Firstofall，therewasadangerwhichdemandeddelicatehandling。ThisdangerlayinMr。Cornell’swishtoestablish，invitalconnectionwiththeuniversity，greatfactoriesfortheproductionofarticlesforsale，especiallychairsandshoes，thusgivinglargebodiesofstudentsopportunitiesforself—support。Indiscussingthismatterwithhim，Ipointedtothefactthat，inbecomingamanufacturingcorporationweweremakingabusinessventurenevercontemplatedbyourcharter;thatitwasexceedinglydoubtfulwhethersuchacorporationcouldbecombinedwithaneducationalinstitutionwithoutruiningboth;thatthemenbestfittedtomanageagreatfactorywerehardlylikelytobethebestmanagersofagreatinstitutionoflearning;
thatunderourcharterwehadduties，notmerelytothosewhowishedtosupportthemselvesbylabor，buttoothers;
andIfinallypointedouttohimmanyreasonsforholdingthatsuchaschemecontravenedtheactofCongressandthelegislationoftheState。IinsistedthattheobjectofourchartersfromtheStateandNationwasnottoenableagreatnumberofyoungmentosecureanelementaryeducationwhilemakingshoesandchairs;thatforthesethepublicschoolswereprovided;thatourmainpurposemustbetosendoutintoallpartsoftheStateandNationthoroughlytrainedgraduates，whoshoulddevelopandimprovethemainindustriesofthecountry，and，bytheirknowledgeandexample，trainupskilfulartisansofvarioussortsandineverylocality。Mr。Cornell’sconductinthismatterwasadmirable。Tenaciousasheusuallywaswhenhisopinionwasformed，andmuchasitmusthavecosthimtogiveupwhathadbecomeadarlingproject，heyieldedtothisview。
Newquestionsnowopenedastothis``DepartmentofMechanicArts。’’Itwascleartome，fromwhatIhadseenabroad，thatnotallthemodelsIhadsentfromEuropewouldbesufficienttogivethepracticalcharacterwhichsuchadepartmentneeded;thatitsgraduatesmusthaveadirect，practicalacquaintancewiththeconstructionanduseofmachinerybeforetheycouldbecomeleadersingreatmechanicalenterprises;thattheymustbemade，notonlymathematiciansanddraftsmen，butskilledworkmen，practicallytrainedinthebestmethodsandprocesses。
Averyshrewdartisansaidtome:``Whenayoungmechanicalengineercomesamongusfreshfromcollege，onlyabletomakefiguresandpictures，werarelyhavemuchrespectforhim:thetroublewiththegreatmajorityofthosewhocomefromtechnicalinstitutionsisthattheydon’tknowasmuchaboutpracticalmethodsandprocessesasweknow。’’
Ifeltthattherewastruthinthis，but，asthingswere，hardlydaredtellthistothetrustees。Itwouldhavescaredthem，foritseemedtoopenthedoortogreatexpendituresdemandedbyameretheory;butIlaidmyviewsbeforeMr。Cornell，andheagreedwithmesofarastosendtousfromhisagriculturalworksatAlbanysundrylargepiecesofoldmachinery，whichhethoughtmightberebuiltforourpurposes。Butthisturnedouttobehardlypracticable。Idarednot，atthatstageoftheproceedings，bringintotheboardoftrusteesaproposaltobuymachineryandestablishamachine—shop;thewholewouldhaveachimericallook，andwassuretorepelthem。Thereforeitwasthat，atmyownexpense，Iboughtapower—latheandotherpiecesofmachinery;and，throughtheactiveeffortsofProfessorJohnL。Morris，mysteadfastsupporterinthewholematter，theseweresetupinourtemporarywoodenlaboratory。Afewstudentsbeganusingthem，andtogoodpurpose。Mr。Cornellwasgreatlypleased。Othertrusteesofapracticalturnvisitedtheplace，andtheresultwasthatopinioninthegoverningboardsoonfavoredalargepracticalequipmentforthedepartment。
OnthisIpreparedareport，takingupthewholesubjectwithgreatcare，andbroughtitbeforethem，mymainsuggestionbeingthatapracticalbeginningofthedepartmentshouldbemadebytheerectionandequipmentofasmallbuildingonthenorthsideoftheuniversitygrounds，nearourmainwater—power。Thencameapieceofgreatgoodfortune。AmongthechartertrusteesoftheuniversitywasMr。Cornell’soldfriendandassociateintelegraphicenterprise，HiramSibleyofRochester;andatthecloseofthemeetingMr。SibleyaskedmeifIcouldgivehimalittletimeontheuniversitygroundsaftertheadjournmentofthemeeting。I，ofcourse，assented;andnextmorning，onourvisitingthegroundstogether，heaskedmetopointoutthespotwheretheproposedcollegeofmechanicartsmightbestbeplaced。Onmydoingso，helookedoverthegroundcarefully，andthensaidthathewouldhimselferectandequipthebuilding。SobeganSibleyCollege，whichisto—day，probably，allthingsconsidered，themostsuccessfuldepartmentofthiskindinourowncountry，andperhapsinanycountry。Inthehands，firstofProfessorsMorrisandSweet，andlaterunderthedirectionofDr。Thurston，ithasbecomeofthegreatestvaluetoeverypartoftheUnitedStates，andindeedtootherpartsoftheAmericancontinent。
