seas。"
　　Whoismeantby"overseas"?IsthereleftanyhonestAmericanbrainsofondandsofeebleastosupposethatwearenotincludedinthathighlysuggestiveandsignificantterm?Ifearthatsomesuchbrainsareleft。
　　GermansremainGerman。IwastalkingwithanAmericanofficerjustreturnedfromCoblenz。HedescribedthesurpriseoftheGermanswhentheysawourtroopsmarchintooccupythatregionoftheircountry。Theysaidtohim:"Butthisisextraordinary。Wheredothesesoldiersofyourscomefrom?Youhaveonly150，000troopsinEurope。Alltheothertransportsweresunkbyoursubmarines。""WehavetwomilliontroopsinEurope，"
　　repliedtheofficer，"andlostbyexplosionaveryfewhundred。Notransportwassunk。""Butthatisimpossible，"returnedtheburgher，"weknowfromourGovernmentatBerlinthatyouhaveonly150，000troopsinEurope。"
　　GermansremainGerman。AtCoblenztheywereservile，cringing，fawning，readytolickthebootsoftheAmericans，loadingthemwithoffersofeveryfoodanddrinkandjoytheyhad。Thustheybegan。Soon，findingthattheAmericansdidnotcuttheirthroats，burntheirhouses，rapetheirdaughters，orbayonettheirbabies，butwerequiet，civil，disciplined，andapparentlyharmless，theychanged。Theirfawningfadedaway，theyscowledandmuttered。OnedaytheBurgomasteratacertainplacerepliedtosomeordinaryrequisitionswithanarrogantrefusal。Itwasquiteoutofthequestion，hesaid，tocomplywithanysuchridiculousdemands。ThentheAmericansceasedtoseemharmless。Certainstepsweretakenbythecommandingofficer，someleadingcitizenswerecollectedandenlightenedthroughtheonlychannelwherebylightpenetratesaGermanskull。Thus，byaveryslighttasteofthemethodsbywhichtheythoughttheywouldcowtherestoftheworld，theseburgherswerecowedinstantly。TheyhadthoughttheAmericansafraidofthem。Theyhadtakencivilityforfear。Suddenlytheyencounteredwhatwecalltheswiftkick。Iteducatedthem。Italwayswill。Nothingelsewill。
　　MathiasErzbergerwill，ofcourse，disclaimhisletter。Hewillsayitisaforgery。HewillpointtotheprotestationsofGermanrepentanceandreformwithwhichhesweatedduringApril，1919，andthroughouttheweeksprecedingthedeliveryoftheTreatyatVersailles。Perhapshehasdonethisalready。AllGermanswillbelievehim——andsomeAmericans。
　　TheGermanmethod，theGermanmadness——whatamixture!ThemethodjustgrazedmakingGermanyowneroftheearth，themadnesssavedtheearth。
　　WithperfectrecognitionofBelgium'sshare，ofRussia'sshare，ofFrance's，Italy's，England's，ourown，inwinningthewar，IbelievethatthegreatestandmastefficientAllyofallwhocontributedtoGermany'sdefeatwasherownconstantblunderingmadness。Americansmustneverforgeteithertheoneortheother，andtoomanyaretryingtoforgetboth。
　　GermansremainGerman。AnAmericanladyofmyacquaintancewasabouttoclimbfromAmalfitoRavelloincompanywithaGermanladyofheracquaintance。TheGermanladyhadaGermanBaedeker，theAmericanaBaedekerinEnglish，publishedseveralyearsapart。TheBaedekerinGermanrecommendedapaththatwentstraightuptheascent，theBaedekerinEnglishapaththatwentupmoregraduallyaroundit。"Minesaysthisisthebestway，"saidtheAmerican。"Minesaysstraightupisthebest，"saidtheGerman。"Butmineisalateredition，"saidtheAmerican。
　　"Thatisnotit，"explainedtheGerman。"ItisthatweGermansaresomuchmorecleverandagile，thattousisrecommendedthemoredangerouswaywhileAmericansareshownthesafepath。"
　　Thathappenedin1910。ThatisKultur。ThistooisKultur:
　　"IfSilesiabecomePolishThen，ohGod，maychildrenperish，likebeasts，intheirmothers'womb。
　　ThenlametheirPolishfeetandtheirhands，ohGod!
　　Letthembecrippledandblindtheireyes。
　　Smitethemwithdumbnessandmadness，bothmenandwomen。"
　　FromaHymnofGermanhateforthePoles。
　　GermanyremainsGerman；butwhennextshesprings，shewillmakenoblunders。
　　ChapterV:TheAncientGrudgeItwasinBroadStreet，Philadelphia，beforewewenttowar，thatI
　　overheardthefoolish——orpropagandist——sluruponEnglandinfrontofthebulletinboard。AfterwewerefightingbyEngland'ssideforourexistence，youmighthavesupposedsuchtalkwouldcease。Itdidnot。AndaftertheArmistice，itcontinued。Onthedaywecelebratedas"BritishDay，"amanwentthroughthecrowdinWanamaker'sshop，asking，WhathadEnglanddoneintheWar，anyhow?WasheaGerman，oranIrishman，oranAmericaninpayofBerlin?，Idonotknow。ButthisIknow:perfectlygoodAmericansstilltalklikethat。Cowboysincampdoit。MenandwomeninEasterncities，personswithatleasttheexternaltrappingsofeducatedintelligence，playintothehandsoftheGermanyofto-morrow，dotheirunconsciouslittlebitofharmtothefutureoffreedomandcivilization，byrepeatingthatEngland"hasalwaysbeenourenemy。"ThentheymentiontheRevolution，theWarof1812，andEngland'sattitudeduringourCivilWar，justastheyinvariablymentionedthesethingsin1917and1918，whenEnglandwasourallyinastruggle[orlife，andastheywillbementioningthemin1940，Ipresume，iftheyarestillaliveatthattime。
　　Now，theCivilWarendedfifty-fiveyearsago，theWarof1812onehundredandfive，andtheRevolutiononehundredandthirty-seven。
　　Suppose，whiletheKaiserwasbutcheringBelgiumbecauseshebarredhiswaytothatdinnerhewasgoingtoeatinParisinOctober，1914，thatFrancehadsaid，"Englandismyhereditaryenemy。HenrytheFifthandtheDukeofWellingtonandsundryPlantagenetsfoughtme"；andsupposeEnglandhadsaid，"Idon'tcaremuchforFrance。JoanofArcandNapoleonandsundryotherFrenchfoughtme"——supposetheyhadsatnursingtheirancientgrudgeslikethat?Well，theKaiserwouldhavedinedinParisaccordingtohisplan。Andnext，accordingtohisplan，withtheChannelportstakenhewouldhavedinedinLondon。Andfinally，accordingtohisplan，andwiththehelpofhis"armyofspies"overseas，hewouldhavedinedinNewYorkandtheWhiteHouse。ForGermanmadnesscouldnothavedefeatedGermany'splanofWorlddominion，ifvariousnationshadnotgottogetherandassisted。OtherAmericansthereare，whodonotresorttotheRevolutionfortheirgrudge，butareinacommercialrageoverthisorthat:wool，forinstance。LetsuchAmericansreflectthatcommercialgrievancesagainstEnglandcanbemorereadilyadjustedthananabsorptionofallcommercebyGermanycanbeadjusted。WoolandeverythingelsewillbelongtoMathiasErzbergerandhisbreed，iftheycarryouttheirintention。AndthewaytoinsuretheircarryingitoutistoletthemsplitusandEnglandandalltheircompetitorsasunderbytheirceaselessandingeniouspropaganda，whichplaysuponeveryinternationalprejudice，historic，commercial，orother，whichisavailable。AfterAugust，1914，EnglandbarredtheKaiser'swaytoNewYork，andin1917，wefounditusefultoforgetaboutGeorgetheThirdandtheAlabama。In1853Prussiapossessedoneshipofwar——herfirst。
　　In1918hersubmarineswereprowlingalongourcoast。Forthemomenttheyarenolongerthere。Forawhiletheymaynotbe。ButdoyouthinkGermanyintendsthatscrapsofpapershallbeabolishedbyanyTreaty，eventhoughitcontain80，000wordsandaLeagueofNations?ShewillmakeofthatTreatyawholebasketofscraps，ifshecan，andassoonasshecan。Shehassaidso。Herworkingmenareatwork，industriousandcontentwithaquarterthepayforalongerdaythananywhereelse。LetthosepersonswhocannotgetoverGeorgetheThirdandtheAlabamaponderuponthisforaminuteortwo。
　　ChapterVI:WhoIsWithoutSin?
