ThedaughterofWilliamV,CountofToulouse,didnotsucceedtothecounty。ButEleanorsucceededtoAquitaine,andMatildatoNormandy;andtherightofthesuccessionoffemalesseemedsowellestablishedinthosedays,thatLouistheYoung,afterhisdivorcefromEleanor,madenodifficultyinrestoringGuiennetoher。Butasthesetwolastinstancesfollowedcloseonthefirst,thegenerallawbywhichthewomenwerecalledtothesuccessionoffiefsmusthavebeenintroducedmuchlaterintothecountyofToulousethanintotheotherprovincesofFrance。[212]
TheconstitutionofseveralkingdomsofEuropehasbeendirectedbythestateoffeudaltenuresatthetimewhenthosekingdomswerefounded。
ThewomensucceededneithertothecrownofFrancenortotheempire,becauseatthefoundationofthosetwomonarchiestheywereincapableofsucceedingtofiefs。Buttheysucceededinkingdomswhosefoundationwasposteriortothatoftheperpetuityofthefiefs,suchasthosefoundedbytheNormans,thosebytheconquestsmadeontheMoors,andothers,infine,whichwerebeyondthelimitsofGermany,andinlatertimesreceivedinsomemeasureasecondbirthbytheestablishmentofChristianity。
Whenthesefiefswereatwill,theyweregiventosuchaswerecapableofdoingserviceforthem,and,therefore,wereneverbestowedonminors;butwhentheybecameperpetual,thelordstookthefiefintotheirownhands,tillthepupilcameofage,eithertoincreasetheirownemoluments,ortotrainthewardtotheuseofarms。[213]Thisiswhatourcustomscalltheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren,whichisfoundedonprinciplesdifferentfromthoseoftutelage,andisentirelyadistinctthingfromit。
Whenthefiefswereforlife,itwascustomarytovowfealtyforafief;
andtherealdelivery,whichwasmadebyasceptre,confirmedthefief,asitisnowconfirmedbyhomage。Wedonotfindthatthecounts,oreventheking’scommissaries,receivedthehomageintheprovinces;noristhisceremonytobemetwithinthecommissionsofthoseofficerswhichhavebeenhandeddowntousintheCapitularies。Theysometimes,indeed,madealltheking’ssubjectstakeanoathofallegiance;[214]
butsofarwasthisoathfrombeingofthesamenatureastheserviceafterwardsestablishedbythenameofhomage,thatitwasonlyacere—moneyoflesssolemnity,occasionallyused,eitherbeforeorafterthatactofobeisance;inshort,itwasquiteadistinctthingfromhomage。[215]
Thecountsandtheking’scommissariesfurthermadethosevassalswhosefidelitywassuspectedgiveoccasionallyasecurity,whichwascalledfirmitas,[216]butthissecuritycouldnotbeanhomage,sincekingsgaveittoeachother。[217]
AndthoughtheAbbotSuger[218]makesmentionofachairofDagobert,inwhichaccordingtothetestimonyofantiquity,thekingsofFrancewereaccustomedtoreceivethehomageofthenobility,itisplainthatheexpresseshimselfagreeablytotheideasandlanguageofhisowntime。
Whenthefiefsdescendedtotheheirs,theacknowledgmentofthevassal,whichatfirstwasonlyanoccasionalservice,becamearegularduty。Itwasperformedinamoresplendidmanner,andattendedwithmoreformalities,becauseitwastobeaperpetualmemorialofthereciprocaldutiesofthelordandvassal。
IshouldbeapttothinkthathomagesbegantobeestablishedunderKingPepin,whichisthetimeImentionedthatseveralbeneficesweregiveninperpetuity,butIshouldnotthinkthuswithoutcaution,andonlyuponasuppositionthattheauthorsoftheancientannalsoftheFrankswerenotignorantpretenders,[219]whoindescribingthefealtyprofessedbyTassillon,DukeofBavaria,toKingPepin,spokeaccordingtotheusagesoftheirowntime。[220]
