Itsgoodresultstotheuniversityhavebeenacknowledgedbyallwhohavewatcheditsprogress。Farmers’
boys，——slouchy，careless，notaccustomedtoobeyanywordofcommand;cityboys，sometimespampered，oftenwayward，havethusbeeninashorttimetransformed:theystanderect;theylooktheworldsquarelyintheface;theintensityoftheirAmericanindividualismishappilymodified;theycantakethewordofcommandandtheycangiveit。IdoubtwhetheranyfeatureofinstructionatCornellUniversityhasproducedmoreexcellentresultsuponCHARACTERthanthetrainingthusgiven。Andthisisnotall。TheeffectontheStatehasbeenvaluable。IthasalreadybeenfeltintheorganizationandmaintenanceoftheStatemilitia;andduringthewarwithSpain，Cornellians，trainedintheuniversitybattalion，renderednobleservice。
Amongthematterswhichourboardoftrusteesandfacultyhadtodecideuponatanearlydaywastheconferringofdegrees。Ithadbecome，andindeedhasremainedinmanyofourcollegesdowntothepresentday，anabuse，andacomicalabuse。Almostmorethananyotherthing，ittendstolowerrespectformanyAmericancollegesanduniversitiesamongthinkingmen。Theolderandstrongeruniversitiesarefreefromit;butmanyofthenewerones，especiallyvariouslittlesectariancolleges，someofthemcallingthemselves``universities，’’
haveabusedandareabusingbeyondmeasuretheirprivilegeofconferringdegrees。Everyoneknowsindividualsinthecommunitywhosedegrees，sofarfromadorningthem，reallyrenderthemridiculous;andeveryoneknowscollegesand``universities’’maderidiculousbytheconferringofsuchpretendedhonors。
AttheoutsetIproposedtoourtrusteesthatCornellUniversityshouldconfernohonorarydegreesofanysort，andalawwaspassedtothateffect。Thiswasobservedfaithfullyduringmyentirepresidency;thenthepolicywastemporarilychanged，andtwohonorarydoctorateswereconferred;butthiswasimmediatelyfollowedbyarenewaloftheoldlaw，andCornellhasconferrednohonorarydegreessince。
Butitisaquestionwhetherthetimehasnotarrivedforsomerelaxationofthispolicy。TheargumentIusedinproposingthelawthatnohonorarydegreeshouldbeconferredwasthatwehadnotyetbuiltupaninstitutionwhosedegreescouldbejustlyconsideredasofanyvalue。
Thatargumentisnolongervalid，andpossiblysomedeparturefromitwouldnowbewise。Still，thepolicyofconferringnohonorarydegreesisinfinitelybetterthanthepolicyoflavishingthem。
Astoregularandordinarydegrees，Ihad，inmyplanoforganization，recommendedthatthereshouldbebutonedegreeforallcourses，whetherinarts，science，orliterature。Iarguedthat，asallourcoursesrequiredanequalamountofintellectualexertion，onesimpledegreeshouldbegrantedaliketoallwhohadpassedtherequiredexaminationatthecloseoftheirchosencourse。Thisviewthefacultydidnotaccept。Theyadoptedthepolicyofestablishingseveraldegrees:as，forexample，forthecourseinarts，thedegreeofA。B。;forthecourseinscience，thedegreeofB。S。;forthecourseinliterature，thedegreeofB。L。;andsoon。Thereasongivenforthiswasthatitwasimportantineachcasetoknowwhatthetrainingoftheindividualgraduatehadbeen;andthatthetruewaytoobviateinvidiousdistinctionsissotoperfectthenewercoursesthatallthedegreesshallfinallybeconsideredasofequalvalueandhonor。Thisargumentconvertedme:itseemedtomejust，andmyexperienceincallingmentoprofessorshipsledmemoreandmoretoseethatIhadbeenwrongandthatthefacultywasright;foritwasamatterofthegreatestimportancetome，indecidingonthequalificationsofcandidatesforprofessorships，toknow，notonlytheirspecialfitness，butwhattheirgeneraleducationhadbeen。
But，curiouslyenough，withinthelastfewyearstheCornellfaculty，undertheleadofitspresentadmirablepresident，hasrevertedtomyoldargument，acceptedit，andestablishedasingledegreeforallcourses。Ibowrespectfullytotheirjudgment，butmyconversionbythesamefacultyfrommyownoriginalideaswassocompletethatIcannotnowagreetothewisdomofthechange。Itisacuriouscaseofcross—conversion，Ihavingbeenandremainingconvertedtotheideasofthefaculty，andtheyhavingbeenconvertedtomyoriginalidea。Astothewholematter，Ihavethefaithofanoptimistthateventu—
