[Adelung，vi。184，206；——"forCronstrom，"ifanyoneiscurious，"seeSchlotzer，SchwedischeBiographie，
ii。252（invoce）。"]Asorestroke，thisofBergen，toBritannicMajestyandtheFriendsofLiberty；whoneverthelessrefusetobediscouraged。"
DECEMBER25th，RUSSIANSINBEHALFOFHUMANLIBERTY。"Marchof36，000RussiansfromtheCityofMoscow，thisday；onaverylongjourney，inthehoaryChristmasweather！Most，ChristianMajestyisruinouslyshortofmoney；BritannicMajestyhasstillcredit，andavotingParliament，but，owingtoFrenchinfluenceontheContinent，cangetnorecruitstohire。GraduallydrivenuponRussia，insuchstress，BritannicMajestyhasthisyearhiredforhimselfa35，000
Russians；30，000regularfoot；4，000dittohorse，and1，000
Cossacks；——uncommonlycheap，only150，000poundsthelot，not，4
poundsperheadbytheyear。And，inspiteofmanydifficultiesandhagglings，theyactuallygetonmarch，fromMoscow，25thDecember，1747；andcreepon，allWinter，throughthefrozenpeatswildernesses，throughLithuania，Poland，towardsBohmen，Mahren:
aretoappearintheRhineCountries，joinedbycertainAustrians；
andastonishmankindnextSpring。TheirCaptainisoneRepnin，PrinceRepnin，afterwardsfamousenoughinthosePolishCountries；"
——whichisnowtheonepointinterestingtousinthething。
"TheirCaptainWAS，first，tobeLacy，oldMarshalLacy；
then，failingLacy，’WhynotGeneralKeith？’——butprovestobeRepnin，aftermuchhustlingandintriguing:"Repnin，notKeith，thatistheinterestingpoint。
"SuchmarchoftheRussians，onbehalfofHumanLiberty，inpayofBritannicMajesty，isasurprisingfact；andconsiderablydiscomposestheFrench。WhobestirthemselvesinSwedenandelsewhereagainstRussiaandit:withnoresult，——exceptperhapstheincidentalone，ofgettingouresteemedoldfriendGuyDickens，nowSirGuy，dismissedfromStockholm，andwehopeputonhalf—payonhisreturnhome。"[Adelung，vi。250，302:——SirGuy，notyetinvalided，"wenttoRussia，"andothererrands。]
MARSHALKEITHCOMESTOPRUSSIA（September，1747）。
"Muchhustlingandintriguing，"itappears，inregardtotheCaptaincyoftheseRussians。Concerningwhichthereisnowordworthytobesaid，——exceptforonereasononly，ThatitfinishedofftheconnectionofGeneralKeithwithRussia。ThatthisofseeingRepnin，hisjuniorandinferior，preferredtohim，was，ofmanydisgusts，thelastdropwhichmadethecuprunover；——andledthesaidGeneraltoflingitfromhim，andseeknewfieldsofemployment。FromHamburg，havinggotsofar，headdresseshimself，1stSeptember，1747，toFriedrich，withofferofservice；whograspseagerlyattheoffer:"Feldmarschallyourrank；income，$1，200ayear；income，welcome，allsuitable:"——and，October28th，FeldmarschallKeithfinishes，atPotsdam，alongLettertohisBrotherLordMarischal，inthesewords，worthgiving，asthoseofaveryclear—eyedsoundobserverofmenandthings:——
"Ihavenowthehonor，and，whichisstillmore，thepleasure，ofbeingwiththeKingatPotsdam；whereheorderedmetocome，"17thcurrent，"twodaysafterhedeclaredmeFieldmarshal:WhereIhavethehonortodineandsupwithhimalmosteveryday。HehasmorewitthanIhavewittotellyou；speakssolidlyandknowinglyonallkindsofsubjects；andIammuchmistakenif，withtheexperienceofFourCampaigns，heisnotthebestOfficerofhisArmy。Hehasseveralpersons，"Rothenburg，Winterfeld，SwedishRudenskjold（justaboutdeparting），nottospeakofD’ArgensandtheFrench，"withwhomhelivesinalmostthefamiliarityofafriend，——buthasnofavorite；——andshowsanaturalpolitenessforeverybodywhoisabouthim。Foronewhohasbeenfourdaysabouthisperson，youwillsayIpretendtoknowagreatdealofhischaracter:butwhatItellyou，youmaydependupon。Withmoretime，Ishallknowasmuchofhimashewillletmeknow；——andallhisMinistryknowsnomore。"[VarnhagenvanEnse，LebendesFeldmarschallsJakobKeith（Berlin，1844，）p。100；
Adelung，vi。244。]
AnotableacquisitiontoFriedrich；——andtothetwoKeithswithal；
forFriedrichattachedbothofthemtohisCourtandservice，aftertheirunluckywanderings；andtooktothemboth，innocommondegree。Aswillabundantlyappear。
WhilethatRussiaCorpswasmarchingoutofMoscow，CoccejiandhisCommissionsreportfromPommern，thatthePomeranianLaw—stablesarecompletelyclear；thattheNewCourtshave，formanymonthsback，beeninwork，andarenow，attheendoftheYear，fairlyabreastwithit，accordingtoprogram；——have"decidedofOld—
PendingLawsuits2，400，allthattherewere（oneofthem200yearsold，andfillingseventyVolumes）；andofthe994Newones，772；
notoneLawsuitremainingoverfromthepreviousYear。"AhighlygratifyingbitofnewstohisMajesty；whoanswersemphatically，EUGE！anddirectsthattheLawHerculesproceednowtotheotherProvinces，——totheKur—Mark，now，andBerlinitself，——withhissalutaryindustries。Naminghim"GrandChancellor，"moreover；
thatistosay，underanewtitle，HeadofPrussianLaw，——oldArnim，"MinisterofJustice，"havingshownhimselfdisaffectedtoLaw—Reform，andgotrebukedinconsequence，andsulkilygoneintoprivatelife。[Stenzel，iv。321；Ranke，iii。389。]
InFebruaryofthisYear，1747，Friedrichhadsomethinglikeastrokeofapoplexy；"sanksuddenlymotionless，oneday，"andsatinsensible，perhapsforhalfanhour:totheterrorandhorrorofthoseabouthim。Hemiplegia，hecallsit；rushofbloodtothehead；——probablyindigestion，orgoutyhumors，exasperatedbyover—
fatigue。Whichoccasionedgreatrumorintheworld；andatParis，toVoltaire’shorror，reportsofhisdeath。Hehimselfmadelightofthematter:[ToVoltaire，22dFebruary，1747（OEuvresdeFrederic，xxii。164）；seeIB。164n。]anditdidnotprovetohavebeenimportant；wasneverfollowedbyanythingsimilarthroughhislonglife；andproducednochangeinhisoften—
waveringhealth，orinhishabits，whichwerealwayssteady。HeiswritingMEMOIRS；settling"Colonies"（onhiswastemoors）；
improvingHarbors。WaitingwhenthisEuropeanWarwillend；
politelydeaftotheoffersofBritannicMajestyastotakingtheleastpersonalshareinit。
ChapterIII。