34。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenthefiefswereeitherprecariousorforlife,theyseldomborearelationtoanyotherthanthepoliticallaws;forwhichreasoninthecivilinstitutionsofthosetimesthereisverylittlementionmadeofthelawsoffiefs。Butwhentheybecamehereditary,whentherewasapowerofgiving,selling,andbequeathingthem,theyborearelationbothtothepoliticalandthecivillaws。Thefief,consideredasanobligationofperformingmilitaryservice,dependedonthepoliticallaw;consideredasakindofcommercialproperty,itdependedonthecivillaw。Thisgaverisetothecivilregulationsconcerningfeudaltenures。
Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelawrelatingtotheorderofsuccessionmusthavebeeninrelationtotheperpetuityoffiefs。HencethisruleoftheFrenchlaw,estatesofinheritancedonotascend,[221]
wasestablishedinspiteoftheRomanandSaliclaws。[222]Itwasnecessarythatserviceshouldbepaidforthefief;butagrandfatheroragreat—unclewouldhavebeentoooldtoperformanyservice;thisrulethusheldgoodatfirstonlyinregardtothefeudaltenures,aswelearnfromBoutillier。[223]
Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelordswhoweretoseethatservicewaspaidforthefief,insistedthatthefemaleswhoweretosucceedtothefeudalestate,andIfancysometimesthemales,shouldnotmarrywithouttheirconsent;insomuchthatthemarriagecontractsbecameinrespecttothenobilitybothofafeudalandacivilregulation。[224]Inanactofthiskindunderthelord’sinspection,regulationsweremadeforthesuccession,withtheviewthattheheirsmightpayserviceforthefief:hencenonebutthenobilityatfirsthadthelibertyofdisposingofsuccessionsbymarriagecontract,asBoyer[225]andAufrerius[226]haveobserved。
Itisneedlesstomentionthatthepowerofredemption,foundedontheoldrightoftherelatives,amysteryofourancientFrenchjurisprudenceIhavenottimetounravel,couldnottakeplacewithregardtothefiefstilltheybecameperpetual。
Italiam,Italiam……[227]
Ifinishmytreatiseoffiefsataperiodwheremostauthorscommencetheirs。
______
1。GregoryofTours,iv。42。
2。Chapter7。
3。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。
4。ClothariusII,sonofChilperic,andthefatherofDagobert。
5。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。
6。SeeGregoryofTours,viii。31。
7。Fredegarius,Chronicle,27,intheyear605。
8。Ibid。,28,intheyear607。
9。Ibid。,41,intheyear613。
10。Ibid。,42,intheyear613。
11。SometimeafterBrunehault’sexecution,intheyear615。SeeBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,p。21。
12。Ibid。,art。16。
13。Ibid。
14。Ibid。,art。17。
15。Ibid。,art。1。
16。Ibid。,art。8。
17。Ibid。,art。9。
18。Ibid。,art。21。
19。Theywereorderswhichthekingsenttothejudgestodoortotoleratethingscontrarytolaw。
20。SeeGregoryofTours,iv,p。227。Bothourhistoryandthechartersarefullofthis;andtheextentoftheseabusesappearsespeciallyinClotharius’constitution,insertedintheeditionoftheCapitulariesmadetoreformthem。Baluzius’sedition,p。7。
21。Ibid。,art。22。
22。Ibid。,art6。
23。Ibid。,art。18。
24。InBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i。p。7。
25。IntheprecedingbookIhavemadementionoftheseimmunities,whichweregrantsofjudicialrights,andcontainedprohibitionstotheregaljudgestoperformanyfunctionintheterritory,andwereequivalenttotheerectionorgrantofafief。
26。Hebegantoreigntowardstheyear670。
27。SeetheLifeofSt。Leger。
28。InstiganteBrunihault,Theodoricojubente,&c。——Fredegarius,27,intheyear605。
29。GestaregumFrancorum,36。
30。SeeFredegarius,Chronicle,54,intheyear626,andhisanonymouscontinuator,101,intheyear695,and105,intheyear715。Aimoin,iv。
15,Eginhard。LifeofCharlemagne,48。GestaregumFrancorum,45。
31。SeetheLawoftheBurgundians,pref。,andthesecondsupplementtothislaw,tit。13。
32。SeeGregoryofTours,ix。36。
33。Fredegarius,Chronicle,44,intheyear626。