　　Muchelseistherethatitwerewelltheyshouldponder，andIamcomingtoitpresently；butfirst，onesuggestion。Mostofus，ifwedigbackonlyfiftyorsixtyorseventyyears，candisintervariousrelativesoverwhosedoingsweshouldprefertoglidelightlyandinsilence。
　　Doyoumeantosaythatyouhavenone?Nobodystainedwithanyshadeofdishonor?Nograndfather，great-grandfather，great-great-etc。grandfatherorgrandmotherwhoevermadeascandal，brokeaheart，orbetrayedatrust?EverymanJackandwomanJillofthelotrightbacktoAdamandEvewhollygood，honorable，andcourageous?Howfortunatetobesprungexclusivelyfromtheloinsofcenturiesofangels——andtoknowallaboutthem!Considerthehoardofvirtuetowhichyouhavefallenheir!
　　Butyouknowverywellthatthisisnotso；thateveryoneofushaseverykindofpersonforanancestor；thatallsortsofvirtueandvice，ofheroismanddisgrace，aremingledinourblood；thatinevitablyamidstthehugeherdofourgrandsiresblacksheepaswellaswhitearetobefound。
　　Asitiswithmen，soitiswithnations。Doyouimaginethatanynationhasaspotlesshistory?Doyouthinkthatyoucanpeerintoourpast，turnoverthebackpagesofourrecord，andnevercomeuponasingleblot?Indeedyoucannot。Anditisbetter——agreatdealbetter——thatyoushouldbeawareoftheseblots。Suchknowledgemayenlightenyou，maymakeyouabetterAmerican。Whatweneedistobecriticsofourselves，andthisisexactlywhatwehavebeentaughtnottobe。
　　Wearequitegoodenoughtolookstraightatourselves。Owingtoonethingandanotherwearecleaner，honester，humaner，andwhiterthananypeopleonthecontinentofEurope。IfanynationonthecontinentofEuropehaseverbehavedwiththegenerosityandmagnanimitythatwehaveshowntoCuba，Ihaveyettolearnofit。TheyjeeredatusaboutCuba，didtheEuropeansofthecontinent。Theirpapersstucktheirtonguesintheircheeks。Ofcourseourfinesentimentswereallsham，theysaid。OfcourseweintendedtoswallowCuba，andneverhadintendedanythingelse。
　　AndwhenGeneralLeonardWoodcameawayfromCuba，havingmadeHavanahealthy，havingbroughtorderoutofchaosontheisland，andweleftCubaindependent，Europejeeredon。ThatdearoldEurope!
　　Again，in1909，itwasnotanyEuropeannationthatreturnedtoChinatheirshareoftheindemnityexactedinconsequenceoftheBoxertroubles；wealonereturnedoursharetoChina——sixteenmillions。ItwaswewhopreventedlevyingapunitiveindemnityonChina。Readthewholestory；thereismuchmore。Weplayedthegentleman，Europeplayedthebully。ButEuropecallsus"dollarchasers。"ThatdearoldEurope!Again，ifanyconqueringGeneralonthecontinentofEuropeeverbehavedasGrantdidtoLeeatAppomattox，hisnamehasescapedme。
　　Again，andlastly——thoughIamnotattemptingtotellyouherethewholetaleofourdecencies:WhosehandscameawaycleanestfromthatPeaceConferenceinParislately?Whatdidweaskforourselves?Everythingweasked，savesomerepairsofdamage，wasforotherpeople。Oh，yes!wearequitegoodenoughtokeepquietaboutthesethings。Noneedwhatevertobrag。Bragging，moreover，inclinesthelistenertosuspectyou'renotsoremarkableasyousound。
　　Butallthisvirtuedoesn'tintheleastalterthefactthatwe'relikeeverybodyelseinhavingsomedirtypagesinourHistory。Thesepagesitisafoolishmistaketoconceal。Isupposethattheschoolhistoriesofeverynationarepartlybad。Iimaginethatmostofthemimplantthegermofinternationalhatredintheboysandgirlswhohavetostudythem。
　　Nationsdonotlikeeachother，neverhavelikedeachother；anditmayverywellbethatschooltextbookshelpthisinclinationtodislike。
　　CertainlyweknowwhatcontemptandhatredforothernationstheGermanshavebeensedulouslytaughtintheirschools，andhowutterlytheybelievedtheirteaching。Howmuchbetterandwiserforthewholeworldifalltheboysandgirlsinalltheschoolseverywherewerehenceforthtobestartedinlifewithajustandtruenotionofallflagsandthepeoplesoverwhomtheyfly!TheLeagueofNationsmightnotthenrestuponthequicksandofdistrustandantagonismwhichitrestsupontoday。
　　Butitisourownschoolhistoriesthataremypresentconcern，andI
　　repeatmyopinion——orrathermyconviction——thatthewayinwhichtheyhaveconcealedthetruthfromusisworsethansilly，itisharmful。Iamnotgoingtotakeupthewholelistoftheirmisrepresentations，Iwillputbutoneortwoquestionstoyou。
　　Whenyoufinishedschool，whatideahadyouabouttheWarof1812?Iwilltellyouwhatminewas。IthoughtwehadgonetowarbecauseEnglandwasstoppingAmericanshipsandtakingAmericansailorsoutofthemforherownservice。IcouldrefertoPerry'svictoryonLakeErieandJackson'ssmashingoftheBritishatNewOrleans；thenameofthefrigateConstitutionsentthrillsthroughme。AndwehadpoundedoldJohnBullandsenthimtotherightaboutasecondtime!Suchwasmygloriousidea，andthereitstopped。Didyouknowmuchmorethanthataboutitwhenyourschoolingwasdone?DidyouknowthatourreasonsfordeclaringwaragainstGreatBritainin1812werenotsostrongastheyhadbeenthreeandfouryearsearlier?ThatduringthoseyearsEnglandhadmoderatedherarrogance，wasreadytomoderatefurther，hadplacatedusforherbrutalperformanceconcerningtheChesapeake，wantedpeace；whilewe，whohadbeennearlyunanimousforwar，andwithafullerpursein1808，werenow，byourowncongressionalfuddlingandmessing，withoutanyadequatearmy，andsodividedincounselthatonlyonenorthernstatewaswhollyinfavorofwar?DidyouknowthatourGeneralHullbeganbyinvadingCanadafromDetroitandsurrenderedhiswholearmywithoutfiringashot?ThattheBritishoverranMichiganandpartsofOhio，andwesternNewYork，whileweretreateddisgracefully?ThatthoughweshoneinvictoriesofsinglecombatontheseaandshowedtheEnglishthatwetooknewhowtosailandfightonthewavesashardilyasBritanniawewonelevenoutofthirteenofthefrigateandsloopactions，neverthelessshecaughtusorblockedusup，andrioteduncheckedalongourcoasts?YouprobablydidknowthattheBritishburnedWashington，andyouaccordinglyhatedthemforthisbarbarousvandalism——butdidyouknowthatwehadburnedTorontoayearearlier?
