[Footnote101:Themostauthenticaccountoftheseprecepts，pilgrimage，prayer，fasting，alms，andablutions，isextractedfromthePersianandArabiantheologiansbyMaracci，Prodrom。
partiv。p。9—24，Reland，inhisexcellenttreatisedeReligioneMohammedica，Utrecht，1717，p。67—123，andChardin，VoyagesinPerse，tom。iv。p。47—195。Maraceisapartialaccuser；butthejeweller，Chardin，hadtheeyesofaphilosopher；andReland，ajudiciousstudent，hadtravelledovertheEastinhisclosetatUtrecht。ThexivthletterofTournefortVoyageduLevont，tom。ii。p。325—360，inoctavodescribeswhathehadseenofthereligionoftheTurks。]
[Footnote*:SuchisMahometanismbeyondtheprecinctsoftheHolyCity。ButMahometretained，andtheKoransanctions，Sale'sKoran，c。5，ininlt。c。22，vol。ii。p。171，172，thesacrificeofsheepandcamelsprobablyaccordingtotheoldArabianrites
atMecca；andthepilgrimscompletetheirceremonialwithsacrifices，sometimesasnumerousandcostlyasthoseofKingSolomon。Comparenote，vol。iv。c。xxiii。p。96，andForster'sMahometanismUnveiled，vol。i。p。420。ThisauthorquotesthequestionableauthorityofBenjaminofTudela，forthesacrificeofacamelbythecaliphatBosra；butsacrificeundoubtedlyformsnopartoftheordinaryMahometanritual；norwillthesanctityofthecaliph，astheearthlyrepresentativeoftheprophet，bearanycloseanalogytothepriesthoodoftheMosaicorGentilareligions。—M。]
[Footnote102:MahometSale'sKoran，c。9，p。153reproachestheChristianswithtakingtheirpriestsandmonksfortheirlords，besidesGod。YetMaracciProdromus，partiii。p。69，70
excusestheworship，especiallyofthepope，andquotes，fromtheKoranitself，thecaseofEblis，orSatan，whowascastfromheavenforrefusingtoadoreAdam。]
[Footnote103:Koran，c。5，p。94，andSale'snote，whichreferstotheauthorityofJallaloddinandAlBeidawi。D'Herbelotdeclares，thatMahometcondemnedlaviereligieuse；andthatthefirstswarmsoffakirs，dervises，&c。，didnotappeartillaftertheyear300oftheHegira，Bibliot。Orient。p。292，718。]
[Footnote104:Seethedoubleprohibition，Koran，c。2，p。25，c。5，p。94；theoneinthestyleofalegislator，theotherinthatofafanatic。ThepublicandprivatemotivesofMahometareinvestigatedbyPrideauxLifeofMahomet，p。62—64andSale，PreliminaryDiscourse，p。124。]
[Footnote105:ThejealousyofMaracciProdromus，partiv。p。
33promptshimtoenumeratethemoreliberalalmsoftheCatholicsofRome。Fifteengreathospitalsareopentomanythousandpatientsandpilgrims；fifteenhundredmaidensareannuallyportioned；fifty—sixcharityschoolsarefoundedforbothsexes；onehundredandtwentyconfraternitiesrelievethewantsoftheirbrethren，&c。ThebenevolenceofLondonisstillmoreextensive；butIamafraidthatmuchmoreistobeascribedtothehumanity，thantothereligion，ofthepeople。]
Thetwoarticlesofbelief，andthefourpracticalduties，ofIslam，areguardedbyrewardsandpunishments；andthefaithoftheMussulmanisdevoutlyfixedontheeventofthejudgmentandthelastday。Theprophethasnotpresumedtodeterminethemomentofthatawfulcatastrophe，thoughhedarklyannouncesthesigns，bothinheavenandearth，whichwillprecedetheuniversaldissolution，whenlifeshallbedestroyed，andtheorderofcreationshallbeconfoundedintheprimitivechaos。Attheblastofthetrumpet，newworldswillstartintobeing:angels，genii，andmenwillarisefromthedead，andthehumansoulwillagainbeunitedtothebody。ThedoctrineoftheresurrectionwasfirstentertainedbytheEgyptians；^106andtheirmummieswereembalmed，theirpyramidswereconstructed，topreservetheancientmansionofthesoul，duringaperiodofthreethousandyears。Buttheattemptispartialandunavailing；anditiswithamorephilosophicspiritthatMahometreliesontheomnipotenceoftheCreator，whosewordcanreanimatethebreathlessclay，andcollecttheinnumerableatoms，thatnolongerretaintheirformorsubstance。^107Theintermediatestateofthesoulitishardtodecide；andthosewhomostfirmlybelieveherimmaterialnature，areatalosstounderstandhowshecanthinkoractwithouttheagencyoftheorgansofsense。
