InVolumeIofthesamehistory，atpage439，youwillseethementionwhichPichonmadetoTalleyrandoftheovertureswhichEnglandwasincessantlymakingtous。Atsometimeduringallthis，rumorgotabroadofBonaparte'sprojectsregardingLouisiana。InthesecondvolumeofHenryAdams，atpages23and24，youwillfindAddingtonremarkingtoourministertoGreatBritain，RufusKing，thatitwouldnotdotoletBonaparteestablishhimselfinLouisiana。AddingtonveryplainlyhintsthatGreatBritainwouldbackusinanysuchevent。ThisbackingofusbyGreatBritainfoundverycordialacceptanceinthemindofThomasJefferson。AyearbeforetheLouisianaPurchasewasconsummated，andwhenthethreatofBonapartewasintheair，ThomasJeffersonwrotetoLivingston，onApril18，1802，that"thedayFrancetakespossessionofNewOrleans，wemustmarryourselvestotheBritishfleetandnation。"
　　InoneofhismanymemorandatoTalleyrand，LivingstonalludestotheBritishfleet。HealsopointsoutthatFrancemaybytakingacertaincourseestrangetheUnitedStatesforeverandbinditcloselytoFrance'sgreatenemy。ThisparticularaddresstoTalleyrandisdatedFebruary1，1803，andmaybefoundintheAnnalsofCongress，1802-1803，atpages1078to1083。Iquoteasentence:"ThecriticalmomenthasarrivedwhichrivetstheconnexionoftheUnitedStatestoFrance，orbindsayoungandgrowingpeopleforageshereaftertohermortalandinveterateenemy。"Afterthis，hintsfollowconcerningtherelativemaritimepowerofFranceandGreatBritain。LivingstonsuggeststhatifGreatBritaininvadeLouisiana，whocanopposeher?OncemorehereferstoGreatBritain'ssuperiorfleet。ThisinterestingaddressconcludeswiththefollowingexordiumtoFrance:"ShewillcheaplypurchasetheesteemofmenandthefavorofHeavenbythesurrenderofadistantwilderness，whichcanneitheraddtoherwealthnortoherstrength。"
　　This，asyouwillperceive，isquiteapointedremark。ThroughouttheLouisianadiplomacy，andnegotiationstowhichthisdiplomacyled，Livingston'swouldseemtobethemasterAmericanmindandpropheticvision。ButImustkeeptomyjackstraws。OnApril17，1803，Bonaparte'sbrother，Lucien，reportsaconversationheldwithhimbyBonaparte。Whatpurposes，whatoscillations，mayhavebeengoingondeepinBonaparte'ssecretmind，noonecantell。WemayguessthathedidnotrelinquishhisplanaboutLouisianadefinitelyforsometimeafterthethoughthaddawneduponhimthatitwouldbebetterifhedidrelinquishit。ButunlesshewaslyingtohisbrotherLucienonApril17，1803，wegetnomereglimpse，butaperfectlyclearsightofwhathehadcomefinallytothink。Itwascertainlyworthwhile，hesaidtoLucien，tosellwhenyoucouldwhatyouwerecertaintolose；"fortheEnglish……areachingforachancetocaptureit……Ournavy，soinferiortoourneighbor'sacrosstheChannel，willalwayscauseourcoloniestobeexposedtogreatrisks……Astothesea，mydearfellow，youmustknowthattherewehavetolowertheflag……TheEnglishnavyis，andlongwillbe，toodominant。"
　　ThatwasonApril17。OnMay2，theTreatyofCessionwassignedbytheexultantLivingston。Bonaparte，insteadofestablishinganoutpostofautocracyatNewOrleans，soldtousnotonlythesmallpieceoflandwhichwehadoriginallyinmind，butthehugepieceoflandwhosedimensionsIhavegivenabove。Wepaidhimfifteenmillionsfornearlyamillionsquaremiles。TheformaltransferwasmadeonDecember17ofthatsameyear，1803。Thereismysecondjackstraw。
　　Thus，twentyyearsafterthefirsttimein1783，GreatBritainstoodbetweenusandthedesignsofanothernation。Tothatothernationherfleetwasthedecidingobstacle。Englanddidnotloveussomuch，butshelovedFrancesomuchless。ForthesamereasonswhichIhavesuggestedbefore，self-interest，behindwhichlayherdemocratickinshipwithourideals，rangedherwithus。
　　Toplacemythirdjackstraw，whichfollowstwentyyearsafterthesecond，uninterruptedlyinthisgroup，IpassoverforthemomentourWarof1812。
　　TothatIwillreturnafterIhavedealtwiththethirdjackstraw，namely，theMonroeDoctrine。ItwasEnglandthatsuggestedtheMonroeDoctrinetous。FromtheoriginofthisinthemindofCanningtoitspublicannouncementuponoursideofthewater，thepatterntowhichI
　　havealludedisforthethirdtimeveryclearlytobeseen。
　　HowmuchdidyourschoolhistoriestellyouabouttheMonroeDoctrine?I
　　confessthatmynotionofitcametothis:PresidentMonroeinformedthekingsofEuropethattheymustkeepawayfromthishemisphere。Whereuponthekingsobeyedhimandhaveremainedobedienteversince。OfGeorgeCanningIknewnothing。AnotherlargegameofjackstrawswasbeingplayedinEuropein1823。CertainpeopletherehadformedtheHolyAlliance。
　　Amongthese，PrinceMetternichtheAustrianwasundoubtedlythemastermind。HesawthatbyEngland'svictoryatWaterlooathreattoallmonarchicalanddynasticsystemsofgovernmenthadbeencreated。Healsosawthatoursteadygrowthwasapartofthesamethreat。Withthisinmind，in1822，hebroughtabouttheHolyAlliance。ThefirstArticleoftheHolyAlliancereads:"ThehighcontractingPowers，beingconvincedthatthesystemofrepresentativegovernmentisasequallyincompatiblewiththemonarchicalprincipleasthemaximofsovereigntyofthepeoplewiththeDivineright，engagemutually，inthemostsolemnmanner，tousealltheireffortstoputanendtothesystemofrepresentativegovernments，inwhatevercountryitmayexistinEurope，andtopreventitsbeingintroducedinthosecountrieswhereitisnotyetknown。"
　　Behindthesewordslayadesign，hardlyveiled，notonlyagainstSouthAmerica，butagainstourselves。InavolumeentitledWiththeFathers，byJohnBachMcMaster，andalsointhefifthvolumeofMr。McMaster'shistory，chapter41，youwillfindmoreamplywhatIabbreviatehere。