EUROPEANWARFALLSDONE:TREATYOFAIX—LA—CHAPELLE。
ThepreparationsforCampaign1748wereonalargerscalethanever。BritannicSubsidies，aNewParliamentbeingofwillingmind，areopulenttoadegree；192，000men，60，000Austriansforoneitem，shallbeintheNetherlands；——coupledwiththisremarkablenewclause，"Andtheyaretobethereinfact，andnotonpaperonly，"andwithatare—and—tretof30or40percent，astoooftenheretofore！Holland，underitsnewStadtholder，isstanchofpurpose，ifofnothingelse。The35，000Russians，trampingalong，areactuallydawningoverthehorizon，towardsTeutschland，——KingFriedrichstandingtoarmsalonghisSilesianBorder，vigilant"CordonofTroopsalltheway，"inwatchofsuchquestionabletransit。[InADELUNG，vi。110，143，167，399（"April，1747—August，1748"），accountofthemoreandmorevisibleill—willoftheCzarina:"jealousy"aboutSweden，aboutDantzig，Poland，&c。&c。]
BritannicMajestyandParliamentseemresolutetotry，oncemore，totheutmost，thepowerofthebreeches—pocketindefendingthissacredCauseofLibertysocalled。
Breeches—pocketMINUSmostotherrequisites:alas，withsuchmethodsasyouhave，whatcancomeofit？RoyalHighnessofCumberlandisavaliantman，knowingofWarlittlemorethantheWhiteHorseofHanoverdoes；——certainofruinagain，atthehandsofMarechaldeSaxe。Sothinkmany，andhavetheirdismalmisgivings。"SaxehavingeatenBergen—op—Zoombeforeoureyes，whatcanwithstandtheteethofSaxe？"Infact，thereremainsonlyMaestricht，ofconsiderable；andthenHollandisasgoodashis！
AsforKingLouis，glory，withfundsrunningout，andthepotceasingtoboil，haslostitscharmtoanafflictedFranceandhim。
KingLouis’swishesareknown，thislongwhile；——andLigonier，generouslydismissedbyhimafterLauffeld，hasbroughtexpresswordtothateffect，andoutlineofthemodesttermsproposedinone’shourofvictory，withpotceasingtoboil。
Onasudden，too，"March18th，"——wintryblastsandhailstormsstillraging，——MarechaldeSaxe，regardlessofDomesticHunger，tookthefield，strongerthanever。Manoeuvredabout；bewilderingthemindofRoyalHighnessandtheStadtholder（"WillhebesiegeBreda？
Willhedothis，willhedothat？"）——poorHighnessandpoorStadtholder；who"didnotagreewelltogether，"andhadnotthehalfoftheirforcescomein，nottospeakofhandlingthemwhencome！Bewildermentofthesetwooncecompleted，MarechaldeSaxemade"abeautifulmarchuponMaestricht；"and，April15th，openedtrenches，averyVesuviusofartillery，beforethatplace；
RoyalHighnessgazingintoit，inadolefulmanner，fromtheadjacentsteeple—tops。RoyalHighness，valor’sself，hastoadmit:
"Suchanoutlook；nothalfofusgottogether！The60，000Austriansarebut30，000；the——Infact，youwillhavetomakePeace，whatelse？"[HisLetters，inCoxe’sPelham
（"March29th—April2d，1748"），i。405—410。]Nothingelse，ashasbeenevidenttopracticalOfficialPeople（especiallytofrugalPelham，Chesterfieldandotherleadingheads）forthesetwomonthslastpast。
Inaword，those35，000Russiansarestillfarawayunderthehorizon，whenthoughtsofanewCongress，"CongressofAix—la—
Chapelle，"arebusyingthepublicmind:"Meremoonshineagain？"
"Somethingrealthistime？"——AndonandfromMarch17th（LordSandwichfirstontheground，andRobinsonfromViennacomingtohelp），theactualCongressbeginsassemblingthere。April24th，theCongressgetsactuallytobusiness；veryintentondoingit；
atleastthethreemainparties，France，England，Holland，aresupremelyso。Who，finding，forfivediligentdays，nothingbuthaggleandobjectiononthepartoftheothers，didbythemselvesmeetundercloudofnight，"nightofApril29th—30th；"and——bringthePreliminariestoperfection。Andhavethemsignedbeforedaybreak；whichis，ineffect，signing，oratleastfixingascertain，theTreatyitself；sothatArmisticecanensuestraightway，andtheWaressentiallyend。
Afixedthing；thePurseholdershavingsigned。Onthesaferearofwhich，yourrecipientSubsidiaryPartiescanargueandprotest（astheEmpress—QueenandherKaunitzvehementlydid，togreatlengths），andgraduallycomeinandfinish。Which，inthecourseofthenextsixmonths，theyalldid，Empress—QueenandExcellencyKaunitznotexcepted。Andso，October18th，1748，alldetailsbeing，intheinterim，eithergotsettled，orgotflungintocornersasunsettleable（mostlythelatter），——Treatyitselfwassignedbyeverybody；andtherewas"PeaceofAix—la—Chapelle。"
Uponwhich，excepttoremarktransientlyhowinconclusiveaconclusionitwas，mereendofwarbecauseyourpowderisrunout，meretrucetillyougatherbreathandgunpowderagain，wewillspendnowordinthisplace。[CompletedetailsinADELUNG，vi。
225—409:"October，1747，"Ligonierreturning，andfirstrumorofnewCongress（226）；"17thMarch，1748，"Sandwichcome（323）；
"April29th—30th，"meetundercloudofnight（326）；Kaunitzprotesting（339）:"2dAugust，"Russianstohaltandturn（397）；
"areoverintotheOberpfalz，magazinesaheadatNurnberg；"inSeptember，gettoBohmenagain，andwinterthere:"18thOctober，1748，"Treatyfinished（398，409）；Treatyitselfgiven（IB。，Beylage，44）。SeeGentleman’sMagazine，andOLDNEWSPAPERSof1748；Coxe’sPelham，ii。
7—41，i。366—416。]
"TheTreatyofAix—la—Chapellewasdoneinahurryandahuddle；
greatlytoMariaTheresa’sdisgust。’Whynotgoonwithyourexpenditures，yeSea—Powers？Canmoneyandlifebespentbetter？
IhaveyetconquerednexttonothingfortheCauseofLibertyandmyself！’ButtheSea—Powersweretiredofit；theDutchespecially，whohadbeenhoistedwithsuchdifficulty，tendedstrongly，NewStadtholdernotwithstanding，toplumpdownagainintostableequilibriumonthebroad—bottomprinciple。Huddleupthematter；
endit，wellifyoucan；anywayendit。TheTreatycontainedmanyArticles，nowbecomeforgettabletomankind。ThereisonlyOneArticle，andtheWantofOne，whichshallconcernusinthisplace。
TheOneArticleis:guaranteebyalltheEuropeanPowerstoFriedrich’sTreatyofDresden。Punctuallygotasbargainedfor，——
