ButifEratostheneshadholdofeternalfactandlawononepoint，therewasacontemporarywhohadholdofitinmorethanone。ImeanArchimedes；ofwhom，asIhavesaid，wemustspeakasofanAlexandrian。
　　Itwasasamechanician，ratherthanasanastronomer，thathegainedhisreputation。ThestoriesofhisHydraulicScrew，theGreatShipwhichhebuiltforHiero，andlaunchedbymeansofmachinery，hiscrane，hiswar-engines，aboveallhissomewhatmythicalarrangementofmirrors，bywhichhesetfiretoshipsintheharbour——allthese，likethestoryofhisdetectingthealloyinHiero'scrown，whilehehimselfwasinthebath，andrunninghomeundressedshouting[Greektext:eureeka]——alltheseareschoolboys'tales。Tothethoughtfulpersonitisthemethodofthemanwhichconstituteshisrealgreatness，thatpowerofinsightbywhichhesolvedthetwogreatproblemsofthenatureoftheleverandofhydrostaticpressure，whichformthebasisofallstaticandhydrostaticsciencetothisday。AndyetonthatveryquestionoftheleverthegreatmindofAristotlebabbles——neitherseesthethingitself，northewaytowardsseeingit。ButsinceArchimedesspoke，thethingseemsself-evidenttoeveryschoolboy。Thereissomethingtomeverysolemninsuchafactasthis。Itbringsusdowntosomeoftheverydeepestquestionsofmetaphysic。Thismentalinsightofwhichweboastsomuch，whatisit？Isitaltogetheraprocessofourownbrainandwill？Ifitbe，whyhavesofewthepower，evenamongmenofpower，andtheysoseldom？Ifbrainalonewerewhatwaswanted，whatcouldnotAristotlehavediscovered？OrisitthatnomancanseeathingunlessGodshowsithim？Isitthatineachseparateactofinduction，thatmysteriousandtranscendentalprocesswhichcannot，letlogicianstryastheywill，beexpressedbyanymerelylogicalformula，Aristotelianorother——isitIsay，thatineachseparateactofinductionwedonotfindthelaw，butthelawisshowntous，byHimwhomadethelaw？
　　Baconthoughtso。Ofthatyoumayfindclearproofinhiswritings。
　　MaynotBaconberight？MayitnotbetruethatGoddoesinscience，aswellasinethics，hidethingsfromthewiseandprudent，fromtheproud，complete，self-containedsystematiserlikeAristotle，whomustneedsexplainallthingsinheavenandearthbyhisownformulae，andhisentelechiesandenergies，andtherestofthenotionswhichhehasmadeforhimselfoutofhisownbrain，andthenpackeachthingawayinitspropernicheinhisgreatcloud-universeofconceptions？IsitthatGodhidesthingsfromsuchmenmanyatime，andrevealsthemtobabes，togentle，affectionate，simple-heartedmen，suchasweknowArchimedestohavebeen，whodonottrytogiveanexplanationforafact，butfeelhowawfulanddivineitis，andwrestlereverentlyandstedfastlywithit，asJacobwiththeAngel，andwillnotletitgo，untilitblessthem？SureIam，fromwhatIhaveseenofscientificmen，thatthereisanintimateconnectionbetweenthehealthofthemoralfacultiesandthehealthoftheinductiveones；andthattheproud，self-conceited，andpassionatemanwillseenothing:perhapsbecausenothingwillbeshownhim。
　　ButwemustleaveArchimedesforamannotperhapssowellknown，buttowhomweoweasmuchastothegreatSyracusan——Hipparchustheastronomer。TohiscasemuchwhichIhavejustsaidapplies。Inhimastronomicscienceseemedtoawakensuddenlytoatrueinductivemethod，andafterhimtofallintoitsoldslumberfor300years。InthemeantimeTimocharis，Aristyllus，andCononhadeachaddedtheirmitestothediscoveriesofEratosthenes:buttoHipparchusweowethattheoryoftheheavens，commonlycalledthePtolemaicsystem，which，startingfromtheassumptionthattheearthwasthecentreoftheuniverse，attemptedtoexplainthemotionsoftheheavenlybodiesbyacomplexsystemofsupposedeccentricsandepicycles。Thishasofcoursenowvanishedbeforemoderndiscoveries。Butitsvalueasascientificattemptliesinthis:thatthemethodbeingacorrectone，correctresultswereobtained，thoughstartingfromafalseassumption；andHipparchusandhissuccessorswereenabledbyittocalculateandpredictthechangesoftheheavens，inspiteoftheirclumsyinstruments，withalmostasmuchaccuracyaswedonow。