　　CanningunderstoodthethreattouscontainedintheHolyAlliance。HemadeasuggestiontoRichardRush，ourministertoEngland。Thesuggestionwasofsuchmoment，andtheultimatedangertousfromtheHolyAlliancewasofsuchmoment，thatRushmadehastetoputthematterintothehandsofPresidentMonroe。PresidentMonroelikewisefoundthematterverygrave，andhethereforeconsultedThomasJefferson。AtthattimeJeffersonhadretiredfrompubliclifeandwaslivingquietlyathisplaceinVirginia。ThatPresidentMonroe'scommunicationdeeplystirredhimistobeseeninhisreply，writtenOctober24，1823。Jeffersonsaysinpart:"Thequestionpresentedbythelettersyouhavesentmeisthemostmomentouswhichhaseverbeenofferedtomycontemplationsincethatofindependence……Onenationmostofallcoulddisturbus……Shenowofferstolead，aidandaccompanyus……Withheronoursideweneednotfearthewholeworld。Withher，then，weshouldmostseriouslycherishacordialfriendship，andnothingwouldtendmoretouniteouraffectionsthantobefightingoncemore，sidebyside，inthesamecause。"
　　Thusforthesecondtime，ThomasJeffersonadvisesafriendshipwithGreatBritain。HerealizesasfullyasdidBonapartethepowerofhernavy，anditsvaluetous。ItisstrikingandstrangetofindThomasJefferson，whowrotetheDeclarationofIndependencein1776，writingin1823aboutunitingouraffectionsandaboutfightingoncemoresidebysidewithEngland。
　　ItwastherevoltoftheSpanishColoniesfromSpaininSouthAmerica，andCanning'sfearthatFrancemightobtaindominioninAmerica，whichledhimtomakehissuggestiontoRush。Thegistofthesuggestionwas，thatweshouldjoinwithGreatBritaininsayingthatbothcountrieswereopposedtoanyinterventionbyEuropeinthewesternhemisphere。OverourannouncementtherewasmuchdelightinEngland。IntheLondonCourieroccursasentence，"TheSouthAmericanRepublics——protectedbythetwonationsthatpossesstheinstitutionsandspeakthelanguageoffreedom。"
　　InthisfragmentfromtheLondonCourier，thekinshipatwhichIhavehintedasbeingfeltbyEnglandin1783，andin1803，isdefinitelyexpressed。FromtheHolyAlliance，fromthegeneralEuropeandiplomaticgame，andfromEngland'spreferenceforuswhospokeherlanguageandthoughtherthoughtsaboutliberty，law，whatamanshouldbe，whatawomanshouldbe，issuedtheMonroeDoctrine。AndyouwillfindthatnomatterwhatdynasticorministerialinterruptionshaveoccurredtoobscurethisrecognitionofkinshipwithusandpreferenceforusuponthepartoftheEnglishpeople，suchinterruptionsarealwaystemporaryandliealwaysuponthesurfaceofEnglishsentiment。Beneaththesurfacetherecognitionofkinshippersistsunchangedandinvariablyreassertsitself。
　　Thatismythirdjackstraw。CanningspoketoRush，RushconsultedMonroe，MonroeconsultedJefferson，andJeffersonwrotewhatwehaveseen。That，strippedofeveryencumberingcircumstance，isthestoryoftheMonroeDoctrine。EversincethatdaytheMonroeDoctrinehasresteduponthebroadbackoftheBritishNavy。Thishasbeennosecrettoourleadinghistorians，ourauthoritativewritersondiplomacy，andoureducatedandthinkingpublicmen。Buttheyhavenotgenerallybeeneagertomentionit；andastoourschooltextbooks，nonethatIstudiedmentioneditatall。
　　ChapterXI:SomeFamilyScrapsDonotsupposebecauseIamremindingyouofthesethingsandshallremindyouofsomemore，thatIamtryingtomakeyouhateFrance。IamonlytryingtopersuadeyoutostophatingEngland。Iwishtoshowyouhowmuchreasonyouhavenottohateher，whichyourschoolhistoriespasslightlyover，orpasswhollyby。Iwanttomakeitplainthatyouranti-Englishcomplexandyourpro-FrenchcomplexenticeyourmemoryintoretainingonlyevilaboutEnglandandonlygoodaboutFrance。ThatiswhyIpulloutfromtherecorded，certified，andperfectlyascertainablepast，thesefewlargefacts。Theyamplyjustify，asitseemstome，andasIthinkitmustseemtoanyreaderwithanopenmind，whatIsaidaboutthepattern。
　　WemustnowtouchupontheWarof1812。Thereisapoliticalaspectofthiswarwhichcastsuponitalightnotgenerallyshedbyourschoolhistories。Bonaparteisagainthepoint。NineyearsafterourLouisianaPurchasefromhim，wedeclaredwaruponEngland。AtthatmomentEnglandwasheavilyabsorbedinherstrugglewithBonaparte。Itistruethatwehadagenuinegrievanceagainsther。InsearchingforBritishsailorsuponourships，sheimpressedourown。Thiswasourjustification。
　　Wemadeaprettylameshowing，inspiteofthevictoriesofourfrigatesandsloops。OuronesignaltriumphonlandcameaftertheTreatyofPeacehadbeensignedatGhent。Duringtheyearsofwar，itwasluckyforusthatEnglandhadBonaparteuponherhands。Shecouldnotgiveusmuchattention。ShewasbattlingwiththegreatAutocrat。We，bydeclaringwaruponheratsuchatime，playedintoBonaparte'shands，andvirtually，byembarrassingEngland，struckablowonthesideofautocracyandagainstourownpoliticalfaith。Itwasafeebleblow，itdidbutslightharm。
　　AndregardlessofitEnglandstruckBonapartedown。Hishopethatwemightdamageandlessenthepowerofherfleetthathesomuchrespectedandfeared，wasnotrealized。WemadetheTreatyofGhent。Theimpressingofsailorsfromourvesselswastacitlyabandoned。Thenexttimethatpeoplewereremovedfromvessels，itwasnotEnglandwhoremovedthem，itwasweourselves，whohaddeclaredwaronEnglandfordoingso，weourselveswhoremovedthemfromCanadianvesselsintheBehringSea，andfromtheBritishshipTrent。Theseincidentsweshallreachintheirproperplace。AsaresultoftheWarof1812，someEnglishfeltjustifiedintakingfromusalargesliceofland，butWellingtonsaid，"Ithinkyouhavenoright，fromthestateofthewar，todemandanyconcessionofterritoryfromAmerica。"ThisisallthatneedbesaidaboutourWarof1812。
　　BecauseIamtryingtogiveonlythelargeincidents，IhaveintentionallymadebutamereallusiontoFloridaandouracquisitionofthatterritory。
