foundtheycouldnot；whirledbackupontheirinfantry；setitalsowhirling:andinaword，thewhole200，000whirled，withoutblowstruck；anditwasauniversalpanicrout，anddeliriousstampedeofflight，whichneverpaused（theverygarrisonsemptyingthemselves，andjoininginit）tillitgotacrosstheDonauagain，anddrewbreaththere，nottorallyorstand，buttorunratherslower。AndhadleftWallachia，Bessarabia，Dniesterriver，Donauriver，sweptclearofTurks；allRomanzow’shenceforth。TosuchastonishmentofaninvincibleGrandTurk，andofhisMoslemPopulations，fallenonsuchasetofGiaours["ALLAHKERIM，Andcannotweabolishthem，then？"NotweTHEM，itwouldappear！]，——aseveryreadercanimagine。"WhichshallsufficeeveryreaderhereinregardtotheTurkWar，andwhatconcernhehasintheextremelybrutishphenomenon。
TchesmefelloutJuly7th；ElphinstonehashardlydonehisteaintheDardanelles，when（August1st）thisofKaghulfollows:
bothwouldbefreshnewsblazingineveryheadwhiletheDialoguesbetweenFriedrichandKaunitzweregoingon。Forthey"hadmanydialogues，"Friedrichsays；"andoneofthedays"（probablySeptember6th）wasmainlydevotedtoPolitics，todeepprivateColloquywithKaunitz。Ofwhich，andofthegreatthingsthatfollowedoutofit，Iwillnowgive，fromFriedrich’sownhand，theoneentirelycredibleaccountIhaveanywheremetwithinwriting。
Friedrich’saccountofKaunitzhimselfisaltogetherlife—like:
asolemn，arrogant，mouthing，browbeatingkindofman，——embarrassedatpresentbythenecessitynottobrowbeat，andbytheconsciousnessthat"KingFriedrichistheonlymanwhorefusestoacknowledgemyclaimstodistinction:"[Rulhiere（somewhere）hasheardthis，asanutteranceofKaunitz’sinsomeplaintivemoment。]
——aKaunitzwhosearrogances，qualitiesandclaimsthisKingisnotheretonotice，exceptastheyconcernbusinessonhand。Hesays，"Kaunitzhadaclearintellect，greatlytwistedbyperversitiesoftemper（UNSENSDROIT，L’ESPRITREMPLIDETRAVERS），especiallybyaself—conceitandarrogancewhichwereboundless。Hedidnottalk，butpreach。Atthesmallestinterruption，hewouldstopshortinindignantsurprise:ithashappenedthat，attheCouncil—BoardinSchonbrunn，whenImperialMajestyherselfaskedsomeexplanationofawordorthingnotunderstoodbyher，Kaunitzmadehisbow（LUI
TIRASAREVERENCE），andquittedtheroom。"Goodtoknowthenatureofthebeast。Listentohim，then，onthoseterms，sinceitisnecessary。TheKaunitzSermonwasofgreatlength，imbeddedincircumlocutions，innuendoesanddiplomaticcautions；butthegistofitwegathertohavebeen（abridgedintodialogueform）
essentiallyasfollows:——
KAUNITZ。"DangeroustothereposeofEurope，thoseRussianencroachmentsontheTurk。NeverwillImperialMajestyconsentthatRussiapossessMoldaviaorWallachia；Warsooner，——allthingssooner！TheseviewsofRussiaareinfinitelydangeroustoeverybody。ToyourMajestyaswell，ifImaysayso；andnoremedyconceivableagainstthem，——tomenoneconceivable，——butthisonly，ThatPrussiaandAustriajoinfranklyinprotestandabsoluteprohibitionofthem。"
FRIEDRICH。"IhavenothingmoreatheartthantostandwellwithAustria；andalwaystobeherally，neverherenemy。ButyourHighnessseeshowIamsituated:boundbyexpressTreatywithCzarishMajesty；mustgowithRussiainanyWar！WhatcanIdo？
Ican，andwillwithallindustry，labortoconciliateCzarishMajestyandImperial；toproduceatPetersburgsuchaPeacewiththeTurksasmaymeetthewishesofVienna。Letushopeitcanbedone。Byfaithfulendeavoring，onmypartandonyours，Ipersuademyselfitcan。Meanwhile，steadfastlytogether，wetwo！Allourlittlerubs，custom—housesquabblesontheFrontier，andsuchlike，whynotsettlethemhere，andnow？[anddoessowithhisHighness。]
Thattherebenothingbutamity，helpfulnessandmutualefforttowardsanobjectsomomentoustousboth，andtoallmankind！"
KAUNITZ。"Goodsofar。AndmayanotintolerableTurk—RussianPeaceprovepossible，withoutourfightingforit！Meanwhile，ImperialMajesty[asshehasbeenvisiblydoingforsometime]mustcontinuemassingtroopsandrequisitesontheHungarianFrontier，lestthecontraryhappen！"
Thiswastheresultarrivedat。OfwhichFriedrich"judgeditbutpolitetoinformtheyoungKaiser；whoappearedtobegratefulforthismarkofattention，beingmuchhelddownbyKaunitzinhispresentstateoftutelage。"[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvi。30。]
Andbyasingularchance，ontheverymorrowtherearrivedfromtheDivan（datedAugust12th）anExpresstoFriedrich:"MediateaPeaceforuswithRussia；notyoualone，aswehaveoftenasked，butAustriaANDyou！"FortheKaghulSlaughteryhascomeonus；
GiaourElphinstonehastakenteaintheDardanelles；andweknownottowhathandtoturn！——"TheyoungKaiserdidnothidehisjoyatthisOverture，asKaunitzdidhis，whichwasperhapsstillgreater:"theKaiserwarmlyexpressedhisthankstoFriedrichastheAuthorofit；Kaunitz，withaloftyindifference（MORGUE），andnoseinairasoverasmallmatter，"merelysignifiedhisapprovalofthisstepwhichtheTurkshadtaken。"
"Neverwasmediationundertakenwithgreaterpleasure，"addstheKing。Andbothdidproceeduponitwithallzeal；butonlytheKingasreal"mediator，"orMIDDLEman；KaunitzfromthefirstplantinghimselfimmovablyupontheTurksideofthings，whichislikewisetheAustrian；andplayinginsecret（asFriedrichprobablyexpectedhewould）thestrangesttrickswithhisassumedfunction。
SothatFriedrichhadtotaketheburdenofmediatingaltogetheronhimself；andmonthaftermonth，yearafteryear，itisevidentheprosecutesthesamewithalltheindustryandfacultythatareinhim，——inintensedesire，andinhopeoftennearlydesperate，tokeephistwoneighbors’houses，andhisownandthewholeworldalongwiththem，fromtakingfire。Apartfromtheirconflictinginterests，thetwoEmpresseshaveprivatelyarootedaversiontooneanother。WhatwithRussianexorbitancy（aCzarinanaturallyupliftedwithherTchesmesandKaghuls）；whatwithAustriancupidity，pride，mulishness，andprivatetrickeryofKaunitz；
theadroitandheartilyzealousFriedrichneverhadsuchabitofdiplomacytodo。Formanymonthshence，inspiteofhisintensesteffortsandcunningestappliances，nowayofegressvisible:
"TheimbroglioMUSTcatchfire！"Atlastawayopens，"Ha，atlastaway！"——then，foraboveatwelvemonthlonger，suchaguidingofthepurblindquadrupedsandobstinateAustrianmulesintosaidway:
andforyearsmoresuchanurgingofthem，inpig—driverfashion，alongthesame，tillPeacedidcome！——
Andhere，withoutknowingit，wehaveinsensiblygottothetopmostsummitofourPolishBusiness；onesmallstepmore，andweshallbeonthebrowoftheprecipitousinclined—plane，downwhichPolandanditsbusinessgocareeringthenceforth，down，down，——andwillneedbutfewwordsmorefromus。Actualdiscoveryof"awayout"
standsfornextSection。
First，however，wewillnotice，asprefatory，acuriousoccurrenceintheCountryofZips，contiguoustotheHungarianFrontier。
Zips，aprettyenoughDistrict，ofnogreatextent，hadfromtimeimmemorialbelongedtoHungary；till，above300yearsago，itwas——
bySigismundSUPERGRAMMATICAM，amanalwaysinwantofmoney（whomwelastsaw，inflamingcolor，investingFriedrich’sAncestorwithBrandenburginsteadofpaymentforadebtofmoney）——pledgedtotheCrownofPolandforaroundsumtohelpinSigismund’spressingoccasions。Redemptionbypaymentneverfollowed；attemptatredemptiontherehadneverbeen，bySigismundoranyofhissuccessors。Nay，onesuccessor，inaTreatystillextant，[Preuss，iv。32（date1589；pawninghadbeep1412）。]expresslygaveuptherightofredeeming:Pledgeforfeited:aZipsbelongingtoPolishCrownandRepublicbyeverylaw。
Well；ImperialMajesty，aswehavetransientlyseen，isassemblingtroopsontheHungarianFrontier，foraspecialpurpose。
