HenrytheFourth，ofGermany，assertedtherightofinvestitures，theprerogativeofconfirminghisbishopsbythedeliveryoftheringandcrosier。Buttheemperor'spartywascrushedinItalybythearmsoftheNormansandtheCountessMathilda；andthelongquarrelhadbeenrecentlyenvenomedbytherevoltofhissonConradandtheshameofhiswife，^5who，inthesynodsofConstanceandPlacentia，confessedthemanifoldprostitutionstowhichshehadbeenexposedbyahusbandregardlessofherhonorandhisown。^6SopopularwasthecauseofUrban，soweightywashisinfluence，thatthecouncilwhichhesummonedatPlacentia^7
　　wascomposedoftwohundredbishopsofItaly，France，Burgandy，Swabia，andBavaria。Fourthousandoftheclergy，andthirtythousandofthelaity，attendedthisimportantmeeting；and，asthemostspaciouscathedralwouldhavebeeninadequatetothemultitude，thesessionofsevendayswasheldinaplainadjacenttothecity。TheambassadorsoftheGreekemperor，AlexiusComnenus，wereintroducedtopleadthedistressoftheirsovereign，andthedangerofConstantinople，whichwasdividedonlybyanarrowseafromthevictoriousTurks，thecommonenemiesoftheChristianname。IntheirsuppliantaddresstheyflatteredtheprideoftheLatinprinces；and，appealingatoncetotheirpolicyandreligion，exhortedthemtorepeltheBarbariansontheconfinesofAsia，ratherthantoexpectthemintheheartofEurope。AtthesadtaleofthemiseryandperilsoftheirEasternbrethren，theassemblyburstintotears；themosteagerchampionsdeclaredtheirreadinesstomarch；andtheGreekambassadorsweredismissedwiththeassuranceofaspeedyandpowerfulsuccor。ThereliefofConstantinoplewasincludedinthelargerandmostdistantprojectofthedeliveranceofJerusalem；buttheprudentUrbanadjournedthefinaldecisiontoasecondsynod，whichheproposedtocelebrateinsomecityofFranceintheautumnofthesameyear。Theshortdelaywouldpropagatetheflameofenthusiasm；andhisfirmesthopewasinanationofsoldiers^8stillproudofthepreeminenceoftheirname，andambitioustoemulatetheirheroCharlemagne，^9who，inthepopularromanceofTurpin，^10hadachievedtheconquestoftheHolyLand。AlatentmotiveofaffectionorvanitymightinfluencethechoiceofUrban:hewashimselfanativeofFrance，amonkofClugny，andthefirstofhiscountrymenwhoascendedthethroneofSt。Peter。Thepopehadillustratedhisfamilyandprovince；noristhereperhapsamoreexquisitegratificationthantorevisit，inaconspicuousdignity，thehumbleandlaboriousscenesofouryouth。
　　[Footnote3:Ultraquinquagintamillia，simepossuntinexpeditioneproduceetpontificehabere，armatamanuvoluntininimicosDeiinsurgereetadsepulchrumDominiipsoducentepervenire，Gregor。vii。epist。ii。31，intom。xii。322，concil。]
　　[Footnote4:SeetheoriginallivesofUrbanII。byPandulphusPisanusandBernardusGuido，inMuratori，Rer。Ital。Script。tom。
　　iii。parsi。p。352，353。]
　　[Footnote5:SheisknownbythedifferentnamesofPraxes，Eupraecia，Eufrasia，andAdelais；andwasthedaughterofaRussianprince，andthewidowofamargraveofBrandenburgh。
　　Struv。CorpusHist。Germanicae，p。340。]
　　[Footnote6:Henricusodioeamcoepithabere:ideoincarceraviteam，etconcessitutpleriquevimeiinferrent；immofiliumhortansuteamsubagitaret，Dodechin，Continuat。Marian。Scot。