　　Forthepurposeofworkingoutthistheoryherequiredascienceoftrigonometry，planeandspherical:andthisheaccordinglyseemstohaveinvented。Tohimalsoweowethediscoveryofthatvastgradualchangeinthepositionofthefixedstars，infact，ofthewholecelestialsystem，nowknownbythenameoftheprecessionoftheequinoxes；thefirstgreatcatalogueoffixedstars，tothenumberof1080；attemptstoascertainwhetherthelengthofyearsanddayswereconstant；withwhich，withhischaracteristicloveoftruth，heseemstohavebeenhardlysatisfied。Hetooinventedtheplanisphere，ormodeofrepresentingthestarryheavensuponaplane，andisthefatheroftruegeography，havingformedthehappynotionofmappingouttheearth，aswellastheheavens，bydegreesoflatitudeandlongitude。
　　Strangeitis，andsomewhatsad，thatweshouldknownothingofthisgreatman，shouldbehardlyabletodistinguishhimfromothersofthesamename，butthroughtheworksofacommentator，whowroteandobservedinAlexandria300yearsafter，duringtheageoftheAntonines。
　　Imean，ofcourse，thefamousPtolemy，whosenamesolongborethehonourofthatsystemwhichreallybelongedtoHipparchus。
　　ThissinglefactspeaksvolumesfortherealweaknessofthegreatartificialschoolofliteratureandsciencefoundedbythekingsofEgypt。FromthefatherofAstronomy，asDelambrecallshim，toPtolemy，thefirstmanwhoseemsreallytohaveappreciatedhim，wehavenotadiscovery，hardlyanobservationoraname，tofillthegap。Physicalsagestherewere；buttheyweregeometersandmathematicians，ratherthanastronomicobserversandinquirers。AndinspiteofallthehugeappliancesandadvantagesofthatgreatMuseum，itsinhabitantswerecontent，inphysicalscience，asinallotherbranchesofthought，tocomment，toexpound，todoeverythingbutopentheireyesandobservefacts，andlearnfromthem，asthepredecessorswhomtheypretendedtohonourhaddone。Butsoitisalways。Agenius，anoriginalmanappears。Heputshimselfboldlyincontactwithfacts，asksthemwhattheymean，andwritesdowntheiranswerfortheworld'suse。Andthenhisdisciplesmustneedsformaschool，andasystem；andfancythattheydohonourtotheirmasterbyrefusingtofollowinhissteps；bymakinghisbookafixeddogmaticcanon；attachingtoitsomemagicalinfallibility；declaringtheveryliewhichhedisprovedbyhiswholeexistence，thatdiscoveryishenceforthimpossible，andthesumofknowledgecomplete:insteadofgoingontodiscoverashediscoveredbeforethem，andinfollowinghismethod，showthattheyhonourhim，notintheletter，butinspiritandintruth。
　　Forthis，ifyouwillconsider，isthetruemeaningofthatgreatcommand，"Honourthyfatherandmother，thatthydaysmaybelongintheland。"Onreverencefortheauthorityofbygonegenerationsdependsthepermanenceofeveryformofthoughtorbelief，asmuchasofallsocial，national，andfamilylife:butonreverenceofthespirit，notmerelyoftheletter；ofthemethodsofourancestors，notmerelyoftheirconclusions。Ay，andweshallnotbeabletopreservetheirconclusions，noteventounderstandthem；theywilldieawayonourlipsintoskeletonnotions，andsoullessphrases，unlessweseethatthegreatnessofthemightydeadhasalwaysconsistedinthis，thattheywereseekers，improvers，inventors，enduedwiththatdivinepowerandrightofdiscoverywhichhasbeenbestowedonus，evenasonthem；