34。Fredegarius,Chronicle,68,intheyear630。
35。Fredegarius,Chronicle,75,intheyear632。
36。Fredegarius,Chronicle,79,intheyear638。
37。Ibid。
38。Ibid。,80,intheyear639。
39。Fredegarius,Chronicle,89,intheyear641。
40。Ibid。
41。DeMajoribusDomusRegi?。
42。DeMoribusGermanorum,7。
43。SeeSulpiciusAlexander,inGregoryofTours,ii。
44。Intheyear552。
45。Agathias,i。GregoryofTours,iv。9。
46。GontramdidnotevenmarchagainstGondovald,whostyledhimselfsonofClotharius,andclaimedhisshareofthekingdom。
47。Sometimestothenumberoftwenty。SeeGregoryofTours,v。27,viii。28and30,x。3。Dagobert,whohadnomayorinBurgundy,observedthesamepolicy,andsentagainsttheGasconstendukesandseveralcountswhoLadnodukesoverthem。——Fredegarius,Chronicle,78,intheyear636。
48。GregoryofTours,viii。30,andx。3。
49。Ibid。,viii。30。
50。SeethesecondsupplementtothelawoftheBurgundians,tit。13,andGregoryofTours,ix。36。
51。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,years687and688。
52。Ibid。,year695。
53。Ibid。,year719。
54。Ibid。
55。ExchronicoCentulensi,ii。
56。AnnalsofMetz,year691。AnnalsofFulda,orofLaurishan,PippinusduxFrancorumobtinuitregnumFrancorumperannos27,cumregibussibisubjectis。
57。TheanonymouscontinuatorofFredegarius,104,intheyear714。
58。CitedbyGregoryofTours,ix。SeealsotheedictofClothariusII,intheyear615,art。16。
59。Seethe24thandthe34thofthefirstbook。
60。Seethe14thformulaofthefirstbook,whichisequallyapplicabletothefiscalestatesgivendirectinperpetuity,orgivenatfirstasabenefice,andafterwardsinperpetuity。Seealsothe17thformula,ibid。
61。Booki,form。13。
62。Tit。44。Seealsotit。66,§§3,4;andtit。74。
63。Tit。11。
64。SeealsothelawoftheRipuarians,tit。7;andtheSaliclaw,tit。
44,art。1and4。
65。Saliclaw,tit。59and76。
66。Ibid。
67。Ibid。,tit。59,§1。
68。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。
69。Ibid。,tit。56and59。
70。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。
71。Ibid。,§2。
72。Apudvernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and11。
73。CapitularyofCharlemagne,secondoftheyear812,art。1and3。
74。Heribannum。
75。Noninfirmisreliquith?redibus,saysLambertd’ArdresinDuCange,onthewordalodis。
76。SeethosequotedbyDuCange,inthewordalodis,andthoseproducedbyGalland,inhisTreatiseonAllodialLands,p。14,ff。
77。SecondCapitularyoftheyear802,art。10;andtheseventhCapitularyoftheyear803,art。3;thefirstCapitulary,incertianni,art。49;thefifthCapitularyoftheyear806,art。7;theCapitularyoftheyear779,art。29;theCapitularyofLouisthePious,intheyear829,art。1。
78。Thefifthoftheyear806,art。8。
79。InGregoryofTours,vi。46。
80。Thisiswhatinducedhimtoannulthetestamentsmadeinfavouroftheclergy,andeventhedonationsofhisfather;Gontramre—establishedthem,andevenmadenewdonations。——GregoryofTours,vii。7。
81。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,year687。
82。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。
83。InGregoryofTours。
84。FromChronicaCentulensi,ii。
85。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。
86。Ibid。,year741。
87。Year858,inCarisiacus;Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。101。
88。Ibid。,ii,art。7,p。109。
89。Precaria,quodprecibusutendumconceditur,saysCujas,inhisnotesuponthefirstBookofFiefs。IfindinadiplomaofKingPepin,datedthethirdyearofhisreign,thatthisprincewasnotthefirstwhoestablishedtheseprecaria;hecitesonemadebytheMayorEbroin,andcontinuedafterhistime。Seethediplomaoftheking,intheHistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,art。6。
90。Intheyear743,seethe5thbookoftheCapitularies,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。825。