ally，withtheexperiencederivedfrombothsystems，agoodresultwillbereached。
Anotherquestionwhichatthattimeoccupiedmemuchwasthatofscholarshipsandfellowshipsawardedbycompetitiveexaminationsversusgeneralgratuitousinstruction。
Duringtheformationofmyplansfortheuniversity，anumberofexcellentmenurgeduponmethatallourinstructionshouldbethrownopentoallmankindfreeofcharge;thatthereshouldbenopaymentofinstructionfeesofanykind;thatthepolicywhichprevailsinthepublicschoolsoftheStateshouldbecarriedoutinthenewinstitutionatthesummitofthesystem。Thisdemandwasplausible，butthemoreIthoughtuponitthemoreillogical，fallacious，andinjuriousitseemed;and，inspiteofsomehardknocksinconsequence，Ihavecontinuedtodissentfromit，andfeelthateventshavejustifiedme。
Sincethisviewofminelargelyinfluencedtheplanoftheuniversity，thisisperhapsasgoodaplaceasanytosketchitsdevelopment。Inthefirstplace，Isoonsawthattheanalogybetweenfreeeducationinthepublicschoolsandintheuniversityisdelusive，theconditionsofthetwobeingentirelydissimilar。Inarepubliclikeoursprimaryeducationofthevotersisapracticalnecessity。Norepublicofrealweightintheworld，exceptSwitzerlandandtheUnitedStates，hasprovedpermanent;andtheonlydifferencebetweenthemanyrepublicswhichhavefailedandthesetwo，which，wehope，havesucceeded，isthatintheformerthegreatbodyofthecitizenswereilliterate，whileinthelatterthegreatbodyofvotershavehadsomegeneraleducation。Withoutthiseducation，sufficientforanunderstandingofthemainquestionsinvolved，norealrepublicordemocracycanendure。Withgeneralprimaryeducationuptoapointnecessaryfortheintelligentexerciseofthesuffrage，onemayhavehopesforthecontinuanceanddevelopmentofademocraticrepublic。Onthisaccountprimaryeducationshouldbemadefree:itispartofourpoliticalsystem;itistheessentialconditionofitsexistence。
Thepurposeofuniversityeducationistotallydifferent。
TheinterestoftheRepublicis，indeed，thatitshouldmaintaintheveryhighestandbestprovisionforadvancedinstruction，general，scientific，andtechnical;anditisalsointhehighestinterestoftheRepublicthatitsfittestyoungmenandwomenshouldsecuresuchinstruction。Norepublic，nonationinfact，possessesanyothertreasurecomparabletoitsyoungcitizensofactivemindandearnestpurpose。Thisisfeltatthepresenttimebyallthegreatnationsoftheworld，andconsequentlyprovisionismadeinalmostallofthemforthehighesteducationofsuchmenandwomen。Nexttothegeneralprimaryeducationofallvoters，themostimportantdutyofourRepublicistodevelopthebestmindsitpossessesforthebestserviceinallitsfieldsofhighintellectualactivity。Todothisitmustsupplythebestuniversityeducation，andmustsmooththewayforthosetoacquireitwhoarebestfittedforit，nomatterhowoppressivetheirpoverty。
Now，myfirstobjectiontogratuitousuniversityinstructiontoallstudentsalikeisthatitstandsinthewayofthismostimportantconsummation;thatitnotonlydoesnotaccomplishtheendwhichisdesirable，butthatitdoesaccomplishanotherwhichisexceedinglyundesirable。
Fortherealproblemtobesolvedisthis:Howshallthehighereducationindifferentfieldsbebroughtwithinreachoftheyoungmenandwomenbestfittedtoacquireit，toprofitbyit，andtouseittobestadvantage？AnyoneacquaintedwithAmericanschoolsanduniversitiesknowsthatthevastmajorityoftheseyoungpeoplebestfittedtoprofitbyhighereducationcomefromthefamiliesofsmallmeans。Whatdoesgratuitousinstructionintheuniversityofferthem？Merelyaremissionofinstructionfees，which，afterall，arebutasmallpartofthenecessaryexpensesofauniversitycourse。Withmanyoftheseyoungpersons——probablywithmost——amereremissionofinstructionfeesisutterlyinsufficienttoenablethemtosecureadvancededucation。IhavealludedtothecaseofPresidentCleveland，who，havingbeenwellfittedfortheuniversity，couldnotenter。Hisfatherbeingacountryclergymanwithalargefamilyandsmallmeans，thefutureChiefExecutiveoftheUnitedStateswasobligedtoturnasidetoateacher’splaceandaclerkshipwhichaffordedhimabaresupport。AttheHamiltonCollegecommencementafewyearssince，Mr。Cleveland，pointingtooneoftheprofessors，wasreportedassayinginsubstance:``Myoldschoolfriendbymysideis，ofallmen，theoneIhavemostenvied:hewasabletobuyagoodeditionofVergil;Iwasnot。’’