Attheoutsetaquestionarose，seeminglytrivial，butreallyserious。Mr。Sibleyhadgonefarbeyondhisoriginalproposals;andwhenthelecture—rooms，drafting—
rooms，modeling—rooms，foundries，shopsforironwork，woodwork，andthelike，hadbeenfinished，thequestioncameup:Shallouraimbetoproducethingshavingapecuniaryvalue，orshallweproducesimplysamplesofthemosthighlyfinishedworkmanship，having，generally，novalue？Fortunately，ProfessorsMorrisandSweetwereabletocombineboththesepurposes，andtoemployaconsiderablenumberofstudentsintheverybestofworkwhichhadamarketvalue。Thewholethingwastherebymadeasuccess，butitwaitedlongforrecognition。A
resultfollowednotunlikesomewhichhaveoccurredinotherfieldsinourcountry。AttheCentennialExhibitionof1876，anexhibitwasmadeoftheworkdonebystudentsinSibleyCollege，includingasteam—engine，power—lathes，face—plates，andvarioustoolsofprecision，admirablyfin—
ished，eachamodelinitskind。Butwhilemanymechanicspraisedthem，theyattractednospecialattentionfromNewEnglandauthorities。Ontheotherhand，anexhibitofsamplesofworkfromtheSchoolofTechnologyofMoscow，whichhadnomerchantablevalue，——manyofthepiecesbeingofantiquatedpattern，butofexquisitefinishandshowilyarranged，——arousedgreatadmirationamongsundryNewEnglandtheorists;eventheheadoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，inenthusiasticmagazinearticles，calledtheattentionofthewholecountrytothem，andurgedthenecessityofestablishingmachine—
shopsinconnectionwithschoolsofscience。Thefactthatthishadalreadybeendone，andbetterdone，atCornell，wasloftilyignored。WesternNewYorkseemedaNazarethoutofwhichnogoodcouldcome。Thatsamestrainingofthemind’seyetowardtheEast，thatsametendencytoprovincialismwhichhadsooftenafflictedMassachusetts，evidentlypreventedherwisemenintechnologyfromrecognizinganynewdeparturewestofthem。
AtalaterperiodIhadoccasiontomakeafinalcommentonallthis。BothascommissionerattheParisExhibitionandasministertoRussia，IcametoknowintimatelyWischniegradsky，whohadbeentheheadoftheMoscowSchoolofTechnologyandafterwardRussianministeroffinance。HespoketomeinthehighesttermsofwhatoriginalAmericanmethodshaddoneforrailways;
andtheclimaxwasreachedwhentheMoscowmethods，sohighlypraisedbyBostoncritics，provedtobeutterlyinadequateintrainingmechanicalengineerstofurnishthemachineryneededinRussia，andmenfromtheAmericanschools，trainedinthemethodsofCornell，sentoverlocomotivesandmachineryofallsortsforthenewTrans—SiberianRailway，ofwhichtheeasternterminuswasthatverycityofMoscowwhichenjoyedtheprivilegessolaudedandmagnifiedbytheBostoncritics！
Timehasreversedtheirjudgment:thecombinationofthetwosystems，soablyandpatientlydevelopedbyDirectorThurston，istheonewhichhashappilyprevailed。
FewdaysinthehistoryofCornellUniversityhavebeensofraughtwithgoodasthatonwhichThurstonacceptedmycalltotheheadshipofSibleyCollege。Attheveryoutsethegainedtheconfidenceandgratitudeoftrustees，professors，students，and，indeed，ofhisprofessionthroughoutthecountry，byhisamazingsuccessasprofessor，asauthor，andasorganizerandadministratorofthatdepartment，whichhemadenotonlyoneofthelargest，butoneofthebestofitskindintheworld。Therapidityandwisdomofhisdecisions，theextentandexcellenceofhiswork，hisskillinattractingthebestmen，hisabilityinquietingrivalriesand——animosities，andthekindlyfirmnessofhiswholepolicywereasourceofwondertoallwhoknewhim。And，athislamenteddeathin1903，itwasfoundthathehadrenderedanotherserviceofasortwhichsuchstrongmenasheareoftenincapableofrendering——