PoorPolandis，bythistime（1770），aswealsosaw，sunkinPestilence，——pigsanddogsdevouringthedeadbodies:notaloaftobehadforahundredducats，andtherageofPestilenceitselfamildthingtothatofHunger，nottomentionotherrages。SothatbothAustriaandPrussia，inordertokeepoutPestilenceatleast，iftheycannottheotherrages，havehadtodrawCORDONS，orlinesoftroopsalongtheFrontiers。"ThePrussiancordon，"Iaminformed，"goesfromCrossen，byFrankfurtnorthward，totheWeichselRiverandborderofWarsawCountry:"and"isunderthecommandofGeneralBelling，"ourfamousAnti—SwedeHussarofformeryears。TheAustriancordonlooksoveruponZipsandotherStarosties，ontheHungarianBorder:where，independentlyofPestilence，analarmedandindignantEmpress—Queenhasbeenandisassemblingmassesoftroops，withwhatobjectweknow。LookingoverintoZipsinthesecircumstances，indignantKaunitzandImperialMajesty，especiallyHISImperialMajesty，ayouthalwayspassionateforterritory，saytothemselves，"Zipswasours，andinasenseis！"——and（precisedaterefusedus，butafterNeustadt，andbeforeWinterhasquitecome）pushtroopsacrossintoZipsStarosty:
seizethewholeThirteenTownshipsofZips，andnotonlythese，butbydegreestractaftertractoftheadjacencies:"MusthaveaFrontiertoourmindinthoseparts:indefensibleotherwise！"
Andquietlysetupboundary—pillars，withtheAustriandouble—eaglestampedonthem，andintimationtoZipsandneighborhood，ThatitisnowbecomeAustrian，andshallhavenopartfartherinthesePolishConfederatings，Pestilences，ragesofmen，andpigsdevouringdeadbodies，butshalllivequietunderthedouble—eagleasothersdo。WhichtoZips，forthemoment，mightbeablessedchange，welcomeorotherwise；butwhichawokeconsiderableamazementintheouterworld，——veryconsiderableinKingStanislaus（towhom，onapplying，Kaunitzwouldgivenoexplanationtheleastarticulate）；——andawoke，intheRussianCourtespecially，aratherintensesurpriseandprovocation。
PRINCEHENRIHASBEENTOSWEDEN；ISSEENATPETERSBURG
INMASQUERADE（onoraboutNew—year’sDay，1771）；
ANDDOESGETHOME，WITHRESULTSTHATAREIMPORTANT。
PrinceHenri，aswenoticed，wasnotofthisSecondKing—and—KaiserInterview；Henrihadgoneintheoppositedirection，——toSweden，onavisittohisSisterUlrique，——offforWestandNorth，justinthesamedayswhiletheKingwasleavingPotsdamforSilesiaandhisothererrandintheSoutheastparts。HenrigottoDrottingholm，hisSister’scountryPalacenearStockholm，bythe"endofAugust；"andwastherewithQueenUlriqueandHusbandduringtheseNeustadtmanoeuvres。AchangedQueenUlrique，sincehelastsawher"beautifulasLove，"whirlingoffinthedeadofnightforthoseremoteCountriesanddestinies。[Supra，viii。309。]Sheisnowfifty，orontheedgeofit，heroldmansixty，——oldmandieswithinfewmonths。Theyhavehadmanychagrins，especiallyshe，astheprouder，hashad，fromtheircontumaciousPeople，——contumaciousSenatorsatleast（strongalwaysbothinPOCKET—MONEYFrenchorRussian，andintendencytoinsolenceandfolly），——whoonce，I
remember，demandedsightandcountoftheCrown—JewelsfromQueenUlrique:"There，VOILA，therearethey！"saidtheproudQueen；
"viewthem，countthem，——lockthemup:nevermorewillIwearoneofthem！"ButshehasprettySonsgrowntomanhood，oneprettyDaughter，apatientgoodoldHusband；andTime，inSwedentoo，bringsitsroses；andlifeislife，inspiteofcontumaciousbribedSenatorsanddoggeriesthatdoratherabound。Henristayedwithhersixorsevenweeks；leavesSweden，middleofOctober，1770，——notbythestraightcoursehomewards:"No，verily，andwellknewwhy！"
shriekstheindignantPolishworldonuseversince。
ItisnottruethatFriedrichhadschemedtosendHenriroundbyPetersburg。Onthecontrary，itwastheCzarina，ongroundofoldacquaintanceship，whoinvitedhim，andaskedhisBrother’sleavetodoit。AndifPolandgotitsfatefromthecircumstance，itwasbyaccident，andbythefactthatPoland’sfatewasdrop—ripe，readytofallbyatouch。——Beforegoingfarther，hereisocularviewoftheshrill—minded，seriousandingeniousHenri，littleconsciousofbeingsofatefulaman:—
PRINCEHENRIINWHITEDOMINO。"PrinceHenriofPrussia，"saysRichardson，theusefulEye—witnesscitedalready，"isoneofthemostcelebratedGeneralsofthepresentage。Sogreatarehismilitarytalents，thathisBrother，whoisnotapttopaycompliments，saysofhim，——That，incommandinganarmy，hewasneverknowntocommitafault。This，however，isbutanegativekindofpraise。He[theKing]reservestohimselfthegloryofsuperiorgenius，which，thoughcapableofbrilliantachievements，isyetliabletounwarymistakes:andallowshimnootherthanthepraiseofcorrectness。
"TojudgeofPrinceHenribyhisappearance，Ishouldformnohighestimateofhisabilities。ButtheScythianAmbassadorsjudgedinthesamemannerofAlexandertheGreat。Heisunderthemiddlesize；verythin；hewalksfirmlyenough，orratherstruts，asifhewantedtowalkfirmly；andhaslittledignityinhisairorgesture。Heisdark—complexioned；andhewearshishair，whichisremarkablythick，clubbed，anddressedwithahightoupee。
Hisforeheadishigh；hiseyeslargeandblue，withalittlesquint；andwhenhesmiles，hisupperlipisdrawnupalittleinthemiddle。Hislookexpressessagacityandobservation，butnothingveryamiable；andhismannerisgraveandstiffratherthanaffable。Hewasdressed，whenIfirstsawhim，inalight—bluefrockwithsilverfrogs；andworearedwaistcoatandbluebreeches。HeisnotverypopularamongtheRussians；
andaccordinglytheirwitsaredisposedtoamusethemselveswithhisappearance，andparticularlywithhistoupee。TheysayheresemblesSamson；thatallhisstrengthliesinhishair；andthat，consciousofthis，andrecollectingthefateofthesonofManoah，hesuffersnotthenighapproachesofanydeceitfulDelilah。
TheysayheisliketheComet，which，aboutfifteenmonthsago，appearedsoformidableintheRussianhemisphere；andwhich，exhibitingasmallwaterybody，butamostenormoustrain，dismayedtheNorthernandEasternPotentateswith’fearofchange。’
"Isawhimafewnightsago[onoraboutNew—year’sDay，1771；
comebacktous，fromhisTourtoMoscow，threeweeksbefore；
andnothingbutgalaseversince]ataMasqueradeinthePalace，saidtobethemostmagnificentthingofthekindeverseenattheRussianCourt。Fourteenlargeroomsandgallerieswereopenedfortheaccommodationofthemasks；andIwasinformedthattherewerepresentseveralthousandpeople。Agreatpartofthecompanyworedominos，orcapuchindresses；though，besidesthese，somefancifulappearancesaffordedagooddealofamusement。AverytallCossackappearedcompletelyarrayedinthe’hauberk’stwistedmail。’Hewasindeedverygrimandmartial。Personsinemblematicaldresses，representingApolloandtheSeasons，addressedtheEmpressinspeechessuitedtotheircharacters。TheEmpressherself，atthetimeIsawherMajesty，woreaGrecianhabit；thoughIwasafterwardstoldthatshevariedherdresstwoorthreetimesduringthemasquerade。PrinceHenriofPrussiaworeawhitedomino。
Severalpersonsappearedinthedressesofdifferentnations，——
Chinese，Turks，PersiansandArmenians。ThemosthumorousandfantasticalfigurewasaFrenchman，who，withwonderfulnimblenessanddexterity，representedanovergrownbutverybeautifulParrot。
Hechatteredwithagreatdealofspirit；andhisshoulders，coveredwithgreenfeathers，performedadmirablythepartofwings。
HedrewtheattentionoftheEmpress；aringwasformed；hewasquitehappy；flutteredhisplumage；madefinespeechesinRuss，FrenchandtolerableEnglish；theladieswereexceedinglydiverted；
everybodylaughedexceptPrinceHenri，whostoodbesidetheEmpress，andwassograveandsosolemn，thathewouldhaveperformedhispartmostadmirablyintheshapeofanowl。
