theirclamorsprovokedhisfury；apartofOldCairowasdeliveredtotheflamesandtheguardsandcitizenswereengagedmanydaysinabloodyconflict。AtfirstthecaliphdeclaredhimselfazealousMussulman，thefounderorbenefactorofmoschsandcolleges:twelvehundredandninetycopiesoftheKoranweretranscribedathisexpenseinlettersofgold；andhisedictextirpatedthevineyardsoftheUpperEgypt。Buthisvanitywassoonflatteredbythehopeofintroducinganewreligion；heaspiredabovethefameofaprophet，andstyledhimselfthevisibleimageoftheMostHighGod，who，afternineapparitionsonearth，wasatlengthmanifestinhisroyalperson。AtthenameofHakem，thelordofthelivingandthedead，everykneewasbentinreligiousadoration:hismysterieswereperformedonamountainnearCairo:sixteenthousandconvertshadsignedhisprofessionoffaith；andatthepresenthour，afreeandwarlikepeople，theDrusesofMountLibanus，arepersuadedofthelifeanddivinityofamadmanandtyrant。^68Inhisdivinecharacter，HakemhatedtheJewsandChristians，astheservantsofhisrivals；whilesomeremainsofprejudiceorprudencestillpleadedinfavorofthelawofMahomet。BothinEgyptandPalestine，hiscruelandwantonpersecutionmadesomemartyrsandmanyapostles:
　　thecommonrightsandspecialprivilegesofthesectarieswereequallydisregarded；andageneralinterdictwaslaidonthedevotionofstrangersandnatives。ThetempleoftheChristianworld，thechurchoftheResurrection，wasdemolishedtoitsfoundations；theluminousprodigyofEasterwasinterrupted，andmuchprofanelaborwasexhaustedtodestroythecaveintherockwhichproperlyconstitutestheholysepulchre。Atthereportofthissacrilege，thenationsofEuropewereastonishedandafflicted:butinsteadofarminginthedefenceoftheHolyLand，theycontentedthemselveswithburning，orbanishing，theJews，asthesecretadvisersoftheimpiousBarbarian。^69YetthecalamitiesofJerusalemwereinsomemeasurealleviatedbytheinconstancyorrepentanceofHakemhimself；andtheroyalmandatewassealedfortherestitutionofthechurches，whenthetyrantwasassassinatedbytheemissariesofhissister。Thesucceedingcaliphsresumedthemaximsofreligionandpolicy:afreetolerationwasagaingranted；withthepiousaidoftheemperorofConstantinople，theholysepulchrearosefromitsruins；and，afterashortabstinence，thepilgrimsreturnedwithanincreaseofappetitetothespiritualfeast。^70Inthesea—voyageofPalestine，thedangerswerefrequent，andtheopportunitiesrare:
　　buttheconversionofHungaryopenedasafecommunicationbetweenGermanyandGreece。ThecharityofSt。Stephen，theapostleofhiskingdom，relievedandconductedhisitinerantbrethren；^71
　　andfromBelgradetoAntioch，theytraversedfifteenhundredmilesofaChristianempire。AmongtheFranks，thezealofpilgrimageprevailedbeyondtheexampleofformertimes:andtheroadswerecoveredwithmultitudesofeithersex，andofeveryrank，whoprofessedtheircontemptoflife，sosoonastheyshouldhavekissedthetomboftheirRedeemer。Princesandprelatesabandonedthecareoftheirdominions；andthenumbersofthesepiouscaravanswereapreludetothearmieswhichmarchedintheensuingageunderthebannerofthecross。Aboutthirtyyearsbeforethefirstcrusade，thearchbishopofMentz，withthebishopsofUtrecht，Bamberg，andRatisbon，undertookthislaboriousjourneyfromtheRhinetotheJordan；andthemultitudeoftheirfollowersamountedtoseventhousandpersons。
　　AtConstantinople，theywerehospitablyentertainedbytheemperor；buttheostentationoftheirwealthprovokedtheassaultofthewildArabs:theydrewtheirswordswithscrupulousreluctance，andsustainedsiegeinthevillageofCapernaum，tilltheywererescuedbythevenalprotectionoftheFatimiteemir。