　　apudBaron。A。D。1093，No。4。InthesynodofConstance，sheisdescribedbyBertholdus，reruminspector:quaesetantasettaminauditasfornicationumspurcitias，etatantispassamfuisseconquestaest，&c。；andagainatPlacentia:satismisericorditersuscepit，eoquodipsamtantasspurcitiaspertulisseprocertocognoveritpapacumsanctasynodo。ApudBaron。A。D。1093，No。4，1094，No。3。Araresubjectfortheinfallibledecisionofapopeandcouncil。Theseabominationsarerepugnanttoeveryprincipleofhumannature，whichisnotalteredbyadisputeaboutringsandcrosiers。Yetitshouldseem，thatthewretchedwomanwastemptedbytheprieststorelateorsubscribesomeinfamousstoriesofherselfandherhusband。]
　　[Footnote7:SeethenarrativeandactsofthesynodofPlacentia，Concil。tom。xii。p。821，&c。]
　　[Footnote8:Guibert，himselfaFrenchman，praisesthepietyandvaloroftheFrenchnation，theauthorandexampleofthecrusades:Gensnobilis，prudens，bellicosa，dapsilisetnitida……QuosenimBritones，Anglos，Ligures，siboniseosmoribusvideamus，nonillicoFrancoshominesappellemus?p。478。Heowns，however，thatthevivacityoftheFrenchdegeneratesintopetulanceamongforeigners，p。488。andvainloquaciousness，p。502。]
　　[Footnote9:PerviamquamjamdudumCarolusMagnusmirificusrexFrancorumaptarifecitusqueC。P。，GestaFrancorum，p。1。
　　Robert。Monach。Hist。Hieros。l。i。p。33，&c。]
　　[Footnote10:JohnTilpinus，orTurpinus，wasarchbishopofRheims，A。D。773。Aftertheyear1000，thisromancewascomposedinhisname，byamonkofthebordersofFranceandSpain；andsuchwastheideaofecclesiasticalmerit，thathedescribeshimselfasafightinganddrinkingpriest!YetthebookoflieswaspronouncedauthenticbyPopeCalixtusII。，A。D。1122，andisrespectfullyquotedbytheabbotSuger，inthegreatChroniclesofSt。Denys，FabricBibliot。LatinMediiAevi，edit。
　　Mansi，tom。iv。p。161。]
　　ItmayoccasionsomesurprisethattheRomanpontiffshoulderect，intheheartofFrance，thetribunalfromwhencehehurledhisanathemasagainsttheking；butoursurprisewillvanishsosoonasweformajustestimateofakingofFranceoftheeleventhcentury。^11PhiliptheFirstwasthegreat—grandsonofHughCapet，thefounderofthepresentrace，who，inthedeclineofCharlemagne'sposterity，addedtheregaltitletohispatrimonialestatesofParisandOrleans。Inthisnarrowcompass，hewaspossessedofwealthandjurisdiction；butintherestofFrance，Hughandhisfirstdescendantswerenomorethanthefeudallordsofaboutsixtydukesandcounts，ofindependentandhereditarypower，^12whodisdainedthecontroloflawsandlegalassemblies，andwhosedisregardoftheirsovereignwasrevengedbythedisobedienceoftheirinferiorvassals。AtClermont，intheterritoriesofthecountofAuvergne，^13thepopemightbravewithimpunitytheresentmentofPhilip；andthecouncilwhichheconvenedinthatcitywasnotlessnumerousorrespectablethanthesynodofPlacentia。^14BesideshiscourtandcouncilofRomancardinals，hewassupportedbythirteenarchbishopsandtwohundredandtwenty—fivebishops:thenumberofmitredprelateswascomputedatfourhundred；andthefathersofthechurchwereblessedbythesaintsandenlightenedbythedoctorsoftheage。Fromtheadjacentkingdoms，amartialtrainoflordsandknightsofpowerandrenownattendedthecouncil，^15inhighexpectationofitsresolves；andsuchwastheardorofzealandcuriosity，thatthecitywasfilled，andmanythousands，inthemonthofNovember，erectedtheirtentsorhutsintheopenfield。Asessionofeightdaysproducedsomeusefuloredifyingcanonsforthereformationofmanners；aseverecensurewaspronouncedagainstthelicenseofprivatewar；theTruceofGod^16wasconfirmed，asuspensionofhostilitiesduringfourdaysoftheweek；womenandpriestswereplacedunderthesafeguardofthechurch；andaprotectionofthreeyearswasextendedtohusbandmenandmerchants，thedefencelessvictimsofmilitaryrapine。