TheParrotobservedhim；wasdeterminedtohaverevenge；andhavingsaidasmanygoodthingsashecouldtoherMajesty，hewashoppingaway；butjustashewasgoingoutofthecircle，seemingtorecollecthimself，hestopped，lookedoverhisshoulderattheformalPrince，andquiteintheparrottoneandFrenchaccent，headdressedhimmostemphaticallywith’HENRI！HENRI！HENRI！’andthen，divingintothecrowd，disappeared。HisRoyalHighnesswasdisconcerted；hewasforcedtosmileinhisowndefence，andthecompanywerenotalittleamused。
"Atmidnight，aspacioushall，ofacircularform，capableofcontainingavastnumberofpeople，andilluminatedinthemostmagnificentmanner，wassuddenlyopened。Twelvetableswereplacedinalcovesaroundthesidesoftheroom，wheretheEmpress，PrinceHenri，andahundredandfiftyofthechiefnobilityandforeignministerssatdowntosupper。Therestofthecompanywentup，bystairsontheoutsideoftheroom，intotheloftygalleriesplacedallaroundontheinside。Sucharowofmaskedvisages，manyofthemwithgrotesquefeaturesandbushybeards，noddingfromthesideofthewall，appearedveryludicroustothosebelow。
Theentertainmentwasenlivenedwithaconcertofmusic:andatdifferentintervalspersonsinvarioushabitsenteredthehall，andexhibitedCossack，Chinese，Polish，SwedishandTartardances。
Thewholewassogorgeous，andatthesametimesofantastic，thatIcouldnothelpthinkingmyselfpresentatsomeofthemagnificentfestivalsdescribedintheold—fashionedromantes:——
’Themarshal’dfeastServedupinhallwithsewersandseneschals。’
Therestofthecompany，onreturningtotheroomsadjoining，foundpreparedforthemalsoasumptuousbanquet。Themasqueradebeganat6intheevening，andcontinuedtill5nextmorning。
"Besidesthemasquerade，andotherfestivities，inhonorof，andtodivertPrinceHenri，wehadlatelyamostmagnificentshowoffire—
works。TheywereexhibitedinawideapacebeforetheWinterPalace；and，intruth，’beggareddescription。’Theydisplayed，byavarietyofemblematicalfigures，thereductionofMoldavia，Wallachia，Bessarabia，andthevariousconquestsandvictoriesachievedsincethecommencementofthepresentWar。Thevariouscolors，thebrightgreenandthesnowywhite，exhibitedinthesefire—works，weretrulyastonishing。Forthespaceoftwentyminutes，atree，adornedwiththeloveliestandmostverdantfoliage，seemedtobewavingaswithagentlebreeze。Itwasentirelyoffire；andduringthewholeofthisstupendousscene，anarchoffire，bythecontinuedthrowingofrocketsandfire—ballsinonedirection，formedasitwereasuitablecanopy。
"Onthisoccasionaprodigiousmultitudeofpeoplewereassembled；
andtheEmpress，itwassurmised，seemeduneasy。Shewasafraid，itwasapprehended，lestanyaccident，likewhathappenedatParisatthemarriageoftheDauphin，shouldbefallherbelovedpeople。
IhopeIhaveamusedyou；andeveram"——[W。Richardson，
AnecdotesoftheRussianEmpire，pp。325—331:
"Petersburg，4thJanuary，1771。"]
ThemasqueradesandgalasinhonorofPrinceHenri，fromagrandioseHostess，whohadplayedwithhiminchildhood，weremany；
butitisnotwiththesethatwehavetodo。Oneday，theCzarina，talkingtohimoftheAustrianproceduresatZips，saidwithpique，"Itseems，inPolandyouhaveonlytostoop，andpickupwhatyoulikeofit。IftheCourtofViennahavethenotiontodismemberthatKingdom，itsneighborswillhaverighttodoasmuch。"
[Rulhiere，iv。210；TroisDemembremens，i。
142；aboveall，Henrihimself，inOEuvresdeFrederic，xxvi。345，"Petersburg，8thJanuary，1771。"]Thisissupposed，inallBooks，tobethePUNCTUMSALIENS，orfirstmention，oftheastonishingPartition，whichwassettled，agreedupon，withinaboutayearhence，andhasmadesomuchnoiseeversince。Andineffectitwasso；theidearisingpracticallyinthathighheadwastherealbeginning。Butthiswasnotthefirstheadithadbeenin；farfromthat。Aboveayearago，asFriedrichhimselfinformedus，ithadbeeninFriedrich’sownhead，——thoughatthetimeitwentforabsolutelynothing，nobodyevenbestowingasneeronit（asFriedrichintimates），anddisappearedthroughtheHorn—GateofDreams。
FriedrichhimselfappearstohavequiteforgottentheCount—Lynaridea；and，onHenri’sreportfromRussia，wastotallyincredulous；
andevensuspectedthattheremightbetrickeryanddangerinthisRussianproposal。NottillHenri’sreturn（FEBRUARY18th，1771）
couldheentirelybelievethattheCzarinawasserious；——andthen，sureenough，hedid，withhiswholeheart，gointoit:theEUREKA
outofallthesedifficulties，whichhadsolongseemedinsuperable。PrinceHenri"hadanInterviewwiththeAustrianMinisternextday"（February19th），whoimmediatelycommunicatedwithhisKaunitz，——andgotdiscouragingresponsefromKaunitz；
discouraging，oralmostnegatory；whichdidnotdiscourageFriedrich。"Awayout，"thinksFriedrich:"theonewaytosavemyPrussiaandtheworldfromincalculableconflagration。"Andenteredonitwithoutlossofamoment。Andlaboredatitwithsuchcontinualindustry，rapidityandfacultyforguidingandpushing，asallreadershaveknowninhim，ondangerousemergencies:atnomomentliftinghishandfromittillitwascomplete。
Hisdifficultieswereenormous:whatateamtodrive；andonsucharoad，untroddenbeforebyhooforwheel！TwoEmpressesthatcordiallyhateoneanother，andthatdisagreeonthisverysubject。
KaunitzandhisEmpressareextremelyskittishinthematter，andasifquiterefuseitatfirst:"Zipswillbebetter，"thinksKaunitztohimself；"Cannotwehave，alltoourselves，abeautifullittlecuttingoutofPolandinthatpart；andthenperhaps，inleaguewiththeTurk，whohasmoney，beattheRussianshomealtogether，andrulePolandintheirstead，or’shareitwiththeSultan，’asReis—Effendisuggests？"Andthedismaltruthis，thoughitwasnotknownforyearsafterward，Kaunitzdoesaboutthistime，inprofoundestsecret，actuallymakeTreatyofAlliancewiththeTurk（"somanymillionPiastrestous，readymoney，yearbyyear，andyoushall，ifnotbyourmediating，thenbyourfighting，beacontentedTurk"）；andallalongatthedifferentRussian—Turk"Peace—Congresses，"Kaunitz，whilepretendingtositandmediatealongwithPrussia，satonthatfarotherbasis，privatelythwartingeverything；andspanouttheTurkpacificationinawretchedmannerforyearscoming。["PeaceofKainardschi，"nottill"21stJuly，1774，"——afterfourorfiveabortiveattempts，twoofthem"Congresses，"Kaunitzsoindustrious（Hermann，v。664etantea）。]Adangerous，hard—mouthed，high—stalking，ill—givenoldcoach—horseofaKaunitz:fancywhatthedrivingofhimmightbe，onaroadhedidnotlike！Buthehadadrivertoo，who，indelicateadroitness，inpatienceandinsharpnessofwhip，wasconsummate:"Youshallknowitisyouroneroad，myill—givenfriend！"（IostentatiouslyincreasemyCavalryby8，000；meaning，"AnewSeven—YearsWar，ifyouforceme，andRussiabymysidethistime！"）SothatKaunitzhadtoquithisTurkcourses（neverpaidthePiastresback），andgointowhatreallywastheonewayout。
ButFriedrich’sdifficultiesonthiscoursearenotthethingthatcaninterestreaders；andallreadersknowhisfacultyforovercomingdifficulties。Readersaskrather:"AndhadFriedrichnofeelingaboutPolanditself，then，andthisatrociousPartitioningofthepoorCountry？"Apparentlynonewhatever；——unlessitmightbe，thatDeliverancefromAnarchy，Pestilence，Famine，andPigseatingyourdeadbodies，wouldbeamanifestadvantageforPoland，whileitwastheonewayofsavingEuropefromWar。Nobodyseemsmorecontentedinconscience，orradiantwithheartfeltsatisfaction，andcertaintyofthanksfromallwiseandimpartialmen，thantheKingofPrussia，nowandafterwards，inregardtothisPolishatrocity！Apsychologicalfact，whichreaderscannotice。ScrupulousregardtoPolishconsiderations，magnanimitytoPoland，ortheleastrespectorpityforherasadyingAnarchy，iswhatnobodywillclaimforhim；consummatetalentinexecutingthePartitionofPoland（inevitablesomeday，ashemayhavethought，butisnowhereatthepainstosay），——greattalent，greatpatiencetoo，andmeritoriousself—denialandendurance，inexecutingthatPartition，andinsavingITfromcatchingfireinsteadofbeingthemeanstoquenchfire，nowell—informedpersonwilldenyhim。Ofhisdifficultiesintheoperation（whichtrulyareunspeakable）Iwillsaynothingmore；readersarepreparedtobelievethathe，beyondothers，shouldconquerdifficultieswhentheobjectisvitaltohim。Iwillmarkonlythesuccessivedatesofhisprogress，andhavedonewiththiswearisomesubject:——