ItwouldnothavebeenatalldifficultforhimtosecurearemissionofinstructionfeesatvariousAmericancollegesanduniversities;butthegreatdifficultywasthathecouldnotsecurethemeansnecessaryforhisboard，forhisclothing，forhistravelingexpenses，forhisbooks，foralltheotherthingsthatgotomakeuptherealcostoflifeatauniversity。Icanthinkofbutoneway，andthatis，asarule，tochargeinstructionfeesuponthegreatbodyofthestudents，butbothtoremitinstructionfeesandtogivescholarshipsandfellowshipstothosewho，incompetitiveexaminationsandotherwise，showthemselvesespeciallyworthyofsuchprivileges。Thisisinconformitytothesystemofnature;itisthesurvivalofthefittest。ThiswasthemainreasonwhichledmetoinsertinthecharterofCornellUniversitytheprovisionbywhichatpresentsixhundredstudentsfromtheStateofNewYorkareselectedbycompetitiveexaminationsoutofthemassofscholarsinthepublicschools，andtoprovidethateachofthesebestscholarsshallhavefreeinstructionforfouryears。
Butthiswasonlyapartofthesystem。FromthefirstIhaveurgedthefactabovementioned，namely，thatwhileremissionofinstructionfeesisastepintherightdirection，itisnotsufficient;andIhavealwaysdesiredtoseesomeuniversityrecognizethetrueandsoundprincipleoffreeinstructioninuniversitiesbyCONSECRATINGALL
MONEYSRECEIVEDFROMINSTRUCTIONFEESTOTHECREATION
OFCOMPETITIVESCHOLARSHIPSANDFELLOWSHIPS，EACHOFWHICH
SHALLAMOUNTTOASUMSUFFICIENTTOMEET，WITHECONOMY，THE
LIVINGEXPENSESOFASTUDENT。ThisplanIwasenabled，inconsiderablemeasure，tocarryoutbyestablishingthecompetitivescholarshipsineachAssemblydistrict;andlater，aswillbeseeninanotherchapter，Iwasenabled，byacurioustransformationofacalamityintoablessing，tocarryitstillfurtherbyestablishingendowedscholarshipsandfellowships。Theselatterscholarships，each，asageneralrule，oftwohundredandfiftydollarsayear，wereawardedtothosewhopassedthebestexaminationsandmaintainedthebeststandingintheirclasses;whilethefellowships，eachofthevalueoffromfourtofivehundreddollarsayear，wereawardedtotheseniorsofourownorotheruniversitieswhohadbeenfoundmostworthyofthem。InthefaceofconsiderableoppositionIsetthissysteminmotionatCornell;anditssuccessleadsmetohopethatitwillbefurtherdeveloped，notonlythere，butelsewhere。Besidesthis，Ifavoredarrangementsforremittinginstructionfeesandgivingaidtosuchstudentsasreallyshowedpromisingtalent，andwhowereatthetimeneedy。Tothisendaloanfundwascreatedwhichhasbeencarefullymanagedandhasaidedmanyexcellentmenthroughtheuniversitycourses。[7]Freeinstruction，carriedoutinaccordancewiththeprincipleandplanabovesketched，will，Ifeelsure，proveofgreatvaluetoourcountry。Itseffectistogivetothebestandbrightestyoungmen，nomatterhowpoor，justthechancetheyneed;andnotasamatterofcharity，butasamatterofwisepolicy。ThisisasystemwhichIbelievewouldbefraughtwithblessingstoourcountry，securingadvancededucationtothosewhocanprofitbyit，andstrengtheningtheircountrybymeansofit。
[7]Ithassincebeengreatlyincreasedbythebequestofapublic—spiritedNewYorkmerchant。
Ontheotherhand，thesystemofgratuitousremissionofinstructionfeestoallstudentsalike，whetherrichorpoor，Ibelievetobeinjurioustothecountry，forthefollowingreasons:First，itgenerallycripplestheinsti—
tutionwhichgivesit。Twoorthreelargeinstitutionswhichhavethoughtthemselvesinpossessionofendowmentssufficienttowarrantgivinggratuitousinstructionhavetriedit，butasarulehavenotbeenabletogoonwithit，andhaveatlastcometotheprincipleofchargingmoderatefees。Secondly，itsimplymakesapresentofasmallsumtoalargenumberofyoungmen，mostofwhomneitherneednorappreciateit，andwhowouldbebetterforregardingtheiruniversityinstructionassomethingworthpayingfor。
