveacorporalpunishment；and，infine，ithasbecomeofnoeffectbytheextremefacilityofappeals。
43。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Thustherewasnolawtoprohibitthelordsfromholdingtheircourtsthemselves；nonetoabolishthefunctionsoftheirpeers；nonetoordainthecreationofbailiffs；nonetogivethemthepowerofjudging。Allthiswaseffectedinsensibly，andbytheverynecessityofthething。TheknowledgeoftheRomanlaw，thedecreesofthecourts，thenewdigestofthecustoms，requiredastudyofwhichthenobilityandilliteratepeoplewereincapable。
Theonlyordinancewehaveuponthissubjectisthatwhichobligedthelordstochoosetheirbailiffs。fromamongthelaity。[308]Itisamistaketolookuponthisasalawoftheircreation；foritsaysnosuchthing。Besides，theintentionofthelegislatorisdeterminedbythereasonsassignedintheordinance："totheendthatthebailiffsmaybepunishedfortheirprevarications，itisnecessarytheybetakenfromtheorderofthelaity。"Theimmunitiesoftheclergyinthosedaysareverywellknown。
Wemustnotimaginethattheprivilegeswhichthenobilityformerlyenjoyed，andofwhichtheyarenowdivested，weretakenfromthemasusurpations；no，manyofthoseprivilegeswerelostthroughneglect，andothersweregivenupbecause，asvariouschangeshadbeenintroducedinthecourseofsomanyages，theywereinconsistentwiththosechanges。
44。OftheProofbyWitnesses。Thejudges，whohadnootherruletogobythantheusages，inquiredveryoftenbywitnessesintoeverycausethatwasbroughtbeforethem。
Theusageofjudicialcombatsbeginningtodecline，theymadetheirinquestsinwriting。Butaverbalproofcommittedtowritingisnevermorethanaverbalproof；sothatthisonlyincreasedtheexpensesoflawproceedings。Regulationswerethenmadewhichrenderedmostofthoseinquestsuseless；[309]publicregisterswereestablished，whichascertainedmostfacts，asnobility，age，legitimacy，andmarriage。
Writingisawitnessveryhardtocorrupt；thecustomswerethereforereducedtowriting。Allthisisveryreasonable；itismucheasiertogoandseeinthebaptismalregisterwhetherPeteristhesonofPaulthantoprovethisfactbyatediousinquest。Whenthereareanumberofusagesinacountry，itismucheasiertowritethemalldowninacode，thantoobligeindividualstoproveeveryusage。Atlengththefamousordinancewasmadewhichprohibitedtheadmittingoftheproofbywitnessesforadebtexceedinganhundredlivres，excepttherewasthebeginningofaproofinwriting。
45。OftheCustomsofFrance。France，aswehavealreadyobserved，wasgovernedbywrittencustoms，andtheparticularusagesofeachlordshipconstitutedthecivillaw。Everylordshiphaditscivillaw，accordingtoBeaumanoir，[310]andsoparticularalaw，thatthisauthor，whoislookeduponasaluminary；andaverygreatluminaryofthosetimes；
sayshedoesnotbelievethatthroughoutthewholekingdomthereweretwolordshipsentirelygovernedbythesamelaw。
Thisprodigiousdiversityhadatwofoldorigin。Withregardtothefirst，thereadermayrecollectwhathasbeenalreadysaidconcerningitinthechapteroflocalcustoms：[311]andastothesecond，wemeetwithitinthedifferenteventsoflegalduels，itbeingnaturalthatacontinualseriesoffortuitouscasesmusthavebeenproductiveofnewusages。
Thesecustomswerepreservedinthememoryofoldmen，butinsensiblylawsorwrittencustomswereformed。
1。Atthecommencementofthethirdrace，thekingsgavenotonlyparticularcharters，butlikewisegeneralones，inthemanneraboveexplained；sucharetheinstitutionsofPhilipAugustusandthosemadebySt。Louis。Inlikemannerthegreatvassals，inconcurrencewiththelordswhoheldunderthem，grantedcertainchartersorestablishments，accordingtoparticularcircumstancesattheassizesoftheirduchiesorcounties；suchweretheassizeofGodfrey，CountofBrittany，onthedivisionofthenobles；thecustomsofNormandy，grantedbyDukeRalph；