91。ThatofMetz,intheyear736,art。4。
92。SeehisCapitulary,intheyear803,givenatWorms;Baluzius’sedition,p。411,whereheregulatestheprecariouscontract,andthatofFrankfort,intheyear794,p。267,art。24,inrelationtotherepairingofthehouses;andthatoftheyear800,p。330。
93。Asappearsbytheprecedingnote,andbytheCapitularyofPepin,KingofItaly,whereitsays,thatthekingwouldgivethemonasteriesinfieftothosewhowouldswearallegianceforfiefs:itisaddedtothelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§30;andtotheSalicLaw,CollectionofPepin’sLawsinEchard,p。195,tit。26,art。4。
94。SeetheconstitutionofLothariusI,inthelawoftheLombards,iii。Leg。1,§43。
95。Ibid。,§44。
96。Ibid。
97。Giventhe28thyearofthereignofCharlestheBald,intheyear868。Baluzius’sedition,p。203。
98。ConciliumapudBonoilum,the16thyearofCharlestheBald,intheyear856,Baluzius’sedition,p。78。
99。InthecivilwarswhichbrokeoutatthetimeofCharlesMartel,thelandsbelongingtothechurchofRheimsweregivenawaytolaymen;"theclergywerelefttoshiftaswellastheycould,"saysthelifeofRemigius,Surius,i,p。279。
100。LawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§§1and2。
101。ItisthatonwhichIhavedescantedinthe4thchapterofthisbook,andwhichistobefoundinBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i,art。11,p。9。
102。TheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear800,Baluzius’sedition,p。336,explainsextremelywellwhatismeantbythatsortoftithefromwhichthechurchisexemptedbyClotharius;itwasthetitheoftheswinewhichwereputintotheking’sforeststofatten;andCharlemagneenjoinshisjudgestopayit,aswellasotherpeople,inordertosetanexample:itisplainthatthiswasarightofseignioryoreconomy。
103。Canone5,extomo1,conciliorumantiquorumGalli?operaJacobiSirmundi。
104。Art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。332。Itwasgivenintheyear800。
105。HeldunderCharlemagne,intheyear794。
106。Baluzius’sedition,p。267,art。23。
107。SeeamongtherestthecapitularyofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear829,Baluzius’sedition,p。663;againstthosewho,toavoidpayingtithesneglectedtocultivatethelands,&c。,art。5。
108。Amongothers,thatofLotharius,iii,tit。3,cap。vi。
109。Intheyear829,art。7,inBaluzius,i,p。663。
110。InthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§8。
111。ItisakindofcodicilproducedbyEginhard,anddifferentfromthewillitself,whichwefindinGoldastusandBaluzius。
112。SeetheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear803,art。2,Baluzius’sedition,p。379;andtheedictofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear834,inGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,i。
113。Thisismentionedinthefamouscanon,egoLudovicus,whichisapalpableforgery;itisBaluzius’sedition,p。591,intheyear817。
114。AsappearsbyhisCapitulary,intheyear801,art。17,inBaluzius,i,p。360。
115。Seehisconstitution,insertedinthecodeoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§44。
116。Seetheaboveconstitution,andtheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear846,cap。xx。inVillaSparnaco,Baluzius’sedition,ii。p。
31,andthatoftheyear853,cap。iiiandv,intheSynodofSoissons,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。54;andthatoftheyear854,apudAttiniacum,cap。x。Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。70。SeealsothefirstCapitularyofCharlemagne,incertianni,art。49and56。Baluzius’sedition,i,p。519。
117。SeetheCapitularies,v。art。44,andtheedictofPistesintheyear869,art。8and9,wherewefindthehonoraryrightsofthelordsestablished,inthesamemannerastheyareatthisveryday。