[Footnote106:SeeHerodotusl。ii。c。123andourlearnedcountrymanSirJohnMarsham，Canon。Chronicus，p。46。Thesamewriterp。254—274isanelaboratesketchoftheinfernalregions，astheywerepaintedbythefancyoftheEgyptiansandGreeks，ofthepoetsandphilosophersofantiquity。]
[Footnote107:TheKoranc。2，p。259，&c。；ofSale，p。32；ofMaracci，p。97relatesaningeniousmiracle，whichsatisfiedthecuriosity，andconfirmedthefaith，ofAbraham。]
Thereunionofthesoulandbodywillbefollowedbythefinaljudgmentofmankind；andinhiscopyoftheMagianpicture，theprophethastoofaithfullyrepresentedtheformsofproceeding，andeventheslowandsuccessiveoperations，ofanearthlytribunal。Byhisintolerantadversariesheisupbraidedforextending，eventothemselves，thehopeofsalvation，forassertingtheblackestheresy，thateverymanwhobelievesinGod，andaccomplishesgoodworks，mayexpectinthelastdayafavorablesentence。Suchrationalindifferenceisilladaptedtothecharacterofafanatic；norisitprobablethatamessengerfromheavenshoulddepreciatethevalueandnecessityofhisownrevelation。IntheidiomoftheKoran，^108thebeliefofGodisinseparablefromthatofMahomet:thegoodworksarethosewhichhehasenjoined，andthetwoqualificationsimplytheprofessionofIslam，towhichallnationsandallsectsareequallyinvited。
Theirspiritualblindness，thoughexcusedbyignoranceandcrownedwithvirtue，willbescourgedwitheverlastingtorments；
andthetearswhichMahometshedoverthetombofhismotherforwhomhewasforbiddentopray，displayastrikingcontrastofhumanityandenthusiasm。^109Thedoomoftheinfidelsiscommon:
themeasureoftheirguiltandpunishmentisdeterminedbythedegreeofevidencewhichtheyhaverejected，bythemagnitudeoftheerrorswhichtheyhaveentertained:theeternalmansionsoftheChristians，theJews，theSabians，theMagians，andidolaters，aresunkbeloweachotherintheabyss；andthelowesthellisreservedforthefaithlesshypocriteswhohaveassumedthemaskofreligion。Afterthegreaterpartofmankindhasbeencondemnedfortheiropinions，thetruebelieversonlywillbejudgedbytheiractions。ThegoodandevilofeachMussulmanwillbeaccuratelyweighedinarealorallegoricalbalance；andasingularmodeofcompensationwillbeallowedforthepaymentofinjuries:theaggressorwillrefundanequivalentofhisowngoodactions，forthebenefitofthepersonwhomhehaswronged；andifheshouldbedestituteofanymoralproperty，theweightofhissinswillbeloadedwithanadequateshareofthedemeritsofthesufferer。Accordingasthesharesofguiltorvirtueshallpreponderate，thesentencewillbepronounced，andall，withoutdistinction，willpassoverthesharpandperilousbridgeoftheabyss；buttheinnocent，treadinginthefootstepsofMahomet，willgloriouslyenterthegatesofparadise，whiletheguiltywillfallintothefirstandmildestofthesevenhells。Thetermofexpiationwillvaryfromninehundredtoseventhousandyears；buttheprophethasjudiciouslypromised，thatallhisdisciples，whatevermaybetheirsins，shallbesaved，bytheirownfaithandhisintercessionfrometernaldamnation。Itisnotsurprisingthatsuperstitionshouldactmostpowerfullyonthefearsofhervotaries，sincethehumanfancycanpaintwithmoreenergythemiserythantheblissofafuturelife。Withthetwosimpleelementsofdarknessandfire，wecreateasensationofpain，whichmaybeaggravatedtoaninfinitedegreebytheideaofendlessduration。Butthesameideaoperateswithanoppositeeffectonthecontinuityofpleasure；andtoomuchofourpresentenjoymentsisobtainedfromtherelief，orthecomparison，ofevil。