　　ItwasacaseagainofEngland'ssidingwithusagainstathirdpower，Spain，inthisinstance。IhavealsoomittedanyaccountofouracquisitionofTexas，whenEnglandwasnotfriendly——Iamnotsurewhy:probablybecauseofthefrictionbetweenusoverOregon。Butcertainotherminoreventsthereare，whichdorequireabriefreference——theboundariesofMaine，ofOregon，theIsthmianCanal，ClevelandandVenezuela，RooseveltandAlaska；andthesedisputesweshallnowtakeuptogether，beforewedealwiththeverylargematterofourtroublewithEnglandduringtheCivilWar。Chronologically，ofcourse，VenezuelaandAlaskafallaftertheCivilWar；buttheybelongtothesameclasstowhichMaineandOregonbelong。Together，alloftheseincidentsandcontroversiesformagroupinwhichtheunderlyingpermanenceofBritishgood-willtowardsusisdistinctlytobediscerned。Sometimes，asIhavesaidbefore，Britishangerwithusobscuresthefriendlysentiment。Butthiswasonthesurface，anditalwayspassed。Asusual，itisonlytheangerthathasstuckinourminds。OftheoutcomeofthesecontroversiesandtheBritishtemperanceandrestraintwhichbroughtaboutsuchoutcomethepopularmindretainsnoimpression。
　　TheboundaryofMainewasfoundtobeundefinedtotheextentof12，000
　　squaremiles。BothMaineandNewBrunswickclaimedthis，ofcourse。Mainetookhercoatofftofight，sodidNewBrunswick。Now，webackedMaine，andvotedsuppliesandmentoher。NotsoEngland。Moresoberly，shesaid，"Letusarbitrate。"Weagreed，itwasdone。BytheumpireMainewasawardedmorethanhalfwhatsheclaimed。Andthenwedisputedtheumpire'sdecisiononthegroundhehadn'tgivenusthewholething!Doesnotthisremindyouofsomeofourbaseballbadmanners?Itwassettledlater，andwegot，differentlylocated，abouttheoriginalaward。
　　Didyoulearninschoolabout"fifty-fourforty，orfight"?Wewerereadytotakeoffourcoatagain。Oratleast，thatwastheplatformin1844onwhichPresidentPolkwaselected。Atthattime，whatlaybetweenthenorthlineofCaliforniaandthesouthlineofAlaska，whichthenbelongedtoRussia，wascalledOregon。Wesaiditwasours。Englanddisputedthis。Eachnationbaseditstitleondiscovery。Itwasn'treallyfarfromanevenclaim。SoPolkwaselected，whichapparentlymeantwar；
　　hiswordswerebellicose。Weblusteredrudely。FeelingranhighinEngland；butshedidn'ttakeoffhercoat。Herambassador，Pakenham，stiffatfirst，unbentlater。Undersundrymissionaryimpulses，moreAmericansthanBritishhadrecentlysettledalongtheColumbiaRiverandintheWillametteValley。PeoplefromMissourifollowed。YoumayreadofourimpatientviolenceinProfessorDunning'sbook，TheBritishEmpireandtheUnitedStates。Indeed，thisvolumetellsatlengtheverythingI
　　amtellingyoubrieflyabouttheseboundarydisputes。ThesettlerswishedtobeunderourGovernment。Virtuallyupontheirpreferencethematterwasfinallyadjusted。Englandmetuswithacompromise，advantageoustousandreasonableforherself。Thus，again，washerconductmoderateandpacific。Ifyouthinkthatthiswasthroughfearofus，Icanonlyleaveyoutoourwesternblow-hardsof1845，ortoyouranti-Britishcomplex。WhatIseeinit，isanothersignofthatfundamentalsenseofkinship，thatpersistingunwillingnesstohavearealscrapwithus，thatstaresplainlyoutofourwholefirstcentury——thesamefeelingwhichpreventedsomanyEnglishfromenlistingagainstusintheRevolutionthatGeorgeIIIwasobligedtogetHessians。
　　Nicaraguacomesnext。Thereagaintheywerequiteangrywithusontop，butcontrolledintheendbythepersistingdispositionofkinship。TheyhadlandinNicaraguawiththeideaofanIsthmianCanal。Thiswedidnotlike。Theythoughtweshouldmindourownbusiness。ButtheyagreedwithusintheClayton-BulwerTreatythatbothshouldbuildandrunthecanal。
　　Vaguenessaboutterritorynearbyraisedfurthertrouble，andtherewewereintheright。Englandyielded。Theyearswentonandwegrew，untilthetimecamewhenwedecidedthatiftherewastobeanycanal，noonebutourselvesshouldhaveit。Weaskedtobeletofftheoldtreaty。
　　Englandletusoff，stipulatingthecanalshouldbeunfortified，andan"opendoor"toall。Ourrepresentativeagreedtothis，muchtoourdispleasure。Indeed，Idonotthinkheshouldhaveagreedtoit。DidEnglandholdustoit?Allthishappenedinthelifetimeofmanyofus，andweknowthatshedidnotholdustoit。Shegaveuswhatweasked，andshedidsobecauseshefeltitsjustice，andthatitinnowaymenacedherwithinjury。Allthisbeganin1850andended，asweknow，inthetimeofRoosevelt。
　　About1887ourseal-fishingintheBehringSeabroughtonanacutesituation。Intothemanyandintricatedetailsofthis，Ineednotgo；
　　youcanfindtheminanygoodencyclopedia，andalsoinHarper'sMagazineforApril，1891，andinotherplaces。OurfishingclashedwithCanada's。
　　Weassumedjurisdictionoverthewholeofthesea，whichisathirdasbigastheMediterranean，onthequitefantasticgroundthatitwasaninlandsea。Ignoringthelawthatnobodyhasjurisdictionoutsidethethree-milelimitfromtheirshores，weseizedCanadianvesselssixtymilesfromland。Infact，wedidvirtuallywhatwehadgonetowarwithEnglandfordoingin1812。ButEnglanddidnotgotowar。Sheaskedforarbitration。Throughoutthis，ourtonewasrawandindiscreet，whileherswasconspicuouslytheopposite；wehaddoneanunwarrantableandhigh-handedthing；ourclaimthatBehringSeawasan"inclosed"seawasabandoned；thearbitrationwentagainstus，andwepaiddamagesfortheCanadianvessels。
　　In1895，inthecourseofacentury'sdisputeovertheboundarybetweenVenezuelaandBritishGuiana，VenezuelatookprisonersomeBritishsubjects，andaskedustoprotectherfromtheconsequences。RichardOlney，GroverCleveland'sSecretaryofState，informedLordSalisbury，PrimeMinisterofEngland，that"inaccordancewiththeMonroeDoctrine，theUnitedStatesmustinsistonarbitration"——thatis，ofthedisputedboundary。ItwasanabruptextensionoftheMonroeDoctrine。ItwasdictatingtoEnglandthemannerinwhichsheshouldsettleadifferencewithanothercountry。Salisburydeclined。OnDecember17thClevelandannouncedtoEnglandthattheMonroeDoctrineappliedtoeverystageofournationalLife，andthatasGreatBritainhadformanyyearsrefusedtosubmitthedisputetoimpartialarbitration，nothingremainedtousbuttoacceptthesituation。Moreover，ifthedisputedterritorywasfoundtobelongtoVenezuela，itwouldbethedutyoftheUnitedStatestoresist，byeverymeansinitspower，theaggressionsofGreatBritain。