Butmymainobjectiontothesystemofindiscriminategratuitousinstructionisthatitdoesthecountryapositiveinjuryindrawingawayfromthefarms，workshops，andstoreslargenumbersofyoungpersonswhowouldbetterhavebeenallowedtoremainthere;thatittendstocrowdwhathavebeencalled``thelearnedprofessions’’
withmennotreallyfittedforthem;thatitdrawsmassesofmenwhosegoodrightarmswouldbeofgreatvalueintheruraldistricts，andmakesthemparasitesinthecities。
Thefarmersandtheartisanscomplainofthelackofyoungmenandwomenfortheirwork;theprofessionalmencomplainthatthecitiesareoverstockedwithyoungmencallingthemselveslawyers，doctors，engineers，andthelike，butreallyunworthytoexerciseeitherprofession，wholiveonthebodypoliticasparasitesmoreorlesshurtful。Thishascertainlybecomeanevilinothercountries:everyenlightenedtravelerknowsthattheranksoftheanarchistsinRussiaareswollenbywhatarecalled``fruitssecs’’——thatis，byyoungmenandyoungwomentemptedawayfrommanuallaborandavocationsforwhichtheyarefitinto``professions’’forwhichtheyareunfit。
ThemoreFIRST—RATEyoungmenandyoungwomenouruniversitiesandtechnicalschoolseducatethebetter;butthemoreyoungmenandwomenofmediocremindsandweakpurposewhomtheypushintotheranksofpoorlawyers，poordoctors，poorengineers，andthelike，themoreinjurytheydotothecountry。
AsInowapproachtheendoflifeandlookbackoverthedevelopmentofCornellUniversity，thisatleastseemstomeonepieceofgoodfortune——namely，thatIhaveaidedtoestablishtheretheprincipleofusingourmeans，sofaraspossible，notforindiscriminategratuitoushighereducationofmenunfittoreceiveit;not，asPresidentJordanhasexpressedit，in``tryingtoputafive—thousand—
dollareducationintoafifty—centboy’’;butinestablishingasystemwhichdrawsoutfromthecommunity，evenfromitspoorestandlowliesthouseholds，thebest，brightest，strongestyoungmenandwomen，anddevelopstheirbestpowers，thusaddingtothegreatesttreasurewhichtheircountrycanpossess。
CHAPTERXXIII
``COEDUCATION’’ANDANUNSECTARIANPULPIT——1871—1904
Stillanothernewdeparturewasinsomerespectsbolderthananyofthosealreadymentioned。ForsomeyearsbeforetheorganizationofCornell，Ihadthoughtmuchupontheeducationofwomen，andhadgraduallyarrivedattheconclusionthattheymightwellbeadmittedtosomeoftheuniversitiesestablishedforyoungmen。Yet，atthesametime，HerbertSpencer’sargumentastotheimportanceofavoidingeverythinglike``mandarinism’’
——theattempttoforcealleducationalinstitutionsintothesamemold——preventedmyurgingthisadmissionofwomenuponalluniversitiesalike。Irecognizedobstaclestoitintheolderinstitutionswhichdidnotexistinthenewer;butIhadcometobelievethatwherenospecialdifficultiesexisted，womenmightwellbeadmittedtouniversityprivileges。TothisviewIhadbeenledbymyownobservationeveninmyboyhood。AtCortlandAcademyIhadseenyoungmenandwomenassembledintheclassroomswithoutdifficultyorembarrassment，andatYaleI
hadseenthatthetwoorthreelecture—roomswhichadmittedwomenwerethemostorderlyanddecentofall;butperhapsthestrongestinfluenceinthismatterwasexerciseduponmebymymother。Shewasoneofthemostconservativeofwomen，aHigh—churchEpiscopalian，andgenerallyaversetomodernreforms;butonmytalkingoverwithhersomeofmyplansforCornellUniversity，shesaid:``Iamnotsosureaboutyourotherideas，butastotheadmissionofwomenyouareright。Mymaineducationwasderivedpartlyfromaboarding—schoolatPittsfieldconsideredoneofthebestinNewEngland，andpartlyfromCortlandAcademy。Intheboarding—schoolwehadonlyyoungwomen，butintheacademywehadbothyoungmenandyoungwomen;andIamsurethattheresultsoftheacademyweremuchbetterthanthoseoftheboarding—
school。Theyoungmenandyoungwomenlearnedtorespecteachother，notmerelyforphysical，butforintellectualandmoralqualities;sotherecameahealthfulemulationinstudy，themenbecomingmoremanlyandthewomenmorewomanly;andnever，sofarasIhaveheard，didanyoftheevilconsequencesfollowwhichsomeofyouropponentsareprophesying。’’