Frenchespeciallywilling；BritannicMajestyperhapsalittlelanguid，buthisMinisterspositiveonthepoint；sothatFriedrioh’sEnvoyhadnotmuchdifficultyatAix。Andnow，Friedrich’sOwnershipofSilesiarecognizedbyallthePowerstobefinalandunquestionable，surelynothingmoreiswanted？Nothing，——
exceptkeepingofthissolemnstipulationbyallthePowers。Howitwaskeptbysomeofthem；inwhatsensesomeofthemarekeepingitevennow，weshallseebyandby。
"TheWantofanArticlewas，onthepartofEngland，concerningJENKINS’SEAR。ThereisnottheleastconclusionarrivedatonthatimportantSpanish—EnglishQuestion；blindbeginningofalltheseconflagrations；andwhich，initsmeaningtothesomnambulantNation，issoimmense。Nonoticetakenofit；huddledtogether，somehastyshovelfulortwoofdiplomaticashescastonit，’Asgoodasextinct，yousee！’Leftsmoking，whenalltherestisquenched。Considerablefeelingtherewas，onthispoint，intheheartofthepoorsomnambulantEnglishNation；muchdumborsemi—
articulategrowlingonsuchaPeace—Treaty:’Wehavearrivednowhere，then，byallthisfighting，andsquandering，andperilousstumblingamongthechimney—pots？Spain（onitsownshowing）owedus95，000pounds。Spain’sdebttoHanover；yes，youtakecareofthat；someoldsixpennymatter，whichnobodyeverheardofbefore:
andofSpain’shugedebttoEnglandyoudropnohint；ofthe95，000
pounds，clearmoney，duebySpain；orofone’slibertytonavigatetheHighSeas，none！’[PROTESTOFENGLISHMERCHANTSAGAINST，&c。
（"May，1748"）giveninADELUNG，vi。353—358。]APeacethereverseofapplaudedinEngland；thoughthewiserSomnambulants，muchmorePittandFriends，whoarebroadawakeontheseGermanpoints，maywellbethankfultoseesuchaWarendonanyterms。"
——Well，surelythisoldadmitted95，000poundsshouldhavebeenpaid！And，toamoralcertainty，RobinsonandSandwichmusthavemadedemandofitfromtheSpaniard。ButthereisnogettingoldDebtsin，especiallyfromthatquarter。"KingFriedrich[letmeinterrupt，foramoment，withthispoorcompositeNote]istryinginSpainevennow，——eversince1746，whenTermagant’sHusbanddied，andanewKingcame，——forpaymentofolddebt:TwooldDebts；quitetolerablyjustbothofthem。KingFriedrichkeepstryingtill1749，threeyearsinall:and，intheend，getsnothingwhatever。
Nothing，——exceptsomeMerinoRamsintheinterim，"giftfromthenewKingofSpain，Icansuppose，whichprovedextremelyusefulinourWoolIndustries；"and，fromthesamepoliteFerdinandVI。，aPorcelainVasefilledwithSpanishSnuff。"Thatwasall！——
KingFriedrich，letmenotefarther，isgettingdecidedlydeepintosnuff；holdsbySPANIOL（adryyellowpungency，analogoustoLundy—
footorIrish—Blackguard，knowntosnuffyreaders）；alwaysbySpaniol，wesay；andmoreespecially"thekindusedbyherMajestyofSpain，"thenowDowagerTermagant:[Ordersthiskind，fromhisAmbassadorinParis，"30thSeptember，1743:"theearliestextanttraceofhissnuffinghabits（Preuss，i。409）。——NOTEFARTHER（ifinteresting）:"TheTermagantstilllastedasDowager，consumingSPANIOLatleast，forneartwentyyears（died11thJuly，1766）；
——thenewKing，FerdinandVI。，washerSTEPson，notherson；
hewentmad，poorsoul，anddied（10thAugust，1759）:uponwhich，CarlosofNaples，ourown’BabyCarlos’thatoncewas，succeededinSpain，’KingCarlosIII。ofSpain；’leavinghisSon，ayoungboyundertutelage，asKingoftheTwoSicilies（King’FerdinandIV。，’
whodidnotdie，buthadhisdifficulties，till1825）。DonPhilip，whohadfoughtsointhoseSavoyPasses，andgotthebitofParmesanCountry，died1765，theyearbeforeMamma。"]which，also，istoberemembered。Dryasdustadds，inhissweetlyconsecutiveway:"Friedrichwasveryexpensiveabouthissnuff—boxes；woretwobigrichboxesinhispockets；fiveorsixstoodontablesabout；
andmorethanahundredinstore，comingoutbyturnsforvariety。
Thecheapestofthemcost300pounds（2，000thalers）；hehadthemashighas1，500pounds。Athisdeath，therewerefound130ofvariousvalues:theywerethesubstanceofallthejewelryhehad；
besidesthesesnuff—boxes，twogoldwatchesonly，andaverysmallmodicumofrings。HadyearlyforpersonalExpenditure1，200，000
thalers[180，000poundsofCivilList，asweshouldsay]；
SPENT33，000poundsofit，andyearlygavetherestawayinRoyalbeneficences，aidofburntVillages，inundatedProvinces，andmultifariousPATER—PATRIAEobjects。"[Preuss，i。409，410，]——
InregardtoJENKINS’SEAR，myConstitutionalFriendcontinues:——
"SILESIAandJENKINS’SEAR，weoftensay，werethetwobitsofrealitiesinthisenormoushurly—burlyofimaginations，insaneambitions，andzerosandnegativequantities。NegativeBelleislegoeshome，notwithGermanycutinFourandputunderguidanceoftheFirstNationoftheUniverse（soextremelyfitforguidingselfandneighbors），butwiththeFirstNationitselfreducedalmosttowalletandstaff；bankrupt，beggared——’Yes，’itanswers，’inallbutglory！HavenotwegainedFontenoy，Roucoux，Lauffeld；
andstrong—placesinnumerable[mostlyinastateofdry—rot]？
DidmeneverfightasweFrenchmen；combiningitwiththeatricalentertainments，too！SublimeFrance，FirstNationoftheUniverse，willtryanotherflight（ESSOR），wereshebreathedalittle！’
"Yes，anewESSORerelong，andperhapssurpriseherselfandmankind！Thelossesofmen，moneyandresource，underthismademptyEnterpriseofBelleisle’s，wereenormous，palpabletoFranceandallmortals:butperhapstheseweretriflingtothereplacementofthembysuchGLOIREastherehadbeen。AGLOIREofplungingintoWaronnocauseatall；andwithanissueconsistingonlyoffoulgasesofextremelevity。Messieursareofconfessedpromptitudetofight；andtheirtalentforit，insomekinds，isverygreatindeed。Butthistreatingofbattleandslaughter，ofdeath，judgmentandeternity，aslightplay—housematters；thisofrisingintosuchtranscendencyofvalor，astosnapyourfingersinthefaceoftheAlmightyMaker；this，Messieurs，givemeleavetosayso，isathingthatwillconductyouandyourPREMIERENATIONtotheDevil，ifyoudonotalterit。Inevitable，Itellyou！
Yourroadliesthatway，then？Goodmorning，Messieurs；letmestillhope，Not！"