　　Thiswas，ineffect，anultimatum。Thestockmarketwenttopieces。IngeneralAmericanopinion，warwascoming。Thesituationwasindeedgrave。
　　First，weowedtheMonroeDoctrine'sveryexistencetoEnglishbacking。
　　Second，theDoctrineitselfhadbeenadeclarationagainstautocracyintheshapeoftheHolyAlliance，andEnglandwasnotautocracy。Lastly，asanation，Venezuelaseldomconductedherselforhergovernmentonthesteadyplanofdemocracy。Englandwasexasperated。AndyetEnglandyielded。Ittookalittletime，butarbitrationsettleditintheend——
　　ataboutthesametimethatweflatlydeclinedtoarbitrateourquarrelwithSpain。Historywillnotacquitusofgroundlessmeddlingandarroganceinthismatter，whileEnglandcomesoutofithavingagainshownintheendbothforbearanceandgoodmanners。BeforeanotherVenezuelanincidentin1902，Itakeupaburningdisputeof1903。
　　AsOregonhadformerlybeen，soAlaskahadlaterbecome，agravesourceoffrictionbetweenEnglandandourselves。CanadaclaimedboundariesinAlaskawhichwedisputed。ThishadsmoulderedalongthroughanumberofyearsuntilthediscoveryofgoldintheKlondikeregionfannedittoasomewhatmenacingflame。Inthisinstance，historyisasunlikelytoapprovetheconductoftheCanadiansastoapproveourbadmannerstowardsthemuponmanyotheroccasions。ThemattercametoaheadinRoosevelt'sfirstadministration。YouwillfinditallintheLifeofJohnHaybyWilliamR。Thayer，VolumeII。Acommissiontosettlethematterhaddawdledandfailed。Rooseveltwastiredofdelays。
　　Commissionersagainwereappointed，threeAmericans，twoCanadians，andAlverstone，LordChiefJustice，torepresentEngland。TohisfriendJusticeOliverWendellHolmes，abouttosailforanEnglishholiday，RooseveltwroteaprivateletterprivatelytobeshowntoMr。Balfour，Mr。Chamberlain，andcertainotherEnglishmenofmark。Hesaid:"TheclaimoftheCanadiansforaccesstodeepwateralonganypartoftheAlaskancoastisjustexactlyasindefensibleasiftheyshouldnowsuddenlyclaimtheIslandofNantucket。"CanadahadobjectedtoourCommissionersasbeingnot"impartialjuristsofrepute。"Astothis，Roosevelt'slettertoHolmesranon:"IbelievethatnothreemenintheUnitedStatescouldbefoundwhowouldbemoreanxiousthanourowndelegatestodojusticetotheBritishclaimonallpointswherethereisevenacolorofrightontheBritishside。ButtheobjectionraisedbycertainBritishauthoritiestoLodge，Root，andTurner，especiallytoLodgeandRoot，wasthattheyhadcommittedthemselvesonthegeneralproposition。Nomaninpubliclifeinanypositionofprominencecouldhavepossiblyavoidedcommittinghimselfontheproposition，anymorethanMr。ChamberlaincouldavoidcommittinghimselfontheownershipoftheOrkneysifsomeScandinaviancountrysuddenlyclaimedthem。Ifthisembodiedotherpointstowhichtherewaslegitimatedoubt，IbelieveMr。
　　Chamberlainwouldactfairlyandsquarelyindecidingthematter；butifheappointedacommissiontosettleupallthesequestions，Icertainlyshouldnotexpecthimtoappointthreemen，ifhecouldfindthem，whobelievedthatastotheOrkneysthequestionwasanopenone。IwishtomakeonelastefforttobringaboutanagreementthroughtheCom-
　　mission……Butifthereisadisagreement……Ishalltakeapositionwhichwillpreventanypossibilityofarbitrationhereafter；……willrenderitnecessaryforCongresstogivemetheauthoritytorunthelineasweclaimit，byourownpeople，withoutanyfurtherregardtotheattitudeofEnglandandCanada。IfIpaidattentiontomereabstractrights，thatisthepositionIoughttotakeanyhow。IhavenottakenitbecauseIwishtoexhausteveryefforttohavetheaffairsettledpeacefullyandwithdueregardtoEngland'shonor。"
　　Thatisthewaytodothesethings:notbyaperemptorypublicletter，likeOlney'stoSalisbury，whichenragesawholepeopleandmakestemperateactiondoublydifficult，butthus，byaprivatelettertotheproperpersons，veryplain，veryunmistakable，butwhichremainsprivate，asufficientwordtothewise，andnotaredragtothemob。"TohavetheaffairsettledpeacefullyandwithdueregardtoEngland'shonor。"ThusRoosevelt。Englanddesirednowarwithusthistime，anymorethanattheothertime。TheCommissionwenttowork，and，afterinvestigatingthefacts，decidedinourfavor。
　　Ourlistofboundaryepisodesfinished，ImusttouchupontheaffairwiththeKaiserregardingVenezuela'sdebts。SheowedmoneytoGermany，Italy，andEngland。TheKaisergottheearoftheTorygovernmentunderSalisbury，andbetweenthethreecountriesasecretpactwasmadetorepaythemselves。Venezuelaisnotseldomreluctanttosettleherobligations，andshewasslowuponthisoccasion。ItwastheKaiser'schance——hehadbeentryingitalreadyatotherpoints——toslideintoafootholdoverhereunderthecamouflageofcollectingfromVenezuelaherjustdebttohim。SowithwarshipsheandhisalliesestablishedwhathecalledapacificblockadeonVenezuelanports。
　　ImustskipthecomedythatnowwentoninWashingtonyouwillfinditonpages287-288ofMr。Thayer'sJohnHay，VolumeIIandcomeatoncetoMr。Roosevelt'sfinalwordtotheKaiser，thatiftherewasnotanoffertoarbitratewithinforty-eighthours，AdmiralDeweywouldsailforVenezuela。Inthirty-sixhoursarbitrationwasagreedto。Englandwithdrewfromhershareinthesecretpact。Hadshewantedwarwithus，herfleetandtheKaiser'scouldhaveoutmatchedourown。Shedidnot；
　　andtheKaiserhadstillveryclearlyandsorelyinremembrancewhatchoiceshehadmadebetweenstandingwithhimandstandingwithusafewyearsbeforethis，uponanoccasionthatwasalsoconnectedwithAdmiralDewey。ThisIshallfullyconsideraftersummarizingthoseinternationalepisodesofourCivilWarwhereinEnglandwasconcerned。
　　ThiscompletesmylistofminortroubleswithEnglandthatwehavehadsinceCanningsuggestedourMonroeDoctrinein1823。Minortroubles，I