　　unlesswebecomesuchmenastheywere，andgoontocultivateanddevelopthepreciousheritagewhichtheyhavebequeathedtous，insteadofhidingtheirtalentinanapkinandburyingitintheearth；makingtheirgreatnessanexcuseforourownlittleness，theirindustryforourlaziness，theirfaithforourdespair；andpratingabouttheoldpaths，whileweforgetthatpathsweremadethatmenmightwalkinthem，andnotstandstill，andtryinvaintostoptheway。
　　Itmaybesaid，certainly，asanexcusefortheseAlexandrianGreeks，thattheywereapeopleinastateofoldageanddecay；andthattheyonlyexhibitedthecommonandnaturalfaultsofoldage。Foraswithindividuals，sowithraces，nations，societies，schoolsofthought——
　　youthisthetimeoffreefancyandpoetry；manhoodofcalmandstronginduction；oldageofdeduction，whenmensettledownupontheirlees，andcontentthemselveswithreaffirmingandverifyingtheconclusionsoftheirearlieryears，andtoooften，alas!withdenyingandanathematisingallconclusionswhichhavebeenarrivedatsincetheirownmeridian。Itissad:butitispatentandcommon。Itissadtothinkthatthedaymaycometoeachofus，whenweshallhaveceasedtohopefordiscoveryandforprogress；whenathingwillseemepriorifalsetous，simplybecauseitisnew；andweshallbesayingquerulouslytotheDivineLightwhichlightenseverymanwhocomesintotheworld:"Hithertoshaltthoucome，andnofurther。Thouhasttaughtmenenough；yearather，thouhastexhaustedthineowninfinitude，andhastnomoretoteachthem。"Surelysuchatemperistobefoughtagainst，prayedagainst，bothinourselves，andinthegenerationinwhichwelive。Surelythereisnoreasonwhysuchatempershouldovertakeoldage。Theremaybereasonenough，"inthenatureofthings。"Forthatwhichisofnatureisbornonlytodecayanddie。
　　Butinmanthereismorethandyingnature；thereisspirit，andacapabilityofspiritualandeverlastinglife，whichrenewsitsyouthliketheeagle's，andgoesonfromstrengthtostrength，andwhich，ifithaveitsautumnsanditswinters，hasnolessitsever-recurringspringsandsummers；ifithasitsSabbaths，findsinthemonlyrestandrefreshmentforcominglabour。Andwhynotinnations，societies，scientificschools？Thesetooarenotmerelynatural:theyarespiritual，andareonlylivingandhealthyinasfarastheyareinharmonywithspiritual，unseen，andeverlastinglawsofGod。Maynotthey，too，haveacapabilityofeverlastinglife，aslongastheyobeythoselawsinfaith，andpatience，andhumility？Wecannotdenytheanalogybetweentheindividualmanandthesesocietiesofmen。Wecannot，atleast，denytheanalogybetweenthemingrowth，decay，anddeath。Maywenothavehopethatitholdsgoodalsoforthatwhichcanneverdie；andthatiftheydodie，asthisoldGreeksocietydid，itisbynobrutenaturalnecessity，butbytheirownunfaithfulnesstothatwhichtheyknew，tothatwhichtheyoughttohaveknown？Itisalwaysmorehopeful，always，asIthink，morephilosophic，
　　tothrowtheblameoffailureonman，onourownselves，ratherthanonGod，andtheperfectlawofHisuniverse。Atleastletusbesureforourselves，thatsuchanoldageasbefellthisGreeksociety，asbefallsmanyamannowadays，neednotbeourlot。Letusbesurethatearthshowsnofairersightthantheoldman，whoseworn-outbrainandnervesmakeitpainful，andperhapsimpossible，toproducefreshthoughthimself:butwhocanyetwelcomesmilinglyandjoyfullythefreshthoughtsofothers；