June14th，1771。WithinfourmonthsofthearrivalofPrinceHenriandthatfirstcertaintyfromRussia，diligentFriedrich，uponwhomthewholeburdenhadbeenlaidofdrawingupaPlan，andbringingAustriatoconsent，isabletoreporttoPetersburg，ThatAustriahasdubieties，reluctances，whichitistobeforeseenshewillgraduallygetover；andthatheremeanwhile（June14th，1771）ismyPlanofPartition，——thesimplestconceivable:"Thateachchoose（subjecttofutureadjustments）whatwillbestsuithim；I，formyownpart，willsay，West—Preussen；——whatProvincewillCzarishMajestypleasetosay？"CzarishMajesty，inanswer，isexorbitantlyliberaltoherself；claims，notaProvince，butfourorfive；
willhaveFriedrich，iftheAustriansattackherinconsequence，toassistbydeclaringWaronAustria；CzarishMajesty，inthereciprocalcase，nottoassistFriedrichatall，tillherTurkWarisdone！"Impossible，"thinksFriedrich；"surprisinglyso，highMadam！But，tothedelicatebridle—hand，youareamanageableentity。"
ItwaswithKaunitzthatFriedrich’srealdifficultieslay。
Privately，inthecourseofthisSummer，Kaunitz，bywayofpreparationfor"mediatingaTurk—RussianPeace，"hadconcludedhis"subsidyTreaty"withtheTurk，["6thJuly，1771"（Preuss，iv。31；
Hermann；&c。&c。）。]——Treatyneverratified，butthePiastresdulypaid；——TreatyrenderingPeaceimpossible，solongasKaunitzhadtodowithmediatingit。AndindeedKaunitz’stricksinthatfunctionofmediator，andalsoafterit，wereofthekindwhichFriedrichhassomereasontocall"infamous。""YourMajesty，asco—mediator，willjoinus，shouldtheRussiansmakeWar？"saidKaunitz’sAmbassador，oneday，toFriedrich。"Forcertain，no！"answeredFriedrich；and，onthecontrary，remountedhisCavalry，tosignify，"Iwillfighttheotherway，ifneeded！"whichdidatoncebringKaunitztogiveuphismysteriousTurkprojects，andcomeintothePolish。Afterwhich，hisexorbitantgreedofterritorythere；
hisattemptstogetRussiaintoapartitioningofTurkeyaswell，——
（"AsliceofTurkeytoo，yourCzarishMajestyandwe？"hintshemorethanonce），——gaveFriedrichnoendoftrouble；andaresingulartolookatbythelighttherenowis。NotforaboutatwelvemonthdidFriedrichgethishard—mouthedKaunitzbroughtintostepatall；andtothelast，perpetualvigilanceand，bywhipandbit，theadroitestcharioteeringwasneededonhim。
FEBRUARY17th，1772，RussiaandPrussia，fortheirownpart，——
Friedrich，inthecircumstances，submittingtomanythingsfromhisCzarina，——gettheirparticular"Convention"（BargaininregardtoPoland）completedinallparts，"willtakepossession4thJuneinstant:"signsaidConvention（February17th）；——andinviteAustriatojoin，andstateherclaims。Which，inthreeweeksafter，MARCH
4th，Austriadoes；——exorbitantabundantly；andNOTtobegotverymuchreduced，thoughwetry，foraseriesofmonths。
Tillatlast:——
AUGUST5th，1772，FinalAgreementbetweentheThreePartitioningPowers:"Theseareourrespectiveshares；wetakepossessiononthe1stOFSEPTEMBERinstant:"——andactualpossessionforFriedrich’ssharedid，onthe13thofthatmonth，ensue。ArightgladFriedrich，aseverybody，friendorenemy，mayimaginehim！Gladtohavedonewithsuchabusiness，——hadtherebeennootherprofitinit；whichwasfarfrombeingthecase。One’sclearbelief，onstudyingtheseBooks，isoftwothings:FIRST，that，aseverybodyadmits，FriedrichhadnorealhandinstartingthenotionofPartitioningPoland；——butthathegraspedatitwitheagerness，astheonewayofsavingEuropefromWar:SECOND，whathasbeenmuchlessnoticed，that，underanyotherhand，itwouldhaveledEuropetoWar；——andthattoFriedrichisduethefact，thatitgoteffectedwithoutsuchaccompaniment。Friedrich’sshareofTerritoryiscountedtobeinall9，465Englishsquaremiles；
Austria’s，62，500；Russia’s，87，500，[Preuss，iv。45。]betweennineandtentimestheamountofFriedrich’s，——whichlatter，however，asanancientlyTeutonicCountry，andasfillingupthealwaysdangerousgapbetweenhisOst—Preussenandhim，has，underPrussianadministration，provedmuchthemostvaluableoftheThree；
and，nexttoSilesia，isFriedrich’smostimportantacquisition。
SEPTEMBER13th，1772，itwasatlastenteredupon，——throughsuchwaste—welteringconfusions，andontermsneveryetunquestionable。
ConsentofPolishDietwasnothadforayearmore；butthatisworthlittlerecord。Diet，forthatobject，gottogether19thAPRIL，1773；recalcitrantenough，hadnotRussiaunderstoodthemethods:"acommonfundwasraised[ONSECOTISA，saysFriedrich]
forbribing；"theThreePowershadeacharepresentativeGeneralinWarsaw（LentulusthePrussianpersonage），allthreewithforcestorear:Dietcamedownbydegrees，and，inthecourseoffivemonths（SEPTEMBER18th，1773），acquiescedineverything。
Andsothematterisended；andvariousmenwilllonghavevariousopinionsuponit。IaddonlythisonesmallDocumentfromMariaTheresa’shand，whichallhearts，andIsupposeevenFriedrich’shadheeverreadit，willpronouncetobeverybeautiful；
homely，faithful，wholesome，well—becominginahighandtrueSovereignWoman。
THEEMPRESS—QUEENTOPRINCEKAUNITZ（Undated:datemustbeVienna，February，1772）。
"Whenallmylandswereinvaded，andIknewnotwhereintheworldIshouldfindaplacetobebroughttobedin，IreliedonmygoodrightandthehelpofGod。Butinthisthing，wherenotonlypubliclawcriestoHeavenagainstus，butalsoallnaturaljusticeandsoundreason，Imustconfessneverinmylifetohavebeeninsuchtrouble，andamashamedtoshowmyface。LetthePrince[Kaunitz]
considerwhatanexamplewearegivingtoalltheworld，if，foramiserablepieceofPoland，orofMoldaviaorWallachia，wethrowourhonorandreputationtothewinds。IseewellthatIamalone，andnomoreinvigor；thereforeImust，thoughtomyverygreatsorrow，letthingstaketheircourse。"["Alsallemeinelanderangefochtenwurdenundgarnitmehrwussteworuhigniederkommensollte，steiffeteichmichaufmeingutesRechtunddenBeystandGottes。AberindieserSach，wonitalleindasoffenbareRechthimmelschreyentwiderUns，sondernauchalleBilligkeitunddiegesundeVernunftwiderUnsist，muessbekhennendasszeitlebensnitsobeangstigtmichbefuntenundmichsehenzulassenschame。BedenkhderFurst，waswirallerWeltfureinExempelgeben，wennwirumeinellendesstukvonPohlenodervonderMoldauundWallacheyunserehrundREPUTATIONindieschanzschlagen。IchmerkhwohldassichalleinbinundnitmehrEN
VIGEUR，darumlasseichdiesachen，jedochnitohnemeinengrosstenGram，ihrenWeggehen。"（From"Hormayr，
Taschenbuch，1831，s。66:"citedinPREUSS，iv。38。）]
And，somedaysafterwards，hereisherMajesty’sOfficialAssent:
"PLACET，sincesomanygreatandlearnedmenwillhaveitso:
butlongafterIamdead，itwillbeknownwhatthisviolatingofallthatwashithertoheldsacredandjustwillgiveriseto。"
[From"Zietgenossen[aBiographicalPeriodical]，lxxi。29:"citedinPREUSS，iv。39。]
（HearherMajesty！）
Friedrichhasnoneofthesecompunctiousvisitings；buthisaccounttoo，whenhedoeshappentospeakonthesubject，isworthhearing，andcredibleeveryword。WritingtoVoltaire，agoodwhileafter（POTSDAM，9thOCTOBER，1773））this，intheswift—flowing，miscellaneousLetter，isonepassage:……"ToreturntoyourKingofPoland。IamawarethatEuropeprettygenerallybelievesthelatePartitionmade（QU’ONAFAIT）ofPolandtobearesultofthePoliticaltrickeries（MANIGANCES）whichareattributedtome；