DiplomatistKaunitzgainedhisfirstgloriesinthisCongressofAix；whicharestillgreatintheeyesofsome。Agenowthirty—
seven；anativeoftheseWesternparts；buthenceforth，bydegreesevermore，theshiningstarandguideofAustrianPoliciesdownalmosttoourownNewEpoch。As，unluckily，hewillconcernusnotalittle，intimecoming，letusreadthisNote，asforeshadowofthemanandhisdoings:——
"ThegloryofCount，ultimatelyPrince，vonKaunitz—Rietberg，isgreatinDiplomaticCirclesofthepastCentury。’ThegreatestofDiplomatists，’theyallsay；——andsurelyitisreckonedsomethingtobecomethegreatestinyourline。Fartherthanthis，tothereadersofthesetimes，Kaunitz—Rietberg’sglorydoesnotgo。
Agreatcharacter，greatwisdom，lastinggreatresultstohisCountry，readersdonottraceinKaunitz’sdiplomacies，——onlytemporarygreatresults，orwhatheandtheby—standersthoughtsuch，toKaunitzhimself。HewastheSupremeJove，weperceive，inthatextinctOlympus；andregardswithsublimepity，notunalliedtocontempt，allotherdiplomaticbeings。Amansparingofwords，sparingevenoflooks；willhardlylifthiseyelidsforyoursake，——willliftperhapshischin，inslightmonosyllabicfashion，andstalksuperlativelythroughtheotherdoor。KingofthevanishedShadows。AdeterminedhaterofFreshAir；rodeunderglasscover，onthefinestday；madetheveryEmpressshutherwindowswhenhecametoaudience；fed，cautiouslydaring，onboiledcapons:moreI
remembernot，——exceptalsothathewouldsuffernomentionofthewordDeathbyanymortal。[Hormayr，OEsterreichischerPlutarch，iv。（3tes），231—283。]Amosthigh—sniffing，fantastic，slightlyinsolentshadow—king；——ruled，inhistime，thenowvanishedOlympus；andhadthedifficultglory（defectiveonlyinresult）ofunitingFranceandAustriaAGAINSTthepooroldSea—
Powermilk—cows，forthepurposeofrecoveringSilesiafromFriedrich，afewyearshence！"——Thesearewondrousresults；
hiddenunderthehorizon，notveryfareither；andwillastonishBritannicMajestyandallreaders，inafewyears。
MARECHALDESAXEPAYSFRIEDRICHAVISIT。
InSummer，1749，MarechaldeSaxe，theothershinyfigureofthismadBusinessoftheNetherlands，paidFriedrichavisit；hadthehonortobeentertainedbyhimthreedays（July13th—16th，1749），inhisRoyalCottageofSans—Souciseemingly，inhischoicestmanner。Curiosity，whichisnownothinglikesovividasitthenwas，wouldbegladtolistenalittle，inthismeetingoftwoSuns，orofoneSunandoneimmenseTar—Barrel，orAtmosphericMeteorreallyofshiningnature，andtakenforaSun。ButtheBooksaresilent；nottheleastdetail，orhint，orfeaturegrantedus。
OnlyFancy；——andthisofSmelfungus，bywayoflongfarewelltooneoftheparties:——……"ItwasatTongres，orinhead—quartersnearit，10thOctober，1746，——Battleexpectedonthemorrow[BattleofROUCOUX，overtowardsHerstal，whichweusedtoknow]，—thatM。Favart，Saxe’sPlaywrightandTheatre—Director，gaveoutincheerfuldoggerelonfalloftheCurtain，theannouncement:——
’Demainnousdonneronsrelache，QuoiqueleDirecteurs’enfache，Vousvoircombleroitnosdesirs:
’To—morrowisnoPlay，TotheManager’sregret，Whosesolestudyistokeepyouhappy:
Ondoitcedertoutalagloire；
Vousnesongesqu’alavictoire，Nousnesongeonsqu’avosplaisires’
[BiographicUniverselle，xiv。209，？Favart；
Espagnac，ii。162。]
But，youbeingbentuponvictory，Whatcanhedo？——
Dayafterto—morrow，’——
’Dayafterto—morrow，’addedhe，takingtheo5cialtone，（inhonorofyourlaurels[gainedalready，sinceyouresolveongainingthem]，wewillhavethehonorofpresenting’——suchandsuchagayFarce，toasmanyofyouasremainalive！whichwasreceivedwithgayclappingofhands:admirabletotheUniverse，atleasttotheParisianUNIVERSandoneself。SuchaprodigalityoflightdaringisintheseFrenchgentlemen，skilfullytickledbytheMarechal；
whousesthisPlaywright，amongotherimplements，forkeepingthemattheproperpitch。Wasthereeverseensuchradiancyofvalor？
Veryradiantindeed；——yet，itseemstome，gonesomewhatintothephosphorescentkind；shininginthedark，asfishwilldowhenrotten！Warhasactuallyitsseriouscharacter；norisDeathafarcicaltransaction，howeverhighyourgeniusmaygo。Butwhatthen？itistheMarechal’stradetokeepthesepoorpeopleatthecuttingpitch，onanytermsthatwillholdforthemoment。
"IknownotwhichwasthemostdissoluteArmyeverseenintheworld；butthisofSaxe’swasverydissolute。PlaywrightFavarthadwithalabeautifulcleverWife，——uponwhomthecourtships，munificentblandishments，threateningsandutmostendeavorsofMarechaldeSaxe（inhischaracterofgoat—footedSatyr）couldnotproducetheleastimpression。Forawholeyear，nottheleast。
WhereupontheGoat—footedhadtogetLETTREDECACHETforher；
hadto——infact，producethebrutalestAdventurethatisknownofhim，eveninthisbrutalkind。PoorFavart，rushingaboutindespair，notpermittedtorunhimthroughthebelly，anddiewithhisWifeundishonored，hadtoconsolehimself，heandshe；anddoagreeabletheatricalitiesforalivingasheretofore。Letusnotspeakofit！
"OfSaxe’sGeneralship，whichisnowathingfallenprettymuchintooblivion，Ihavenoauthoritytospeak。Hehadmuchwildnaturalingenuityinhim；cunningrapidwhirlsofcontrivance；
andgainedThreeBattlesandverymanySieges，amidtheloudestclappingofhandsthatcouldwellbe。Hehadperfectintrepidity；
nottobeflurriedbyanyamountofperilorconfusion；lookedonthatEnglishColumn，advancingatFontenoywithitsFUEINFERNAL，steadilythroughhisperspective；chewinghisleadenbullet:
’Goingtobeatme，then？Well——！’Nobodyneededtobebraver。
Hehadgreatgood—naturetoo，thoughofhottemperandsofullofmultifariousveracities；asubstratumofinarticulategoodsensewithal，andmuchmagnanimityrunwild，orruntoseed。Abig—