　　whokeepsunweariedhisfaithinGod'sgovernmentoftheuniverse，inGod'scontinualeducationofthehumanrace；whodrawsaroundhimtheyoungandthesanguine，notmerelytochecktheirrashnessbyhiswisecautions，buttoinspirittheirslothbythememoriesofhisownpastvictories；whohandsover，withoutenvyorrepining，thelampoftruthtoyoungerrunnersthanhimself，andsitscontentedby，biddingthenewgenerationGodspeedalongthepathsuntroddenbyhim，butseenafaroffbyfaith。AfewsucholdpersonshaveIseen，bothmenandwomen；inwhomtheyoungheartbeatpureandfresh，beneaththecautiousandpractisedbrainofage，andgrayhairswhichwereindeedacrownofglory。AfewsuchhaveIseen；andfromthemIseemedtolearnwhatwasthelikenessofourFatherwhoisinheaven。TosuchanoldagemayHebringyouandme，andallforwhomweareboundtopray。
　　LECTUREII——THEPTOLEMAICERAContinued。
　　IsaidinmyfirstLecture，thatevenifroyalinfluencebeprofitablefortheprosecutionofphysicalscience，itcannotbeprofitableforart。Itcanonlyproducealiteraryage，asitdidinthePtolemaicera；agenerationofinnumerablecourt-poets，artificialepigrammatists，artificialidyllists，artificialdramatistsandepicists；aboveall，agenerationofcritics。Orrathershallwesay，thatthedynastywasnotthecauseofaliteraryage，butonlyitscorrelative？ThatwhentheoldGreekslostthepowerofbeingfree，ofbeinganythingbuttheslavesoforientaldespots，asthePtolemiesinrealitywere，theylostalsothepowerofproducingtrueworksofart；becausetheyhadlostthatyouthfulvigourofmindfromwhichbothartandfreedomsprang？
　　Letthecasebeasitwill，Alexandrianliteratureneednotdetainuslong——though，alas!ithasdetainedeveryboywhoevertrembledoverhisGreekgrammar，formanyawearyyear；and，Icannothelpsuspecting，hasbeenthemaincausethatsomanyyoungmenwhohavespentsevenyearsinlearningGreek，knownothingaboutitattheendoftheseven。ForI
　　mustsay，thatasfaraswecansee，theseAlexandrianpedantswerethoroughpedants；verypolishedandlearnedgentlemen，nodoubt，and，likeCallimachus，thepetsofprinces:butafterall，menwhothoughtthattheycouldmakeupfornotwritinggreatworksthemselves，byshowing，withcarefulanalysisandcommentation，howmenusedtowritethemofold，orratherhowtheyfanciedmenusedtowritethem；for，consider，iftheyhadreallyknownhowthethingwasdone，theymustneedshavebeenabletodoitthemselves。ThusCallimachus，thefavouriteofPtolemyPhiladelphus，andlibrarianofhisMuseum，isthemostdistinguishedgrammarian，critic，andpoetofhisday，andhasforpupilsEratosthenes，ApolloniusRhodius，AristophanesofByzantium，andagoodlylistmore。Heisanencyclopaediainhimself。Thereisnothingthemandoesnotknow，orprobably，ifwespokemorecorrectly，nothinghedoesnotknowabout。Hewritesonhistory，ontheMuseum，onbarbarousnames，onthewondersoftheworld，onpublicgames，oncolonisation，onwinds，onbirds，ontheriversoftheworld，and——
　　ominoussubject——asortofcomprehensivehistoryofGreekliterature，withacarefulclassificationofallauthors，eachunderhisownheading。Greekliteraturewasratherinthesereandyellowleaf，besure，whenmenthoughtofwritingthatsortofthingaboutit。Butstill，heisanencyclopaedicman，and，moreover，apoet。Hewritesanepic，"Aitia，"infourbooks，onthecausesofthemyths，religiousceremonies，andsoforth——anominoussignforthemythsalso，andthebeliefinthem；alsoaHecate，Galataea，Glaucus——fourepics，besidescomedies，tragedies，iambics，choriambics，elegies，hymns，epigramsseventy-three——andoftheselastalonecanwesaythattheyareinanydegreereadable；andtheyarecourtly，far-fetched，neat，andthatisall。Sixhymnsremain，andafewfragmentsoftheelegies:butthemostfamouselegy，onBerenice'shair，ispreservedtousonlyinaLatinparaphraseofCatullus。Itiscurious，astheearliestinstancewehaveofgenuinelyungenuineCourtpoetry，andofthecomplimentaryliewhichdoesnotevenpretendtobetrue；theflatterywhichwillnottakethetroubletopreventyourseeingthatitislaughinginyourface。