hehadtrainedabodyofassistantsandstudentsworthytotakeuphiswork。
AnotherdepartmentwhichIhadlongwishedtoseeestablishedinourcountrynowbegantotakeshape。
FrommyboyhoodIhadaloveforarchitecture。InmyyoungmanhoodthishadbeendevelopedbyreadingsinRuskin，andlaterbyarchitecturalexcursionsinEurope;
andthetimehadnowarrivedwhenitseemedpossibletodosomethingforit。Ihadcollectedwhat，atthatperiod，wascertainlyoneofthelargest，ifnotthelargest，ofthearchitecturallibrariesintheUnitedStates，besidesseveralthousandlargearchitecturalphotographs，drawings，casts，models，andothermaterialfromeverycountryinEurope。Thishadbeen，infact，mypetextravagance;
andapropitioustimeseemingnowtoarrive，Iproposedtothetrusteesthatiftheywouldestablishadepartmentofarchitectureandcallaprofessortoit，Iwouldtransfertoitmyspeciallibraryandcollections。Thisofferwasaccepted;andthuswasfoundedthisadditionaldepartment，whichbeganitsgoodcareerunderProfessorCharlesBabcock，who，atthispresentwriting，isenjoying，asprofessoremeritus，therespectandgratitudeofalongseriesofclasseswhichhaveprofitedbyhisteachings，andthecordialcompanionshipofhiscolleagues，whorejoicetoprofitbyhishumorous，butnonethelessprofound，observationsuponproblemsarisingintheuniversityandintheworldingeneral。
Asregardsthisillustrativematerial，Irecallonecuriousexperience。WhileononeofmyarchitecturalexcursionsthroughthegreattownsofeasternFrance，I
arrivedatTroyes。Onvisitingthegovernmentagentforphotographingpublicmonuments，Inoticedinhisroomssomeadmirablyexecutedpiecesofstonecarving，——capitals，corbels，andthelike，——andonmyaskinghimwhencethesecame，hetoldmethattheyhadbeenrecentlytakenoutofthecathedralbythearchitectwhowas``restoring’’
it。Aftermypurchasesweremade，hewentwithmetothisgreatedifice，oneofthefinestinEurope;andthereIfoundthat，oneachsideofthehighaltar，thearchitecthadtakenoutseveralbrackets，orcorbels，ofthebestmediaevalwork，andsubstitutednewonesdesignedbyhimself。Oneofthesecorbelsthustakenoutthegovernmentphotographerhadinhispossession。Itwasverystriking，representingthegrotesquefaceofamonkinthemidstofamassoffoliagesupportingthebaseofastatue，allbeingcarvedwithgreatspirit。Apartfromitsarchitecturalvalue，ithadahistoricalinterest，sinceitmusthavewitnessedthefamousbetrothalofthesonanddaughteroftheEnglishandFrenchkingsmentionedinShakspere，tosaynothingofmanyothermediaevalpageants。
OnmymakingknowntothephotographerthefactthatIwasengagedinfoundingaschoolofarchitectureintheUnitedStates，andwasespeciallyanxioustosecureagoodspecimenofFrenchwork，hesoldmethisexample，whichisnowinthemuseumoftheArchitecturalDepartmentatCornell。Ialludetothis，inpassing，asshowingwhatmonstrousiniquities（andIcouldnamemanyothers）arecommittedinthegreatmediaevalbuildingsofEuropeunderpretenseof``restoration。’’
CHAPTERXXII
FURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFUNIVERSITYCOURSES——1870—1872
Incloseconnectionwiththetechnicaldepartmentswerevariouslaboratories。Forthese，placewasatfirstmadehereandthereincellarsandsheds;butatlastwewereabletoerectforthembuildingslargeandcomplete，andtotheopeningofthefirstofthesecameMr。Cleveland，thenGovernorofNewYork，andlaterPresidentoftheUnitedStates。Havinglaidthecorner—stoneoftheMemorialChapelandmadeanexcellentspeech，whichencouragedusall，heaccompaniedmetothenewbuildingdevotedtochemistryandphysics，whichwasthenopenedforthefirsttime。Onenteringit，heexpressedhissurpriseatitsequipment，andshowedthathehadseennothingofthekindbefore。Ilearnedafterwardthathehadreceivedathoroughpreparationinclassicsandmathematicsforcollege，butthat，onaccountoftheinsufficientmeansofhisfather，hewasobligedtogiveuphisuniversitycourse;anditwasevident，fromhisutterancesatthistime，aswellaswhenvisitingothercollegesanduniversities，thathelamentedthis。