AconferencewithDr。Woolworth，ateacheroftheverylargestexperience，showedmethatnoneoftheevilresultswhichwereprophesiedhadresulted。Hesolemnlyassuredmethat，duringhislongexperiencesasprincipaloftwoorthreelargeacademies，and，assecretaryoftheBoardofRegents，inclosecontactwithalltheacademiesandhighschoolsoftheState，hehadneverknownofaseriousscandalarisingbetweenstudentsofdifferentsexes。
AsIdraftedthemainfeaturesoftheuniversitycharterthesestatementswereinmymind，butIknewwellthatitwouldbeprematuretopressthematterattheoutset。Itwouldcertainlyhavecostusthesupportofthemoreconservativemeninthelegislature。AllthatIcoulddoatthattimeIdid;andthiswastokeepoutofthecharteranythingwhichcouldembarrassusregardingthequestioninthefuture，steadilyavoidingineveryclauserelatingtostudentstheword``man，’’andassteadilyusingtheword``person。’’InconversationsbetweenMr。Cornellandmyselfonthissubject，Ifoundthatweagreed;andinouraddressesattheopeningoftheuniversitywebothalludedtoit，hefavoringitingeneralterms，andIdevelopingsundryargumentscalculatedtopreparethewayforfutureactionuponit。AtthecloseoftheexercisesMr。JohnMcGraw，whowasafterwardsomunificenttowardus，cametomeandsaid:``Myoldbusinesspartner，HenrySage，whosatnextmeduringtheexercisesthismorning，turnedtomeduringyourallusiontoMr。Cornellwithtearsinhiseyes，andsaid:`John，wearescoundrelstostanddoingnothingwhilethosemenarekillingthemselvestoestablishthisuniversity。’’’IntheafternoonMr。Sagehimselfcametomeandsaid:``Ibelieveyouarerightinregardtoadmittingwomen，butyouareevidentlycarryingasmanyinnovationsjustnowaspublicopinionwillbear;whenyouarereadytomoveinthematter，letmeknow。’’
Thefollowingyearcamethefirstapplicationofayoungwomanforadmission。Hercasewasstrong，forshepresentedacertificateshowingthatshehadpassedthebestexaminationfortheStatescholarshipinCortlandCounty;
andonthisIadmittedher。UnderthescholarshipclauseinthecharterIcouldnotdootherwise。Onreportingthecasetothetrustees，theysupportedmeunanimously，thoughsomeofthemreluctantly。Theladystudentprovedexcellentfromeverypointofview，andheradmissionmadeameretemporaryrippleonthesurfaceofouraffairs;butsooncameapeculiardifficulty。TheonlyroomsforstudentsinthosedaysontheUniversityHillwereinthebarracksfilledwithyoungmen;andthereforetheyoungwomantookroomsintown，cominguptolecturestwoorthreetimesaday。Itwasahardstruggle;
forthepathsandroadsleadingtotheuniversitygrounds，fourhundredfeetabovethevalley，werenotasinthesedays，andtheelectrictrolleyhadnotbeeninvented。Sheborethefatiguepatientlyuntilwintersetin;thenshecametome，expressingregretatherinabilitytotoiluptheicysteep，andleftus。Onmyreportingthistothetrustees，Mr。Sagemadehisproposal。Ihadexpectedfromhimaprofessorshiporafellowship;buttomyamazementheofferedtoerectandendowaseparatecollegeforyoungwomenintheuniversity，andforthispurposetogiveustwohundredandfiftythousanddollars。Acommitteeoftrusteeshavingbeenappointedtoexamineandreportuponthisproposal，Iwasmadeitschairman;and，incompanywithMr。Sage，visitedvariousWesterninstitutionswhereexperimentsinthewayofwhatwascalled``coeducation’’hadbeentried。AtOberlinCollegeinOhiotwoseriousdoubtswereremovedfrommymind。
Thefirstofthesewasregardingthehealthoftheyoungwomen。Ihadfearedthatinthehardworkandvigorouscompetitionsoftheuniversitytheywouldlosetheirphysicalstrength;butherewefoundthat，withwiseprecautions，thehealthoftheyoungwomenhadbeenquiteequaltothatoftheyoungmen。Myotherfearwasthattheireducationwithyoungmenmightcostsomesacrificeofthebettergeneralcharacteristicsofbothsexes;butonstudyingthefactsIbecamesatisfiedthatthemenhadbeenmademoremanlyandthewomenmorewomanly。Astothemanlinesstherecouldbelittledoubt;forthebestofalltestshadbeenappliedonlyafewyearsbefore，whenOberlinCollegehadpouredforthlargenumbersofitsyoungmen，asvolunteers，intotheUnionarmy。Astothegoodeffectuponwomen，itwaseasytosatisfymyselfwhenImetthem，notonlyatthecollege，butinvariousbeautifulWesternhomes。