limbed，swashing，perpendicularkindoffellow；haughtyofface，butjollytoo；withabig，notuglystrut；——captivatingtotheFrenchNation，andfitGodofWar（fitterthan’Dalhousie，’Iamsure！）forthatsusceptivePeople。UnderstoodtheirArmyalso，whatitwasthenandthere；andhow，bytheatricalsandotherwise，togetagreatdealoffireoutofit。Greatdealoffire；——whetherbygradualconflagrationornot，ontheroadtoruinornot；how，hedidnotcare。Inrespectofmilitary’fame’socalled，hehadthegreatadvantageoffightingalwaysagainstbadGenerals，sometimesagainsttheveryworst。Tohisfameanadvantage；tohimselfandhisrealworth，farthereverse。HadhefalleninwithaFriedrich，evenwithaBrowneoraTraun，theremighthavebeendifferentnewsgot。Friedrich（whowasneverstingyinsuchmatters，excepttohisownGenerals，whereitmightdohurt）isprofuseinhiseulogies，inhisadmirationsofSaxe；amiabletosee，andnotinsincere；
butwhich，perhaps，practicallydonotmeanverymuch。
"ItiscertaintheFrenchArmyreapednoprofitfromitsexperienceofMarechaldeSaxe，andthehightheatricalities，ornamentalblackguardisms，andridiculeofdeathandlife。Inthelong—runagraverfacewouldhavebeenofbetteraugury。KingFriedrich’ssoldiers，oneobserves，ontheeveofbattle，settletheirbitsofworldlybusiness；andwindup，manyofthem，withahoarsewhisperofprayer。OliverCromwell’ssoldiersdidso，GustafAdolf’s；infact，Ithinkallgoodsoldiers:RoucouxwithaPrinceKarl，LauffeldwithaDukeofCumberland；yougainyourRoucoux，yourLauffeld，HumanStupiditypermitting:butonedayyoufallinwithHumanIntelligence，inanextremelygraveform；——audyour’ELAN，’
elasticoutburst，thequickestinNature，whatbecomesofit？
Waitbutanotherdecade；weshallseewhatanArmythishasgrown。
Cupidity，dishonesty，flounderingstupidity，indiscipline，mistrust；andanelasticoutspurt（ELAN）turnedoftenenoughiutotheformofSAUVE—QUI—PEUT！
"M。leMarechalsurvivedAix—la—Chapellelittlemorethantwoyears。LivedatChambord，ontheLoire，anEx—RoyalPalace；insuchsplendorasneverwas。Wentdowninarose—pinkcloud，asifofperfectfelicity；ofglorythatwouldlastforever，——whichithasbynomeansdone。Hemadedespatch；escaped，inthisworld，theNemesis，whichoftenwaitsonwhattheycall’fame。’BydiligentserviceoftheDevil，inwaysnotworthspecifying，hesawhimself，November21st，1750，flungprostratesuddenly:’Putridfever！’
gloomthedoctorsominouslytooneanother:and，November30th，theDevil（Iamafraiditwashe，thoughcladinroseateeffulgence，andmelodiousexceedingly）carriedhimhomeonthosekindterms，asfromaUniverseallofOpera。’Waittill1759，——till1789！’
murmuredtheDeviltohimself。"
TRAGICNEWS，THATCONCERNUS，OFVOLTAIREANDOTHERS。
AbouttwomonthsafterthoseSaxe—FriedrichhospitalitiesatSans—Souci，Voltaire，writing，lateatnight，fromthehospitablePalaceofTitularStanislaus，hasthesewords，tohistrustedD’Argental:——
LUNEVILLE，4thSEPTEMBER，1749……"MadameduChatelet，thisnight，whilescribblingoverherNEWTON，feltalittletwinge；
shecalledawaiting—maid，whohadonlytimetoholdoutherapron，andcatchalittleGirl，whomtheycarriedtoitscradle。
TheMotherarrangedherpapers，wenttobed；andthewholeofthat（TOUTCELA）issleepinglikeadormouse，atthehourIwritetoyou。"Myguardianangels，"poorIsha’n’thavesoeasyadeliveryofmyCATILINA"（myROMESAVED，fortheconfusionofoldCrebillonandthecabals）！[OEuvres，lxxiv。57
（VoltairetoD’Argental）。]……
Andthen，sixclayslater，hearanotherWitnesspresentthere:——
LUNEVILLEPALACE，10thSEPTEMBER。"Forthefirstthreeorfourdays，thehealthoftheMotherappearedexcellent；denotingnothingbuttheweaknessinseparablefromhersituation。Theweatherwasverywarm。Milk—fevercame，whichmadetheheatworse。Inspiteofremonstrances，shewouldhavesomeicedbarley—water；drankabigglassofit；——and，someinstantsafter，hadgreatpaininherhead；
followedbyotherbadsymptoms。"WhichbroughttheDoctorinagain，severalDoctors，hastilysummoned；who，afterdifficulties，thoughtagainthatallwascomiugright。Andso，onthesixthnight，10thSeptember，inquiringfriendshadleftthesick—roomhopefully，andgonedowntosupper，"theratherasMadameseemedinclinedtosleep。ThereremainednonewithherbutM。deSt。Lambert，oneofhermaidsandI。M。deSt。Lambert，assoonasthestrangersweregone，wentforwardandspokesomemomentstoher；butseeinghersleepy，drewback，andsatchattingwithustwo。Eightortenminutesafter，weheardakindofrattleinthethroat，intermixedwithhiccoughs:werantothebed；foundher，senseless；raisedhertoasittingposture，triedvinaigrettes，rubbedherfeet，knockedintothepalmsofherhands；——allinvain；shewasdead！
"Ofcoursethesupper—partyburstupintoherroom；M。leMarquisdeChatelet，M。deVoltaire，andtheothers。Profoundconsternation:totears，tocriessucceededamournfulsilence。
VoltaireandSt。Lambertremainedthelastaboutherbed。AtlengthVoltairequittedtheroom；gotoutbytheGrandEntrance，hardlyknowingwhichwayhewent。AtthefootoftheOuterStairs，nearasentry’sbox，hefellfulllengthonthepavement。Hislackey，whowasasteportwobehind，rushedforwardtoraisehim。AtthatmomentcameM。deSt。Lambert；whohadtakenthesameroad，andwhonowhastenedtohelp。M。deVoltaire，onceonhisfeetagain，andrecognizingwhoitwas，said，throughhistearsandwiththemostpatheticaccent，’AH，MONAMI，itisyouthathavekilledhertome！’——andthensuddenly，asifstartingawake，withthetoneofreproachanddespair，’EH，MONDIEU，MONSIEUR，DEQUOIVOUS
AVISIEZ—VOUSDELUIFAIREUNENFANT（GoodGod，Sir，whatputitintoyourheadto——to——）！’"[LongchampetWagniere，
MemoiressurVoltaire，ii。250，251；——LongchampLOQUITUR。]
PoorM。deVoltaire；suddenlybecomewidower，andflungoutuponhisshiftsagain，athistimeoflife！Maynowwander，Ishmael—
like，whitherhewill，inthishardlonesomeworld。Hisgriefisoverwhelming，mixedwithothersharpfeelingsclueonthematter；
butdoesnotlastverylong，inthatpoignantform。Hewillturnuponus，inhisnewcapacityofsingle—man，againbrilliantenough，withinyearandday。