121。HistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,p。9。
122。Ibid。,p。10。
123。Intheyear768。
124。Tom。ii,lectionisantiqu?。
125。EditionoftheCapitularies,i,p。188。
126。Inthe1stCapitularyoftheyear806。Baluzius’sedition,p。439,art。5。
127。InGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,ii,p。19。
128。Baluzius’sedition,p。574,art。14。
129。Capitularyoftheyear877。Baluzius’sedition,p。272。
130。InFatherLabbe’sCouncils,ix,col。424;andinDumont’sCorp。
Diplomat。,i,art。36。
131。Bythemother’sside。
132。SeehisthirdCapitularyoftheyear811,p。486,art。1,2,3,4,5,6,7,and8;andthefirstCapitularyoftheyear812,p。490,art。
1;andtheCapitularyoftheyear812,p。494,art。9and11,etc。
133。SeetheCapitularydeVillisintheyear800;hissecondCapitularyoftheyear813,art。6and19;andthefifthbookoftheCapitularies,art。303。
134。CapitularydeVillis,art。39。SeethiswholeCapitulary,whichisamasterpieceofprudence,goodadministration,andeconomy。
135。SeeamongothersthefoundationoftheArchbishopricofBremen,intheCapitularyoftheyear789。Baluzius’sedition,p。245。
136。Forinstance,theprohibitionoftheking’sjudgesagainstenteringupontheterritorytodemandthefreda,andotherduties。Ihavesaidagooddealconcerningthisintheprecedingbook,20,21,22。
137。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。295。
138。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。333。
139。Hedirectedhimtoshowunlimitedclemency(indeficientemmisericordiam)tohissisters,hisbrothers,andhisnephews。TeganinthecollectionofDuchesne,ii,p。276。
140。Seehisletters。
141。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。331。SeealsohislifewrittenbyTegan:
"Tantoenimodiolaborabat,utt?dereteosvitaipsius,"saysthisanonymousauthorinDuchesne,ii,p。307。
142。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。298。
143。TegansaysthatwhatseldomhappenedunderCharlemagnewasacommonpracticeunderLouis。
144。Beingdesiroustocheckthenobility,hepromotedoneBernardtotheplaceofchamberlain,bywhichthegreatlordswereexasperatedtothehighestpitch。
145。Tegan,DeGestisLudovicipii。
146。Nitard,iv,propefinem。
147。Ibid。
148。Seebookxxx。13。
149。Hincmar,let。1,toLouistheStammerer。
150。SeethefragmentoftheChronicleoftheMonasteryofSt。SergiusofAngers,inDuchesne,ii,p。401。
151。Seewhatthebishopssayinthesynodoftheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。4。
152。Seethesynodintheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。3and4,whichgivesaveryexactdescriptionofthings;asalso,thatofthesameyear,heldatthepalacesofVernes,art。12,andthesynodofBeauvais,alsointhesameyear,art。3,4,and6,intheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846,art。20,andtheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswrotein858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。
153。SeetheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846。ThenobilityhadsettheKingagainstthebishops,insomuchthatheexpelledthemfromtheassembly;afewofthecanonsenactedincouncilwerepickedout,andtheprelatesweretoldthattheseweretheonlyoneswhichshouldbeobserved;nothingwasgrantedthemthatcouldberefused。Seeart。20,21and22。SeealsotheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8,andtheedictofPistes,intheyear864,art。5。
154。SeethisveryCapitularyintheyear846,invillaSparnaco。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheassemblyheldapudMarsnamintheyear847,art。4,whereintheclergyreducedthemselvestodemandonlytherestitutionofwhattheyhadbeenpossessedofunderLouistheDebonnaire。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear851,apudMarsnam,art。