　　Aftervisitingtheholyplaces，theyembarkedforItaly，butonlyaremnantoftwothousandarrivedinsafetyintheirnativeland。
　　Ingulphus，asecretaryofWilliamtheConqueror，wasacompanionofthispilgrimage:heobservesthattheysailedfromNormandy，thirtystoutandwell—appointedhorsemen；butthattheyrepassedtheAlps，twentymiserablepalmers，withthestaffintheirhand，andthewalletattheirback。^72
　　[Footnote67:SeeD'Herbelot，Bibliot。Orientale，p。411，
　　Renaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。390，397，400，401，
　　Elmacin，Hist。Saracen。p。321—323，andMarei，p。384—
　　386，anhistorianofEgypt，translatedbyReiskefromArabicintoGerman，andverballyinterpretedtomebyafriend。]
　　[Footnote68:ThereligionoftheDrusesisconcealedbytheirignoranceandhypocrisy。Theirsecretdoctrinesareconfinedtotheelectwhoprofessacontemplativelife；andthevulgarDruses，themostindifferentofmen，occasionallyconformtotheworshipoftheMahometansandChristiansoftheirneighborhood。
　　Thelittlethatis，ordeservestobe，known，maybeseenintheindustriousNiebuhr，Voyages，tom。ii。p。354—357，andthesecondvolumeoftherecentandinstructiveTravelsofM。deVolney。
　　Note:ThereligionoftheDruseshas，withinthepresentyear，beenfullydevelopedfromtheirownwritings，whichhavelonglainneglectedinthelibrariesofParisandOxford，inthe"ExposedelaReligiondesDruses，byM。SilvestredeSacy。"Deuxtomes，Paris，1838。ThelearnedauthorhasprefixedalifeofHakemBiamr—Allah，whichenablesustocorrectseveralerrorsintheaccountofGibbon。TheseerrorschieflyarosefromhiswantofknowledgeorofattentiontothechronologyofHakem'slife。
　　HakemsucceededtothethroneofEgyptintheyearoftheHegira386。Hedidnotassumehisdivinitytill408。Hislifewasindeed"awildmixtureofviceandfolly，"towhichmaybeadded，ofthemostsanguinarycruelty。Duringhisreign，18，000personswerevictimsofhisferocity。Yetsuchisthegod，observesM。
　　deSacy，whomtheDruseshaveworshippedfor800years!Seep。
　　ccccxxix。Allhiswildestandmostextravagantactionswereinterpretedbyhisfollowersashavingamysticandallegoricmeaning，alludingtothedestructionofotherreligionsandthepropagationofhisown。Itdoesnotseemtohavebeenthe"vanity"ofHakemwhichinducedhimtointroduceanewreligion。
　　ThecuriouspointinthenewfaithisthatHamza，thesonofAli，therealfounderoftheUnitarianreligion，suchisitsboastfultitle，wascontenttotakeasecondarypart。WhileHakemwasGod，theoneSupreme，theImamHamzawashisIntelligence。Itwasnotinhis"divinecharacter"thatHakem"hatedtheJewsandChristians，"butinthatofaMahometanbigot，whichhedisplayedintheearlieryearsofhisreign。Hisbarbarouspersecution，andtheburningofthechurchoftheResurrectionatJerusalem，belongentirelytothatperiod；andhisassumptionofdivinitywasfollowedbyanedictoftolerationtoJewsandChristians。
　　TheMahometans，whosereligionhethentreatedwithhostilityandcontempt，beingfarthemostnumerous，werehismostdangerousenemies，andthereforetheobjectsofhismostinveteratehatred。
　　Itisanothersingularfact，thatthereligionofHakemwasbynomeansconfinedtoEgyptandSyria。M。deSacyquotesaletteraddressedtothechiefofthesectinIndia；andthereislikewisealettertotheByzantineemperorConstantine，sonofArmanous，Romanus，andtheclergyoftheempire。ConstantineVIII。，M。deSacysupposes，butthisisirreconcilablewithchronology；itmustmeanConstantineXI。，Monomachus。TheassassinationofHakemis，ofcourse，disbelievedbyhissectaries。M。deSacyseemstoconsiderthefactobscureanddoubtful。Accordingtohisfollowershedisappeared，butishereaftertoreturn。Athisreturntheresurrectionistotakeplace；thetriumphofUnitarianism，andthefinaldiscomfitureofallotherreligions。ThetempleofMeccaisespeciallydevotedtodestruction。Itisremarkablethatoneofthesignsofthisfinalconsummation，andofthereappearanceofHakem，isthatChristianityshallbegainingamanifestpredominanceoverMahometanism。