　　Berenicethequeen，onPtolemy'sdeparturetothewars，vowsherbeautifultressestoherfavouritegoddess，asthepriceofherhusband'ssafereturn；anddulypayshervow。Thehairishungupinthetemple:inadayortwoafterithasvanished。DireisthewrathofPtolemy，theconsternationofthepriests，thescandaltoreligion；
　　whenConon，thecourt-astronomer，luckilysearchingtheheavens，findsthemissingtressesinanutterlyunexpectedplace——asanewconstellationofstars，whichtothisdaybearsthetitleofComaBerenices。Itissoconvenienttobelievethefact，thateverybodybelievesitaccordingly；andCallimachuswritesanelegythereon，inwhichtheconstellified，orindeeddeifiedtresses，addressinmostmelodiousandhighly-finishedGreek，bedizenedwithconcettoonconcetto，thatfairandsacredheadwhereontheygrew，tobeshornfromwhichissodireasorrow，thatapotheosisitselfcanhardlyreconcilethemtotheparting。
　　Worthy，wasnotallthis，ofthedescendantsofthemenwhofoughtatMarathonandThermopylae？TheoldGreekcivilisationwasrottingswiftlydown；whileafireofGodwaspreparing，slowlyanddimly，inthatunnoticedItaliantownofRome，whichwasdestinedtoburnupthatdeadworld，andallitsworks。
　　Callimachus'shymns，thosemayreadwholist。Theyarehighlyfinishedenough；theworkofamanwhoknewthoroughlywhatsortofarticleheintendedtomake，andwhatwerethemostapprovedmethodsofmakingit。
　　Curiousandcumbrousmythologicallorecomesoutineveryotherline。
　　Thesmartness，thefineepithets，thereconditeconceits，thebitsofeffect，arebeyondallpraise；butasforonesparkoflife，ofpoetry，ofrealbelief，youwillfindnone；noteveninthatfamousLavacrumPalladiswhichAngeloPolizianothoughtworthtranslatingintoLatinelegiacs，aboutthesametimethatthelearnedFlorentine，AntonioMariaSalviano，foundBerenice'sHairworthytobeparaphrasedbackfromCatullus'LatinintoGreek，togivetheworldsomefaintnotionoftheinestimableandincomparableoriginal。Theymusthavehadmuchtimeontheirhands。ButattheRevivalofLetters，aswastobeexpected，allworksoftheancients，goodandbad，weredevouredalikewithyouthfuleagernessbytheMedicisandthePopes；anditwasnot，weshallsee，formorethanonecenturyafter，thatmen'stastegotsufficientlymaturedtodistinguishbetweenCallimachusandtheHomerichymns，orbetweenPlatoandProclus。YetCallimachusandhisfellowshadaneffectontheworld。Hiswritings，aswellasthoseofPhiletas，werethemodelonwhichOvid，Propertius，Tibullus，formedthemselves。
　　AndsoIleavehim，withtwohints。Ifanyonewishestoseethejusticeofmycensure，lethimreadoneoftheAlexandrianhymns，andimmediatelyafterit，oneofthosegloriousoldHomerichymnstotheverysamedeities；lethimcontrasttheinsincereandfulsomeidolatryofCallimachuswiththereverent，simpleandmanfulanthropomorphismoftheHomerist——andlethimformhisownjudgment。
　　Theotherhintisthis。IfCallimachus，thefounderofAlexandrianliterature，besuchasheis，whatarehispupilslikelytobecome，atleastwithoutsomeinfusionofhealthierblood，suchasinthecaseofhisRomanimitatorsproducedanewandnotaltogetherignobleschool？