nevertheless，nothingismoreuntrue。Afterinvainproposingdifferentarrangementsandexpedients，therewasnoalternativeleftbuteitherthatsamePartition，orelseEuropekindledintoageneralWar。Appearancesaredeceitful；andthePublicjudgesonlybythese。WhatItellyouisastrueastheForty—seventhofEuclid。"[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxiii。257。]
WHATFRIEDRICHDIDWITHHISNEWACQUISITION。
ConsiderableobloquystillrestsonFriedrich，inmanyliberalcircles，forthePartitionofPoland。Twothings，however，seembythistimetolerablyclear，thoughnotyetknowninliberalcircles:
first，thatthePartitionofPolandwasaneventinevitableinPolishHistory；anoperationofAlmightyProvidenceandoftheEternalLawsofNature，aswellasofthepoorearthlySovereignsconcernedthere；andsecondly，thatFriedrichhadnothingspecialtodowithit，and，inthewayoforiginatingorcausingit，nothingwhatever。
ItiscertainthedemandsofEternalJusticemustbefulfilled:
inearthlyinstruments，concernedwithfulfillingthem，theremaybealldegreesofdemeritandalsoofmerit，——fromthatofaworld—
ruffianAttilatheScourgeofGod，consciousofhisownferocitiesandcupiditiesalone，tothatofaheroicCromwell，sacredlyawarethatheis，athissoul’speril，doingGod’sJudgmentsontheenemiesofGod，inTredahandotherseverescenes。IftheLawsandJudgmentsareverilythoseofGod，therecanbenoclearermeritthanthatofpushingthemforward，regardlessofthebarkingsofGazetteersandwaysidedogs，andgettingthem，attheearliesttermpossible，madevalidamongrecalcitrantmortals！Friedrich，inregardtoPoland，Icannotfindtohavehadanythingconsiderableeitherofmeritorofdemerit，inthemoralpointofview；butsimplytohaveaccepted，andputinhispocketwithoutcriticism，whatProvidencesent。Hehimselfevidentlyviewsitinthatlight；
andisatnopainstoconcealhisgreatsenseofthevalueofWest—
Preussentohim。WepraisedhisNarrativeaseminentlytrue，andtheonlyonecompletelyintelligibleineverypoint:inhisPrefacetoit，writtensomeyearslater，heisstillmorecandid。
Speakingthereinthefirstperson，thisonceandneverbeforeorafter，——hesays:——
"Thesenewpretensions[oftheCzarina，toassuagethereligiousputrid—feverofthePolesbywordofcommand]raisedallPoland[intoConfederationofBar，andWAROFTHECONFEDERATES，sungbyFriedrich]；theGrandeesoftheKingdomimploredtheassistanceoftheTurks:straightwayWarflamedout；inwhichtheRussianArmieshadonlytoshowthemselvestobeattheTurksineveryrencounter。"
HisMajestycontinues:"ThisWarchangedthewholePoliticalSystemofEurope[generalDiplomaticDanceofEurope，suddenlybroughttoawhirlbysuchchangesofthemusic]；anewarena（CARRIERE）cametoopenitself，——andonemusthavebeeneitherwithoutaddress，orelseburiedinstupidsomnolence（ENGOURDISSEMENT），nottoprofitbyanopportunitysoadvantageous。IhadreadBojardo’sfineAllegory:[Signifiesonly，"seizeopportunity；"buthereisthepassageitself:——
"Quantevolteledisse:’Obelladama，Conoscil’oradelatuaventura，DapoicheuntalBaronpiuthecheset’ama，ChenonhailCielpiuvagacreatura。
Forseancoavraidiquestotempobrama，Che’lfelicedestinsemprenondura；
Prendidiletto，mentreseisu’lverde，Chel’avutopiacermainonsiperde。
Questaetagiovenil，ch’esigioiosa，Tuttaindilettoconsumarsideve，Perchequasiinunpuntocienascosa:
Comodissolve’lsollabiancaneve，ComoinungiornolavermigliarosaPerdeilvagocolorintempobreve，Cosifuggel’etacom’unbaleno，Enonsipuotener，chenonhafreno。’"
（Bojardo，OrlandoInnamorato，lib。i。
cant。2。）]Iseizedbytheforelockthisunexpectedopportunity；
and，bydintofnegotiatingandintriguing[candidKing]I
succeededinindemnifyingourMonarchyforitspastlosses，byincorporatingPolishPrussiawithmyOldProvinces。"
[OEuvresdeFrederic，（PrefacetoMEMOIRS
DEPUIS1763JUSQU’A1774），vi。6，7:"MEMOIRES[ChapterFIRST，includingallthePolishpart]werefinishedin1775；Prefaceisof1779。"]
HereisaHistorianKingwhousesnorouge—potinhisNarratives，——
whoseword，whichisallweshallsayofitatpresent，youfindtobeperfectlytrustworthy，andarepresentationofthefactasitstoodbeforehimself！Whatfollowsneedsnovouchingfor:
"Thisacquisitionwasoneofthemostimportantwecouldmake，becauseitjoinedPommerntoEastPrussia[oursforagespast]，andbecause，renderingusmastersoftheWeichselRiver，wegainedthedoubleadvantageofbeingabletodefendthatKingdom[Ost—
Preussen]，andtodrawconsiderabletollsfromtheWeichsel，asallthetradeofPolandgoesbythatRiver。"
Yestruly！Ourinterestsareveryvisible:andtheinterestsandwishesandclaimsofPoland，——aretheynowhereworthyofonewordfromyou，OKing？NowherethatIhavenoticed:notanymentionofthem，orallusiontothem；thoughtheworldisstillsoconvincedthatperhapstheyweresomething，andnotnothing！Whichisverycurious。InthewholecourseofmyreadingIhavemetwithnoAutobiographermorecarelesstodefendhimselfuponpointsindisputeamonghisAudience，andmarkedascriminalagainsthimbymanyofthem。ShadowofApologyonsuchpointsyousearchforinvain。Inrapidbaresummaryhesetsdownthesequeloffacts，asifassuredbeforehandofyourfavorablejudgment，orwiththeprofoundestindifferencetohowyoushalljudgethem；dropshisactions，asanOstrichdoesitsyoung，toshiftforthemselvesinthewilderness，andhurriesonhisway。Thisstyleofhis，noticeableofoldinregardtoSilesiatoo，hasconsiderablyhurthimwiththecommonkindofreaders；who，intheirpreconceivedsuspicionsoftheman，areallthemoredisgustedattracinginhim，nottheleastanxietytostandwellwithanyreader，morethantostandill，ASillasanyreaderlikes！
Thirdparties，itwouldseem，havesmalltemptationtobecomehisadvocates；hehimselfbeingsototallyunprovidedwiththanksforyou！But，onanotherscore，andforthesakeofabetterkindofreaders，thereisonethirdpartyboundtoremark:1。ThathardlyanySovereignknowntousdid，inhisgeneralpractice，ifyouwillexamineit，moreperfectlyrespecttheboundariesofhisneighbors；
andgoontheroadthatwashisown，anxioustotreadonnoman’stoesifhecouldavoidit:aSovereignwho，atalltimes，strictlyandbeneficentlyconfinedhimselftowhatbelongedtohisrealbusinessandhim。2。Thatapparently，therefore，hemusthaveconsideredPolandtobeanexceptionalcase，uniqueinhisexperience:caseofamoribundAnarchy，fallendownascarriononthecommonhighwaysoftheworld；belongingtonobodyinparticular；liabletobecutinto（nay，forsanitaryreasonsrequiringit，ifonewereaRhadamanthusErrant，whichoneisnot！）——liabletobecutinto，onagreatandcriticallystringentoccasion；noquestiontobeaskedofIT；youronlyquestiontheconsentofby—standers，andthemoderatecertaintythatnobodygotaglaringlydisproportionateshare！Thatmusthavebeen，onthepartofanequitableFriedrich，orevenofaFriedrichaccurateinBook—keepingbyDoubleEntry，thenotionsilentlyformedaboutPoland。
Whetherhisnotionwasscientificallyright，andconformabletoactualfact，isaquestionIhavenothoughtofenteringon；
stillless，whetherFriedrichwasmorallyright，orwhethertherewasnotahigherrectitude，grantingeventhefact，inputtingitinpractice。ThesearequestionsonwhichanEditormayhavehisopinion，partlycompleteforalongtimepast，partlynotcomplete，or，inhumanlanguage，completableorpronounceableatall；andmaycarefullyforbeartoobtrudeitonhisreaders；andonlyadvisethemtolookwiththeirownbesteyesight，tobedeaftothemultiplexnoiseswhichareevidentlyblind，andtothinkwhattheyfindthinkablestonsuchasubject。For，wereitneversojust，properandneedful，thisisbynatureacaseofLYNCHLAW；