LastAutumn，September，1748，Wilhelmina’soneDaughter，onechild，waswedded；tothatyoungDurchlauchtofWurtemberg，whomwesawgallantingthelittlegirl，toWilhelmina’samusement，someyearsago。Aboutthewedding，nothing；norabouttheweddedlife，whatwouldhavebeenmorecurious:——noWilhelminanowtotellusanything；notevenwhetherMammatheImproperDuchesswasthere。
FromBerlin，theTwoyoungestPrinces，HenriandFerdinand，attendedatBaireuth；——Mannstein，ouroldRussianfriend，nowPrussianagain，escortingthem。[Seyfarth，ii。76。]TheKing，toobusy，Isuppose，withSilesianReviewsandthelike，sendshisbestwishes，——forindeedtheMatchwasofhissanctioningandadvising；
——thoughhiswishesprovedmeredisappointmentinthesequel。
Friedrichgotno"furtheranceintheSwabian—FranconianCircles，"
orfavoranywhere，bymeansofthisDurchlaucht；intheend，farthereverse！——Inaword，thehappycouplerolledawaytoWurtemberg（September26th，1748）；hetwenty，shesixteen，pooryoungcreatures；andinyearsfollowingbecameunhappytoadegree。
Therewasbutonechild，anditsoondied。TheyoungSereneLadywasofairyhighspirit；graceful，clever，goodtoo，theysaid；
perhapsathoughttooproud:——butasforherReigningDuke，therewasseldomseensoluridaSerenity；anditwasdifficulttolivebesidehim。AmostarbitraryHerr，withgloomsandwhims；dim—eyed，ambitious，voracious，andthetemperofanangrymule，——veryfittohavebeenhaltered，inajudiciousmanner，insteadofbeingsettohalterothers！Enough，insixorsevenyearstime，thebrightPairfounditselfgrownthunderous，opaquebeyonddescription；and（in1759）hadtosplitasunderforgood。"OwingtothereigningDuke’sbehavior，"saideverybody。"Hasbehavedso，Iwouldrunhimthroughthebody，ifwemet！"saidhisownBrotheronce:——BrotherFriedrichEugen，aPrussianGeneralbythattime，whomweshallhearof。
[Preuss，iv。149；Michaelis，iii。451。]WhatthoughtsforourdearWilhelmina，inherlatterweakyears；——lappedineternalsilence，assomuchelseis。
ChapterIV。
COCCEJIFINISHESTHELAW—REFORM；FRIEDRICHISPRINTING
HISPOESIES。
Intheseyears，FriedrichgoesonvictoriouslywithhisLaw—Reform；
HerculeanCoccejiwithAssistants，backedbyFriedrich，beneficentlyconqueringProvinceafterProvincetohim；——Kur—Mark，Neu—Mark，Cleve（alleasy，incomparison，afterPommern），andfinallyPreussenitself；——tothejoyandprofitofthesame。
Cocceji’smethod，sofarastheForeignon—lookercandiscernacrossmuchhaze，seemstobethree—fold:——
1。Extirpation（painless，wereitpossible）ofthePetti—foggerSpecies；indeed，oftheAttorneySpeciesaltogether:"Seekotheremployments；disappear，allofyou，fromtheseprecincts，underpenalty！"TheAdvocatehimselftakeschargeofthesuit，fromfirstbirthofit；andseesitended，——heknowswithinwhatlimitoftime。
2。SiftingoutofallincompetentAdvocates，"FollowthatAttorney—
Company，you；away！"——siftingoutallthese，andretainingineachCourt，withfeesaccuratelysettled，withcharacterstampedsound，oratleastSOUNDEST，thenumberactuallyneeded。Inamilderway，butstillmorestrictly，Judgesstupidorotherwiseincompetentareriddledout；ableJudgesappointed，andtheirsalariesraised。
3。WhatseemstobeFriedrich’sowninvention，whatinoutcomehethinkswillbethesummaryofallgoodLaw—Procedure:AfinalSentence（three"instances"youcanhave，butthethirdendsitforyou）withintheYear。Good，surely。Ajusticethatintendstobeexactmustfrontthecomplicaciesinaresolutepiercingmanner，andwillnotbetedious。Nayajusticethatisnotmoderatelyswift，——humanheartswaitingforit，thewhile，inacancerousstate，insteadofhopefullyfollowingtheirwork，——what，comparatively，istheuseofitsbeingneversoexact！——
Simpleenoughmethods；roughandready。Needing，intheexecution，clearhumaneyesight，clearhumanhonesty，——whichhappentobepresenthere，andwithoutwhichno"method"whatevercanbeexecutedthatwillreallyprofit。
Inthecourseof1748，Friedrich，judgingbyPommernandtheothersymptomsthathisenterprisewassafe，struckavictoriousMedaluponit:"FRIDERICUSBORUSSORUMREX，"pressingwithhissceptretheobliqueBalancetoalevelposture；withEpigraph，"EMENDATOJURE。"
[LettertoCocceji，accompanyingCopyoftheMedalinGold，"24thJune，1748"（Seyfarth，ii。67n。）。]AndbyNew—year’sday，1750，thematterwasineffectcompleted；and"justicecheap，expeditious，certain，"afactinallPrussianLands。
Nay，in1749—1751，tocompletethematter，Cocceji’s"ProjectofageneralLaw—Code，"PROJEKTDESCORPORISJURISFRIDERICIANI，cameforthinprint:[Halle，2vols。folio（Preuss，i。316；seeIB。315
n。，astotheLAW—PROCEDURE，$c。nowsettledbyCocceji）。]totheadmirationofmankind，athomeandabroad；"theFirstCodeattemptedsinceJustinian’stime，"saythey。PROJECTtranslatedintoalllanguages，andreadinallcountries。ApoormildewedcopyofthisCODEXFRIDERICIANUS——doneatEdinburgh，1761，notsaidbywhom；evidentlyboughtatleastTWICE，andmostlyneveryetread（norlikebeingread）——isknowntome，foryearspast，inaghastlymanner！Withouttheleastprofittothispresent，ortoanyotherEnterprise；——thoughpersonsofnameinJurisprudencecallitmeritoriousintheirScience；thefirstrealattemptataCodeinModerntimes。Butthetruthis，thisCoccejiCODEXremainedaPROJECTmerely，neverenactedanywhere。Itwasnottill1773，thatFriedrichmadeactualattempttobuildaLaw—Codeanddidbuildone（thefoundation—storyofone，forhisshare，completedsince），inwhichthisofCoccejihadlittlepart。In1773，thethingmustagainbementioned；the"SecondLaw—Reform，"astheycallit。
Whatwepracticallyknowfromthistimeis，ThatPrussianLawsuits，throughFriedrich’sReign，doallterminate，orpushattheirutmostforterminating，withinoneyearfrombirth；andthatFriedrich’sfame，asabeneficentJustinian，rosehighinallCountries（strange，inCountriesthathadthoughthimaWar—scourgeandConqueringHero）；strange，butundeniable；[See
Gentleman’sMagazine，xx。215—218（"May，1750"）:
eloquent，enthusiasticLETTER，giventhere，"ofBarondeSpontoChancellorD’Aguessan，"ontheseinimitableLawAchievements。]andthathisownPeople，ifmoresilently，yetinpracticeverygladlyindeed，welcomedhisLaw—Reform；and，fromdaytoday，enjoyedthesame，——nodoubtwithoccasionalremembrancewhotheDonorwas。