　　OfLycophron，thefellow-grammarianandpoetofCallimachus，wehavenothingleftbuttheCassandra，alongiambicpoem，stuffedwithtraditionarylearning，andsoobscure，thatitobtainedforhimthesurnameof[Greektext:skoteinos]thedarkone。Ihavetriedinvaintoreadit:you，ifyouwill，maydothesame。
　　Philetas，theremainingmemberoftheAlexandrianTriad，seemstohavebeenamoresimple，genial，andgracefulspiritthantheothertwo，towhomhewasaccordinglyesteemedinferior。Onlyafewfragmentsareleft；buthewasnotaltogetherwithouthisinfluence，forhewas，asI
　　havejustsaid，oneofthemodelsonwhichPropertiusandOvidformedthemselves；andsome，indeed，callhimtheFatheroftheLatinelegy，withitsterseness，grace，andclearepigrammaticformofthought，and，therefore，inagreatdegree，ofourmoderneighteenthcenturypoets；
　　notauselessexcellence，seeingthatitis，onthewhole，goodforhimwhowritestoseeclearlywhathewantstosay，andtobeabletomakehisreadersseeitclearlyalso。Andyetonenaturalstrainisheardamidallthisartificialjingle——thatofTheocritus。ItisnotaltogetherAlexandrian。Itssweetestnoteswerelearntamidthechestnutgrovesandorchards，thevolcanicglensandsunnypasturesofSicily；buttheintercourse，betweenthecourtsofHieroandthePtolemiesseemstohavebeencontinual。Poetsandphilosophersmovedfreelyfromonetotheother，andfoundalikeatmosphereinboth；andinoneofTheocritus'idyls，twoSiciliangentlemen，crossedinlove，agreetosailforAlexandria，andvolunteerintothearmyofthegreatandgoodkingPtolemy，ofwhomasketchisgivenworthreading；asamannoble，generous，andstately，"knowingwellwholoveshim，andstillbetterwholoveshimnot。"HehasanotherencomiumonPtolemy，morelaboured，thoughnotlessinteresting:buttherealvalueofTheocritusliesinhispoweroflandscape-painting。
　　OnecanwellconceivethedelightwhichhisidylsmusthavegiventothosedustyAlexandrians，pentupforeverbetweenseaandsand-hills，drinkingthetank-water，andneverhearingthesoundofarunningstream——whirling，too，forever，inallthebustleandintrigueofagreatcommercialandliterarycity。RefreshingindeeditmusthavebeentothemtohearofthosesimplejoysandsimplesorrowsoftheSicilianshepherd，inalandwheretoilwasbutexercise，andmereexistencewasenjoyment。Tothem，andtousalso。IbelieveTheocritusisoneofthepoetswhowillneverdie。Heseesmenandthings，inhisownlightway，truly；andhedescribesthemsimply，honestly，withlittlecarelesstouchesofpathosandhumour，whilehefloodshiswholescenewiththatgorgeousSicilianair，likeoneofTitian'spictures
　　withstillsunshine，whisperingpines，thelizardsleepingonthewall，andthesunburntcicalashriekingonthespray，thepearsandapplesdroppingfromtheorchardbough，thegoatsclamberingfromcragtocragafterthecistusandthethyme，thebrownyouthsandwantonlassessingingunderthedarkchestnutboughs，orbytheleafyarchofsomeGrotnymph-haunted，Garlandedoverwithvine，andacanthus，andclamberingroses，Coolinthefiercestillnoon，wherethestreamsglanceclearinthemoss-beds；
　　andhereandthere，beyondthebraesandmeads，blueglimpsesofthefar-offsummersea；andallthistoldinalanguageandametrewhichshapesitselfalmostunconsciously，waveafterwave，intothemostluscioussong。Doubtnotthatmanyasoulthen，wasthesimpler，andpurer，andbetter，forreadingthesweetsingerofSyracuse。Hehashisimmoralities；buttheyaretheimmoralitiesofhisage:hisnaturalness，hissunnycalmandcheerfulness，areallhisown。