Outofthislaboratorythusopenedwasdeveloped，later，anewtechnicaldepartment。Amongmyhappiesthourswerethosespentinvisitingthevariousbuildings，collections，andlecture—rooms，aftermymorning’swork，toseehowallweregoingon;and，duringvariousvisitstothenewlaboratoryInoticedthatthemajorityofthestudentswere，inonewayoranother，givingattentiontomattersconnectedwithelectricity。Therehadalreadybeenbuiltinthemachine—shops，underthedirectionofProfessorAnthony，adynamowhichwasusedinlightingourgrounds，thisbeingoneofthefirstexamplesofelectriclightingintheUnitedStates;andononeofmyvisitsIsaidtohim，``Itlooksmuchasif，withtherapidextensionthroughoutthecountryofthetelegraph，telephone，electriclighting，andelectricrailways，weshallbecalledon，beforelong，totrainmenforanewprofessioninconnectionwiththem。’’Asheassentedtothis，Iaskedhimtosketchoutaplanfora``DepartmentofElectricalEngineering，’’andinduetimeheappearedwithitbeforetheexecutivecommitteeofthetrustees。Butitmetmuchoppositionfromoneofouroldestmembers，whowasconstitutionallyaversetowhathethoughtnew—fanglededucation，partlyfromconservatism，partlyfromconsiderationsofexpense;andthisoppositionwassothreateningthat，inordertosavetheproposeddepartment，Iwasobligedtopledgemyselftobecomeresponsibleforanyextraexpensecausedbyitduringthefirstyear。Uponthispledgeitwasestablished。
Thuswascreated，asIbelieve，thefirstdepartmentofelectricalengineeringeverknownintheUnitedStates，and，sofarasIcanlearn，thefirsteverknowninanycountry。
Butwhilewethusstrovetobeloyaltothosepartsofourcharterwhichestablishedtechnicalinstruction，therewereotherpartsinwhichIpersonallyfeltevenadeeperinterest。InmypoliticalreminiscencesIhaveacknowledgedthewantofpreparationinregardtopracticalmattersofpublicconcernwhichhadhamperedmeasamemberoftheStateSenate。Havingrevolvedthissubjectinmymindforaconsiderabletime，Imade，whilecommissionertotheParisExpositionof1878，acarefulexaminationofthecoursesofstudyinpoliticalandeconomicscienceestablishedinEuropeanuniversities，andonmyreturndevotedtothissubjectmyofficialreport。
Likesuchreportsgenerally，itwasdelayedalongtimeintheGovernmentPrinting—office，wasthendamnedwithfaintpraise，andnothingmorecameofituntilthefollowingyear，when，beingcalledtodelivertheannualaddressattheJohnsHopkinsUniversity，Iwroughtitsmainpointsintoapleaforeducationinrelationtopolitics。
Thiswaswidelycirculatedwithsomeeffect，andInowbroughtamodestproposalinthepremisesbeforeourtrustees。ItsmainfeaturewasthatMr。FrankB。Sanborn，agraduateofHarvard，SecretaryoftheBoardofCharitiesoftheStateofMassachusettsandoftheSocialScienceAssociationoftheUnitedStates，shouldbecalledtogiveacourseofpracticallecturesbeforetheseniorclassduringatleastoneterm，——hissubjectstobesuchaspauperism，crime（incipientandchronic），inebriety，lunacy，andthebestdealingofmodernstateswiththese;
alsothathisinstructionsshouldbegiven，notonlybylectures，butbyactualvisitswithhisclassestothegreatcharitableandpenalinstitutionsoftheState，ofwhichthereweremanywithineasydistanceoftheuniversity。
Forseveralyears，anduntilthedepartmenttookadifferentform，thisplanwascarriedoutwithexcellentresults。
ProfessorSanbornandhisstudents，beginningwiththecountyalmshouseandjail，visitedthereformatories，theprisons，thepenitentiaries，andtheasylumsofvarioussortsintheState;madecarefulexaminationsofthem;drewupreportsuponthem，thesereportsformingthesubjectofdiscussionsinwhichprofessorandstudentstookearnestpart;andanumberofyoungmenwhohavesincetakeninfluentialplacesintheStatelegislaturewerethusinstructedastothebestactualandpossibledealingswithallthesesubjects。Istillthinkthatmoreshouldbedoneinallouruniversitiestotrainmenbythismethodforthepublicserviceinthismostimportantandinterestingfield，andalsoinmatterspertaininggenerallytoState，county，andcityadministration。
Closelyconnectedwiththisinstructionwasthatinpoliticaleconomyandhistory。Astothefirstofthese，I
had，someyearsbefore，seenreasontobelievethatmystrong，andperhapsbigotedfree—tradeideaswereatleastnotsouniversalintheirapplicationasIhadsupposed。