thecustomsofChampagne，givenbyKingTheobald；thelawsofSimon，CountofMontfort，andothers。Thisproducedsomewrittenlaws，andevenmoregeneralonesthanthosetheyhadbefore。
2。Atthebeginningofthethirdrace，almostallthecommonpeoplewerebondmen；buttherewereseveralreasonswhichafterwardsdeterminedthekingsandlordstoenfranchisethem。
Thelordsbyenfranchisingtheirbondmengavethemproperty；itwasnecessarythereforetogivethemcivillaws，inordertoregulatethedisposalofthatproperty。Butbyenfranchisingtheirbondmen，theylikewisedeprivedthemselvesoftheirproperty；therewasanecessity，therefore，ofregulatingtherightswhichtheyreservedtothemselves，asanequivalentforthatproperty。Boththesethingswereregulatedbythechartersofenfranchisement；thosechartersformedapartofourcustoms，andthispartwasreducedtowriting。[312]
3。UnderthereignofSt。Louis，andofthesucceedingprinces，someablepractitioners，suchasDéfontaines，Beaumanoir，andothers，committedthecustomsoftheirbailiwickstowriting。Theirdesignwasrathertogivethecourseofjudicialproceedings，thantheusagesoftheirtimeinrespecttothedisposalofproperty。Butthewholeisthere，andthoughtheseparticularauthorshavenoauthoritybutwhattheyderivefromthetruthandnotorietyofthethingstheyspeakof，yetthereisnomannerofdoubtbutthattheycontributedgreatlytotherestorationofourancientFrenchjurisprudence。Suchwasinthosedaysourcommonlaw。
Wehavecomenowtothegrandepoch。CharlesVIIandhissuccessorscausedthedifferentlocalcustomsthroughoutthekingdomtobereducedtowriting，andprescribedsetformstobeobservedtotheirdigesting。
Now，asthisdigestingwasmadethroughalltheprovinces，andaspeoplecamefromeachlordshiptodeclareinthegeneralassemblyoftheprovincethewrittenorunwrittenusagesofeachplace，endeavoursweremadetorenderthecustomsmoregeneral，asmuchaspossible，withoutinjuringtheinterestsofindividuals，whichwerecarefullypreserved。[313]Thusourcustomswerecharacterisedinathreefoldmanner；theywerecommittedtowriting，theyweremademoregeneral，andtheyreceivedthestampoftheroyalauthority。
Manyofthesecustomshavingbeendigestedanew，severalchangesweremadeeitherinsuppressingwhateverwasincompatiblewiththeactualpracticeofthelaw，orinaddingseveralthingsdrawnfromthispractice。
ThoughthecommonlawisconsideredamongusasinsomemeasureoppositetotheRoman，insomuchthatthesetwolawsdividethedifferentterritories，itis，notwithstanding，truethatseveralregulationsoftheRomanlawenteredintoourcustoms，especiallywhentheymadethenewdigests，atatimenotverydistantfromours，whenthislawwastheprincipalstudyofthosewhoweredesignedforcivilemployments，atatimewhenitwasnotusualforpeopletoboastofnotknowingwhatitwastheirdutytoknow，andofknowingwhattheyoughtnottoknow，atatimewhenaquicknessofunderstandingwasmademoresubservienttolearningthanpretendingtoaprofession，andwhenacontinualpursuitofamusementswasnoteventhecharacteristicofwomen。
Ishouldhavebeenmorediffuseattheendofthisbook，and，enteringintotheseveraldetails，shouldhavetracedalltheinsensiblechangeswhichfromtheopeningofappealshaveformedthegreatcorpusofourFrenchjurisprudence。Butthiswouldhavebeeningraftingonelargeworkuponanother。Iamlikethatantiquarian[314]whosetoutfromhisowncountry，arrivedinEgypt，castaneyeon。thepyramidsandreturnedhome。
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1。SeetheprologuetotheSalicLaw。Mr。Leibnitzsays，inhistreatiseoftheoriginoftheFranks，thatthislawwasmadebeforethereignofClovis：butitcouldnotbebeforetheFrankshadquittedGermany，foratthattimetheydidnotunderstandtheLatintongue。