VerystrikingtestimonywasalsogivenattheUniversityofMichigan。TenyearsearlierIhadknownthatinstitutionwell，andmyprofessorshipthere，whichlastedsixyears，hadmademewellacquaintedwiththecharacterandspiritofitsstudents;but，sincemyday，womenhadbeenadmitted，andsomeoftheresultsofthischangesurprisedmemuch。Formerlyaprofessor’slecture—orrecitation—
roomhadbeendecidedlyaroughishplace。Themenhadoftenbeenslouchyandunkempt。Nowallwasquietandorderly，thedressofthestudentsmuchneater;infact，itwastheusualdifferencebetweenassemblagesofmenaloneandofmenandwomentogether，or，asIafterwardphrasedit，``betweenthesmoking—carandthecarbackofit。’’
Perhapsthemostconvincingpieceoftestimonycamefromanoldjanitor。AsImethimIsaid:``Well，J————，dothestudentsstillmakelifeaburdentoyou？’’``Oh，no，’’heanswered;``thatisallgoneby。Theycan’trusheachotherupanddownthestaircasesorhaveboxing—matchesinthelobbiesanylonger，forthegirlsarethere。’’
Myreportwentfullyintothematter，favoredtheadmissionofwomen，andwasadoptedbythetrusteesunanimously——
athingwhichsurprisedmesomewhat，sincetwoofthem，JudgeFolgerandMr。ErastusBrooks，wereamongthemostconservativemenIhaveeverknown。Thegeneralresultswerecertainlyfortunate;thoughoneortwominorconsequenceswere，forayearortwo，somewhatdisappointing。Twoorthreeofthefacultyandaconsiderablenumberofthestudentsweregreatlyopposedtotheadmissionofwomen，amaincauseofthisbeingthefearthatitwoulddiscredittheinstitutionintheeyesofmembersofotheruniversities，andthenumberofthewholestudentbodywasconsequentlysomewhatdiminished;
butthatfeelingdiedaway，thenumbersbecamelargerthanever，andthesystemprovedablessing，notonlytotheuniversity，buttotheStateatlarge。Noneofthepropheciesofevilsofreelymadebytheopponentsofthemeasurehaveeverbeenfulfilled。EveryarrangementwasmadeinMr。Sage’sbuildingtoguardthehealthoftheyoungwomen;andnoonewillsaythatthemanlinessofmenorthewomanlinessofwomenhaseversufferedinconsequenceofthemeetingofthetwosexesinclassrooms，laboratories，chapel，orelsewhere。Fromoneevilwhichwasfreelyprophesiedtheuniversityhasbeensingularlyfree。Itwasdeclaredthatagreatdealof``spooning’’wouldresult。Thishasnotbeenthecase。Bothsexesseemtohavebeenontheirguardagainstit;and，althoughpleasantreceptionshave，asarule，takenplaceweeklyatSageCollege，andvisitstoitsresidentshavebeenpermittedatsuitabletimes，noembarrassingattachmentshaveresulted。
Themaindifficultiesarosefromacausewhichprovedveryshort—lived。Severaloftheyoungwomenwhofirstappliedforadmissionheldhighideasastotheirrights。
TothemSageCollegewasanoffense。Itsbeautifulparlors，conservatories，library，lecture—rooms，andlawns，withitsladywardenwhoservedasguide，philosopher，andfriend，werealltheresultofadeepconspiracyagainsttherightsofwomen。Againandagainacommitteeofthemcametome，insistingthatyoungwomenshouldbetreatedexactlylikeyoungmen;thatthereshouldbenoladywarden;
thateveryoneofthemshouldbefreetogoandcomefromSageCollegeateveryhourinthetwenty—four，asyoungmenwerefreetogoandcomefromtheirdormitories。
Myanswerwasthatthecaseswerenotthesame;
thatwhenyoungwomeninsistedontheirrighttocomeandgoatalltimesofthedayandnight，astheysawfit，withoutpermission，itwasliketheirrighttowalkfromthecampustothebeautifulpointoppositeusonthelake:therighttheyundoubtedlyhad，butinsurmountableobstacleswereintheway;andIshowedthemthatafirmpublicopinionwasaninvinciblebarriertothelibertiestheyclaimed。Still，theywereallowedadvisorypowersinthemanagementofthecollege;thegreatmajoritymadewiseuseofthisright，andalldifficultywasgraduallyovercome。
CloselyconnectedwiththeerectionofSageCollegewastheestablishmentofSageChapel。FromthefirstIhaddesiredtohaveeveryworking—daybegunwithasimplereligiousserviceatwhichattendanceshouldbevoluntary，andwasgladtoseethatinthecheerlesslecture—roomwherethisservicewasheldthereusuallyassembledagoodlynumberofprofessorsandstudents，inspiteoftheearlyhourandlongwalkfromtown。ButforSundaytherewasnoprovision;andoneday，onmydiscussingthematterwithMr。Sage，hesaidthathewouldbegladtoestablishachapelontheuniversitygroundsforthegeneraluseofprofessorsandstudents，ifIsawnoobjection。ThisproposalIheartilywelcomed，butontwoconditions:first，thatthechapelshouldneverbedeliveredovertoanyonesect;secondly，thatstudentsshouldbeattracted，butnotcoercedintoit。TotheseconditionsMr。Sageagreed，andthebuildingwaserected。