DowntothetimeofourCivilWarIhadbeenveryintolerantonthissubject，practicallyholdingaprotectionisttobeeitheraPhariseeoranidiot。Ihadconvincedmyselfnotonlythattheprinciplesoffreetradeareaxiomatic，butthattheyaffordtheonlymeansofbindingnationstogetherinpermanentpeace;thatGreatBritainwasourbestfriend;that，indesiringustoadoptherownsystem，shewasmovedbybroad，philosophic，andphilanthropicconsiderations。ButasthewardrewonandI
sawthehaughtinessandselfishnesstowardusshownbyherrulingclasses，therecameinmymindarevulsionwhichledmetoexaminemorecloselythefoundationsofmyeconomicalbelief。IbegantoattributemoreimportancetoJohnStuartMill’sfamous``exception，’’
totheeffectthatthebuildingupofcertainindustriesmaybenecessarytotheveryexistenceofanation，andthatperhapsthebestwayofbuildingthemupistoadoptanadequatesystemofprotectiveduties。DowntothistimeIhadbeenadiscipleofAdamSmithandBastiat;butnowappearedthepublishedlecturesofRoscherofLeipsic，uponwhathecalled``TheHistoricalSystem’’ofpoliticaleconomy。Itsfundamentalideawasthatpoliticaleconomyisindeedascience，tobewroughtoutbyscientificmethods;butthatthequestionhowfaritsconclusionsareadaptedtothecircumstancesofanynationatanytimeisforstatesmentodetermine。Thisimpressedmemuch。Moreover，IwasforcedtoacknowledgethattheMorrillprotectivetariff，adoptedattheCivilWarperiod，wasanecessityforrevenue;sothatmyoldtheoryofatariffforrevenueeasilydevelopedintoabeliefinatariffforrevenuewithincidentalprotection。Thisideahasbeendevelopedinmymindastimehasgoneon，untilatpresentIamabelieverinprotectionastheonlyroadtoultimatefreetrade。MyprocessofreasoningonthesubjectIhavegiveninanotherchapter。
Attheopeningoftheuniversitytherewasbutlittleinstructioninpoliticaleconomy，thatlittlebeingmainlygivenbyourprofessorofmoralphilosophy，Dr。Wilson，amanbroadinhisviewsandstronginreasoningpower，whohadbeengreatlyimpressedbytheideasofFriedrichList，theGermanprotectionist。Butlectureswerealsogivenbyfree—traders，andIadoptedtheplanofhavingbothsidesaswellrepresentedaspossible。Thiswas，atfirst，complainedof;sundrygoodpeoplesaiditwaslikecallingaprofessorofatheismintoatheologicalseminary;
butmyanswerwasthatouruniversitywasnot，likeatheologicalseminary，establishedtoarriveatcertainconclusionsfixedbeforehand，ortopropagateanestablishedcreed;that，politicaleconomynotbeinganexactscience，ourbestcoursewastocalleminentlecturerstopresentbothsidesofthemainquestionsindispute。Theresultwasgood。Itstimulatedmuchthought，anddoubtlessdidsomethingtopromotethatcharitytoopposingeconomicalopinionswhichinmyowncasehadbeen，throughmyearlymanhood，soconspicuouslylacking。
Thesecondofthesedepartments——history——wastheoneforwhichIcaredmost。Ibelievedthen，andlaterexperiencehasstrengthenedmyconviction，thatthebestofallmethodsinpresentingeverysubjectbearingonpoliticalandsociallifeisthehistorical。Myownstudieshadbeenmainlyinthisfield，andIdidwhatIcouldtoestablishhistoricalcoursesintheuniversity。ThelectureswhichIhadgivenattheUniversityofMichiganwerenowdevelopedmorefullyandagainpresented;buttotheseIconstantlyaddednewlecturesand，indeed，newcourses，thoughatagreatdisadvantage，sincemyadministrativedutiesstoodconstantlyinthewayofmyprofessorialwork。AtthesametimeIwentoncollectingmyhistoricallibraryuntilitbecame，initsway，probablythelargestandmostcompleteofitskindinthepossessionofanyindividualintheUnitedStates。Graduallystrongmenweredrawnintothedepartment，andfinallytherecameoneonwhomIcouldlayalargeportionofthework。
Thestoryissomewhatcurious。Duringtheyear1877—
1878，inGermanyandFrance，Ihadpreparedashortcourseoflecturesuponthehistoricaldevelopmentofcriminallaw;andwhilegivingittomyseniorclassaftermyreturn，Inoticedastudent，twoorthreeyearsbelowtheaverageageoftheclass，carefullytakingnotesandapparentlymuchinterested。Oneday，goingtowardmyhouseafterthelecture，Ifoundhimgoinginthesamedirection，and，beginningconversationwithhim，learnedthathewasamemberofthesophomoreclass;thathehadcorrespondedwithme，twoorthreeyearsbefore，astothebestmeansofworkinghiswaythroughtheuniversity;