　　AsforthereligionoftheDruses，IcannotagreewithGibbonthatitdoesnot"deserve"tobebetterknown；andamgratefultoM。deSacy，notwithstandingtheprolixityandoccasionalrepetitioninhistwolargevolumes，forthefullexaminationofthemostextraordinaryreligiousaberrationwhicheverextensivelyaffectedthemindofman。Theworshipofamadtyrantisthebasisofasubtlemetaphysicalcreed，andofasevere，andevenascetic，morality。—M。]
　　[Footnote69:SeeGlaber，l。iii。c。7，andtheAnnalsofBaroniusandPagi，A。D。1009。]
　　[Footnote70:PeridemtempusexuniversoorbetaminnumerabilismultitudocoepitconfluereadsepulchrumSalvatorisHierosolymis，quantumnullushominumpriussperarepoterat。Ordoinferiorisplebis……mediocres……regesetcomites……praesules……mulieresmultaenobiliscumpauperioribus……Pluribusenimeratmentisdesideriummoripriusquamadpropriareverterentur，Glaber，l。iv。c。6，Bouquet。HistoriansofFrance，tom。x。p。50。
　　Note:Comparethefirstchap。ofWilken，GeschichtederKreuz—zuge。—M。]
　　[Footnote71:Glaber，l。iii。c。1。KatonaHist。Critic。RegumHungariae，tom。i。p。304—311examineswhetherSt。StephenfoundedamonasteryatJerusalem。]
　　[Footnote72:BaroniusA。D。1064，No。43—56hastranscribedthegreaterpartoftheoriginalnarrativesofIngulphus，Marianus，andLambertus。]
　　AfterthedefeatoftheRomans，thetranquillityoftheFatimitecaliphswasinvadedbytheTurks。^73OneofthelieutenantsofMalekShah，AtsiztheCarizmian，marchedintoSyriaattheheadofapowerfularmy，andreducedDamascusbyfamineandthesword。Hems，andtheothercitiesoftheprovince，acknowledgedthecaliphofBagdadandthesultanofPersia；andthevictoriousemiradvancedwithoutresistancetothebanksoftheNile:theFatimitewaspreparingtoflyintotheheartofAfrica；butthenegroesofhisguardandtheinhabitantsofCairomadeadesperatesally，andrepulsedtheTurkfromtheconfinesofEgypt。Inhisretreatheindulgedthelicenseofslaughterandrapine:thejudgeandnotariesofJerusalemwereinvitedtohiscamp；andtheirexecutionwasfollowedbythemassacreofthreethousandcitizens。ThecrueltyorthedefeatofAtsizwassoonpunishedbythesultanToucush，thebrotherofMalekShah，who，withahighertitleandmoreformidablepowers，assertedthedominionofSyriaandPalestine。ThehouseofSeljukreignedabouttwentyyearsinJerusalem；^74butthehereditarycommandoftheholycityandterritorywasintrustedorabandonedtotheemirOrtok，thechiefofatribeofTurkmans，whosechildren，aftertheirexpulsionfromPalestine，formedtwodynastiesonthebordersofArmeniaandAssyria。^75TheOrientalChristiansandtheLatinpilgrimsdeploredarevolution，which，insteadoftheregulargovernmentandoldallianceofthecaliphs，imposedontheirneckstheironyokeofthestrangersoftheNorth。^76InhiscourtandcampthegreatsultanhadadoptedinsomedegreetheartsandmannersofPersia；butthebodyoftheTurkishnation，andmoreespeciallythepastoraltribes，stillbreathedthefiercenessofthedesert。FromNicetoJerusalem，thewesterncountriesofAsiawereasceneofforeignanddomestichostility；andtheshepherdsofPalestine，whoheldaprecariousswayonadoubtfulfrontier，hadneitherleisurenorcapacitytoawaittheslowprofitsofcommercialandreligiousfreedom。Thepilgrims，who，throughinnumerableperils，hadreachedthegatesofJerusalem，werethevictimsofprivaterapineorpublicoppression，andoftensunkunderthepressureoffamineanddisease，beforetheywerepermittedtosalutetheholysepulchre。