　　callthem，becausetheyareallsmallerthanthoseduringourCivilWar。
　　Thefullrecordofeachisanopenpageofhistoryforyoutoreadatleisureinanygoodlibrary。Youwillfindthattheanti-Englishcomplexhasitsinfluencesometimesinthepagesofourhistorians，butProfessorDunningisfreefromit。Youwillfind，whatevertransitorygustsofanger，jealousy，hostility，orpetulancemayhavesweptovertheEnglishpeopleintheirrelationswithus，thesegustsendinacalm；andthiscalmisduetothecommon-senseoftherace。ItrevealeditselfinthetreatyatthecloseofourRevolution，andithasbeentheultimatecontrollingfactorinEnglishdealingswithuseversince。AndnowI
　　reachthelastofmylargehistoricmatters，theCivilWar，andourwarwithSpain。
　　ChapterXII:OntheRaggedEdgeOnNovember6，1860，Lincoln，nomineeoftheRepublicanparty，whichwasopposedtotheextensionofslavery，waselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates。Forty-onedayslater，thelegislatureofSouthCarolina，determinedtoperpetuateslavery，metatColumbia，but，onaccountofalocalepidemic，movedtoCharleston。There，aboutnoon，December20th，itunanimouslydeclared"thattheUnionnowsubsistingbetweenSouthCarolinaandotherStates，underthenameoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，isherebydissolved。"Soonotherslavestatesfollowedthislead，andamongthemall，duringthosefinalmonthsofBuchanan'spresidency，preparednesswenton，uncheckedbythehalf-feeble，half-treacherousFederalGovernment。Lincoln，inhisinauguraladdress，March4，1861，declaredthathehadnopurpose，directlyorindirectly，tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslaveryinthestateswhereitexisted。Tothesecededslavestateshesaid:"Inyourhands，mydissatisfiedfellow-countrymen，andnotmine，isthemomentousissueofcivilwar。TheGovernmentwillnotassailyou。Youcanhavenoconflictwithoutbeingyourselvestheaggressors。YoucanhavenooathregisteredinheaventodestroytheGovernment；whileIshallhavethemostsolemnonetopreserve，protectanddefendit。"Thischangednothingintheslavestates。Itwasnotenoughforthemthatslaverycouldkeeponwhereitwas。Tospreaditwhereitwasnot，hadbeentheiraimforaverylongwhile。Thenextday，March5th，LincolnhadlettersfromFortSumter，inCharlestonharbor。MajorAndersonwasbesiegedtherebythebatteriesofsecession，wasbeingstarvedout，mightholdonamonthlonger，neededhelp。Throughstaggeringcomplicationsandembarrassments，whichwerepresentlytobeoutstaggeredbyworseones，LincolnbytheendofMarchsawhispathclear。"Inyourhands，mydissatisfiedfellow-countrymen，andnotmine，isthemomentousissueofcivilwar。"Theclewtothepathhadbeeninthosewordsfromthefirst。TheflagoftheUnion，thelittleislandofloyaltyamidthewatersofsecession，wascoveredbytheCharlestonbatteries。"BatteriesreadytoopenWednesdayorThursday。
　　Whatinstructions?"Thus，onApril1st，GeneralBeauregard，atCharleston，telegraphedtoJeffersonDavis。TheyhadallbeenhopingthatLincolnwouldgiveFortSumtertothemandsosavetheirhavingtotakeit。Notatall。ThePresidentoftheUnitedStateswasnotgoingtogiveawaypropertyoftheUnitedStates。Instead，theGovernorofSouthCaro-
　　linareceivedapolitemessagethatanattemptwouldbemadetosupplyFortSumterwithfoodonly，andthatifthiswerenotinterferedwith，noarmsorammunitionshouldbesenttherewithoutfurthernotice，orincasethefortwereattacked。Lincolnwasleaningbackwards，youmightsay，inhispatientefforttoconciliate。AndaccordinglyourtransportssailedfromNewYorkforCharlestonwithinstructionstosupplySumterwithfoodalone，unlesstheyshouldbeopposedinattemptingtocarryouttheirerrand。ThisdidnotsuitJeffersonDavisatall；and，tocutitshort，athalf-pastfour，onthemorningofApril12，1861，therearoseintotheairfromthemortarbatterynearoldFortJohnson，onthesouthsideoftheharbor，abomb-shell，whichcurvedhighandslowthroughthedawn，andfelluponFortSumter，thusstartingfouryearsofcivilwar。
　　OneweeklatertheUnionproclaimedablockadeontheportsofSlaveLand。
　　Beareachandallofthesefactsinmind，Ibeg，beartheminmindwell，forinthelightofthemyoucanseeEnglandclearly，andwillhavenotroubleinfollowingthedifferentthreadsofherconducttowardsusduringthisstruggle。Whatshedidthengavetoourancientgrudgeagainstherthereddestcoatoffreshpaintwhichithadreceivedyet——
　　thereddestandthemostenduringsinceGeorgeIII。
　　Englandrantruetoform。Itisveryinterestingtomarkthis；veryinterestingtowatchinhergovernmentandherpeoplethepersistentandconflictingcurrentsofsympathyandantipathyboilupagain，justastheyhadboiledin1776。Itisequallyinterestingtowatchourancientgrudgeatwork，causingustorememberandhugalltheillwillsheboreus，alltheharmshedidus，andtoforgetallthegood。Roughlycomparing1776with1861，itwasoncemoretheTories，thearistocrats，theLordNorths，whohopedforouroverthrow，whilethepeopleofEngland，withcertainliberalleadersinParliament，stoodourfriends。
　　JustasPittandBurkehadspokenforusinourRevolution，soBrightandCobdenbefriendedusnow。TheparallelceaseswhenyoucometotheSovereign。QueenVictoriadeclinedtosupportorrecognizeSlaveLand。
　　ShestoppedtheGovernmentandaristocraticEnglandfromforcingwaruponus，shepreventedtheFrenchEmperor，NapoleonIII，fromrecognizingtheSouthernConfederacy。Weshallcometothisinitsturn。OurCivilWarsetupinEnglandahugevibration，subjectedEnglandtoasearchingtestofherself。NothingdescribesthisbetterthanaletterofHenryWardBeecher's，writtenduringtheWar，afterhisreturnfromaddressingthepeopleofEngland。
　　"MyownfeelingsandjudgmentunderwentagreatchangewhileIwasinEngland……IwaschilledandshockedatthecoldnesstowardstheNorthwhichIeverywheremet，andthesympatheticprejudicesinfavoroftheSouth。Andyeteverybodywasalikecondemningslaveryandpraisingliberty!"