Butalaw，howevervenerablebethesanction，cannotsuddenlytransformthetemperofthetimes；andthebenevolenteffortsofUrbandeservethelesspraise，sincehelaboredtoappeasesomedomesticquarrelsthathemightspreadtheflamesofwarfromtheAtlantictotheEuphrates。FromthesynodofPlacentia，therumorofhisgreatdesignhadgoneforthamongthenations:theclergyontheirreturnhadpreachedineverydiocesethemeritandgloryofthedeliveranceoftheHolyLand；andwhenthepopeascendedaloftyscaffoldinthemarket—placeofClermont，hiseloquencewasaddressedtoawell—preparedandimpatientaudience。Histopicswereobvious，hisexhortationwasvehement，hissuccessinevitable。Theoratorwasinterruptedbytheshoutofthousands，whowithonevoice，andintheirrusticidiom，exclaimedaloud，"Godwillsit，Godwillsit。"^17"ItisindeedthewillofGod，"repliedthepope；
　　"andletthismemorableword，theinspirationsurelyoftheHolySpirit，beforeveradoptedasyourcryofbattle，toanimatethedevotionandcourageofthechampionsofChrist。Hiscrossisthesymbolofyoursalvation；wearit，ared，abloodycross，asanexternalmark，onyourbreastsorshoulders，asapledgeofyoursacredandirrevocableengagement。"Theproposalwasjoyfullyaccepted；greatnumbers，bothoftheclergyandlaity，impressedontheirgarmentsthesignofthecross，^18andsolicitedthepopetomarchattheirhead。ThisdangeroushonorwasdeclinedbythemoreprudentsuccessorofGregory，whoallegedtheschismofthechurch，andthedutiesofhispastoraloffice，recommendingtothefaithful，whoweredisqualifiedbysexorprofession，byageorinfirmity，toaid，withtheirprayersandalms，thepersonalserviceoftheirrobustbrethren。
　　ThenameandpowersofhislegatehedevolvedonAdhemarbishopofPuy，thefirstwhohadreceivedthecrossathishands。TheforemostofthetemporalchiefswasRaymondcountofThoulouse，whoseambassadorsinthecouncilexcusedtheabsence，andpledgedthehonor，oftheirmaster。Aftertheconfessionandabsolutionoftheirsins，thechampionsofthecrossweredismissedwithasuperfluousadmonitiontoinvitetheircountrymenandfriends；
　　andtheirdeparturefortheHolyLandwasfixedtothefestivaloftheAssumption，thefifteenthofAugust，oftheensuingyear。
　　^19
　　[Footnote11:SeeEtatdelaFrance，bytheCountdeBoulainvilliers，tom。i。p。180—182，andthesecondvolumeoftheObservationssurl'HistoiredeFrance，bytheAbbedeMably。]
　　[Footnote12:IntheprovincestothesouthoftheLoire，thefirstCapetianswerescarcelyallowedafeudalsupremacy。Onallsides，Normandy，Bretagne，Aquitain，Burgundy，Lorraine，andFlanders，contractedthesameandlimitsoftheproperFrance。
　　SeeHadrianVales。NotitiaGalliarum]
　　[Footnote13:Thesecounts，ayoungerbranchofthedukesofAquitain，wereatlengthdespoiledofthegreatestpartoftheircountrybyPhilipAugustus。ThebishopsofClermontgraduallybecameprincesofthecity。Melanges，tiresd'unegrandBibliotheque，tom。xxxvi。p。288，&c。]
　　[Footnote14:SeetheActsofthecouncilofClermont，Concil。
　　tom。xii。p。829，&c。]
　　[Footnote15:Confluxeruntadconciliumemultisregionibus，viripotentesethonorati，innumeriquamviscingulolaicalismilitiaesuperbi，Baldric，aneye—witness，p。86—88。Robert。Monach。
　　p。31，32。Will。Tyr。i。14，15，p。639—641。Guibert，p。478
　　—480。Fulcher。Carnot。p。382。]