Aspiritofnativebarbarism，orrecentzeal，promptedtheTurkmanstoinsulttheclergyofeverysect:thepatriarchwasdraggedbythehairalongthepavement，andcastintoadungeon，toextortaransomfromthesympathyofhisflock；andthedivineworshipinthechurchoftheResurrectionwasoftendisturbedbythesavagerudenessofitsmasters。ThepathetictaleexcitedthemillionsoftheWesttomarchunderthestandardofthecrosstothereliefoftheHolyLand；andyethowtriflingisthesumoftheseaccumulatedevils，ifcomparedwiththesingleactofthesacrilegeofHakem，whichhadbeensopatientlyenduredbytheLatinChristians!Aslighterprovocationinflamedthemoreirascibletemperoftheirdescendants:anewspirithadarisenofreligiouschivalryandpapaldominion；anervewastouchedofexquisitefeeling；andthesensationvibratedtotheheartofEurope。
　　[Footnote73:SeeElmacinHist。Saracen。p。349，350andAbulpharagius，Dynast。p。237，vers。Pocock。M。DeGuignesHist。desHuns，tomiii。parti。p。215，216addsthetestimonies，orratherthenames，ofAbulfedaandNovairi。]
　　[Footnote74:FromtheexpeditionofIsarAtsiz，A。H。469，A。D。
　　1076，totheexpulsionoftheOrtokides，A。D。1096。YetWilliamofTyrel。i。c。6，p。633asserts，thatJerusalemwasthirty—eightyearsinthehandsoftheTurks；andanArabicchronicle，quotedbyPagi，tom。iv。p。202supposesthatthecitywasreducedbyaCarizmiangeneraltotheobedienceofthecaliphofBagdad，A。H。463，A。D。1070。TheseearlydatesarenotverycompatiblewiththegeneralhistoryofAsia；andIamsure，thataslateasA。D。1064，theregnumBabylonicumofCairostillprevailedinPalestine，Baronius，A。D。1064，No。
　　56。]
　　[Footnote75:DeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。i。p。249—252。]
　　[Footnote76:Willierm。Tyr。l。i。c。8，p。634，whostriveshardtomagnifytheChristiangrievances。TheTurksexactedanaureusfromeachpilgrim!ThecapharoftheFranksnowisfourteendollars:andEuropedoesnotcomplainofthisvoluntarytax。]
　　ChapterLVIII:TheFirstCrusade。
　　PartI。
　　OriginAndNumbersOfTheFirstCrusade。—CharactersOfTheLatinPrinces。—TheirMarchToConstantinople。—PolicyOfTheGreekEmperorAlexius。—ConquestOfNice，Antioch，AndJerusalem，ByTheFranks。—DeliveranceOfTheHolySepulchre。—
　　GodfreyOfBouillon，FirstKingOfJerusalem。—InstitutionsOfTheFrenchOrLatinKingdom。
　　AbouttwentyyearsaftertheconquestofJerusalembytheTurks，theholysepulchrewasvisitedbyahermitofthenameofPeter，anativeofAmiens，intheprovinceofPicardy^1inFrance。HisresentmentandsympathywereexcitedbyhisowninjuriesandtheoppressionoftheChristianname；hemingledhistearswiththoseofthepatriarch，andearnestlyinquired，ifnohopesofreliefcouldbeentertainedfromtheGreekemperorsoftheEast。ThepatriarchexposedthevicesandweaknessofthesuccessorsofConstantine。"Iwillrouse，"exclaimedthehermit，"themartialnationsofEuropeinyourcause；"andEuropewasobedienttothecallofthehermit。Theastonishedpatriarchdismissedhimwithepistlesofcreditandcomplaint；andnosoonerdidhelandatBari，thanPeterhastenedtokissthefeetoftheRomanpontiff。Hisstaturewassmall，hisappearancecontemptible；buthiseyewaskeenandlively；andhepossessedthatvehemenceofspeech，whichseldomfailstoimpartthepersuasionofthesoul。^2Hewasbornofagentleman'sfamily，forwemustnowadoptamodernidiom，andhismilitaryservicewasundertheneighboringcountsofBoulogne，theheroesofthefirstcrusade。Buthesoonrelinquishedtheswordandtheworld；
　　andifitbetrue，thathiswife，howevernoble，wasagedandugly，hemightwithdraw，withthelessreluctance，fromherbedtoaconvent，andatlengthtoahermitage。Inthisausteresolitude，hisbodywasemaciated，hisfancywasinflamed；