uponwhich，inthewayofapprovalorapology，nospokenwordispermissible。LynchbeingsodangerousaLawgiver，evenwhenanindispensableone！——
For，grantingthattheNationofPolandwasforcenturiespastanAnarchydoomedbytheEternalLawsofHeaventodie，andthenofcoursetogetgraduallyburied，oreatenbyneighbors，wereitonlyforsanitaryreasons，——itwillbynomeanssuit，todeclareopenlyonbehalfofterrestrialneighborswhohavetakenupsuchanidea（grantingitwereevenajustone，andatruereadingofthesilentbutinexorablycertainpurposesofHeaven），Thatthey，thosevolunteerterrestrialneighbors，arejustifiedinbreakinginuponthepoordyingordeadcarcass，andflayingandburyingit，withamicablesharingofskinandshoes！IfitevenwerecertainthatthewretchedPolishNation，forthelastfortyyearshasteningwithespecialspeedtowardsdeath，didinpresentcircumstances，withsuchahowlingcanailleofTurkJanissariesandvulturesofcreationbusyroundit，actuallyrequirepromptsurgery，intheusualmethod，byneighbors，——theneighborsshallandmustdothatfunctionattheirownrisk。IfHeavendidappointthemtoit，Heaven，forcertain，willatlastjustifythem；andinthemeanwhile，foragenerationortwo，thesameHeaven（Icanbelieve）hasappointedthatEarthshallprettyunanimouslycondemnthem。
Theshrieks，thefoam—lippedcursesofmistakenmankind，insuchcase，aremankind’sonesecurityagainstover—promptitude（whichissodreadfullypossible）onthepartofsurgicalneighbors。
Alas，yes，myarticulate—speakingfriends；here，assooftenelsewhere，thesolutionoftheriddleisnotLogic，butSilence。
WhenadarkhumanIndividualhasfilledthemeasureofhiswickedblockheadisms，sinsandbrutalnuisancings，thereareGibbetsprovided，thereareLawsprovided；andyoucan，inanarticulateregularmanner，hanghimandfinishhim，togeneralsatisfaction。
Nationstoo，youmaydependonitascertain，dorequirethesameprocess，anddoinfalliblygetitwithal；Heaven’sJustice，withwrittenLawsorwithout，beingthemostindispensableandtheinevitablestthingIknowofinthisUniverse。Nodoingwithoutit；
anditissuretocome:——andtheJudgesandExecutioners，weobserve，areNOT，inthatlattercase，escortedinandoutbytheSheriffsofCountiesandgeneralringingofbells；notso，inthatlattercase，butfarotherwise！——
Andnow，leavingthatvexedquestion，wewillthrowoneglance——
onlyoneispermitted——intothefarmoreprofitablequestion，whichprobablywillonedaybethesoleoneonthismatter，WhatbecameofpoorWest—PreussenunderFriedrich？Hadittosit，weepingunconsolably，ornot？HerrDr。Freytag，amanofgoodreputeinLiterature，has，inoneofhislateBooksofPopularHistory，[G。Freytag，NeueBilderausdemLebendesdeutschenVolkes（Leipzig，1862）。]goneintothissubject，inaseriousway，andcertainlywithopportunitiesfarbeyondmineforinforminghimselfuponit:——fromhimthesePassageshavebeenexcerpted，labelledandtranslatedbyagoodhand:——
ACQUISITIONOFPOLISHPRUSSIA。"DuringseveralCenturies，themuch—
dividedGermanshadhabituallybeenpressedupon，andstraitenedandinjured，bygreedyconqueringneighbors；FriedrichwasthefirstConquerorwhooncemorepushedforwardtheGermanFrontiertowardstheEast；remindingtheGermansagain，thatitwastheirtasktocarryLaw，Culture，LibertyandIndustryintotheEastofEurope。AllFriedrich’sLands，withtheexceptiononlyofsomeOld—
Saxonterritory，had，byforceandcolonization，beenpainfullygainedfromtheSclave。AtnotimesincethemigrationsoftheMiddleAges，hadthisstruggleforpossessionofthewidePlainstotheeastofOderceased。Whenarmswereatrest，politicianscarriedonthestruggle。"
PERSECUTIONOFGERMANPROTESTANTSINPOLAND。"Inthevery’CenturyofEnlightenment’thepersecutionoftheGermansbecamefanaticalinthoseCountries:oneProtestantChurchaftertheothergotconfiscated；pulleddown；ifbuiltofwood，setonfire:itsChurchonceburnt，theVillagehadlosttheprivilegeofhavingone。
Ministersandschoolmastersweredrivenaway，cruellymaltreated。
’VEXALUTHERANURN，DABITTHALERUM（WringtheLutheran，youwillfindmoneyinhim），’becamethecurrentProverbofthePolesinregardtoGermans。AProtestantStarostofGnesen，aHerrvonUNRUH
oftheHouseofBirnbaum，oneofthelargestproprietorsofthecountry，wascondemnedtodie，andfirsttohavehistonguepulledoutandhishandscutoff，——forthecrimeofhavingcopiedintohisNote—booksomestrongpassagesagainsttheJesuits，extractedfromGermanBooks。Patriotic’ConfederatesofBar，’joinedbyalltheplunderousvagabondsaround，wentroamingandravagingthroughthecountry，fallinguponsmalltownsandGermanvillages。ThePolishNobleman，Roskowski[acelebrated"symbolical"Nobleman，this]，putononeredbootandoneblack，symbolizingFIREandDEATH；andinthisguiserodeabout，murderingandburning，fromplacestoplace；
finally，atJastrow，hecutoffthehands，feet，andlastlytheheadoftheProtestantPastor，Willichbyname，andthrewthelimbsintoaswamp。Thishappenedin1768。"
INWHATSTATEFRIEDRICHFOUNDTHEPOLISHPROVINCES。"SomefewonlyofthelargerGermanTowns，whichweresecuredbywalls，andsomeprotectedDistrictsinhabitedexclusivelybyGermans，——astheNIEDERUNGnearDantzig，theVillagesunderthemildruleoftheCisterciansofOliva，andtheopulentGermantownsoftheCatholicErmeland，——wereintolerablecircumstances。TheotherTownslayinruins；soalsomostoftheHamlets（HOFE）oftheopenCountry。
Bromberg，thecityofGermanColonists，thePrussiansfoundinheapsandruins:tothishourithasnotbeenpossibletoascertainclearlyhowtheTowncameintothiscondition。["NeuePreussischeProvinzialblotter，Year1854，No。4，p。259。"]Nohistorian，nodocument，tellsofthedestructionandslaughterthathadbeengoingon，inthewholeDistrictoftheNETZEthere，duringthelasttenyearsbeforethearrivalofthePrussians，TheTownofCulmhadpreserveditsstrongoldwallsandstatelychurches；butinthestreets，thenecksofthecellarsstoodoutabovetherottentimberandbrickheapsofthetumbledhouses:wholestreetsconsistedmerelyofsuchcellars，inwhichwretchedpeoplewerestilltryingtolive。OfthefortyhousesinthelargeMarket—placeofCulm，twenty—eighthadnodoors，noroofs，nowindows，andnoowners。OtherTownswereinsimilarcondition，"
"TheCountrypeoplehardlyknewsuchathingasbread；manyhadneverintheirlifetastedsuchadelicacy；fewVillagespossessedanoven。Aweaving—loomwasrare，thespinning—wheelunknown。
Themainarticleoffurniture，inthisbaresceneofsqualor，wastheCrucifixandvesselofHoly—Waterunderit[and"POLACK！
CATHOLIK！"ifadropofginbeadded]。——ThePeasant—Noble[unvoting，inferiorkind]washardlydifferentfromthecommonPeasant:hehimselfguidedhisHookPlough（HACKEN—PFLUG），andclatteredwithhiswoodenslippersupontheplanklessfloorofhishut……Itwasadesolateland，withoutdiscipline，withoutlaw，withoutamaster。On9，000Englishsquaremileslived500，000
souls:not55tothesquaremile。"
SETSTOWORK。"TheveryrottennessoftheCountrybecameanattractionforFriedrich；andhenceforthWest—Preussenwas，whathithertoSilesiahadbeen，hisfavoritechild；which，withinfinitecare，likethatofananxiouslovingmother，hewashed，brushed，new—dressed，andforcedtogotoschoolandintoorderlyhabits，andkepteverinhiseye。Thediplomaticsquabblesaboutthis’acquisition’werestillgoingon，whenhehadalreadysent[soearlyasJune4th，1772，andstillmoreonSeptember13thofthatYear[SeehisnewDIALOGUEwithRoden，ourWeselacquaintance，whowasaprincipalCaptaininthisbusiness（inPREUSS，iv。57，58:
dateoftheDialogueis"11thMay，1772；"——Rodenwasontheground4thJunenext；but，owingtoAustriandelays，didnotbegintillSeptember13th）。]]abodyofhisbestOfficialPeopleintothiswaste—howlingscene，tosetaboutorganizingit。TheLandschaften（COUNTIES）weredividedintosmallCircles；inaminimumoftime，thelandwasvalued，andanequaltaxputuponit；everyCirclereceiveditsLANDRATH，Law—Court，Post—officeandSanitaryPolice。