　　HowcouldEnglanddothis，howwiththesamebreathblowcoldandhot，howbeagainsttheNorththatwasfightingtheextensionofslaveryandyetbeagainstslaverytoo?Confusingatthetime，itisclearto-day。
　　ImbeddedinLincoln'sfirstinauguraladdressliestheclew:hesaid，"I
　　havenopurpose，directlyorindirectly，tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslaverywhereitexists。IbelieveIhavenolawfulrighttodoso，andIhavenoinclinationtodoso。ThosewhoelectedmedidsowithfullknowledgethatIhadmadethisandmanysimilardeclarations，andhadneverrecantedthem。"ThusLincoln，March4，1861。Sixweekslater，whenwewent-towar，wewent，not"tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslavery，"butagaininLincoln'swords"topreserve，protect，anddefend"theUnion。Thiswasourslogan，thisourfight，thiswasrepeatedagainandagainbyoursoldiersandcivilians，byourpublicmenandourprivatecitizens。CanyouseethepositionofthoseEnglishmenwhocondemnedslaveryandpraisedliberty?Weourselvessaidwewerenotouttoabolishslavery，wedisclaimedanysuchobject，byourownwordswecutthegroundawayfromthem。
　　NotuntilSeptember22dof1862，totakeeffectuponJanuary1，1863，didLincolnproclaimemancipation——thusdoingwhathehadsaidtwenty-twomonthsbefore"IbelieveIhavenolawfulrighttodo。"
　　Thatinterimofanguishandmeditationhadclearedhissight。Slowlyhehadfelthisway，slowlyhehadcometoperceivethatthepreservationoftheUnionandtheabolitionofslaveryweresotightlywrappedtogetherastomergeandbeoneandthesamething。Butevenhadheknownthisfromthestart，knownthattheNorth'sbottomcause，theendingofslavery，restedonmoralground，andthatmoralgroundoutweighsandmustforeveroutweighwhateveroflegalargumentmaybeontheotherside，hecouldhavedonenothing。"IbelieveIhavenolawfulright。"TherewerethousandsintheNorthwhoalsothusbelieved。ItwasonlyanextremistminoritywhodisregardedtheConstitution'sacquiescenceinslaveryandwantedemancipationproclaimedatonce。HadLincolnproclaimedit，theNorthwouldhavesplitinpieces，theSouthwouldhavewon，theUnionwouldhaveperished，andslaverywouldhaveremained。Lincolnhadtowaituntiltheseasonofanguishandmeditationhadunblindedthousandsbesideshimself，andthushadplacedbehindhimenoughoftheNorthtostruggleontothatsavingoftheUnionandthatfreeingoftheslavewhichwasconsummatedmorethantwoyearslaterbyLee'ssurrendertoGrantatAppomattox。
　　ButitwasduringthatinterimofanguishandmeditationthatEnglanddidusmostoftheharmwhichourmemoriesvaguelybutviolentlytreasure。
　　UntiltheEmancipation，wegaveourEnglishfriendsnopublic，officialgroundsfortheirsympathy，andconsequentlytheirinfluenceoverourEnglishenemieswashampered。InstantlyafterJanuary1，1863，thatsympathybecamethedecidingvoice。Ourenemiescouldnolongersaytoit，"butLincolnsayshimselfthathedoesn'tintendtoabolishslavery。"
　　Hereareexamplesofwhatoccurred:ToWilliamLloydGarrison，theAbolitionist，anEnglishsympathizerwrotethatthreethousandmenofManchesterhadmetthereandadoptedbyacclamationanenthusiasticmessagetoLincoln。Thesemensaidthattheywouldratherremainunem-
　　ployedfortwentyyearsthangetcottonfromtheSouthattheexpenseoftheslave。AmonthlaterCobdenwritestoCharlesSumner:"Iknownothinginmypoliticalexperiencesostriking，anadisplayofspontaneouspublicaction，asthatofthevastgatheringatExeterHallinLondon，when，withoutoneattractionintheformofapopularorator，thevastbuilding，itsminorroomsandpassages，andthestreetsadjoining，werecrowdedwithanenthusiasticaudience。Thatmeetinghashadapowerfuleffectonournewspapersandpoliticians。IthasclosedthemouthsofthosewhohavebeenadvocatingthesideoftheSouth。AndInowwritetoassureyouthatanyunfriendlyactonthepartofourGovernment——nomatterwhichofouraristocraticpartiesisinpower——towardsyourcauseisnottobeapprehended。IfanattemptweremadebytheGovernmentinanywaytocommitustotheSouth，aspiritwouldbeinstantlyarousedwhichwoulddrivethatGovernmentfrompower。"
　　IlayemphasisatthispointupontheseinstancesmanymorecouldbegivenbecauseithasbeenthehabitofmostAmericanstosaythatEnglandstoppedbeinghostiletotheNorthassoonastheNorthbegantowin。InJanuary，1863，theNorthhadnotvisiblybeguntowin。Ithadsufferedalmostunvarieddefeatsofar；andthebattlesofGettysburgandVicksburg，wherethetideturnedatlastourway，werestillsixmonthsahead。ItwasfromJanuary1，1863，whenLincolnplantedourcausefirmlyandopenlyonabolitionground，thattheundercurrentofBritishsympathysurgedtothetop。Thetruewonderis，thatthisundercurrentshouldhavebeensostrongallalong，thatthoseEnglishsympathizerssomehowintheirheartsshouldhaveknownwhatwewerefightingformoreclearlythanwehadbeenabletoseeit；ourselves。ThekeytothisisgiveninBeecher'sletter——itisnowherebettergiven——andtoitImustnowreturn。
　　"IsoonperceivedthatmyfirsterrorwasinsupposingthatGreatBritainwasanimpartialspectator。Infact，shewasmorallyanactorintheconflict。Suchweretheantagonisticinfluencesatworkinherownmidst，andthedivisionofparties，that，injudgingAmericanaffairsshecouldnothelplendingsanctiontooneortheothersideofherowninternalconflicts。Englandwasnot，then，ajudge，sittingcalmlyonthebenchtodecidewithoutbias；thecasebroughtbeforeherwasherown，inprinciple，andininterest。IntakingsideswiththeNorth，thecommonpeopleofGreatBritainandthelaboringclasstooksideswiththemselvesintheirstruggleforreformation；whilethewealthyandtheprivilegedclassesfoundareasonintheirownpoliticalpartiesandphilosophieswhytheyshouldnotbetooeagerforthelegitimategovernmentandnationoftheUnitedStates。
　　"Allclasseswho，athome，wereseekingtheelevationandpoliticalenfranchisementofthecommonpeople，werewithus。Allwhostudiedthepreservationofthestateinitspresentunequaldistributionofpoliticalprivileges，sidedwiththatsectioninAmericathatweredoingthesamething。