hadfollowedoutasuggestionofmine，thenmade，inthathehadlearnedtheprinter’strade;hadsupportedhimselfthroughthepreparatoryschoolbymeansofit，andwasthencarryinghimselfthroughcollegebysettingtypefortheuniversitypress。Makinginquiriesofprofessorsandstudents，Ifoundthattheyoungman，bothatschoolandattheuniversity，was，asarule，attheheadofeveryclasshehadentered;andthereforeitwasthat，whentheexaminationpaperscameinatthecloseoftheterm，I
firsttookuphispaperstoseehowhehadstoodthetest。
Theyprovedtobemasterly。Therewereexcellentscholarsintheseniorclass，butnotonehaddonesowellasthisyoungsophomore;infact，IdoubtwhetherIcouldhavepassedabetterexaminationonmyownlectures。Therewasinhisanswersacombinationofaccuracywithbreadthwhichsurprisedme。Uptothattime，passingjudgmentontheexaminationpapershadbeenoneofthemosttediousofmyburdens;foritinvolvedwadingthroughseveralhundredpagesofcrabbedmanuscript，everyterm，andweighingcarefullythestatementsthereinembodied。
Asuddenlightnowflasheduponme。Isentfortheyoungsophomore，cautionedhimtosecrecy，andthenandtheremadehimmyexaminerinhistory。He，amemberofthesophomoreclass，tookthepapersoftheseniorsandresidentgraduates，andpasseduponthemcarefullyandadmirably——
betterthanIshouldhaveeverhadthetimeandpatiencetodo。Ofcoursethiswaskeptentirelysecret;
forhadtheseniorsknownthatIhadintrustedtheirpaperstothetendermerciesofasophomore，theywouldprobablyhavemobbedme。Thismodeofexaminationcontinueduntiltheyoungman’sgraduation，whenhewasopenlyappointedexaminerinhistory，afterwardbecominginstructorinhistory，thenassistantprofessor;
and，finally，anotheruniversityhavingcalledhimtoafullprofessorship，hewasappointedfullprofessorofhistoryatCornell，andhasgreatlydistinguishedhimselfbothbyhisabilityinresearchandhispowerinteaching。
Tohimhavebeenaddedothersasprofessors，assistantprofessors，andinstructors，sothatthedepartmentisnowonanexcellentfooting。Inonerespectitsdevelopmenthasbeenunexpectedlysatisfactory。AttheopeningoftheuniversityoneofmystrongesthopeshadbeentoestablishaprofessorshipofAmericanhistory。Itseemedtomemonstrousthattherewasnot，inanyAmericanuniversity，acourseoflecturesonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates;andthatanAmericanstudent，inordertosecuresuchinstructioninthehistoryofhisowncountry，mustgotothelecturesofLaboulayeattheCollgedeFrance。ThitherIhadgonesomeyearsbefore，andhadbeengreatlyimpressedbyLaboulaye’sadmirablepresentationofhissubject，andawakenedtothefactthatAmericanhistoryisnotonlymoreinstructive，butmoreinteresting，thanIhadeversupposedit。MyfirstventurewastocallProfessorGeorgeW。GreeneofBrownUniversityforacourseoflecturesonthehistoryofourRevolutionaryperiod，andProfessorDwightofColumbiaCollegeforacourseupontheconstitutionalhistoryoftheUnitedStates。Butfinallymyhopewasmorefullyrealized:I
wasenabledtocallasresidentprofessormyoldfriendMosesCoitTyler，whosebookonthe``HistoryofAmericanLiterature’’isaclassic，andwho，inhisnewfield，exertedapowerfulinfluenceforgooduponseveralgenerationsofstudents。Morethanoncesince，asIhaveheardhim，ithasbeenborneinuponmethatIwasborntoosoon。Rememberingtheutterwantofanysuchinstructioninmyowncollegedays，Ihaveespeciallyenviedthosewhohavehadthegoodfortunetobeconductedbyhim，andmenlikehim，throughthehistoryofourowncountry。[6]
[6]Tomygreatsorrow，hediedin1900。——A。D。W。