ItisnaturalenoughthatanArabianprophetshoulddwellwithraptureonthegroves，thefountains，andtheriversofparadise；butinsteadofinspiringtheblessedinhabitantswithaliberaltasteforharmonyandscience，conversationandfriendship，heidlycelebratesthepearlsanddiamonds，therobesofsilk，palacesofmarble，dishesofgold，richwines，artificialdainties，numerousattendants，andthewholetrainofsensualandcostlyluxury，whichbecomesinsipidtotheowner，evenintheshortperiodofthismortallife。Seventy—twoHouris，orblack—eyedgirls，ofresplendentbeauty，bloomingyouth，virginpurity，andexquisitesensibility，willbecreatedfortheuseofthemeanestbeliever；amomentofpleasurewillbeprolongedtoathousandyears；andhisfacultieswillbeincreasedahundredfold，torenderhimworthyofhisfelicity。
Notwithstandingavulgarprejudice，thegatesofheavenwillbeopentobothsexes；butMahomethasnotspecifiedthemalecompanionsofthefemaleelect，lestheshouldeitheralarmthejealousyoftheirformerhusbands，ordisturbtheirfelicity，bythesuspicionofaneverlastingmarriage。Thisimageofacarnalparadisehasprovokedtheindignation，perhapstheenvy，ofthemonks:theydeclaimagainsttheimpurereligionofMahomet；andhismodestapologistsaredriventothepoorexcuseoffiguresandallegories。Butthesounderandmoreconsistentpartyadherewithoutshame，totheliteralinterpretationoftheKoran:
uselesswouldbetheresurrectionofthebody，unlessitwererestoredtothepossessionandexerciseofitsworthiestfaculties；andtheunionofsensualandintellectualenjoymentisrequisitetocompletethehappinessofthedoubleanimal，theperfectman。YetthejoysoftheMahometanparadisewillnotbeconfinedtotheindulgenceofluxuryandappetite；andtheprophethasexpresslydeclaredthatallmeanerhappinesswillbeforgottenanddespisedbythesaintsandmartyrs，whoshallbeadmittedtothebeatitudeofthedivinevision。^110
[Footnote108:ThecandidRelandhasdemonstrated，thatMahometdamnsallunbelievers，deReligion。Moham。p。128—142；thatdevilswillnotbefinallysaved，p。196—199；thatparadisewillnotsolelyconsistofcorporealdelights，p。199—205；
andthatwomen'ssoulsareimmortal。p。205—209。]
[Footnote109:ABeidawi，apudSale。Koran，c。9，p。164。Therefusaltoprayforanunbelievingkindredisjustified，accordingtoMahomet，bythedutyofaprophet，andtheexampleofAbraham，whoreprobatedhisownfatherasanenemyofGod。
YetAbrahamheadds，c。9，v。116。Maracci，tom。ii。p。317
fuitsanepius，mitis。]
[Footnote110:Forthedayofjudgment，hell，paradise，&c。，consulttheKoran，c。2，v。25，c。56，78，&c。；withMaracci'svirulent，butlearned，refutation，inhisnotes，andintheProdromus，partiv。p。78，120，122，&c。；D'Herbelot，BibliothequeOrientale，p。368，375；Reland，p。47—61；andSale，p。76—103。TheoriginalideasoftheMagiaredarklyanddoubtfullyexploredbytheirapologist，Dr。Hyde，Hist。
ReligionisPersarum，c。33，p。402—412，Oxon。1760。InthearticleofMahomet，Baylehasshownhowindifferentlywitandphilosophysupplytheabsenceofgenuineinformation。]
ThefirstandmostarduousconquestsofMahomet^111werethoseofhiswife，hisservant，hispupil，andhisfriend；^112
sincehepresentedhimselfasaprophettothosewhoweremostconversantwithhisinfirmitiesasaman。YetCadijahbelievedthewords，andcherishedtheglory，ofherhusband；theobsequiousandaffectionateZeidwastemptedbytheprospectoffreedom；theillustriousAli，thesonofAbuTaleb，embracedthesentimentsofhiscousinwiththespiritofayouthfulhero；andthewealth，themoderation，theveracityofAbubekerconfirmedthereligionoftheprophetwhomhewasdestinedtosucceed。Byhispersuasion，tenofthemostrespectablecitizensofMeccawereintroducedtotheprivatelessonsofIslam；theyyieldedtothevoiceofreasonandenthusiasm；theyrepeatedthefundamentalcreed，"ThereisbutoneGod，andMahometistheapostleofGod；"