　　"Weoughtnottobesurprisednorangrythatmenshouldmaintainaristocraticdoctrineswhichtheybelieveinfullyassincerely，andmoreconsistently，thanwe，ormanyamongstusdo，indemocraticdoctrines。
　　"Weofallpeopleoughttounderstandhowagovernmentcanbecoldorsemi-hostile，whilethepeoplearefriendlywithus。ForthirtyyearstheAmericanGovernment，inthehands，orundertheinfluenceofSouthernstatesmen，hasbeeninathreateningattitudetoEurope，andactuallyindisgracefulconflictwithalltheweakneighboringPowers。Texas，Mexico，CentralGenerics，andCubaarewitnesses。YetthegreatbodyofourpeopleintheMiddleandNorthernStatesarestronglyopposedtoallsuchtendencies。"
　　ItwasinaverybriefvisitthatBeechermanagedtoseeEnglandasshewas:aremarkableletterforitsinsight，andmoreremarkablestillforitsmoderation，whenyouconsiderthatitwaswritteninthemidstofourCivilWar，whileloyalAmericanswerenotonlyenragedwithEngland，butwoundedtothequickaswell。Whenamancandothis——canhavepassionateconvictionsinpassionatetimes，andyetkeephisjudgmentunclouded，wise，andcalm，heserveshiscountrywell。
　　Icanremembertherageandthewound。InthatatmosphereIbeganmyexistence。Mychildhoodwassteepedinit。InourhousetheLondonPunchwasstopped，becauseofitshostileridicule。IgrewtoboyhoodhearingfrommyeldershowEnglandhadforyearstaunteduswithourtoleranceofslaverywhileweboastedofbeingtheLandoftheFree——andthen，whenwearosetoabolishslavery，howshe"jack-knived"andgaveaidandcomforttotheslavepowerwhenithaditsfingersuponourthroat。Manyofthatgenerationofmyeldersneverwhollygotovertherageandthewound。
　　TheyhatedallEnglandforthesakeoflessthanhalfEngland。Theycountedtheirenemiesbutnevertheirfriends。There'snothingunnaturalaboutthis，nothingrare。Onthecontrary，it'stheusual，natural，unjustthingthathumannaturedoesintimesofagony。It'stheHenryWardBeechersthatarerare。Intimesofagonytheaveragemanandwomanseenothingbuttheiragony。WhenIlookoversomeofthelettersthatI
　　receivedfromEnglandin1915——lettersfromstrangersevokedbyabookcalledThePentecostofCalamity，whereinIhadpublishedmyconvictionthatthecauseofEnglandwasrighteous，thecauseofGermanyhideous，andourownpersistentneutralityunworthy——I'mgladIlostmytemperonlyonce，andrepliedcausticallyonlyonce。Howdreadfulwroteoneofmycorrespondentsmustitbetobelongtoanationthatwasbehavinglikemine!IretortedI'msorryforitnowthatIcouldallthemorereadilycomprehendEnglishfeelingaboutourneutrality，becauseIhadknownwhatwehadfeltwhenGladstonespokeatNewcastleandwhenEnglandlettheAlabamalooseuponusin1862。Wherewasthegoodinreplyingatall?Silenceisalmostalwaysthebestreplyinthesecases。NextcamealetterfromanotherEnglishstranger，inwhichthewriterannouncedhavingjustreadThePentecostofCalamity。NotawordoffriendlinessforwhatIhadsaidabouttherighteousnessofEngland'scauseormyexpressedunhappinessoverthecoursewhichourGovernmenthadtaken——
　　nothingbutscornforusallandthehopethatweshouldreapourdesertswhenGermanydefeatedEnglandandinvadedus。Well?Whatofit?Herewasastrickenperson，writinginstress，inalandofdesolation，mourningforthedeadalready，waitingforthenextwhoshoulddie，apoor，unstrungaverageperson，whohadnotlongbeforereadthatremarkofourPresident'smadeonthemorrowoftheLusitania:thatthereissuchathingasbeingtooproudtofight；hadreadduringtheensuingweeksthosenoteswhereinwestoodcommittedbyourChiefMagistratetoaverbalslinkingawayandsittingdownunderit。Canyouwonder?Ifthemerememoryofthosedaysofourhumiliationstabsmeevennow，IneednoonetotellmethoughIhavebeentoldwhatEngland，whatFrance，feltaboutusthen，whatitmusthavebeenlikeforAmericanswhowereinEnglandandFranceatthattime。No:theaveragepersoningreattroublecannotriseabovethetroubleandsurveythetruthandbejust。InEnglisheyesourGovernment——andthereforeallofus——failedin1914——
　　1915——1916——failedagainandagain——insultedthecauseofhumanitywhenwesaidthroughourPresidentin1916，thethirdsummerofthewar，thatwewerenotconcernedwitheitherthecausesortheaimsofthatconflict。HowcouldtheyrememberHoover，orRobertBacon，orLeonardWood，orTheodoreRooseveltthen，anymorethanwecouldrememberJohnBright，orRichardCobden，ortheManchestermeninthedayswhentheAlabamawassinkingthemerchantvesselsoftheUnion?
　　WerememberedLordJohnRussellandLordPalmerstonintheBritishGovernment，andtheirfellowaristocratsinBritishsociety；werememberedthearistocraticBritishpress——TheTimesnotably，becausethemostpowerful——thesearewhatwesaw，felt，andremembered，becausetheywerenotwithus，andwereabletohurtusinthedayswhenourfriendswerenotyetabletohelpus。TheymadewelcometheSouthernerswhocameoverintheinterestsoftheSouth，theylistenedtotheSouthernpropaganda。Why?BecausetheSouthwastheAmericanversionoftheiraristocraticcreed。TothosewhocameoverintheinterestsoftheNorthandoftheUniontheyturnedacoldshoulder，becausetheyrepresentedDemocracy；moreover，aDis-UnitedStateswouldproveincommercealessformidablecompetitor。ToCaptainBullock，theableandenergeticSouthernerwhoputthroughinEnglandthebuildingandlaunchingofthoseConfederatecruiserswhichsankourshipsanddestroyedourmerchantmarine，andtoMasonandSlidell，thedoorsofdukesopenedpleasantly；
　　Beecherandourotheremissariesmostlyhadtodinebeneathuncoronetedroofs。
　　InthepagesofHenryAdams，andofCharlesFrancisAdamshisbrother，youcanreadofwhatthey，asyoungmen，encounteredinLondon，andwhattheysawtheirfatherhavetoputupwiththere，bothfromEnglishsocietyandtheEnglishGovernment。TheirfatherwasournewministertoEngland，appointedbyLincoln。HearrivedjustafterourCivilWarhadbegun。Ihaveheardhissonstalkaboutitfamiliarly，anditisalltobefoundintheirwritings。