　　Ileftschoolknowingnoneofthis——itwasn'tinmyschoolbook，andI
　　learneditinmatureyearswithamazement。IthenlearnedalsothatEngland，whileshewasfightingwithus，hadherhandsfullfightingBonaparte，thatherwarwithuswasasideshow，andthatthiswasuncommonlyluckyforus——asluckyquiteasthoseshipsfromFranceunderAdmiraldeGrasse，withoutwhosehelpWashingtoncouldneverhavecaughtCornwallisandcompelledhissurrenderatYorktown，October19，1781。DidyouknowthatthereweremoreFrenchsoldiersandsailorsthanAmericansatYorktown?Isitwelltokeepthesethingsfromtheyoung?IhavenotdonewiththeWarof1812。ThereisapoliticalaspectofitthatIshalllatertouchupon——somethingthatmyschoolbooksnevermentioned。
　　Mynextquestionis，whatdidyouknowabouttheMexicanWarof1846-1847，whenyoucameoutofschool?Thenamesofourvictories，Ipresume，andofZacharyTaylorandWinfieldScott；andpossiblythetreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo，wherebyMexicocededtousthewholeofTexas，NewMexico，andUpperCalifornia，andwepaidherfifteenmillions。NodoubtyouknowthatSantaAnna，theMexicanGeneral，hadawoodenleg。Well，thereismoretoknowthanthat，andIfounditoutmuchlater。IfoundoutthatGeneralGrant，whohadfoughtwithcreditasalieutenantintheMexicanWar，brieflysummarizeditas"iniquitous。"Igradually，throughmyreadingasaman，learnedthetruthabouttheMexicanWarwhichhadnotbeentaughtmeasaboy——thatinthatwarwebulliedaweakerpower，thatwemadeherourvictim，thatthewholediscreditablebusinesshadtheextensionofslaveryatthebottomofit，andthatmoreAmericanswereagainstitthanhadbeenagainsttheWarof1812。ButhowmanyAmericanseverlearnthesethings?Donotmostofthem，uponleavingschool，leavehistoryalsobehindthem，andbecomefarmers，ormerchants，orplumbers，orfiremen，orcarpenters，orwhatever，andreadlittlebutthemorningpaperfortherestoftheirlives?
　　Theblackestpageinourhistorywouldtakealongwhiletoread。NotawordofitdidIeverseeinmyschooltextbooks。TheywerewrittenontheplanthatAmericacoulddonowrong。Irepeatthat，justasweloveourfriendsinspiteoftheirfaults，andallthemoreintelligentlybecauseweknowthesefaults，soourloveofourcountrywouldbejustasstrong，andfarmoreintelligent，werewehonestlyandwiselytaughtinourearlyyearsthoseactsandpoliciesofherswhereinshefellbelowherloftyandhumaneideals。Hercharacterandherrecordonthewholefromthebeginningarefineenoughtoallowtheshadowstothrowthesunlightintorelief。TohaveproducedatthreestagesofourgrowththreesuchmenasWashington，Lincoln，andRoosevelt，isquitesufficientjustificationforourexistenceChapterVII:TarredwiththeSameStickTheblackestpageinourhistoryisourtreatmentoftheIndian。Tospeakofitisathanklesstask——thankless，andnecessary。
　　ThislandwastheIndian'shouse，notours。Hewasherefirst，nobodyknowshowmanycenturiesfirst。Wearrived，andweshovedhim，andshovedhim，andshovedhim，back，andback，andback。Treatyaftertreatywemadewithhim，andbroke。Wedrewcirclesroundhisfreedom，smallerandsmaller。Weallowedhimsuchandsuchterritory，thentookitawayandgavehimlessandworseinexchange。Throughoutacenturyourpromisestohimwereawholebasketofscrapsofpaper。TheotherdayIsawsomeIndiansinCalifornia。Ithadoncebeentheirplace。Alloverthatregiontheyhadhuntedandfishedandlivedaccordingtotheirdesires，enjoyinglife，liberty，andthepursuitofhappiness。Wecame。To-daythehuntingandfishingarerestrictedbyourlaws——nottheIndian's——becausewewastedandalmostexterminatedinaveryshortwhilewhathadamplyprovidedtheIndianwithsportandfoodforaverylongwhile。
　　Inthatregionwehavetaken，asusual，thefertilelandandtherunningwater，andhaveallottedlandtotheIndianwhereneitherwoodnorwaterexist，nocropswillgrow，nohumanlifecanbesupported。Ihaveseentheland。IhaveseentheIndianbeggingatthebackdoor。Oh，yes，theywerean"inferiorrace。"Oh，yes，theydidn'tandcouldn'tusethelandtothebestadvantage，couldn'tbuildBroadwayandtheUnionPacificRailroad，couldn'timproverealestate。Ifyouchoosetocallthewholething"manifestdestiny，"Iamwithyou。I'llnotdisputethatwhatwehavemadethiscontinentisofgreaterservicetomankindthanthewildernessoftheIndianevercouldpossiblyhavebeen——onceconceding，asyouhavetoconcede，theinevitablenessofcivilization。Neitheryou，norI，noranyman，canremoldthesorryschemeofthingsentire。ButwecouldhavebehavedbettertotheIndian。Thatwasinourpower。
　　Andwegavehimarawdealinstead，notonce，butagainandagain。Wediditbecausewecoulddoitwithoutrisk，becausehewasweakerandwecouldalwaysbeathimintheend。Andallthewhileweweredoingit，therewasourBillofRights，ourDeclarationofIndependence，foundedonanewthingintheworld，proclaimingtomankindthefairesthopeyetborn，that"AllmenareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights，"andthatthesewerenowtobeprotectedbylaw。Ah，no，lookatitasyouwill，itisablackpage，arawdeal。Theofficersofourfrontierarmyknowallaboutit，becausetheysawithappen。Theysawthetreatiesbroken，thethievingagents，thetrespassingsettlers，theoutragesthatgoadedthedeceivedIndiantodespairandviolence，andwhentheywereorderedouttokillhim，theyknewthathehadstruckinself-defenseandwastherealvictim。
　　Itistoolatetodomuchaboutitnow。ThegoodpeopleoftheIndianRightsAssociationtrytodosomething；butinspiteofthem，whatlittleharmcanstillbedoneisbeingdonethroughdishonestIndianagentsandthemeanmachineryofpolitics。Ifyoucaretoknowmoreofthelong，badstory，thereisabookbyHelenHuntJackson，ACenturyofDishonor；itisnotnew。Itassemblesandsetsforthwhathadbeenperpetrateduptothetimewhenitwaswritten。Asecondvolumecouldbeaddednow。
　　Ihavedweltuponthismatterhereforaverydefinitereason，closelyconnectedwithmymainpurpose。It'safavoritetrickofouranti-BritishfriendstocallEnglanda"land-grabber。"ThewayinwhichEnglandhasgrabbedlandrightalong，allovertheworld，ismonstrous，theysay。