andtheirfaith，eveninthislife，wasrewardedwithrichesandhonors，withthecommandofarmiesandthegovernmentofkingdoms。Threeyearsweresilentlyemployedintheconversionoffourteenproselytes，thefirst—fruitsofhismission；butinthefourthyearheassumedthepropheticoffice，andresolvingtoimparttohisfamilythelightofdivinetruth，hepreparedabanquet，alamb，asitissaid，andabowlofmilk，fortheentertainmentoffortyguestsoftheraceofHashem。"Friendsandkinsmen，"saidMahomettotheassembly，"Iofferyou，andIalonecanoffer，themostpreciousofgifts，thetreasuresofthisworldandoftheworldtocome。Godhascommandedmetocallyoutohisservice。Whoamongyouwillsupportmyburden?Whoamongyouwillbemycompanionandmyvizier?"^113Noanswerwasreturned，tillthesilenceofastonishment，anddoubt，andcontempt，wasatlengthbrokenbytheimpatientcourageofAli，ayouthinthefourteenthyearofhisage。"Oprophet，Iamtheman:whosoeverrisesagainstthee，Iwilldashouthisteeth，tearouthiseyes，breakhislegs，ripuphisbelly。Oprophet，Iwillbethyvizieroverthem。"Mahometacceptedhisofferwithtransport，andAbuTaledwasironicallyexhortedtorespectthesuperiordignityofhisson。Inamoreserioustone，thefatherofAliadvisedhisnephewtorelinquishhisimpracticabledesign。
"Spareyourremonstrances，"repliedtheintrepidfanatictohisuncleandbenefactor；"iftheyshouldplacethesunonmyrighthand，andthemoononmyleft，theyshouldnotdivertmefrommycourse。"Heperseveredtenyearsintheexerciseofhismission；
andthereligionwhichhasoverspreadtheEastandtheWestadvancedwithaslowandpainfulprogresswithinthewallsofMecca。YetMahometenjoyedthesatisfactionofbeholdingtheincreaseofhisinfantcongregationofUnitarians，whoreveredhimasaprophet，andtowhomheseasonablydispensedthespiritualnourishmentoftheKoran。Thenumberofproselytesmaybeesteemedbytheabsenceofeighty—threemenandeighteenwomen，whoretiredtoAethiopiaintheseventhyearofhismission；andhispartywasfortifiedbythetimelyconversionofhisuncleHamza，andofthefierceandinflexibleOmar，whosignalizedinthecauseofIslamthesamezeal，whichhehadexertedforitsdestruction。NorwasthecharityofMahometconfinedtothetribeofKoreish，ortheprecinctsofMecca:onsolemnfestivals，inthedaysofpilgrimage，hefrequentedtheCaaba，accostedthestrangersofeverytribe，andurged，bothinprivateconverseandpublicdiscourse，thebeliefandworshipofasoleDeity。Consciousofhisreasonandofhisweakness，heassertedthelibertyofconscience，anddisclaimedtheuseofreligiousviolence:^114buthecalledtheArabstorepentance，andconjuredthemtoremembertheancientidolatersofAdandThamud，whomthedivinejusticehadsweptawayfromthefaceoftheearth。^115
[Footnote111:BeforeIenteronthehistoryoftheprophet，itisincumbentonmetoproducemyevidence。TheLatin，French，andEnglishversionsoftheKoranareprecededbyhistoricaldiscourses，andthethreetranslators，Maracci，tom。i。p。10—
32，Savary，tom。i。p。1—248，andSale，PreliminaryDiscourse，p。33—56，hadaccuratelystudiedthelanguageandcharacteroftheirauthor。TwoprofessedLivesofMahomethavebeencomposedbyDr。PrideauxLifeofMahomet，seventhedition，London，1718，inoctavoandthecountdeBoulainvilliers，ViedeMahomed，Londres，1730，inoctavo:buttheadversewishoffindinganimpostororahero，hastoooftencorruptedthelearningofthedoctorandtheingenuityofthecount。ThearticleinD'HerbelotBibliot。Orient。p。598—603ischieflydrawnfromNovairiandMirkond；butthebestandmostauthenticofourguidesisM。Gagnier，aFrenchmanbybirth，andprofessoratOxfordoftheOrientaltongues。Intwoelaborateworks，IsmaelAbulfedadeVitaetRebusgestisMohammedis，&c。Latinevertit，PraefationeetNotisillustravitJohannesGagnier，Oxon。