　　[Footnote16:TheTruceofGodTreva，orTreugaDeiwasfirstinventedinAquitain，A。D。1032；blamedbysomebishopsasanoccasionofperjury，andrejectedbytheNormansascontrarytotheirprivilegesDucange，GlossLatin。tom。vi。p。682—685。]
　　[Footnote17:Deusvult，Deusvult!wasthepureacclamationoftheclergywhounderstoodLatin，Robert。Mon。l。i。p。32。Bytheilliteratelaity，whospoketheProvincialorLimousinidiom，itwascorruptedtoDeuslovolt，orDiexelvolt。SeeChron。
　　Casinense，l。iv。c。11，p。497，inMuratori，Script。RerumItal。
　　tom。iv。，andDucange，Dissertatxi。p。207，surJoinville，andGloss。Latin。tom。ii。p。690，who，inhispreface，producesaverydifficultspecimenofthedialectofRovergue，A。D。1100，verynear，bothintimeandplace，tothecouncilofClermont，p。15，16。]
　　[Footnote18:Mostcommonlyontheirshoulders，ingold，orsilk，orclothsewedontheirgarments。Inthefirstcrusade，allwerered，inthethird，theFrenchalonepreservedthatcolor，whilegreencrosseswereadoptedbytheFlemings，andwhitebytheEnglish，Ducange，tom。ii。p。651。YetinEngland，theredeverappearsthefavorite，andasifwere，thenational，colorofourmilitaryensignsanduniforms。]
　　[Footnote19:Bongarsius，whohaspublishedtheoriginalwritersofthecrusades，adopts，withmuchcomplacency，thefanatictitleofGuibertus，GestaDeiperFrancos；thoughsomecriticsproposetoreadGestaDiaboliperFrancos，Hanoviae，1611，twovols。infolio。Ishallbrieflyenumerate，astheystandinthiscollection，theauthorswhomIhaveusedforthefirstcrusade。
　　I。GestaFrancorum。
　　II。RobertusMonachus。
　　III。Baldricus。
　　IV。RaimundusdeAgiles。
　　V。AlbertusAquensisVI。FulcheriusCarnotensis。
　　VII。Guibertus。
　　VIII。WillielmusTyriensis。Muratorihasgivenus，IX。RadulphusCadomensisdeGestisTancredi，Script。Rer。Ital。tom。v。p。285—333，
　　X。BernardusThesaurariusdeAcquisitioneTerraeSanctae，tom。vii。p。664—848。
　　ThelastofthesewasunknowntoalateFrenchhistorian，whohasgivenalargeandcriticallistofthewritersofthecrusades，EspritdesCroisades，tom。i。p。13—141，andmostofwhosejudgmentsmyownexperiencewillallowmetoratify。ItwaslatebeforeIcouldobtainasightoftheFrenchhistorianscollectedbyDuchesne。I。PetriTudebodiSacerdotisSivracensisHistoriadeHierosolymitanoItinere，tom。iv。p。773—815，hasbeentransfusedintothefirstanonymouswriterofBongarsius。
　　II。TheMetricalHistoryofthefirstCrusade，invii。books，p。
　　890—912，isofsmallvalueoraccount。
　　Note:Severalnewdocuments，particularlyfromtheEast，havebeencollectedbytheindustryofthemodernhistoriansofthecrusades，M。MichaudandWilken。—M。]
　　Sofamiliar，andasitweresonaturaltoman，isthepracticeofviolence，thatourindulgenceallowstheslightestprovocation，themostdisputableright，asasufficientgroundofnationalhostility。Butthenameandnatureofaholywardemandsamorerigorousscrutiny；norcanwehastilybelieve，thattheservantsofthePrinceofPeacewouldunsheathetheswordofdestruction，unlessthemotivewerepure，thequarrellegitimate，andthenecessityinevitable。Thepolicyofanactionmaybedeterminedfromthetardylessonsofexperience；
　　but，beforeweact，ourconscienceshouldbesatisfiedofthejusticeandproprietyofourenterprise。Intheageofthecrusades，theChristians，bothoftheEastandWest，werepersuadedoftheirlawfulnessandmerit；theirargumentsarecloudedbytheperpetualabuseofScriptureandrhetoric；buttheyseemtoinsistontherightofnaturalandreligiousdefence，theirpeculiartitletotheHolyLand，andtheimpietyoftheirPaganandMahometanfoes。^20