Asitapproachedcompletiontherecameaproposalwhichopenedanewerainouruniversitylife。Mr。DeanSage，theeldestsonofhimwhohadgivenusthewomen’scollegeandthechapel，proposedtoaddanendowmentforachaplaincy，andsuggestedthataclergymanoftheProtestantEpiscopalChurchbeappointedtothatoffice。Thiswouldhavebeenpersonallypleasingtome;for，thoughmychurchmanshipwas``exceedingbroad，’’IwasstillattractedtothechurchinwhichIwasbroughtup，andfeltnowhereelsesomuchathome。Butitseemedtomethatwehadnoright，underourcharter，togivesuchprominencetoanysinglereligiousorganization;andIthereforeproposedtothedonorthattheendowmentbeappliedtoapreachershiptobefilledbyleadingdivinesofalldenominations。InmakingthisproposalIhadinview，notonlytheunsectarianfeatureembodiedinourcharter，butmyobservationofuniversitychaplainciesgenerally。Ihadnoticedthat，atvariousinstitutions，excellentclergymen，goodpreachers，thoroughscholars，charmingmen，whensettledaschaplains，had，asarule，beenunabletoretaintheirholduponthegreatbodyofthestudents。Thereasonwasnotfartoseek。Theaverageparishclergyman，eventhoughhebenotastrongpreacherorprofoundscholarorbrillianttalker，ifhebeatallfitforhisposition，graduallywinstheheartsofhiscongregation。Hehasbaptizedtheirchildren，marriedtheiryoungmenandmaidens，buriedtheirdead，rejoicedwiththosewhohaverejoiced，andweptwiththosewhohavewept。Astrongtiehasthusgrownup。Butsuchatiebetweenachaplainandbodiesofstudentsshiftingfromyeartoyear，is，inthevastmajorityofcases，impossible。Henceitisthateventhemostbrilliantpreacherssettledinuniversitieshaverapidlylosttheirprestigeamongthestudents。I
rememberedwellhow，atGenevaandatYale，mycollege—
matesjokedatthepeculiaritiesofclergymenconnectedwiththecollege，who，beforeIenteredit，hadbeenobjectsofmyveneration。IrememberedthatatYaleoneofmyclasswaswonttoarouseshoutsoflaughterbyhisdrollimitationsoftheprayersoftheleadingprofessors——
imitationsinwhichtheirgestures，intonations，andbitsofrhetoricandoratoryweremostludicrouslycaricatured。I
remembered，too，howacollegepastor，amangreatlyrevered，wasreallydrivenoutoftheuniversitypulpitbyasquibinastudents’paper，andhowseveralofhissuccessorshadfinallyretreatedintoprofessorshipsintheDivinitySchool;andIfeltthatleadingmencomingfromweektoweekfromtheoutsideworldwouldbetakenatthevaluewhichtheoutsideworldputsuponthem，andthattheywouldbringinafreshatmosphere。Myexpectationsweremorethanfulfilled。Thepreachershiphavingbeenestablished，Isentinvitationstoeminentclergymenalongthewholegamutofbelief，fromtheRomanCatholicbishopofthediocesetothemostadvancedProtestants。
Thebishopansweredmemostcourteously;but，tomysincereregret，declined。OneortwobishopsoftheProtestantEpiscopalChurchalsomadesomedifficultiesatfirst，butgraduallytheyweregladtoaccept;foritwasfelttobeaprivilegeandapleasuretopreachtosolargeabodyofopen—mindedyoungmen，andthecourseofsermonshasforyearsdeepenedandstrengthenedwhatisbestinuniversitylife。Thewholesystemwasindeedatfirstattacked;andwhilewehadformerlybeenchargedwithgodlessness，wewerenowchargedwith``indifferentism’’
——whateverthatmightmean。ButIhavehadthepleasureoflivingtoseethissystemadoptedatotherleadinguniversitiesofourcountry，anditisevidentlyonitswaytobecometheprevailingsystemamongallofthem。IbelievethatnopulpitintheUnitedStateshasexercisedamorepowerfulinfluenceforgood。Strongmenhavebeencalledtoitfromalltheleadingreligiousbodies;andthey，knowingthecharacteroftheiraudience，haveneveradvocatedsectarianism，buthavepresentedthegreatfundamentaltruthsuponwhichallreligionmustbebased。