　　Englandhasstolenwhatbelongedtowhites，andblacks，andbronzes，andyellows，wherevershecouldlayherhandsuponit，theysay。Englandisacriminal。Theyrepeatthiswithgreatsatisfaction，thisland-grabbingindictment。Mostofthemknowlittleornothingofthefacts，couldn'ttellyouthehistoryofasinglecase。Butwhatarethefactstothemanwhoasks，"WhathasEnglanddoneinthiswar，anyway?"Theword"land-grabber"hasbeenpassedtohimbyGermanandSinnFeinpropaganda，andhemerelyparrotsitforth。Hecouldn'tdiscussitatall。"LookattheBoers，"hemayknowenoughtoreply，ifyouremindhimthatEngland'sland-grabbingwasdoneagoodwhileago。Well，weshallcertainlylookattheBoersinduetime，butjustnowwemustlookatourselves。IsupposethattheAmericanwhodenouncesEnglandforherland-grabbinghasforgotten，orelsehasneverknown，howwegrabbedFloridafromSpain。
　　ThepittancethatwepaidSpaininoneoftheFloridatransactionsneverwenttoher。Thestoryisaplaintaleofland-grabbing；andthereareseveralotherplaintalesthatshowustohavebeenland-grabbers，ifyouwillreadthefactswithanhonestmind。Ishallnottellthemhere。ThecaseoftheIndianisenoughinthewayofaninstance。Ourownhandsarebynomeansclean。ItisnotforustodenounceEnglandasaland-
　　grabber。
　　YoucannothatestatisticsmorethanIdo。Butattimesthereisnododgingthem，andthisisoneofthetimes。In1803wepaidNapoleonBonapartefifteenmillionsforwhatwasthencalledLouisiana。NapoleonhadhistitletothislandfromSpain。SpainhaditfromFrance。Francehadit——how?ShehaditbecauseLaSalle，aFrenchman，saileddowntheMississippiRiver。Thisgavehimtitletotheland。Therewerepeopleonthebankalready，longbeforeLaSallecameby。
　　Itwouldhavesurprisedthemtobetoldthatthelandwasnolongertheirsbecauseamanhadcomebyonthewater。Butnobodydidtellthem。
　　TheywereIndians。Theyhadwivesandchildrenandwigwamsandotherpossessionsinthelandwheretheyhadalwayslived；buttheywerered，andthemanintheboatwaswhite，andthereforetheywereturnedintotrespassersbecausehehadsailedbyinaboat。ThatwasthetitletoLouisianawhichweboughtfromNapoleonBonaparte。
　　TheLouisianaPurchasewasapieceoflandrunninguptheMississippi，uptheMissouri，overtheDivide，anddowntheColumbiatothePacific。
　　Beforeweacquiredit，ourareawasoveraquarter，butnothalf，amillionsquaremiles。Thisaddednearlyamillionsquaremilesmore。Butwhathadwereallybought?Nothingbutstolengoods。TheIndiansweretherebeforeLaSalle，fromwhoseboat-sailingthetitleweboughtwasderived。"But，"youmayobject，"whenwhitesrobredsorblacks，wecallitDiscovery；land-grabbingiswhenwhitesrobwhites——andthatiswhereIblameEngland。"ForthesakeofargumentIconcedethis，andreferyoutoouracquisitionofTexas。ThisoperationfollowedsomeyearsaftertheFloridaoperation。"Byrequest"we"annexed"mostofpresentTexas——in1845。Thatwasatrickofourslaveholders。TheysentpeopleintoTexasandthesepeopleswungthedeal。ItwasvirtuallyatheftfromMexico。A
　　littlewhilelater，in1848，we"paid"MexicoforCalifornia，Arizona，andNevada。ButifyoureadthetruestoryofFremontinCalifornia，andoftheAmericanplotstherebeforetheMexicanWar，tounderminethegovernmentofafriendlynation，plotsconnivedatinWashingtonwithaviewtogettingCaliforniaforourselves，uponmywordyouwillfindithardtotalkofEnglandbeingaland-grabberandkeepastraightface。
　　And，wereacertainbooktofallintoyourhands，thenarrativeoftheAlcaldeofMonterey，whereinhesetsdownwhatofFremont'sdoingsinCaliforniawentonbeforehiseyes，youwouldlearnastoryoftreachery，brutality，andgreed。Allthisacquisitionofterritory，togetherwiththeGadsdenPurchaseafewyearslater，broughtourcontinenttoitspresentarea——notcountingAlaskaorsomeislandslateracquired——
　　2，970，230squaremiles。
　　Pleaseunderstandmeveryclearly:Iamnotsayingthatithasnotbeenfarbetterfortheworldandforcivilizationthatweshouldhavebecometherulersofallthisland，insteadofitsbeingruledbytheIndiansorbySpain，orbyMexico。Thatisnotatallthepoint。Iammerelyremindingyouofthemeanswherebywegottheland。Wegotitmostlybyforceandfraud，bydrivingoutofitthroughfirearmsandplotspeoplewhocertainlyweretherefirstandwhowereweakerthanourselves。Ourreasonwassimplythatwewanteditandintendedtohaveit。ThatispreciselywhatEnglandhasdone。Shehasbyvariousmeansnotonewhitbetterorworsethanours，acquiredherpossessionsinvariouspartsoftheworldbecausetheywerenecessarytohersafetyandwelfare，justasthiscontinentwasnecessarytooursafetyandwelfare。Moreover，thepressureuponher，hernecessityforself-preservation，wasfarmoreurgentthanwasthepressureuponus。Tomakeyouseethis，Imustonceagainresorttosomestatistics。
　　England'sarea——herselfandadjacentislands——is120，832squaremiles。
　　Herpopulationin1811waseighteenandonehalfmillions。Atthatsametimeourareawas408，895squaremiles，notcountingtherecentLouisianaPurchase。Andourpopulationwas7，239，881。WithanarealessthanonethirdofoursexcludingthehugeLouisianaEnglandhadapopulationmorethantwiceasgreat。Thereforeshewasmorecrowdedthanwewere——
　　howmuchmoreIleaveyoutofigureoutforyourself。Iappealtothefair-mindedAmericanreaderwhoonly"wantstobeshown，"andIsaytohim，whensomeGermanoranti-BritishAmericantalkstohimaboutwhataland-grabberEnglandhasbeeninhertimetothinkofthesethingsandtorememberthatourownpastistarredwiththesamestick。LeteveryoneofusbearinmindthatlittlesentenceoftheKaiser's，"EvennowI
　　rulesupremeintheUnitedStates；"letusrememberthattheArmisticeandthePeaceTreatydonotseemtohavealteredGermannatureorGermanplansverynoticeably，anddon'tletusmuddleourbrainsoverthequestionofthelandgrabbedbythegreat-grandfathersofpresentEngland。