InsomeofthesedepartmentstowhichIhavereferredtherewereoccasionallydifficultiesrequiringmuchtactinhandling。DuringmyprofessorialdaysattheUniversityofMichiganIonceheardaneminentdivinedeliveranadmirableaddressonwhathecalled``TheOscillatoryLawofHumanProgress’’——thatis，uponthetendencyofhumansociety，whenreactingfromoneevil，toswingtoanotheralmostasseriousintheoppositedirection。Inswingingawayfromtheoldcast—ironcourseofinstruction，andfromthetext—bookrecitationofthemeredrybonesofliterature，theremaybeseenatthishoursometendencytoexcessivereaction。WhenInoteinsundryuniversityregisterscoursesofinstructionofferedinsomeofthemostevanescentandworthlessdevelopmentsofcontemporaryliterature，——someofthem，indeed，worsethanworthless，——IthinkofaremarkmadetomebyacollegefriendofminewhowillberememberedbytheYalemenofthefiftiesforhiskeenandpithyjudgmentsofmenandthings。BeingonedayinNewHavenlookingforassistantprofessorsandinstructors，Imethim;and，onmyansweringhisquestionastowhathadbroughtme，hesaid，``IfatanytimeyouwantaprofessorofHORSE
SENSE，callME。’’Ihaveoftenthoughtofthisproposalsince，andhaveattimesregrettedthatsomeofourinstitutionsoflearninghadnotavailedthemselvesofhisservices。
Thefactisthat，underthenewsystem，``horsesense’’isespeciallycalledfortopreventatooextremereactionfromtheevilswhichafflicteduniversityinstructionduringmystudentdays。
Whileitrejoicesmyhearttoseethesplendidcoursesinmodernliteraturenowofferedatourlargeruniversities，someofthemarousemisgivings。ReflectingupontheshortnessofhumanlifeandthevastmassofreallyGREATliterature，Iseewithregretcoursesoffereddealingwiththebubblesfloatingonthesurfaceofsundryliteratures——
bubblessoontobreak，someofthemwithillodor。
Iwouldassoonthinkofendowingrestaurantstoenableyoungmentoappreciatecaviar，oroldGorgonzola，orgameofapeculiarly``high’’character，asofestablishingcoursesdealingwithVillon，Baudelaire，Swinburne，andthelike;andwhenIhearofsecond—ratecriticssummonedacrosstheoceantopresenttouniversitieswhichhaveheardEmerson，Longfellow，HenryReed，Lowell，Whipple，andCurtisthecoagulatednastinessofVerlaine，Mallarm，andtheircompeers，Iexpectnexttohearofcoursesintroducingyoungmentothebeautiesofabsinthe，Turkishcigarettes，andstimulantsunspeakable。
Doubtlessthesethingsareallduetothe``oscillatorylawofhumanprogress，’’whichprofessorsof``horsesense’’likemyfriendJoeSheldonwillgraduallydoawaywith。
Astimewenton，buildingsofvarioussortsrosearoundtheuniversitygrounds，and，almostwithoutexception，asgiftsfrommenattractedbytheplanoftheinstitution。Attheannualcommencementin1869waslaidthecornerstoneofanedificedevotedespeciallytolecture—roomsandmuseumsofnaturalscience。ItwasanoblegiftbyMr。
JohnMcGraw;andamidthecaresanddiscouragementsofthatperioditgaveusnewheart，andstrengthenedtheinstitutionespeciallyonthescientificside。Inordertodohonortothisoccasion，itwasdecidedtoinviteleadingmenfromallpartsoftheState，and，aboveall，torequestthegovernor，Mr。Fenton，tolaythecorner—stone。
Butitwassoonevidentthathisexcellency’soldfearofoffendingthesectarianschoolsstillcontrolledhim。Hemadeexcuse，andwethencalledontheFreemasonstotakechargeoftheceremony。Theycameinfullregalia，bringingtheirownorators;and，ontheappointedday，agreatbodyofspectatorswasgroupedaboutthefoundationsofthenewbuildingonthebeautifulknollinfrontoftheupperquadrangle。ItwasanidealafternooninJune，andthepanoramabeforeandarounduswassuperb。Immediatelybelowus，infront，laythebeautifulvalleyinwhichnestlesthelittlecityofIthaca;
beyond，ontheleft，wasthevastamphitheater，nearlysurroundedbyhillsanddistantmountains;andontheright，CayugaLake，stretchingnorthwardforfortymiles。
Fewpointsinourcountryaffordanoblerviewoflake，mountain，hill，andvalley。ThespeakersnaturallyexpatiatedinallthemoodsandtensesonthemunificenceofMr。CornellandMr。McGraw;andwhenallwasendedthegreatnewbell，whichhadjustbeenaddedtotheuniversitychimeinthenameofonemostdeartome，——thelargestbellthenswinginginwesternNewYork，inscribedwiththeversewrittenforitbyLowell，——boomedgrandlyforth。AswecameawayIwalkedwithGoldwinSmith，andnoticedthathewasconvulsedwithsuppressedlaughter。
Onmyaskinghimthecause，heanswered:``Thereisnothingmoretobesaid;nooneneedeverpraisetheworkofMr。Cornellagain。’’Onmyaskingtheprofessorwhathemeant，heaskedmeifIhadnotheardthelastspeech。Iansweredinthenegative——thatmymindwasoccupiedwithotherthings。Hethenquoteditsubstantiallyasfollows:``Fellow—citizens，whenMr。Cornellfoundhimselfrichbeyondthedreamsofavarice，didhegivehimselfuptoalifeofingloriousease？No，fellow—