　　Andnow，toleavethepoets，andspeakofthosegrammarianstowhosecorrectionsweowe，Isuppose，thetextsoftheGreekpoetsastheynowstand。Theyseemtohavesettoworkattheirtaskmethodicallyenough，underthedirectionoftheirmostliterarymonarch，PtolemyPhiladelphus。AlexandertheAEtoliancollectedandrevisedthetragedies，Lycophronthecomedies，ZenodotusthepoemsofHomer，andtheotherpoetsoftheEpiccycle，nowlosttous。WhetherHomerprosperedunderallhisexpungings，alterations，andtranspositions——whether，infact，hedidnottreatHomerverymuchasBentleywantedtotreatMilton，isasuspicionwhichonehasarighttoentertain，thoughitislongpastthepossibilityofproof。Letthatbeasitmay，thecriticalbusinessgrewandprospered。AristophanesofByzantiumwroteglossariesandgrammars
　　collectededitionsofPlatoandAristotle，aestheticdisquisitionsonHomer——onewishestheywerepreserved，forthesakeofthejest，thatonemighthaveseenanAlexandriancockney'sviewsofAchillesandUlysses!Moreover，inahaplessmoment，atleastforusmoderns，heinventedGreekaccents；thereby，Ifear，socomplicatingandconfusingournotionsofGreekrhythm，thatweshallnever，totheendoftime，beabletoguesswhatanyGreekverse，savingtheoldHomericHexameter，soundedlike。Afterawhile，too，thepedants，accordingtotheirwont，beganquarrellingabouttheiraccentsandtheirrecessions。
　　Moreover，therewasarivalschoolatPergamuswherethefameofCratesallbutequalledtheEgyptianfameofAristarchus。Insolent!WhatrighthadanAsiatictoknowanything？SoAristarchusflewfuriouslyonCrates，beingamanofplaincommonsense，whofeltacorrectreadingafarmoreimportantthingthananyofCrates'sillustrations，aesthetic，historical，ormythological；apreferencenotyetquiteextinct，inone，atleast，ofourUniversities。"Sir，"saidacleverCambridgeTutortoaphilosophicallyinclinedfreshman，"remember，thatourbusinessistotranslatePlatocorrectly，nottodiscoverhismeaning。"And，paradoxicalasitmayseem，hewasright。Letusfirsthaveaccuracy，themerestmechanicalaccuracy，ineverybranchofknowledge。Letusknowwhatthethingiswhichwearelookingat。Letusknowtheexactwordsanauthoruses。LetusgetattheexactvalueofeachwordbythatsevereinductionofwhichButtmannandthegreatGermanshavesetsuchnobleexamples；andthen，andnottillthen，wemaybegintotalkaboutphilosophy，andaesthetics，andtherest
　　VeryProbablyAristarchuswasrightinhisdislikeofCrates'spreferenceofwhathecalledcriticism，togrammar。Veryprobablyheconnecteditwiththeotherobjectofhisespecialhatred，thatfashionofinterpretingHomerallegorically，whichwasspringingupinhistime，andwhichafterwardsundertheNeoplatonistsrosetoafranticheight，andhelpedtodestroyinthem，notonlytheirpowerofsoundjudgment，andofaskingeachthingpatientlywhatitwas，butalsoanyrealreverencefor，orunderstandingof，theveryauthorsoverwhomtheydeclaimedandsentimentalised。
　　Yes——theCambridgeTutorwasright。Beforeyoucantellwhatamanmeans，youmusthavepatiencetofindoutwhathesays。Sofarfromwishingourgrammaticalandphilologicaleducationtobelessseverethanitis，Ithinkitisnotsevereenough。Inanagelikethis——anageoflectures，andofpopularliterature，andofself-culture，toooftenrandomandcapricious，howeverearnest，wecannotbetoocarefulinaskingourselves，incompellingotherstoaskthemselves，themeaningofeverywordwhichtheyuse，ofeverywordwhichtheyread；inassuringthem，whethertheywillbelieveusornot，thatthemoral，aswellastheintellectualculture，acquiredbytranslatingaccuratelyonedialogueofPlato，bymakingoutthoroughlythesenseofonechapterofastandardauthor，isgreaterthantheywillgetfromskimmingwholefoliosofSchlegelianaesthetics，resumes，historiesofphilosophy，andthelikesecond-handinformation，orattendingsevenlecturesa-weektilltheirlives'end。Itisbettertoknowonething，thantoknowabouttenthousandthings。Icannothelpfeelingpainfully，