　　AnyAmericanwhoisanti-Britishto-dayisbyjustsomuchpro-German，ishelpingthetroubleoftheworld，iskeepingdiscordalight，isdoinghisbitagainsthumanpeaceandhumanhappiness。
　　TherearesomeotherlittlesentencesoftheKaiserandhisHunsofwhichIshallspeakbeforeIfinish:wemustnowtakeupthecontroversyofthosemeninfrontofthebulletinboard；wemustinvestigatewhatliesbehindthatcontroversy。Thosetwomenaretypes。Onehadlearnednothingsinceheleftschool，theotherhad。
　　ChapterVIII:HistoryAstigmaticSofarasIknow，itwasMr。SydneyGentFisher，anAmerican，whowasthefirsttogobacktotheoriginaldocuments，andtowritefromstudyofthesedocumentsthecompletetruthaboutEnglandandourselvesduringtheRevolution。Hisadmirablebooktoreoffthecloakwhichourschoolhistorieshadwrappedroundthefables。HelaysbarethepoliticalstateofBritainatthattime。Whatdidyoulearnatyourschoolofthatpoliticalstate?DidyoueverwonderableGeneralHoweandhismanneroffightingus?Diditeverstrikeyouthat，althoughweweremoreoftendefeatedthanvictoriousinthoseengagementswithhimandsometimesheevenseemedtoavoidpitchedbattleswithuswhentheoddswereallinhisfavor，yetsomehowEnglanddidseemtoreaptheadvantagesheshouldbereapedfromthosecontests，didn'tfollowthem，letusgetaway，didn'tinshortmakeanyprogresstospeakofinreallyconqueringus?PerhapsyouattributedthistoourbravetroopsandourgreatWashington。Well，ourtroopswerebraveandWashingtonwasgreat；buttherewasmorebehind——morethanyourschoolteachingeverledyoutosuspect，ifyourschoolingwaslikemine。IimaginedEnglandasbeingjustonewholeunitoffuryandtyrannydirectedagainstusanddeterminedtostampoutthesparkoflibertywehadkindled。Nosuchthing!Englandwasviolentlydividedinsentimentaboutus。Twoparties，almostasopposedasourNorthandSouthhavebeen——onlyitwasnotsectionalinEngland——heldverydifferentviewsaboutlibertyandtherightsofEnglishmen。TheKing'sparty，GeorgetheThirdandhisupholders，werefightingtosaddleautocracyuponEngland；theotherparty，thatofPittandBurke，wereresistingthis，andtheirsentimentsandpoliticalbeliefsledthemtosympathizewithourrevoltagainstGeorgeIII。"Irejoice，"writesHoraceWalpole，Dec。5，1777，totheCountessofUpperOssory，"thattheAmericansaretobefree，astheyhadarighttobe，andasIamsuretheyhaveshowntheydeservetobe……IownthereareveryableEnglishmenleft，buttheyhappentobeont'othersideoftheAtlantic。"
　　ItwasthroughWhiginfluencethatGeneralHowedidnotfollowuphisvictoriesoverus，becausetheydidn'twishustobeconquered，theywishedustobeabletovindicatetherightstowhichtheyheldallEnglishmenwereentitled。ThesemenconsideredusthechampionsofthatBritishlibertywhichGeorgeIIIwasattemptingtocrush。TheydisputedtherightfulnessoftheStampAct。WhenwerefusedtosubmittotheStampTaxin1766，itwasthenthatPittexclaimedinParliament:"IrejoicethatAmericahasresisted……IfeverthisnationshouldhaveatyrantforaKing，sixmillionsoffreemen，sodeadtoallthefeelingsoflibertyasvoluntarilytosubmittobeslaves，wouldbefitinstrumentstomakeslavesoftherest。"Buttheywerenotwilling。Whenthehourstruckandthewarcame，somanyEnglishmenwereonoursidethattheywouldnotenlistagainstus，refusedtofightus，andGeorgeIIIhadtogotoGermanyandobtainHessianstohelphimout。Hiswaragainstuswaslostathome，onEnglishsoil，throughEnglishdisapprovalofhiscourse，almostasmuchasitwaslostherethroughtheindomitableWashingtonandthehelpofFrance。Thatistheactualstateofthecase，thereisthetruth。Didyouhearmuchaboutthisatschool?DidyoueverlearntherethatGeorgeIIIhadafakeParliament，largelyelectedbyfakevotes，whichdidnotrepresenttheEnglishpeople；thatthisfakeParliamentwasautocracy'slastditchinEngland；thatitchokedforatimetheEnglishdemocracywhich，afterthesetbackgivenitbytheexcessesoftheFrenchRevolution，wentforwardagainuntilto-daytheKingofEnglandhaslesspowerthanthePresidentoftheUnitedStates?Isupposeeverybodyintheworldwhoknowstheimportantstepsofhistoryknowsthis——excepttheaverageAmerican。Fromhimithasbeenconcealedbyhisschoolhistories；
　　andgenerallyheneverlearnsanythingaboutitatall，becauseonceoutofschool，heseldomstudiesanyhistoryagain。Butwhy，youmaypossiblywonder，haveourschoolhistoriesdonethis?Ithinktheirvariousau-
　　thorsmayconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhavefeltthatourcaseagainstEnglandwasnotintruthverystrong，thatinfactshehadbeenveryeasywithus，fareasierthananyothercountrywasbeingwithitscoloniesatthattime。TheKingofFrancetaxedhiscolonies，theKingofSpainfilledhispurse，unhampered，fromthepocketsofMexicoandPeruandCubaandPortoRico——fromwhateverpocketintowhichhecouldputhishand，andtheDutchweredoingthesamewithouttheslightestquestionoftheirrighttodoit。Ourquarrelwiththemothercountryandourbreakingawayfromherinspiteoftheextremelylightreinshewasdrivinguswith，restedinrealityuponveryslenderjustification。IfeverourauthorsreadofthemeetingbetweenFranklin，Rutledge，andAdamswithGeneralHowe，aftertheBattleofLongIsland，Ithinktheymayhavefeltthatwehadalmostnogrievanceatall。Theplaintruthofitwas，wehadbeenallowedforsolongtobesonearlyfreethatwedeterminedtobefreeentirely，nomatterwhatEnglandconceded。
　　Thereforetheseauthorsofourschooltextbooksfeltthattheyneededtobolsterourcauseupforthebenefitoftheyoung。Accordinglyourboys'
　　andgirls'senseofindependenceandpatriotismmustbenourishedbymakingEnglandoutafargreateroppressorthanevershereallyhadbeen。
　　ThesehistoriansdweltasheavilyastheycoulduponGeorgeIIIandhisun-Englishautocracy，andaslightlyastheycouldupontheEnglishPittanduponalltheEnglishsympathywehad。Indeed，aboutthismostofthemdidn'tsayaword。