OfFriedrich’sLiteraryworks，nobody，notevenFriedrichhimself，willthinkitnecessarythatwesaymuch。Butthefactis，heisdoingagreatmanythingsthatway:inProse，theMEMOIRSOF
BRANDENBURG，comingoutasPapersintheAcademyfromtimetotime；
[From1746andonward:firstpublishedcomplete（afterslightrevisionbyVoltaire），Berlin，1751。]inVerse，verysecretasyet，thePALLADION（"exquisiteBurlesque，"thinksome），theARTOFWAR
（reckonedtrulyhisbestPieceinverse）:——andwishessometimeshehadVoltaireheretoperfecthimalittle。ThistoowouldbeoneofthepracticalcharmsofVoltaire。[Friedrich’sLettertoAlgarotti（OEuvres，xviii。66），"12thSeptember，1749。"]ForthoughKingFriedrichknowsandremembersalways，thatthesethings，especiallytheVersepart，aremereamusementsincomparison，hehasthecreditablewishtodothesewell；onewouldnotfantasyILLevenontheFlute，ifonecouldhelpit。"Whydoesn’tVoltairecome；asQuantzoftheFlutehasdone？"Friedrich，nowthatVoltairehasfallenwidower，renewshispressings，"Whydon’tyoucome？"Patience，yourMajesty；Voltairewillcome。
NobodycanwishdetailsinthisDepartment:butthereisonethingnecessarytobementioned，ThatFriedrichintheseyears，1749—1752，hasPrintersoutatPotsdam，andisPrinting，"inbeautifulquartoform，withcopperplates，"totheextentoftwelvecopies，theOEUVRES（Poetical，thatis）DUPHILOSOPHEDE
SANS—SOUCI。Onlytwelvecopies，Ihaveheard；giftofasinglecopyindicatingthatyouareamongthechoicestofthechosen。
Copieshavenowfallenextremelyrare（andarenotinrequestatall，withmyreadersorme）；buttherewasoneCopywhich，ortheMis—titleofwhich，asOEUVREDE"POESHIE"DUROIMONMAITRE，becamemiraculouslyfamousinayearortwo；——andisstillmemorabletousall！OnVoltaire’sarrival，weshallhearmoreofthesethings。EnoughtosayatpresentthattheOEUVRESDU
PHILOSOPHEDESANS—SOUCI:AUDONJONDUCHATEAU:AVECPRIVILEGE
D’APOLLON，——"threethinnishquartovolumes，allthePoetrythenonhand，"——wasfinishedearlyin1750，beforeVoltairecame。
That，whenVoltairecame，arevisalwasundertaken，anewEdition，withVoltaire’scorrectionsandotherchanges（totalsuppressionofthePALLADION，foronecreditablechange）:thatthisEditionwastohavebeeninTwoVolumes；thatOne，accordingly，ratherthickerthantheformersort，wasgotfinishedin1752（sameTITLE，onlythenewDate，and"noDONJONDUCHATEAUthistime"），OneVolumein1752；afterwhich，owingtotheexplosionsthatensued，noSecondcame，noreverwill；——andthattheactualcontentsofthatfar—
famedOEUVREDE"POESHIE"（numberofvolumeseven）arepointsofmysterytome，atthisday。[HerrPreuss——intheCHRONOLOGICALLIST
ofFriedrich’sWritings（ausefulaccuratePieceotherwise），andintwootherplaceswherehetries——isveryindistinctonthisofDONJONDUCHATEAU；anditisallbutimpossibletoascertainfromhimWHAT，inanindisputablemanner，theOEUVREDE"POESHIE"mayhavebeen。Herearetheplacesforgroping，ifanothershouldbeinducedtotry:OEuvresdeFrederic，x。
（Preface，p。ix）；IB。xi。（Preface，p。ix）；IB。TableChhronologique（inwhatVolumethisis，youcannotyetsay；seemspreliminarytoaGENERALINDEX，whichisinfinitelywanted，buthasnotyetappearedtothisEditor’said），p。14。]
Friedrich’sotheremploymentsaremultifariousasthoseofaLand’sHusband（notinferiortohisFatherinthatrespect）；and，likethebenefitsofthediurnalSun，aretobeconsideredincessant，innumerableand，inresulttous—ward，SILENTalso，impossibletospeakofinthisplace。FromthehighestpitchofState—craft（RussianCzarinanowfallenplainlyhostile，andneedinglynx—eyeddiplomacyeverandanon），downtothatofDredgingandFascine—work（asatStettinandelsewhere），ofOder—canals，ofSoap—boilerCompanies，andMulberry—and—SilkCompanies；nayofordainingWhere，andwherenot，theCrowsaretoheshot，and（owingtocattle—
murrain）NoVEALtobekilled:[Seyfarth，ii。71，83，81；Preuss，BuchfurJedermann，i。101—109；&c。]dailycomesthetideofgreatandofsmall，anddailythepunctualFriedrichkeepsabreastofit，——andDryasdusthasnotedthedetails，andstuffedthemintoblindsacks，——forfortyyears。
TheReviewseasons，Inotice，gosomewhatasfollows。ForBerlinandneighborhood，May，orperhapsendofApril（weathernowbright，andgroundfirm）；sometimeswithconsiderablepomp（"bothQueensout，"andbeautifulFemaleNobilities，in"twenty—fourgreentents"），andoftenwithgreatcomplicacyofmanoeuvre。InJune，toMagdeburg，roundbyCleve；andhomeagainforsomedays。JulyisPommern:OnwardthencetoSchlesien，oftenestinAugust；
Schlesienthelastplace，andgenerallynotdonewithtillwelloninSeptember。Butwewillspeakofthesethings，morespecially，anothertime。Such"Reviews，"forstrictnessofinspectioncivilandmilitary，asprobablywerenotseenintheworldsince，——orbefore，exceptinthecaseofthisKing’sFatheronly。
ChapterV。
STRANGERSOFNOTECOMETOBERLIN，IN1750。
BritishDiplomacies，nexttotheRussian，causesomedifficultiesinthoseyears:ofwhichmorebyandby。Earlyin1748，whileAix—
la—Chapellewasstarting，Ex—ExchequerLeggecametoBerlin；
onsomeobscureobjectofasmallPatchofPrincipality，hanginglooseduringthoseNegotiations:"CouldnotwesecureitforhisRoyalHighnessofCumberland，thinksyourMajesty？"Ex—ExchequerLeggewashere；[Coxe’sPelham，i。431，&c。；
Rodenbeck，pp。155，160（firstaudience1stMay，1748）；——recalled22dNovember，Aixbeingover。]gothandsomeassurancesofageneralnature；butnofurtherancetowardshisobscure，completelyimpracticableobject；andwenthomeinNovemberfollowing，toanewParliamentaryCareer。