　　whateverhewished，hebelieved；whateverhebelieved，hesawindreamsandrevelations。FromJerusalemthepilgrimreturnedanaccomplishedfanatic；butasheexcelledinthepopularmadnessofthetimes，PopeUrbantheSecondreceivedhimasaprophet，applaudedhisgloriousdesign，promisedtosupportitinageneralcouncil，andencouragedhimtoproclaimthedeliveranceoftheHolyLand。Invigoratedbytheapprobationofthepontiff，hiszealousmissionarytraversed。withspeedandsuccess，theprovincesofItalyandFrance。Hisdietwasabstemious，hisprayerslongandfervent，andthealmswhichhereceivedwithonehand，hedistributedwiththeother:hisheadwasbare，hisfeetnaked，hismeagrebodywaswrappedinacoarsegarment；heboreanddisplayedaweightycrucifix；andtheassonwhichherodewassanctified，inthepubliceye，bytheserviceofthemanofGod。Hepreachedtoinnumerablecrowdsinthechurches，thestreets，andthehighways:thehermitenteredwithequalconfidencethepalaceandthecottage；andthepeopleforallwaspeoplewasimpetuouslymovedbyhiscalltorepentanceandarms。WhenhepaintedthesufferingsofthenativesandpilgrimsofPalestine，everyheartwasmeltedtocompassion；everybreastglowedwithindignation，whenhechallengedthewarriorsoftheagetodefendtheirbrethren，andrescuetheirSavior:hisignoranceofartandlanguagewascompensatedbysighs，andtears，andejaculations；andPetersuppliedthedeficiencyofreasonbyloudandfrequentappealstoChristandhismother，tothesaintsandangelsofparadise，withwhomhehadpersonallyconversed。^!ThemostperfectoratorofAthensmighthaveenviedthesuccessofhiseloquence；therusticenthusiastinspiredthepassionswhichhefelt，andChristendomexpectedwithimpatiencethecounselsanddecreesofthesupremepontiff。
　　[Footnote1:WhimsicalenoughistheoriginofthenameofPicards，andfromthenceofPicardie，whichdoesnotdatelaterthanA。D。1200。Itwasanacademicaljoke，anepithetfirstappliedtothequarrelsomehumorofthosestudents，intheUniversityofParis，whocamefromthefrontierofFranceandFlanders，ValesiiNotitiaGalliarum，p。447，Longuerue。
　　DescriptiondelaFrance，p。54。]
　　[Footnote2:WilliamofTyrel。i。c。11，p。637，638thusdescribesthehermit:Pusillus，personacontemptibilis，vivacisingenii，etoculumhabeasperspicacemgratumque，etspontefluenseinondeerateloquium。SeeAlbertAquensis，p。185。Guibert，p。482。AnnaComnenainAlexisd，l。x。p。284，&c。，withDucarge'sNotes，p。349。]
　　[Footnote*:Wilkenconsidersthisasdoubtful，vol。i。p。47。
　　—M。]
　　[Footnote!:HehadseentheSaviorinavision:aletterhadfallenfromheavenWilken，vol。i。p。49。—M。]
　　ThemagnanimousspiritofGregorytheSeventhhadalreadyembracedthedesignofarmingEuropeagainstAsia；theardorofhiszealandambitionstillbreathesinhisepistles:fromeithersideoftheAlps，fiftythousandCatholicshadenlistedunderthebannerofSt。Peter；^3andhissuccessorrevealshisintentionofmarchingattheirheadagainsttheimpioussectariesofMahomet。Butthegloryorreproachofexecuting，thoughnotinperson，thisholyenterprise，wasreservedforUrbantheSecond，^4themostfaithfulofhisdisciples。HeundertooktheconquestoftheEast，whilstthelargerportionofRomewaspossessedandfortifiedbyhisrivalGuibertofRavenna，whocontendedwithUrbanforthenameandhonorsofthepontificate。HeattemptedtounitethepowersoftheWest，atatimewhentheprinceswereseparatedfromthechurch，andthepeoplefromtheirprinces，bytheexcommunicationwhichhimselfandhispredecessorshadthunderedagainsttheemperorandthekingofFrance。PhiliptheFirst，ofFrance，supportedwithpatiencethecensureswhichhehadprovokedbyhisscandalouslifeandadulterousmarriage。