　　Nowthatpolicymaypossiblyhavebeendesirableonce——ifitcaneverbedesirabletosuppresshistorictruthfromawholenation。Butto-day，whenwehavelongstoodonourownpowerfullegsandneednobolsteringupofsuchakind，thatpolicyisnotonlysilly，itispernicious。Itisperniciousbecausetheworldisheavingwithfrightfulmenacestoallthegoodthatmanknows。Theywouldstriplifeofeveryresourcegatheredthroughcenturiesofstruggle。Madmobs，wholeracesofpeoplewhohaveneverthoughtatall，orwhohavenowhurledawayallpretenseofthought，aimatmeredestructionofeverythingthatis。Theydon'tattempttoofferanysubstitute。Downwithreligion，downwitheducation，downwithmarriage，downwithlaw，downwithproperty:Suchistheircry。
　　Wipetheslateblank，theysay，andthenwe'llseewhatwe'llwriteonit。AmidthisstandsGermanywithherunchangedpurposetoowntheearth；
　　andJapanisdoingsomethinking。AmidthisalsoistheAnglo-Saxonrace，theracethathasbroughtourlaw，ourorder，oursafety，ourfreedomintothemodernworld。Thatanyschoolhistoriesshouldhinderthemembersofthisracefromunderstandingeachothertrulyandbeingfriends，shouldnotbetolerated。
　　ManyyearslaterthanMr。SydneyGeorgeFisher'sanalysisofEnglandunderGeorgeIII，Mr。CharlesAltschulhasmadeanexaminationandgivenananalysisofagreatnumberofthoseschooltextbookswhereinourboysandgirlshavebeenandarestillbeingtaughtahistoryofourRevolutioninthedistortedformthatIhavebrieflysummarized。Hisbookwaspublishedin1917，bytheGeorgeH。DoranCompany，NewYork，andisentitledTheAmericanRevolutioninourSchoolTextbooks。Herefollowingaresomeofhisdiscoveries:
　　Offortyschoolhistoriesusedtwentyyearsagoinsixty-eightcities，andinmanymoreunreported，fourtellthetruthaboutKingGeorge'spocketParliament，andthirty-twosuppressit。To-dayourbooksarenotquitesobad，butitisnotverymuchbetter；and-to-day，beitadded，anyreformingofthesetextbooksbyBoardsofEducationislikelytobeprevented，whereverobstructionispossible，byeveryinfluencevisibleandinvisiblethatpro-Germanandpro-Irishpropagandacanexert。
　　ThousandsofourAmericanschoolchildrenalloverourcountryarestillbeinggivenaversionofourRevolutionandthepoliticalstateofEnglandthen，whichisasfaultyaswasGeorgeIII'sgovernment，withitsfakeparliament，its"rottenboroughs，"itsLittleSarum。Meanwhilethat"armyofspies"throughwhichtheKaiserboastedthatheruled"supreme"
　　here，andwhich，thoughheisgone，isbynomeansademobilizedarmy，butaverybusyandwell-drilledandwell-conductedarmy，isverygladthatourboysandgirlsshouldbetaughtfalsehistory，andwilldoitsbesttoseethattheyarenottaughttruehistory。
　　Mr。CharlesAltschul，inhisadmirableenterprise，addressedhimselftothosewhopresideoverourschoolworldalloverthecountry；hereceivedanswersfromeverystateintheUnion，andheexaminedninety-threehistorytextbooksinthosepassagesandpageswhichtheydevotedtoourRevolution。ThesebookshegroupedaccordingtotheamountofinformationtheygaveaboutPittandBurkeandEnglishsympathywithusinourquarrelwithGeorgeIII。Thesegroupsarefiveinnumber，anddwindledownfromgroupone，"Textbookswhichdealfullywiththegrievancesofthecolonists，giveanaccountofgeneralpoliticalconditionsinEnglandpriortotheAmericanRevolution，andgivecredittoprominentEnglishmenfortheservicestheyrenderedtheAmericans，"togroupfive，"Textbookswhichdealfullywiththegrievancesofthecolonists，makenoreferencetogeneralpoliticalconditionsinEnglandpriortotheAmericanRevolution，nortoanyprominentEnglishmenwhodevotedthemselvestothecauseoftheAmericans。"Ofcourse，whatdwindlesistheamountsaidaboutourEnglishsympathizers。IngroupsthreeandfourthisissoscantyastodistortthetruthandsendanyboyorgirlwhostudiedbooksofthesegroupsoutofschoolintolifewithaveryimperfectideaindeedofthesizeandimportanceofEnglishoppositiontothepolicyofGeorgeIII；ingroupfivenothingissaidaboutthisatall。TheboysandgirlswhostudiedbooksingroupfivewouldgrowupbelievingthatEnglandwasundividedlyautocratic，tyrannical，andhostiletoourliberty。Inhiscarefulandconscientiousclassification，Mr。AltschulgivesusthebooksinusetwentyyearsagoandhenceresponsiblefortheopinionofAmericansnowbetweenthirtyandfortyyearsoldandbooksinuseto-day，andhenceresponsiblefortheopinionofthoseAmericanmenandwomenwhowillpresentlybegrownupandwillprolongforanothergenerationtheschool-taughtignoranceandprejudiceoftheirfathersandmothers。IselectfromMr。Altschul'scatalogueonlythosebooksinusein1917，whenhepublishedhisvolume，andoftheseonlygroupfive，wherethefactsaboutEnglishsympathywithusaretotallysuppressed。
　　Barnes'SchoolHistoryoftheUnitedStates，bySteele。ChandlerandChitword'sMakersofAmericanHistory。Chambers'Hansell'sASchoolHistoryoftheUnitedStates。Eggleston'sAFirstBookinAmericanHistory。Eggleston'sHistoryoftheUnitedStatesandItsPeople。Eg-
　　gleston'sNewCenturyHistoryoftheUnitedStates。Evans'FirstLessonsinGeorgiaHistory。Evans'TheEssentialFactsofAmericanHistory。
　　Estill'sBeginner'sHistoryofOurCountry。Forman'sHistoryoftheUnitedStates。Montgomery'sAnElementaryAmericanHistory。Montgomery'sTheBeginner'sAmericanHistory。White'sBeginner'sHistoryoftheUnitedStates。
　　Ifthereaderhasfollowedmefromthebeginning，hewillrecollectaletter，partsofwhichIquoted，fromacorrespondentwhospokeofMont-
　　gomery'shistory，givingpassagesinwhichafairandadequaterecognitionofPittandourEnglishsympathizersandtheiroppositiontoGeorgeIIIismade。ThiswouldseemtoindicatearevisionoftheworksinceMr。Altschulpublishedhislists，andtosubstantiatethehopeI
　　expressedinmyoriginalarticle，andwhichIhererepeat。Surelythepublishersofthesebookswillrevisethem!SurelyanypatrioticAmericanpublisherandanypatrioticboardofeducation，schoolprincipal，oreducator，willwatchandresistallpropagandaandothersinisterinfluencetendingtoperpetuatethiserroroftheseschoolhistories!