2。SeeGregoryofTours。
3。SeetheprologuetotheLawoftheBavarians，andthattotheSalicLaw。
4。Ibid。
5。LexAngliorumWerinorum，hocestThuringorum。
6。Theydidnotknowhowtowrite。
7。TheyweremadebyEuric，andamendedbyLeovigildus。SeeIsidorus’schronicle。ChaindasuinthusandRecessuinthusreformedthem。Egigasorderedthecodenowextanttobemade，andcommissionedbishopsforthatpurpose；neverthelessthelawsofChaindasuinthusandRecessuinthuswerepreserved，asappearsbythesixthcouncilofToledo。
8。SeetheprologuetotheLawoftheBavarians。
9。WefindonlyafewinChildebert’sdecree。
10。SeetheprologuetotheCodeoftheBurgundians，andthecodeitself，especiallytit。12，§5，andtit。38。SeealsoGregoryofTours，ii。33，andthecodeoftheVisigoths。
11。Seelowerdown，chapter3。
12。Seecap。ii。§§8and9，andcap。iv。§§2and7。
13。DeBelloGall。，vi。
14。Booki，formul。8。
15。Chapter31。
16。ThatofClotariusintheyear560，intheeditionoftheCapitulariesofBaluzius，i，art。4，ib。infine。
17。CapitulariesaddedtotheLawoftheLombards，i，tit。25，71，ii，tit。41，7，andtit。56，1，2。
18。Ibid。，ii，tit。5。
19。Ibid。，ii，tit。7，1。
20。Ibid。，2。
21。Ibid。，ii，tit。35，2。
22。IntheLawoftheLombards，ii，tit。37。
23。SalicLaw，tit。44，§1。
24。Ibid。，tit。44，§§15，7。
25。Ibid。，tit。41，§4。
26。Ibid。，§6。
27。TheprincipalRomansfollowedthecourt，asmaybeseenbythelivesofseveralbishops，whowerethereeducated；therewerehardlyanybutRomansthatknewhowtowrite。
28。SalicLaw，tit。45。
29。Liduswhoseconditionwasbetterthanthatofabondman。——LawoftheAlemans，95。
30。Tit。35，§§3，4。
31。TheAbbéduBos。
32。WitnesstheexpeditionofArbogastes，inGregoryofTours，History，ii。
33。TheFranks，theVisigoths，andBurgundians。
34。Itwasfinishedin438。
35。The20thyearofthereignofthisprince，andpublishedtwoyearsafterbyAnian，asappearsfromtheprefacetothatcode。
36。Theyear504oftheSpanishera，theChronicleofIsidorus。
37。Francum，autBarbarum，authominemquiSalicalegevivit。——SalicLaw，tit。45，§1。
38。"AccordingtotheRomanlawunderwhichthechurchlives，"asissaidinthelawoftheRipuarians，tit。58，§1。SeealsothenumberlessauthoritiesonthisheadpronouncedbyDuCange，underthewordsLexRomana。
39。SeetheCapitulariesaddedtotheSaliclawinLindembrock，attheendofthatlaw，andthedifferentcodesofthelawsoftheBarbariansconcerningtheprivilegesofecclesiasticsinthisrespect。SeealsotheletterofCharlemagnetohissonPepin，KingofItaly，intheyear807，intheeditionofBaluzius，i，462，whereitissaid，thatanecclesiasticshouldreceiveatriplecompensation；andtheCollectionoftheCapitularies，v，art。302，i。EditionofBaluzius。
40。Seethatlaw。
41。OfthisIshallspeakinanotherplace，xxx。6—9。
42。Agobard，Opera。
43。SeeGervaisofTilbury，inDuchesne’sCollection，iii，p。366。Andachronicleoftheyear759，producedbyCatel，Hist。ofLanguedoc。AndtheuncertainauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaire，uponthedemandmadebythepeopleofSeptimania，attheassemblyinCarisiaco，inDuchesne’sCollection，ii，p。316。
44。Art。16。Seealsoart。20。
45。Seearts。12and16oftheedictofPistesinCavilono，inNarbona，&c。
46。SeewhatMachiavellisaysoftheruinoftheancientnobilityofFlorence。
47。Hebegantoreignintheyear642。
48。"WewillnolongerbeharassedeitherbyforeignorbytheRomanlaws。"——LawoftheVisigoths，ii，tit。1，§§9，10。
49。LawoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。1，1。
50。SeeBookiv。19，26。
51。Therevoltoftheseprovinceswasageneraldefection，asappearsbythesentenceinthesequelofthehistory。PaulusandhisadherentswereRomans；theywereevenfavouredbythebishops。Vambadurstnotputtodeaththerebelswhomhehadquelled。TheauthorofthehistorycallsNarbonneGaulthenurseryoftreason。