ThefirstoftheseuniversitypreacherswasPhillipsBrooks，andhemadeaverydeepimpression。AninterestingmaterialresultofhisfirstsermonwasthatMr。
WilliamSage，thesecondsonofourbenefactor，cameforwardatthecloseoftheservice，andauthorizedmetosecureabeautifulorganfortheuniversitychapel。[8]InmyaddressestostudentsIurgedthemtoattendforvariousgoodreasons，and，iffornoneofthese，becauseamanisbutpoorlyeducatedwhodoesnotkeephimselfabreastofthereligiousthoughtofhiscountry。CuriouswasittoseeJapanesestudents，someofthemBuddhists，veryconscientiousintheirattendance，theireyessteadilyfixeduponthepreacher。
[8]Sunday，June13，1875。
Myselectionsforthepreachershipduringtheyearsofmypresidencyweremadewithgreatcare。Sofaraspossible，Ikeptoutall``sensationalpreaching。’’Ihadnowishtomakethechapelaplaceforamusementorforgroundandloftytumblingbyclericalperformers，andtheresultwasthatitsennoblinginfluencewassteadilymaintained。
Someotherpulpitsintheuniversitytownwerenotsowellguarded。Arevivalist，havingbeenadmittedtooneofthem，attemptedtomakeasensationinvariousways——
andoneeveninglaidgreatstressonthedeclarationthatshewasherselfabrandpluckedfromtheburning，andthatherparentswereundoubtedlylost。Afewminutesafterward，oneoftheCornellstudentspresent，thinkingdoubtless，thathistimewouldbebetteremployeduponhisstudies，aroseandwalkeddowntheaisletothedoor。Atthisthepreachercalledout，``Theregoesayoungmanstraightdowntohell。’’Thereuponthestudentturnedinstantlytowardthepreacherandaskedquietly，``Haveyouanymessagetosendtoyourfatherandmother？’’
Ourlistofuniversitypreachers，bothfromourownandothercountries，asIlookbackuponit，iswonderfultome。
Becomingacquaintedwiththem，IhavelearnedtoloveverymanymenwhomIpreviouslydistrusted，andhavecometoseemoreandmoretheforceofthesaying，``ThemanIdon’tlikeisthemanIdon’tknow。’’Manyoftheirargumentshavenotappealedtome，butsomefromwhichIhaveentirelydissented，havesuggestedtrainsofprofitablethought;infact，noserviceshaveeverdonemoreforme，and，judgingfromthenumberswhohavethrongedthechapel，therehasbeenaconstantgoodinfluenceuponthefacultyandstudents。
Inconnectionwiththechapelmaybementionedthedevelopmentofvariousreligiousassociations，thefirstofthesebeingtheYoungMen’sChristianAssociation。Feelingtheimportanceofthis，althoughneveramemberofit，Ienteredheartilyintoitsplan，andfittedupahallforitspurposes。Asthishallhadtoservealso，duringcertaineveningsintheweek，forliterarysocieties，ItookpainstosecureaseriesoflargeandfinehistoricalengravingsfromEngland，France，andGermany，amongthemsomeofadecidedlyreligiouscast，broughttogetherafteradecidedlyBroad—churchfashion。Ofthese，two，adjoiningeachother，represented——theone，LutherdiscussingwithhisassociateshistranslationoftheBible，andtheother，St。VincentdePaulcomfortingthepoorandtheafflicted;
anditwasmyhopethatthejuxtapositionofthesetwopicturesmightsuggestideasoftolerationinitsbestsensetotheyoungmenandwomenwhoweretositbeneaththem。Abouttheroom，betweentheseengravings，Iplacedsomebronzestatuettes，obtainedinEurope，representingmenwhohaddonenobleworkintheworld;sothatitwasforsomeyearsoneoftheattractionsoftheuniversity。
Someyearslatercameagiftveryadvantageoustothissideofuniversitylife。AgentlemanwhomIhadknownbutslightly——Mr。AlfredS。BarnesofBrooklyn，atrusteeoftheuniversity——droppedinatmyhouseonemorning，andseemedtohavesomethingonhismind。ByandbyheverymodestlyaskedwhatIthoughtofhisputtingupabuildingforthereligiouspurposesofthestudents。I
welcomedtheideajoyfully;onlyexpressingthehopethatitwouldnotbetiedupinanyway，butopentoallformsofreligiouseffort。Inthisideaheheartilyconcurred，andthebeautifulbuildingwhichbearshishonorednamewastheresult，——oneofthemostperfectforitspurposesthatcanbeimagined，——andasheaskedmetowriteaninscriptionforthecorner—stone，Iplacedonitthewords:``ForthePromotionofGod’sworkamongMen。’’Thishasseemed，eversince，tobethekey—noteoftheworkdoneinthatbuilding。