6,and7,whichconfirmsthenobilityandclergyintheirseveralpossessions,andthatapudBonoilum,intheyear856,whichisaremonstranceofthebishopstotheking,becausetheevils,aftersomanylaws,hadnotbeenredressed;and,infine,theletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。
155。Art。8。
156。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear851,art。6and7。
157。CharlestheBald,intheSynodofSoissons,says,thathehadpromisedthebishopsnottoissueanymorepreceptsrelatingtochurch—lands。Capitularyoftheyear853,art。11,Baluzius’sedition。
ii,p。56。
158。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,apudSaponarias,intheyear859,art。3。"Venilon,whomImadeArchbishopofSens,hasconsecratedme;andIoughtnottobeexpelledthekingdombyanybody。"
159。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,DeCarisiaco,intheyear857,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。88,§§1,2,3,4,and7。
160。SeethesynodofPistesintheyear862,art。4,andtheCapitularyofLewisII,apudVernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and5。
161。Capitularyoftheyear876,underCharles,theBald,insynodoPontigonensi,Baluzius’sedition,art。12。
162。Seewhathasbeensaidalready,bookxxx,lastchapter,towardstheend。
163。Intheyear587,inGregoryofTours,ix。
164。Seethefollowingchapter,whereIshallspeakmorediffuselyofthosepartitions;andthenotesinwhichtheyarequoted。
165。Intheyear806,betweenCharles,Pepin,andLouis,itisquotedbyGoldast,andbyBaluzius,ii,p。439。
166。Art。9,p。443,whichisagreeabletothetreatyofAndelot,inGregoryofTours,ix。
167。Art。10,andthereisnomentionmadeofthisinthetreatyofAndelot。
168。InBaluzius,i,p。174,art。9。Seealsothedivisionmadebythesameemperorintheyear837,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。686。
169。Intheyear811,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。486,art。7and8,andthatoftheyear812,ibid。p。490,art。1。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear807,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。458。
170。Intheyear793,insertedinthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。9,cap。ix。
171。Intheyear847,quotedbyAubertleMire,andBaluzius,ii,page42。
172。Adnunciatio。
173。Art。2,oftheDeclarationofCharles。
174。Capitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum,similiteretdenostrisvassallisfaciendumest,&c。ThisCapitularyrelatestoanotherofthesameyear,andofthesameplace,art。3。
175。CapitularyofAixlaChapelle,intheyear813,art。16,andtheCapitularyofPepin,intheyear783,art。5。
176。SeethecapitularydeCarisiaco,intheyear856,art。10and13。
Baluzius’sedition,tom。ii,p。83,inwhichtheking,togetherwiththelordsspiritualandtemporal,agreedtothis。
177。Intheyear757,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。181。
178。Booki,1。
179。AtleastinItalyandGermany。
180。Booki,offiefs,1。
181。Ibid。
182。Capitularyoftheyear802,art。7,Baluzius’sedition,p。365。
183。ApudMarsnam,intheyear847,Baluzius’sedition,p。42。
184。Art。5,ibid。,p。44。
185。ApudArgentoratum,inBaluzius,Capitularies,ii,p。39。
186。SeethelawofGuy,KingoftheRomans,amongthosewhichwereaddedtotheSaliclaw,andtothatoftheLombards,tit。6,§2inEchard。
187。SomeauthorspretendthattheCountyofToulousehadbeengivenawaybyCharlesMartel,andpassedbyinheritancedowntoRaymond,thelastcount;but,ifthisbetrue,itwasowingtosomecircumstanceswhichmighthavebeenaninducementtochoosetheCountsofToulousefromamongthechildrenofthelastpossessor。