NewParishes，eachwithitsChurchandParson，werecalledintoexistenceasbymiracle；acompanyof187Schoolmasters——partlyselectedandtrainedbytheexcellentSemler[famousoverGermany，inHalleUniversityandSEMINARIUM，notyetinEngland]——weresentintotheCountry:multitudesofGermanMechanicstoo，frombrick—
makersuptomachine—builders。Everywheretherebeganadigging，ahammering，abuilding；Citieswerepeopledanew；streetafterstreetroseoutoftheheapsofruins；newVillagesofColonistswerelaidout，newmodesofagricultureordered。InthefirstYearaftertakingpossession，thegreatCanal[ofBromberg]wasdug；
which，inalengthoffifteenmiles，connects，bytheNetzeRiver，theWeichselwiththeOderandtheElbe:withinoneyearaftergivingtheorder，theKingsawloadedvesselsfromtheOder，120
feetinlengthofkeel，"andoffortytonsburden，"entertheWeichsel。Thevastbreadthsofland，gainedfromthestateofswampbydrainageintothisCanal，wereimmediatelypeopledbyGermanColonists。
"AshisSeven—YearsStruggleofWarmaybecalledsuper—human，sowastherealsoinhispresentLaborofPeacesomethingenormous；
whichappearedtohiscontemporaries[unlessmyfancymisleadme]
almostpreternatural，attimesinhuman。Itwasgrand，butalsoterrible，thatthesuccessofthewholewastohim，atallmoments，theonethingtobestrivenafter；thecomfortoftheindividualofnoconcernatall。When，intheMarshlandoftheWetze，hecountedmorethestrokesofthe10，000spades，thanthesufferingsoftheworkers，sickwiththemarsh—feverinthehospitalswhichhehadbuiltforthem；[ComparePREUSS，iv。60—71。]when，restless，hisdemandsoutranthequickestperformance，——thereuniteditselftothedeepestreverenceanddevotedness，inhisPeople，afeelingofawe，asforonewhoselimbsarenotmovedbyearthlylife[fanciful，considerably！]。AndwhenGoethe，himselfbecomeanoldman，finishedhislastDrama[SecondPartofFAUST]，thefigureoftheoldKingagainroseonhim，andsteptintohisPoem；andhisFaustgottransformedintoanunresting，creating，pitilesslyexactingMaster，forcingonhissalutiferousdrainsandfruitfulcanalsthroughthemorassesoftheWeichsel。"[G。Freytag，
NeueBilderausdemLebendesdeutschenVolkes
（Leipzig，1862），pp。397—408。]
ThesestatementsandpencillingsofFreytag，apartfromhereandthereaflourishofpoeticsentiment，Ibelievemyreaderscanacceptasessentiallytrue，andacorrectportraitofthefact。
Andtherewith，CONLABOCCADOLCE，wewillrisefromthisSupperofHorrors。ThatFriedrichfortifiedtheCountry，thathebuiltanimpregnableGraudentz，andtwootherFortresses，renderingtheCountry，andhimselfonthatEasternside，impregnablehenceforth，allreaderscanbelieve。FriedrichhasbeenbuildingvariousFortressesinthisinterim，thoughwehavetakennonoticeofthem；
buildingandrepairingmanythings；——trimminguphisMilitaryquitetotheoldpitch，asthemostparticularthingofall。HehashisnewSilesianFortressofSilberberg，——bigFortress，lookingintocertaindangerousBohemianDoors（inTobiasStusche’sCountry，ifreadersrecollectanoldadventurenowmythical）；——hisnewSilesianSilberberg，hisnewerPolishGraudentz，andmanyothers，andflattershimselfheisnotnowpregnableonanyside。
AFriedrichworking，allalong，inPolandespecially，amidwhatcircumambientdelugesofmaledictoryoutcries，andmendaciousshriekeriesfromanill—informedPublic，isnotnowworthmentioning。MeredistractedrumorsofthePamphleteerandNewspaperkind:which，afterhuntingthemalongtime，throughdenseandrare，endmostlyinzero，andangrydarknessofsomepoorhumanbrain，——oreventestifyinfavorofthisHead—Worker，andofthesenseheshows，especiallyofthepatience。Forexample:thatofthe"PolishTownsandVillages，ordered"bythisTyrant"todeliver，eachofthem，somanymarriageablegirls；eachgirltobringwithherasdowry，furnishedbyherparents，1feather—bed，4pillows，1cow，3swineand3ducats，"——inwhichdesirableconditionthistyrannousKing"sentherintotheBrandenburgStatestobeweddedandpromotepopulation。"[Lindsey，LETTERSONPOLAND
（Letter2d）。p。61:Peyssonnel（insome。FrenchBookofhis，"solemnlypresentedtoLouisXVI。andtheConstituentAssembly；"
citedinPREUSS，iv。85）；&c。&c。]Feather—beds，swineandducatshadtheirvalueinBrandenburg；butweremarriageablegirlssuchascarcitythere？MostextraordinarynewRAPEOFTHESABINES；
forwhichHerrPreusscanfindnobasisorsource，——norcanI；
exceptinthebrainofReverendLindseyandhisloudLETTERSON
POLANDabovementioned。
Dantzigtoo，andtheHarbor—dues，whatacase！DantzigHarbor，thatistosay，NetzeRiver，belongsmainlytoFriedrich，DantzigCitynot，——suchtheCzarina’sloftywhim，inthelatePartitionTreatyings；notgoodtocontradict，inthethencircumstances；
stilllessafterwards，thoughitbroughtchicaningsmorethanenough。"Andshewasnotill—pleasedtokeepthisthornintheKing’sfootforherownconveniences，"thinkstheKing；
though，mainly，heperceivesthatitistheEnglishactingonhergrandiosemind:English，whowereapprehensivefortheirBaltictradeunderthisnewProprietor，andwhoeggedonanambitiousCzarinatoprotectHumanLiberty，andaninflatedDantzigBurgermeistertostandupforditto；andmadeadismalshriekeryintheNewspapers，andgotintodreadfulill—humorwithsaidProprietorofDantzigHarbor，andhaveneverquiterecoveredfromittothisday。Lindsey’sPOLISHLETTERSareveryloudagainonthisoccasion，aidedbyhisSEVENDIALOGUESONPOLAND；concerningwhich，partlyforextinctLindsey’ssake，letusciteonesmallpassage，andsowindup。
MARCH2d，1775，inanswertoVoltaire，Friedrichwrites:……
"ThePOLISHDIALOGUESyouspeakofarenotknowntome。IthinkofsuchSatires，withEpictetus:’Iftheytellanytruthofthee，correctthyself；iftheyarelies，laughatthem。’Ihavelearned，withyears，tobecomeasteadycoach—horse；Idomystage，likeadiligentroadster，andpaynoheedtothelittledogsthatwillbarkbytheway。"Andthen，threeweeksafter:——
"IhaveatlengthgottheSEVENDIALOGUESONPOLAND；andthewholehistoryofthemaswell。TheAuthorisanEnglishmannamedLindsey，Parsonbyprofession，andTutortotheyoungPrincePoniatowski，theKingofPoland’sNephew，"——NephewJoseph，Andreas’sSon，NOT
theundistinguishedNephew:sowewillbelieveforpoorloudLindsey’ssake！"ItwasattheinstigationoftheCzartoryskis，UnclesoftheKing，thatLindseycomposedthisSatire，——inEnglishfirstofall。Satireready，theyperceivedthatnobodyinPolandwouldunderstandit，unlessitweretranslatedintoFrench；
whichaccordinglywasdone。Butastheirtranslatorwasunskilful，theysenttheDIALOGUEStoacertainGerardatDantzig，whoatthattimewasFrenchConsulthere，andwhoisatpresentaClerkinyourForeignOfficeunderM。deVergennes。ThisGerard，whodoesnotwantforwit，butwhodoesmethehonortohatemecordially，retouchedtheseDIALOGUES，andputthemintotheconditiontheywerepublishedin。Ihavelaughedagooddealatthem:hereandthereoccurcoarsethings（GROSSIERETES），andplatitudesoftheinsipidkind:buttherearetraitsofgoodpleasantry。Ishallnotgofencingwithgoose—quillsagainstthissycophant。AsMazarinsaid，’LettheFrenchkeepsinging，providedtheyletuskeepdoing。’"[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxiii。
319—321:"Potsdam，2dMarch，1775，"and"25thMarch"following。
SeePREUSS，iii。275，iv。85。]
ChapterV。
ACHAPTEROFMISCELLANIES。
AfterNeustadt，KaiserJosephandtheKinghadnomoreInterviews。
Kaunitz’sproceduresinthesubsequentPacificationandPartitionbusinesshadcompletelyestrangedthetwoSovereigns:tofriendlyvisiting，averydifferentstateofmutualfeelinghadsucceeded；