　　Whateverexcusetheyoncehad，beittheexplanationIhaveofferedabove，orsomeother，thereisnoexcuseto-day。ThesebookshavelaidthefoundationfromwhichhassprungthepopularprejudiceagainstEngland。Ithasdescendedfromfathertoson。Ithasbeenfurthersolidifiedbymanytalesforboysandgirls，writtenbymenandwomenwhoacquiredtheirinaccurateknowledgeatourschools。AnditplaysstraightintothehandsofourenemiesChapterIX:ConcerningaComplexAllofthesebooks，historyandfiction，dropintotheAmericanmindduringitsearlyspringtimetheseedofantagonism，establishinfactananti-English"complex。"Itisasprettyacaseofcomplexonthewholesaleascouldwellbefoundbyeitherhistorianorpsychologist。ItisnotsoviolentasthecomplexwhichhasbeenplantedintheGermanpeoplebyfortyyearsofveryadroitlyandcarefullyplannedtraining:
　　theyweretaughttodistrustandhateeverybodyandtoconsiderthemselvessosuperiortoanybodythattheirsacreddutyastheysawitin1914wastoenslavetheworldinordertoforceupontheworldthepricelessbenefitsoftheirKultur。Undertheshockofwarthatcomplexdilatedintoaformofrealhysteriaorinsanity。Ouranti-Englishcom-
　　plexisfortunatelymilderthanthat；butnonethelessdoesitsavorslightly，asanynervespecialistorpsychologicaldoctorwouldtellyou——itsavorsslightlyofhysteria，thathundredsofthousandsofAmericanmenandwomenofeverygradeofeducationandignoranceshouldautomaticallyexclaimwhenevertherightbuttonispressed，"Englandisaland-grabber，"and"WhathasEnglanddoneintheWar?"
　　Thewordcomplexhasbeeninourdictionaryforalongwhile。Thisfamiliaradjectivehasbeenmadebycertainscientificpeopleintoanoun，andforbrevityandconvenienceemployedtodenotesomethingthatalmostallofusharborinsomeformorother。Thesecomplexes，theselumpsofideasorimpressionsthatmatcheachother，thatareofthesamepattern，andthatarealsoinvariablytincturedwitheitherapleasurableorpainfulemotion，lieburiedinourminds，unthought-ofbutalive，andlurkalwaysreadytosetupaferment，wheneversomenewthingfromoutsidethatmatchesthementersthemindandhencestartsthemoff。The"suppressedcomplex"Ineednotdescribe，asourEnglishcomplexisbynomeanssuppressed。Knowntousall，probably，isthepoliticalcomplex。
　　Yearafteryearwehavebeenexcitedaboutelectionsandcandidatesandpolicies，preferringonepartytotheother。Ifthispreferencehasbeenverymarked，orevenviolent，youknowhowdisinclinedwearetogivecredittotheotherpartyforanyactorpolicy，nomatterhowexcellentinitself，which，hadourownpartybeenitssponsor，weshouldhavebeenheartandsoulfor。Youknowhoweasilyweforgetthegooddeedsoftheoppositepartyandhoweasilywerememberitsbaddeeds。That'sagoodsimpleordinaryexampleofacomplex。Itsworkingscanbediscernedintheexperienceofusall。Inourpresentdiscussionitisverymuchtothepoint。
　　EstablishedinthesoftyoungmindsofourschoolboysandgirlsbyaseriesofreiteratedstatementsaboutthetyrannyandhostilityofEnglandtowardsusintheRevolution，statementswhichtheyhavetorememberandmasterbystudyfromdaytoday，tincturedbytheanxietyabouttheexaminationahead，whenthestudentsmustknowthemorfail，theseincidentsofschoolworkbeingalsotincturedbyanotheremotion，thatofpatriotism，enthusiasmforWashington，fortheDeclarationofIndependence，forValleyForge——thusestablishedintheregularwayofallcomplexes，thisanti-EnglishcomplexisfedandwateredbywhatwelearnoftheWarof1812，bywhatwelearnoftheCivilWarof1861，andbymanylessereventsinourhistorythusfar。AndjustasaRepublicanwilladmitnothinggoodofaDemocratandaDemocratnothinggoodofaRepublicanbecauseofthepoliticalcomplex，sodoesthegreat——thevast——majorityofAmericansautomaticallyandeasilyremembereverythingagainstEnglandandforgeteverythinginherfavor。Justtryitanydayyoulike。AskanyaverageAmericanyouaresittingnexttoinatrainwhatheknowsaboutEngland；andifhedoesrememberanythingandcantellittoyou，itwillbeunfavorableninetimesinten。Themereword"England"
　　startshiscomplexoff，andoutcomeseveryfactithasseizedthatmatcheshisschool-implantedprejudice，justasithasrejectedeveryfactthatdoesnotmatchit。ThereisabsolutelynootherwaytoexplaintheAmericanhabitofspeakingillofEnglandandwellofFrance。Severaltimesinthepast，Francehasbeenflagrantlyhostiletous。ButtherewasLafayette，therewasRochambeau，andthegreatserviceFrancedidusthenagainstEngland。Hencefromourschoolhistorieswehaveapro-Frenchcomplex。UnderitsworkingsweautomaticallyremembereverygoodturnFrancehasdoneusandautomaticallyforgettheevilturns。Againtrytheexperimentyourself。HowmanyAmericansdoyouthinkthatyouwillfindwhocanrecall，orwhoevenknowwhenyourecalltothemtheinsolentandmeddlesomeCitizenGenet，envoyoftheFrenchRepublic，andhowWashingtonrequestedhisrecall?OrtheFrenchprivateersthatalittlelater，about1797-98，preyeduponourcommerce?AndthehatredofFrancewhichmanyAmericansfeltandexpressedatthattime?HowmanyrememberthattheKingofFrance，directlyourRevolutionwasover，wasmorehostiletousthanEngland?