citizens;hefoundedthebeautifulpubliclibraryinyondervalley。Butdidhethenretiretoalifeofluxury？
No，fellow—citizens;hecameuptothisheight（andherecameagreatwaveofthehandoverthevastamphitheaterbelowandaroundus）andheestablishedthisUNIVERSE！’’
InreferencetothisoccasionImayputonrecordLowell’squatrainabovereferredto，whichiscastuponthegreatclock—belloftheuniversity。Itrunsasfollows:
IcallasflytheirrevocablehoursFutileasair，orstrongasfatetomakeYourlivesofsandorgranite。Awfulpowers，Evenasmenchoose，theyeithergiveortake。
Therewasalsocastuponitthefollowing，fromthePsalterversionofPsalmxcii:
Totellofthyloving—kindnessearlyinthemorning:andofthytruthinthenightseason。
Whilevariousdepartmentswerethusdeveloped，therewasgoingonasteadyevolutioninthegeneralconceptionoftheuniversity。IntheCongressionalactof1862wasavagueprovisionformilitaryinstructionintheinstitutionswhichmightbecreatedunderit。Thecauseofthiswasevident。ThebillwaspassedduringoneofthemostcriticalperiodsinthehistoryoftheCivilWar，andinmyinauguraladdressIhadalludedtothisasmosthonorabletoSenatorMorrillandtotheCongresswhichhadadoptedhisproposals。ItwasatperhapsthedarkestmomentinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesthatthisprovisionwasmade，inthisMorrillAct，foragreatsystemofclassical，scientific，andtechnicalinstructionineveryStateandTerritoryoftheUnion;andIcomparedthisenactment，atsotryingaperiod，totheconductoftheRomansinbuyingandsellingthelandsonwhichtheCarthaginianswereencampedaftertheirvictoryatCannae。Theprovisionformilitaryinstructionhadbeeninsertedinthisactof1862becauseSenatorMorrillandotherssawclearlytheadvantagewhichhadaccruedtotheStatestheninrebellionfromtheirmilitaryschools;buttheacthadleftmilitaryinstructionoptionalwiththeinstitutionssecuringthenationalendowment，and，sofarasIcouldlearn，noneofthosealreadycreatedhadtakentheclauseveryseriously。Iproposedthatweshouldacceptitfullyandfairly，notaccordingtotheletteroftheact，buttothespiritofthosewhohadpassedit;indeed，thatweshouldgofurtherthananyotherinstitutionhaddreamedofgoing，sothateveryundergraduatenotexcusedonthegroundofconscientiousscruples，orforsomeotheradequatecause，shouldberequiredtotakeathoroughcourseofmilitarydrill;andtothisendIsupportedaplan，whichwasafterwardcarriedoutbylaw，thatofficersfromtheUnitedStatesarmyshouldbedetailedbytheSecretaryofWartoeachoftheprincipalinstitutionsasmilitaryprofessors。MyreasonsforthiswerebasedonmyrecollectionsofwhattookplaceattheUniversityofMichiganduringtheCivilWar。Ihadthenseenlargenumbersofmybeststudentsgoforthinsufficientlytrained，andinsomecasesledtodestructionbyincompetentofficers。Atalaterperiod，IhadheardtheWestPointofficerwhomI
hadsecuredfromDetroittotrainthoseMichiganstudentsexpresshiswonderattherapiditywithwhichtheylearnedwhatwasnecessarytomakethemsoldiersandevenofficers。
Beingyoungmenofdisciplinedminds，theylearnedthedrillfarmorequicklyandintelligentlythantheaveragerecruitscoulddo。TherewasstillanotherreasonfortakingthemilitaryclauseintheMorrillActseriously。
Ifeltthen，andfeelnow，thatourRepublicisnottoescapeseriousinternaltroubles;thatintheseherreliancemustbelargelyuponhercitizensoldiery;thatitwillbeasourceofcalamity，possiblyofcatastrophe，ifthepoweroftheswordincivilcommotionsshallfallintothehandsofignorantandbrutalleaders，whiletheeducatedmenofthecountry，notbeingversedinmilitarymatters，shallslinkawayfromthesceneofduty，cowerincorners，andleavetheconductofmilitaryaffairstomenintellectuallyandmorallytheirinferiors。TheseviewsIembodiedinareporttothetrustees;andtheresultwastheformationofauniversitybattalion，whichhasbeenoneofthebestthingsatCornell。Aseriesofwell—qualifiedofficers，sentbytheWarDepartment，havedevelopedthesystemadmirably。