whichwenton，such"theimmeasurableambition"visibleinsomeofus，deepeningandworseningitself，insteadofimprovingorabating。FriedrichhadJoseph’sPortraithunginconspicuouspositionintheroomswherehelived；somebodynoticingthefact，Friedrichanswered:"Ah，yes，IamobligedtokeepthatyoungGentlemaninmyeye。"And，ineffect，therestofFriedrich’sPoliticalActivity，fromthistimeonwards，maybedefinedasanever—vigilantdefenceofhimself，andoftheGermanReich，againstAustrianEncroachment:which，tohim，intheyearsthenrunning，wasthegrandimpendingperil；andwhichtousinthenewtimeshasbecomesoinexpressiblyuninteresting，andwillbearnonarrative，AustrianEncroachmentdidnotprovetobethedeath—perilthathadoverhungtheworldinFriedrich’slastyears！——
These，accordingly，areyearsinwhichtheHistoricalinterestgoesondiminishing；andonlytheBiographical，wereanythingofBiographyattainable，isleft。Friedrich’sindustrial，economicandotherRoyalactivitiesareasbeautifulasever；butcannottoourreaders，inourlimits，bedescribedwithadvantage。Eventsofworld—interest，afterthePartitionofPoland，donotfallout，orFriedrichisnotconcernedinthem。Itisadimelement；
itssignificancechieflyGermanorPrussian，notEuropean。Whatofhumanlyinterestingisdiscoverableinit，——atleast，whiletheAustrianGrudgecontinuesinachronicstate，andhasnoacutefit，——IwillherepresentintheshapeofdetachedFragments，suitablyarrangedandrenderedlegible，inhopesthesemaystillhavesomelucencyforreaders，andrendermoreconceivablethesurroundingmassesthathavetobeleftdark。OurfirstPieceisofWinter，orlateAutumn，1771，——whilethesolutionofthePolishBusinessisstillinitsinchoativestages；perfectlycompleteintheArtist’sownmind；Russiatooadhering；butKaunitzsorefractoryandcontradictory。
HERRDOCTORZIMMERMANN，THEFAMOUSAUTHOROFTHEBOOK
"ONSOLITUDE，"WALKSREVERENTIALLYBEFOREFRIEDRICH’S
DOORINTHEDUSKOFANOCTOBEREVENING:ANDHASA
ROYALINTERVIEWNEXTDAY。
FridayEvening，25thOctober，1771，isthedateofZimmermann’swalkofcontemplation，——amongthepaleStatuesanddeciduousGardeningsofSans—SouciCottage（betterthananyRialto，atitsbest），——theeternalstarscomingoutoverhead，andthetransitorycandle—lightofaKingFriedrichcloseby。
"AtSans—Souci，"sayshe，inhisfamedBook，"wherethatoldGodofWar（KRIEGSGOTT）forgeshisthunder—bolts，andwritesWorksofIntellectforPosterity；wherehegovernshisPeopleasthebestfatherwouldhishouse；where，duringonehalfoftheday，heacceptsandreadsthepetitionsandcomplaintsofthemeanestcitizenorpeasant；comestohelpofhisCountriesonallsideswithastonishingsumsofmoney，expectingnopayment，norseekinganythingbuttheCommonWeal；andwhere，duringtheotherhalf，heisaPoetandPhilosopher:——atSans—Souci，Isay，therereignsallroundasilence，inwhichyoucanhearthefaintestbreathofeverysoftwind。ImountedthisHillforthefirsttimeinWinter[lateAutumn，25thOctober，1771，edgeofWinter]，inthedusk。WhenI
beheldthesmallDwelling—HouseofthisConvulseroftheWorldclosebyme，andwasnearhisverychamber，Isawindeedalightinside，butnosentryorwatchmanattheHero’sdoor；nosoultoaskme，WhoIwas，orWhatIwanted。Isawnothing；andwalkedaboutasIpleasedbeforethissmallandsilentHouse。"[Preuss，i。
387（"fromEINSAMKEIT，"Zimmermann’sSOLITUDE，"i。110；EditionofLeipzig，1784"）。]
Yes，Doctor，thisisyourKriegsgott；thronedinafree—and—easyfashion。InregardtothatofSentries，IbelievetheredocomeupfromPotsdamnightlyacorporalandsixrank—and—file；butperhapsitisatalaterhour；perhapstheysitwithindoors，silent，nottomakenoises。Anothergentleman，ofsaunteringnocturnalhabits，testifiestohaving，onenight，seentheKingactuallyasleepinbed，thedoorsbeingleftajar。[Ib。i。388。]——AsZimmermannhadaDIALOGUEnextdaywithhisMajesty，whichweproposetogive；
stillmore，ashemadesuchnoiseintheworldbyotherDialogueswithFriedrich，andbyastrangeBookaboutthem，whicharestillahead，——readersmaydesiretoknowalittlewhoorwhattheZimmermannis，andbewillingforaroughbriefNoteuponhim，whichcertainlyisnotreadierthanitisrough:——
JohannGeorgZimmermann:born1728，atBruggintheCantonofBern，wherehisFatherseemstohavehadsomelittlepropertyandnoemployment，"aRATHSHERR（Town—Councillor），whowasmuchrespected。"Ofbrothersorsisters，nomention。TheMotherbeingfromtheFrenchpartoftheCanton，helearnedtospeakbothlanguages。WenttoBernforhisLatinandhigh—schooling；thentoGottingen，wherehestudiedMedicine，undertheoncegreatHallerandothernowdimmedcelebrities。Haller，himselffromBern，hadtakenZimmermanntoboard，andbecamemuchattachedtohim:Haller，in1752，cameonasummervisittonativeBern:Zimmermann，whohadinthemeantimebeen"forafewmonths"inFrance，inItalyandEngland，nowreturnedandjoinedhimthere；butthegreatman，feelingverypoorlyandveryold，decidedthathewouldliketostayinBern，andnotmoveanymore；——Zimmermann，accordingly，wassenttoGottingentobringMrs。Haller，withherDaughters，bandboxesandeffects，hometoBern。Whichhedid；——andnotonlythem，butasoft，ingenious，ingenuousandratherprettyyoungGottingenLadyalongwiththem，ashisownWifewithal。WithherhesettledasSTADTPHYSICUS（Town—Doctor）innativeBrugg；wherehisbelovedHallerswerewithinreach；andpracticeinabundance，andhonors，allthattheplaceyielded，wereinreadinessforhim。
Herehecontinuedsomesixteenyears；verybusy，verysuccessfulinmedicineandliterature；but"tormentedwithhypochondria；"——havingindeedanimmenseconceitofhimself，andgenerallytoothinaskinforthisworld。HerehefirstwrotehisBookonSOLITUDE，aBookfamedoveralltheworldinmyyoungdays（andperhapsstillfamed）；hewroteitasecondtime，MUCHENLARGED，aboutthirtyyearsafter:[BetrachtungenuberdieEinsamkeit，vonDoctorJ。G。Zimmermann，StadtphysicusinBrugg
（Zurich，1756），——asyetonly"1vol。8vo，price6d。"（5groschen）；
butitgrewwithyears；and（Leipzig，1784）cameoutremodelledinto4vols。；——wastranslatedintoFrench，"withmanyomissions，"
byMercier（Paris，1790）；intoEnglishfromMercier（London，1791）。
"Zurich，1763—1764:"byandby，one"DobsondiditintoEnglish。"]
Ireadit（inthecurtailedEnglish—Mercierform，noSceneinitliketheabove），inearlyboyhood，——andthankitfornothing，ornearlyso。Zimmermannlivedmuchalone，atBruggandelsewhere；
allhisdays"Hypochondria"wasthemaincompanyhehad:——anditwasnatural，butUNprofitable，thatheshouldsay，tohimselfandothers，thebesthecouldforthatbadarrangement:poorsoul！
HewrotealsoonMEDICALEXPERIENCE，afamedBookinitsday；"
alsoonNATIONALPRIDE；andbecamefamedthroughtheUniverse，andwasMemberofinfiniteLearnedSocieties。
AllwhichrendereddulldeadBruggstilldullerandmoredead；
unfitutterlyforamanofsuchsublimeaccomplishments。PlentyofCountsStadion，KingsofPolandeven，offeredhimengagements；
eagertopossesssuchaman，anddeliverhimfromdulldeadBrugg；
buthehadhypochondria，andalwaysfearedtheirdeliverancemightbeintosomethingduller。Atlength，——inhisfortiethyear，1768，——theplaceofCourt—Physician（HOFMEDICUS）atHanoverwasofferedhimbyGeorgetheThirdofpiousmemory，andthisheresolvedtoaccept；anddidliftanchor，andacceptandoccupyaccordingly。
Alas，attheGateofHanover，"hiscarriageoverset；"brokehispooroldMother—in—law’sleg（whohadbeenrejoicingdoubtlesstogethomeintoherownCountry），andwastheendofher——pooroldsoul；——andthebeginningofmisfortunescontinualandtootedioustomention。Spleen，envy，maliceandcalumny，fromtheHanoverMedicalworld；treatment，"bytheoldbuckramHofdameswhohaddrunkcoffeewithGeorgeII。，""whichwasfitterforalaquais—de—