　　ChapterX:JackstrawsJackstrawsisagamewhichmostofushaveplayedinouryouth。Youemptyonatableaboxofminiaturetoyrakes，shovels，picks，axes，allsortsoftoolsandimplements。Theselieundereachotherandaboveeachotherinintricateconfusion，notunlikecrosstimberinawesternforest，onlyinsteadofbeinglogs，theyareabouttwoincheslongandverylight。Theplayerssitroundthetableandwithlittlehookstryinturntoliftonejackstrawoutoftheheap，withoutmovinganyoftheothers。Yougoonuntilyoudomoveoneoftheothers，andthislosesyouyourturn。
　　Europeandiplomacyatanymomentofanyyearremindsyou，ifyouinspectitclosely，ofagameofjackstraws。Everysortandshapeofintrigueisinthegeneralheapandtangle，andthejealousnationssitround，eachtryingtoliftoutitsownjackstraw。Luckilyforus，wehavenotoftenbeeninvolvedinthesegamesofjackstrawhitherto；unluckilyforus，wemustbehenceforthinvolved。Ifwekeptout，ourluckwouldbestillworse。
　　ImmediatelyafterourRevolution，therewasoneoftheseheapsofintrigue，inwhichwewereconcerned。ThiswasatthetimeofthenegotiationsleadingtotheTreatyofParis，towhichImadereferenceatthecloseofthelastsection。Thiswasin1783。Twentyyearslater，in1803，occurredtheheapofjackstrawsthatledtotheLouisianaPurchase。
　　Twentyyearslater，in1823，occurredtheheapofjackstrawsfromwhichemergedtheMonroeDoctrine。Eachofthesedates，dottedalongthroughourearlydecades，marksaveryimportantcrisisinourhistory。Itiswellthattheyshouldbegroupedtogether，becausetogethertheydisclose，sotospeak，acoherentpattern。ThiscoherentpatternisEngland'sattitudetowardsourselves。Itistobeperceived，faintlyyetdistinctly，in1783，anditgrowsclearerandevermoreclearuntilin1898，inthegameofjackstrawsplayedwhenwedeclaredwaruponSpain，thepatternissoclearthatitcouldnotbemistakenbyanyonewhowasnotwillfullyblindedbyananti-Englishcomplex。ThispatternrepresentsapreferenceonEngland'spartforourselvestoothernations。IdonotaskyoutothinkEngland'sreasonforthispreferenceisthatshehaslovedussomuch；thatshehaslovedotherssomuchless——thereisherreason。Shehaslovedherselfbetterthananybody。Somusteverynation。
　　Sodoeseverynation。
　　Letmebrieflyspeakofthefirstgameofjackstraws，playedatParisin1783。OurRevolutionwasover。Thetermsofpeacehadtobedrawn。
　　Franklin，Jay，Adams，andLaurenswereournegotiators。Thevariousimportantpointswereacknowledgmentofourindependence，settlementofboundaries，freedomoffishingintheneighborhoodoftheCanadiancoast。
　　WehadagreedtoreachnosettlementwithEnglandseparatelyfromFranceandSpain。Theywereourrecentfriends。England，ourrecentenemy，sentRichardOswaldasherpeacecommissioner。Thisprivategentlemanhadplacedhisfortuneatourdisposalduringthewar，andwasFranklin'sfriend。LordShelburnewroteFranklinthatifthiswasnotsatisfactory，tosayso，andnameanyonehepreferred。ButOswaldwassatisfactory；
　　andDavidHartley，anotherfriendofFranklin'sandalsoasympathizerwithourRevolution，wasadded；andinthesecircumstancesandbythesementheTreatywasmade。ToFrancewebrokeourpromisetoreachnoseparateagreementwithEngland。WenegotiateddirectlywiththeBritish，andtheArticlesweresignedwithoutconsultationwiththeFrenchGovernment。WhenVergennes，theFrenchMinister，sawtheterms，heremarkedindisgustthatEnglandwouldseemtohaveboughtapeaceratherthanmadeone。BythetreatywegottheNorthwestTerritoryandthebasinoftheOhioRivertotheMississippi。Ourrecentfriend，theFrenchKing，wasmuchopposedtoourhavingsomuchterritory。Itwasourrecentenemy，England，whoagreedthatweshouldhaveit。Thiswastheresultofthatgameofjackstraws。
　　Letusrememberseveralthings:inourRevolution，Francehadbefriendedus，notbecauseshelovedussomuch，butbecauseshelovedEnglandsolittle。IntheTreatyofParis，Englandstoodwithus，notbecauseshelovedussomuch，butbecauseshelovedFrancesolittle。Wemustcherishnoillusions。Everynationmustloveitselfmorethanitlovesitsneighbor。Nevertheless，inthispatternofEngland'spolicyin1783，whereshetakesherstandwithusandagainstothernations，thereisadeepsignificance。Ournotionsoflaw，ournotionsoflife，ournotionsofreligion，ournotionsofliberty，ournotionsofwhatamanshouldbeandwhatawomanshouldbe，aresomuchmoreakintohernotionsthantothoseofanyothernation，thattheydrawhertowardusratherthantowardanyothernation。Thatisthelessonofthefirstgameofjackstraws。
　　Nextcomes1803。UpontheLouisianaPurchase，Ihavealreadytouched；butnotuponitsdiplomaticside。InthoseyearstheEuropeangameofdiplomacywastrulyportentous。Bonapartehadappeared，andBonapartewasthestormcentre。FromtheheapofjackstrawsIshallliftoutonlythatwhichdirectlyconcernsusandouracquisitionofthatenormousterritory，thencalledLouisiana。Bonapartehaddreamedandplannedanempireoverhere。Certainvicissitudesdisenchantedhim。AplantoinvadeEnglandalsohelpedtodeflecthismindfromestablishinganoutpostofhisempireuponourcontinent。Forushehadnolove。Ourprinciplesweredemocratic，hewasacolossalautocrat。Hecalledus"thereignofchatter，"andhewouldhavelikeddearlytoputoutourlight。AddingtonwasthentheBritishPrimeMinister。RobertR。LivingstonwasourministerinParis。InthehistoryofHenryAdams，inVolumeIIatpages52and53，youmayfindmoreconcerningBonaparte'sdislikeoftheUnitedStates。YoumayalsofindthatTalleyrandexpressedtheviewthatsociallyandeconomicallyEnglandandAmericawereoneandindivisible。