　　afterreadingthosemostinterestingMemoirsofMargaretFullerOssoli，thattheespecialdangerofthistimeisintellectualsciolism，vagueness，sentimentaleclecticism——andfeeling，too，asSocratesofoldbelieved，thatintellectualvaguenessandshallowness，howeverglib，andgrand，andeloquentitmayseem，isinevitablytheparentofamoralvaguenessandshallowness，whichmayleaveourageasitleftthelaterGreeks，withoutanabsolutestandardofrightoroftruth，tillittriestoescapefromitsownscepticism，asthelaterNeoplatonistsdid，byplungingdesperatelyintoanyfetish-worshippingsuperstitionwhichholdsouttoitsweariedandyetimpatientintellect，thebaitofdecisionsalreadymadeforit，ofobjectsofadmirationalreadyformedandsystematised。
　　Thereforeletushonourthegrammarianinhisplace；and，amongothers，theseoldgrammariansofAlexandria；onlybeingsurethatassoonasanymanbegins，astheydid，displayinghimselfpeacock-fashion，boastingofhisscienceasthegreatpursuitofhumanity，andinsultinghisfellow-
　　craftsmen，hebecomes，ipsofacto，unabletodiscoveranymoretruthforus，havingputonahabitofmindtowhichinductionisimpossible；andisthenceforthtobepassedbywithakindlybutapityingsmile。Andso，indeed，ithappenedwiththesequarrelsomeAlexandriangrammarians，asitdidwiththeCasaubonsandScaligersandDaciersofthelasttwocenturies。Assoonastheybeganquarrellingtheylostthepowerofdiscovering。Thewantoftheinductivefacultyintheirattemptsatphilologyisutterlyludicrous。MostoftheirderivationsofwordsareaboutonaparwithJacobBohmen'setymologyofsulphur，whereinhemakessul，ifIrecollectright，signifysomeactiveprincipleofcombustion，andphurthepassiveone。Itwasleftformorepatientandlessnoisymen，likeGrimm，Bopp，andButtmann，tofoundascienceofphilology，todiscoverforusthosegreatlawswhichconnectmodernphilologywithhistory，ethnology，physiology，andwiththeverydeepestquestionsoftheologyitself。Andinthemeanwhile，theseAlexandrians'
　　worthlesscriticismhasbeenutterlysweptaway；whiletheirrealwork，theiraccurateeditionsoftheclassics，remaintousasapreciousheritage。Soitisthroughouthistory:nothingdieswhichisworthytolive。Thewheatissurelygatheredintothegarner，thechaffisburntupbythateternalfirewhich，happilyforthisuniverse，cannotbequenchedbyanyartofman，butgoesonforever，devouringwithoutindulgenceallthefollyandthefalsehoodoftheworld。
　　AsyetyouhaveheardnothingofthemetaphysicalschoolsofAlexandria；
　　forasyetnonehaveexisted，inthemodernacceptationofthatword。
　　Indeed，IamnotsurethatImustnottellyoufrankly，thatnoneeverexistedatallinAlexandria，inthatsamemodernacceptation。Ritter，Ithink，itiswhocomplainsnaivelyenough，thattheAlexandrianNeoplatonistshadabadhabit，whichgrewonthemmoreandmoreastheyearsrolledon，ofmixingupphilosophywiththeology，andsodefiling，oratalleventscolouring，itspuretransparency。Thereisnodenyingtheimputation，asIshallshowatgreaterlengthinmynextLecture。