188。SeehisCapitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum。ThisCapitularybearsrelationtoanotherofthesameyearandplace,art。3。
189。ThethirdCapitularyoftheyear812,art。7,andthatoftheyear815,art。6,ontheSpaniards。ThecollectionoftheCapitularies,book5,art。288,andtheCapitularyoftheyear869,art。2,andthatoftheyear877,art。13,Baluzius’sedition。
190。AsappearsfromOthoofFrissingue,OftheActionsofFrederic,ii。
29。
191。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustusintheyear1209,inthenewcollection。
192。Booki,tit。1。
193。Ibid。
194。AtleastinItalyandGermany。
195。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。
196。GerardusNigerandAubertusdeOrto。
197。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。
198。Cujashasproveditextremelywell。
199。Ibid。
200。ArnoldandhissonLouisIV。
201。Intheyear926,quotedbyAubertleMire,Cod。donationumpiarum,27。
202。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear877,apudCarisiacum,ontheimportanceofParis,St。Denis,andthecastlesontheLoire,inthosedays。
203。Seeabove,chapter30。
204。SeetheSaliclaw,andthelawoftheRipuarians,inthetitleofAllodia。
205。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear817,whichcontainsthefirstpartitionmadebyLouistheDebonnaireamonghischildren。
206。Seehistwolettersuponthissubject,thetitleofoneofwhichisDeDivisioneimperii。
207。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustus,intheyear1209,onthefiefs。
208。Wefindseveraloftheseconventionsinthecharters,asintheregisterbookofVend?me,andthatoftheabbey,inSt。CyprianinPoitou,ofwhichMr。Gallandhasgivensomeextracts,p。55。
209。Buttheycouldnotabridgethefiefs,thatis,abolishaportionofit。
210。Theyfixedtheportionwhichtheycoulddismember。
211。Thiswasthereasonthatthelordsobligedthewidowtomarryagain。
212。Mostofthegreatfamilieshadtheirparticularlawsofsuccession。
SeewhatM。delaThaumassièresaysconcerningthefamiliesofBerri。
213。WeseeintheCapitularyoftheyear817,apudCarisiacum,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。269,themomentinwhichthekingscausedthefiefstobeadministeredinordertopreservethemfortheminors;anexamplefollowedbythelords,andwhichgaverisetowhatwehavementionedbythenameoftheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren。
214。WefindtheformulathereofinthesecondCapitularyoftheyear802。Seealsothatoftheyear854,art。13,andothers。
215。M。DuCangeinthewordhominium,p。1163,andinthewordfidelitas,p。474,citesthechartersoftheancienthomageswherethesedifferencesarefound,andagreatnumberofauthoritieswhichmaybeseen。Inpayinghomage,thevassalputhishandonthatofhislord,andtookhisoath;theoathoffealtywasmadebyswearingonthegospels。
Thehomagewasperformedkneeling,theoathoffealtystanding。Nonebutthelordcouldreceivehomage,buthisofficersmighttaketheoathoffealty。——SeeLittleton,§§91,92,faithandhomage,thatis,fidelityandhomage。
216。CapitulariesofCharlestheBald,intheyear860,postreditumaConftuentibus,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。145。
217。Ibid。,art。1。
218。Suger,Lib。deadministrationesua。
219。Year757,cap。xvii。
220。Onewouldthinkthatherewasanhomageandanoathoffealty。Seenote6,p。314。
221。Bookiv,defendis,tit。59。
222。InthetitleofAllodia。
223。SommeRurale,i,tit。76,p。447。
224。AccordingtoanordinanceofSt。Louis,intheyear1246tosettlethecustomsofAnjouandMaine;thosewhoshallhavethecareoftheheiressofafiefshallgivesecuritytothelord,thatsheshallnotbemarriedwithouthisconsent。
225。Decision155,No。8;and204,No。38。
226。InCapell。Thol。,decision453。
227。?neid,iii,523。
TheEnd