　　I。Therightofajustdefencemayfairlyincludeourcivilandspiritualallies:itdependsontheexistenceofdanger；andthatdangermustbeestimatedbythetwofoldconsiderationofthemalice，andthepower，ofourenemies。ApernicioustenethasbeenimputedtotheMahometans，thedutyofextirpatingallotherreligionsbythesword。ThischargeofignoranceandbigotryisrefutedbytheKoran，bythehistoryoftheMussulmanconquerors，andbytheirpublicandlegaltolerationoftheChristianworship。Butitcannotbedenied，thattheOrientalchurchesaredepressedundertheirironyoke；that，inpeaceandwar，theyassertadivineandindefeasibleclaimofuniversalempire；andthat，intheirorthodoxcreed，theunbelievingnationsarecontinuallythreatenedwiththelossofreligionorliberty。Intheeleventhcentury，thevictoriousarmsoftheTurkspresentedarealandurgentapprehensionoftheselosses。Theyhadsubdued，inlessthanthirtyyears，thekingdomsofAsia，asfarasJerusalemandtheHellespont；andtheGreekempiretotteredonthevergeofdestruction。Besidesanhonestsympathyfortheirbrethren，theLatinshadarightandinterestinthesupportofConstantinople，themostimportantbarrieroftheWest；andtheprivilegeofdefencemustreachtoprevent，aswellastorepel，animpendingassault。Butthissalutarypurposemighthavebeenaccomplishedbyamoderatesuccor；andourcalmerreasonmustdisclaimtheinnumerablehosts，andremoteoperations，whichoverwhelmedAsiaanddepopulatedEurope。
　　[Footnote20:IfthereaderwillturntothefirstsceneoftheFirstPartofHenrytheFourth，hewillseeinthetextofShakespearethenaturalfeelingsofenthusiasm；andinthenotesofDr。Johnsontheworkingsofabigoted，thoughvigorousmind，greedyofeverypretencetohateandpersecutethosewhodissentfromhiscreed。]
　　[Footnote*:Themannerinwhichthewarwasconductedsurelyhaslittlerelationtotheabstractquestionofthejusticeorinjusticeofthewar。Themostjustandnecessarywarmaybeconductedwiththemostprodigalwasteofhumanlife，andthewildestfanaticism；themostunjustwiththecoolestmoderationandconsummategeneralship。Thequestionis，whetherthelibertiesandreligionofEuropewereindangerfromtheaggressionsofMahometanism?Ifso，itisdifficulttolimittheright，thoughitmaybepropertoquestionthewisdom，ofoverwhelmingtheenemywiththearmedpopulationofawholecontinent，andrepelling，ifpossible，theinvadingconquerorintohisnativedeserts。Thecrusadesaremonumentsofhumanfolly!buttowhichofthemoreregularwarscivilized。Europe，wagedforpersonalambitionornationaljealousy，willourcalmerreasonappealasmonumentseitherofhumanjusticeorhumanwisdom?—M。]
　　II。PalestinecouldaddnothingtothestrengthorsafetyoftheLatins；andfanaticismalonecouldpretendtojustifytheconquestofthatdistantandnarrowprovince。TheChristiansaffirmedthattheirinalienabletitletothepromisedlandhadbeensealedbythebloodoftheirdivineSavior；itwastheirrightanddutytorescuetheirinheritancefromtheunjustpossessors，whoprofanedhissepulchre，andoppressedthepilgrimageofhisdisciples。VainlywoulditbeallegedthatthepreeminenceofJerusalem，andthesanctityofPalestine，havebeenabolishedwiththeMosaiclaw；thattheGodoftheChristiansisnotalocaldeity，andthattherecoveryofBethlemorCalvary，hiscradleorhistomb，willnotatonefortheviolationofthemoralpreceptsofthegospel。Suchargumentsglanceasidefromtheleadenshieldofsuperstition；andthereligiousmindwillnoteasilyrelinquishitsholdonthesacredgroundofmysteryandmiracle。