　　NobodyknowshowtobedisagreeablequitesowellastheEnglishgentleman，excepttheEnglishlady。Theycandoitwiththenicetyofamedicinedropper。Theycanadministertheprecisequantumsuff。ineverycase。InthesocietyofEnglishgentlemenandladiesMr。Adamsbyhisofficialpositionwasobligedtomove。Theylefthimoutasmuchastheycould，but，beingtheAmericanMinister，hecouldn'tbeleftoutaltogether。AttheirdinnersandfunctionshehadtohearopenexpressionsofjoyatthenewsofSouthernvictories，hehadtoreceiveslightsbothveiledandunveiled，andallthishehadtobearwithequanimity。Sometimeshedidleavetheroom；butwithdignityanddiscretion。Afalsestep，a"break，"mighthaveledtoarequestforhisrecall。Heknewthathisconstantpresence，closetotheEnglishGovernment，wasvitaltoourcause。RussellandPalmerstonwerebyturnsinsolentandshifty，andonceontheverybrinkofrecognizingtheSouthernConfederacyasanindependentnation。Gladstone，ChancelloroftheExchequer，inaspeechatNewcastle，virtuallydidrecognizeit。YouwillbeproudofMr。Adamsifyoureadhowheborehimselfandfulfilledhisappallinglydelicateanddifficultmission。HewasanAmericanwhoknewhowtobehavehimself，andhebehavedhimselfallthetime；whiletheEnglishhadawayofturningtheirbehavioronandoff，likethehotwater。Mr。Adamswasnoadmirerof"shirt-sleeves"diplomacy。Hisdiplomacyworeacoat。Ourexperimentsin"shirt-sleeves"diplomacyfailtoshowthatitaccomplishesanythingwhichdiplomacydecentlydressedwouldnotaccomplishmoresatisfactorily。UponMr。AdamsfellsomeconsequencesofpreviousAmericancrudities，ofwhichIshallspeaklater。
　　LincolnhaddeclaredablockadeonSouthernportsbeforeMr。AdamsarrivedinLondon。UponhisarrivalhefoundEnglandhadproclaimedherneutralityandrecognizedthebelligerencyoftheSouth。ThisdismayedMr。AdamsandexcitedthewholeNorth，becausefeelingrantoohightoperceivethisfirstactonEngland'sparttobereallyfavorabletous；
　　shecouldnotrecognizeourblockade，whichstoppedhergettingSoutherncotton，unlesssherecognizedthattheSouthwasinastateofwarwithus。Lookedatquietly，thisactofEngland'shelpedusandhurtherself，foritdeprivedherofcotton。
　　Itwasnotwiththis，butwiththereceptionandtreatmentofMr。Adamsthatthetruehostilitybegan。Slightstohimwereslapsatus，sympathywiththeSouthwasanactivemoralinjurytoourcause，evenifitwasmostlyanundertone，politically。Thenallofasudden，somethingthatwedidourselveschangedtheundertonetoaloudovertone，andwejustgrazedEngland'sdeclaringwaronus。Hadshedoneso，thenindeedithadbeenallupwithus。Thisincidentisthecomicgoing-backonourowndoctrineof1812，towhichIhavealludedabove。
　　OnNovember8，1861，CaptainCharlesWilkesoftheAmericansteamsloopSanJacinto，firedashotacrossthebowoftheBritishvesselTrent，stoppedheronthehighseas，andtookfourpassengersoffher，andbroughtthemprisonerstoFortWarren，inBostonharbor。MasonandSlidellarethetwoweremember，ConfederateenvoystoFranceandGreatBritain。OverthisthewholeNorthburstintogloriousjoy。OurSecretaryoftheNavywrotetoWilkeshiscongratulations，Congressvoteditsthankstohim，governorsandjudgeslaureledhimwithoratoryatbanquets，hewasfeastedwithmeatanddrinkallovertheplace，and，thoughhisyearsweresixty-three，ardentfemalesprobablyrushedforthfromthrongsandkissedhimwiththepurestintentions:heroeshavenoage。ButpresentlytheTrentarrivedinEngland，andtheBritishlionwasaroused。Wehadviolatedinternationallaw，andinsultedtheBritishflag。Palmerstonwroteusaletter——orRussell，Iforgetwhichwroteit——
　　aletterthatwouldhaveleftusnochoicebuttofight。ButQueenVictoriahadtosignitbeforeitwent。"Mylord，"shesaid，"youmustknowthatIwillagreetonopaperthatmeanswarwiththeUnitedStates。"Sothisdidn'tgo，butanotherinitsstead，prettystiff，naturally，yetstillpossibleforustoswallow。Somedidn'twanttoswalloweventhis；butLincoln，humorousandwise，said，"Gentlemen，onewaratatime；"andsowemadeduerestitution，andMessrs。MasonandSlidellwenttheirwaytoFranceandEngland，freetobringaboutactionagainstusthereiftheycouldmanageit。CaptainWilkesmusthavebeenagoodfellow。Hispicturesuggeststhis。England，inherEnglishheart，reallylikedwhathehaddone，itwasinitsgallantflagrancysoremarkablylikeherowndoings——thoughshecouldn't，naturally，permitsuchaperformancetopass；andafewyearsafterwards，forhisservicesinthecauseofexploration，herRoyalGeographicalSocietygavehimagoldmedal!Yes；thewholethingiscomic——to-day；forus，to-day，thepointofitis，thattheEnglishQueensavedusfromawarwithEngland。
　　Withinayear，somethinghappenedthatwasnotcomic。LordJohnRussell，thoughwarnedandwarned，lettheAlabamaslipawaytosea，wheresheproceededtosendourmerchantshipstothebottom，untiltheKearsargesentherherselftothebottom。ShehadbeenbuiltatLiverpoolinthefaceofanEnglishlawwhichnoquibblingcoulddisguisetoanybodyexcepttoLordJohnRussellandtothosewho，likehim，leanedtotheSouth。Tenyearslater，thisleaningcostEnglandfifteenmilliondollarsindamages。
　　LetusnowlistentowhatourBritishfriendsweresayinginthoseyearsbeforeLincolnissuedhisEmancipationProclamation。HisblockadehadbroughtimmediateandheavydistressuponmanyEnglishworkmenandtheirfamilies。ThathadbeenApril19，1861。BySeptember，fivesixthsoftheLancashirecotton-spinnerswereoutofwork，orworkinghalftime。Theirstarvationandthatoftheirwivesandchildrencouldbestemmedbycharityalone。Ihavetalkedwithpeoplewhosawthosethousandsintheirsuffering。Yetthosethousandsboreit。TheysomehowlookedthroughLincoln'sexpressdisavowalofanyintentiontointerferewithslavery，andsawthatatbottomourwarwasindeedagainstslavery，thatslaverywasbehindtheSoutherncamouflageaboutindependence，andbehindtheNorthernsloganaboutpreservingtheUnion。Theysawandtheystuck。
　　"Rarely，"writesCharlesFrancisAdams，"inthehistoryofmankind，hastherebeenamorecreditableexhibitionofhumansympathy。"Francewaslikewisedamagedbyourblockade；andNapoleonIIIwouldhavelikedtorecognizetheSouth。Heestablished，throughMaximilian，anempireinMexico，behindwhichlayhostilitytoourDemocracy。Hewishedusdefeat；