1723，infolio。LaViedeMahomettraduiteetcompileedel'Alcoran，desTraditionsAuthentiquesdelaSonnaetdesmeilleursAuteursArabes；Amsterdam，1748，3vols。in12mo。，hehasinterpreted，illustrated，andsuppliedtheArabictextofAbulfedaandAlJannabi；thefirst，anenlightenedprincewhoreignedatHamah，inSyria，A。D。1310—1332，seeGagnierPraefat。adAbulfed。；thesecond，acredulousdoctor，whovisitedMeccaA。D。1556。D'Herbelot，p。397。Gagnier，tom。iii。
p。209，210。Thesearemygeneralvouchers，andtheinquisitivereadermayfollowtheorderoftime，andthedivisionofchapters。YetImustobservethatbothAbulfedaandAlJannabiaremodernhistorians，andthattheycannotappealtoanywritersofthefirstcenturyoftheHegira。
Note:AnewLife，byDr。Weil，Stuttgart。1843，hasaddedsomefewtraditionsunknowninEurope。OfDr。Weil'sArabicscholarship，whichprofessestocorrectmanyerrorsinGagnier，inMaracci，andinM。vonHammer，Iamnojudge。ButitisremarkablethathedoesnotseemacquaintedwiththepassageofTabari，translatedbyColonelVansKennedy，intheBombayTransactions，vol。iii。，theearliestandmostimportantadditionmadetothetraditionaryLifeofMahomet。IaminclinedtothinkColonelVansKennedy'sappreciationoftheprophet'scharacter，whichmaybeoverlookedinacriticismonVoltaire'sMahomet，themostjustwhichIhaveeverread。TheworkofDr。
WeilappearstomemostvaluableinitsdissectionandchronologicalviewoftheKoran。—M。1845]
[Footnote112:AftertheGreeks，Prideauxp。8disclosesthesecretdoubtsofthewifeofMahomet。Asifhehadbeenaprivycounselloroftheprophet，Boulainvilliersp。272，&c。unfoldsthesublimeandpatrioticviewsofCadijahandthefirstdisciples。]
[Footnote113:Vezirus，portitor，bajulus，onusferens；andthisplebeiannamewastransferredbyanaptmetaphortothepillarsofthestate，Gagnier，Not。adAbulfed。p。19。IendeavortopreservetheArabianidiom，asfarasIcanfeelitmyselfinaLatinorFrenchtranslation。]
[Footnote114:ThepassagesoftheKoraninbehalfoftolerationarestrongandnumerous:c。2，v。257，c。16，129，c。17，54，c。
45，15，c。50，39，c。88，21，&c。，withthenotesofMaracciandSale。Thischaracteralonemaygenerallydecidethedoubtsofthelearned，whetherachapterwasrevealedatMeccaorMedina。]
[Footnote115:SeetheKoran，passim，andespeciallyc。7，p。
123，124，&c。，andthetraditionoftheArabs，Pocock，Specimen，p。35—37。ThecavernsofthetribeofThamud，fitformenoftheordinarystature，wereshowninthemidwaybetweenMedinaandDamascus。AbulfedArabiaeDescript。p。43，44，andmaybeprobablyascribedtotheThroglodytesoftheprimitiveworld，Michaelis，adLowthdePoesiHebraeor。p。131—134。
RecherchessurlesEgyptiens，tom。ii。p。48，&c。]
ChapterL:DescriptionOfArabiaAndItsInhabitants。
PartV。
ThepeopleofMeccawerehardenedintheirunbeliefbysuperstitionandenvy。Theeldersofthecity，theunclesoftheprophet，affectedtodespisethepresumptionofanorphan，thereformerofhiscountry:thepiousorationsofMahometintheCaabawereansweredbytheclamorsofAbuTaleb。"Citizensandpilgrims，listennottothetempter，hearkennottohisimpiousnovelties。StandfastintheworshipofAlLataandAlUzzah。"
YetthesonofAbdallahwaseverdeartotheagedchief:andheprotectedthefameandpersonofhisnephewagainsttheassaultsoftheKoreishites，whohadlongbeenjealousofthepreeminenceofthefamilyofHashem。Theirmalicewascoloredwiththepretenceofreligion:intheageofJob，thecrimeofimpietywaspunishedbytheArabianmagistrate；^116andMahometwasguiltyofdesertinganddenyingthenationaldeities。ButsoloosewasthepolicyofMecca，thattheleadersoftheKoreish，insteadofaccusingacriminal，werecompelledtoemploythemeasuresofpersuasionorviolence。TheyrepeatedlyaddressedAbuTalebinthestyleofreproachandmenace。"Thynephewrevilesourreligion；heaccusesourwiseforefathersofignoranceandfolly；