Andthesecondyearafter，earlyin1750，cameSirHanburyWilliams，famedLondonWitofWalpole’scircle，onobjectswhich，inthemain，wereequallychimerical:"KingoftheRomans，muchwanted；""NoDamagetoyourMajesty’sShippingfromourBritishPrivateers；"andthelike；——aboutwhichsomenotice，andnotverymuch，willbeduefartheron。Here，inhisownwords，isHanbury’sAccountofhisFirstAudience:——……"OnThursday，"16thJuly，1750，"IwenttoCourtbyappointment，at11A。M。TheKingofPrussiaarrivedabout12[atBerlin；KinginfromPotsdam，foroneday]；andCountPodewilsimmediatelyintroducedmeintotheRoyalcloset；whenIdeliveredhisBritannicMajesty’sLettersintotheKingofPrussia’shands，andmadetheusualcomplimentstohiminthebestmannerIwasable。TowhichhisPrussianMajestyreplied，tothebestofmyremembrance，asfollows:——
"’IhavethetruestesteemfortheKingofBritain’sperson；andI
setthehighestvalueonhisfriendship。Ihaveatdifferenttimesreceivedessentialproofsofit；andIdesireyouwouldacquainttheKingyourMasterthatIwill（SIC）neverforgetthem。’HisPrussianMajestyafterwardssaidsomethingwithrespecttomyself，andthenaskedmeseveralquestionsaboutindifferentthingsandpersons。HeseemedtoexpressagreatdealofesteemformyLordChesterfield，andagreatdealofkindnessforMr。Villiers，"
usefulinthePeace—of—Dresdentime；"butdidnotoncementionLordHyndfordorMr。Legge，"——howsingular！
"IwasintheclosetwithhisMajestyexactlyfiveminutesandahalf。Myaudiencedone，PrussianMajestycameoutintothegeneralroom，whereForeignMinisterswerewaiting。Hesaid，onsteppingin，justoneword"totheAustrianExcellency；notevenonetotheRussianExcellency，nortometheBritannic；"conversedwiththeFrench，Swedish，Danish；"——happytobeoff，whichIdonotwonderat；todinewithMammaatMonbijou，amongfacespleasanttohim；
andreturntohisBusinessesandBooksnextday。[Walpole，
GeorgetheSecond，i。449；Rodenbeck，i。204。]
WittyExcellencyHanburydidnotsucceedatBerlinonthe"Romish—
KingQuestion，"orotherwise；andindeedwentoffratherinahurry。Butforthenextsixorsevenyearshepuddlesabout，atagreatrate，inthoseNorthernCourts；givingawayagreatdealofmoney，hatchingmanyfutileexpensiveintriguesatPetersburg，Warsaw（notmuchatBerlin，afterthefirsttrialthere）；andwillnotbealtogetheravoidabletousintimecoming，asonecouldhavewished。Besides，heisHoraceWalpole’sfriendandselectLondonWit:hecontributedagooddealtotheEnglishnotionsaboutFriedrich；andhasleftconsiderablebitsofacridtestimonyonFriedrich，"clearwordsofanEye—witness，"mencallthem，——whicharestillreadbyeverybody；thesaidWalpole，andothers，havingsinceprintedthem，inverydarkcondition。[InWalpole，
GeorgetheSecond（i。448—461），thePieceswhichregardFriedrich。InSirCharlesHanburyWilliams’sWorks（editedbyadiligent，reverential，butignorantgentleman，whomIcouldguesstobeBooksellerJefferyinperson:
London，1822，3vols。small8vo）arewittyVerses，andconsiderablesectionsofProse，relatingtootherpersonsandobjectsnowratherofanobsoletenature。]BrevityismuchduetoHanburyandhistestimonies，sincesilenceinthecircumstancesisnotallowable。
HereisoneExcerpt，withthenecessarylightforreadingit:——……ItisonthisRomish—Kingandotherthelikechimericalerrands，thatwittyHanbury，thenamuchmoreadmirablemanthanwenowfindhim，isprowlingaboutintheGermanCourts，offandon，forsometenyearsinall，sixofthemstilltocome。Asharp—eyedman，ofshrewishquality；giventointriguing，tospying，tobribing；anxioustowinhisDiplomaticgamebyeverymethod，thoughthestake（ashere）isoftenestzero:withfatalproclivitytoScandal，andwhatinLondoncircleshehasheardcalledWit。
Littleornothingofreallaughterinthesoulofhim，atanytime；
onlyalaboredcontinualgrin，alwaysofmaliciousnature，andmuchtroubleandjerkingabout，tokeepthatup。Hadevidentlysomemodicumofrealintellect，ofcapacityforbeingwise；butnowhasfatallydevoteditnearlyalltobeingwitty，onthosepoorterms！
Aperverse，barren，spitefullittlewretch；thegrinofhimgenerallyanaffliction，atthisdate。HisDiplomaticCorrespondenceIdonotknow。[NothingofhimisdiscoverableintheState—PaperOffice。ManyofhisPapers，itwouldseem，areintheEarlofEssex’shands；——andmightbeofsomeHistoricaluse，notofverymuch，couldtheBritishMuseumgetpossessionofthem。
AbundanceofBACKSTAIRSHistory，onthoseNorthernCourts，especiallyonPetersburg，andWarsaw—Dresden，——authenticCourt—gossip，generallymalicious，oftennottrue，butnevermendaciousonthepartofWilliams，——isonelikelyitem。]HedidagreatdealofDiplomaticbusiness，issuinginzero，ofwhichIhavesometimeslongedtoknowtheexactdates；seldomanythingfarther。
His"HistoryofPoland，"transmittedtotheRightHon。HenryFox，byinstalmentsfromDresden，in1748，is[SeeHanbury’sWorks，vol。iii。]——Well，IshouldbeobligedtocallitworthierofGoodyTwo—ShoesthanofthatRightHon。Henry，whowasamanofparts，butevidentlyquiteavacuumonthePolishside！
OfHanbury’sNews—LettersfromForeignCourts，fourorfive，incidentallyprinted，arelikethecontentsofaslop—pail；
uncomfortabletothedelicatemind。NotliesonthepartofHanbury，butfoolishscandalpouredintohim；amanmorefilledwithcredulousincrediblescandal，evilrumors，ofmalfeasancesbykingsandmagnates，thanmostpeopleknown。HisrumoredmysteriesbetweenpoorPolishMajestyandprettyDaughter—in—law（thelatteracleverandgracefulcreature，DaughterofthelateunfortunateKaiser，andadistinguishedCorrespondentofFriedrich’s）aretoberegardedasmerepoisonedwind。[SeeHanbury’sWorks，ii。209—240。]That"PolishMajestygetsintohisdressing—
gownattwointheafternoon"（inaccessiblethenceforth，poorlazycreature），onemostreadilybelieves；butthere，orprettymuchthere，one’sbeliefhastostop。Thestories，inWALPOLE，ontheKingofPrussia，haveagrainoffactinthem，twistedintohugeirrecognizablecaricatureintheWilliamsoptic—machinery。
Muchelseonecandiscerntobe，inessence，falsealtogether。
Friedrich，whocouldnotstandthatintriguing，spying，shrewish，unfriendlykindoffellowathisCourt，appliedtoEnglandinnotmanymonthshence，andgotWilliamssentaway:["22dJanuary，1751"
（MS。LISTinState—PaperOffice）。]ontoRussia，orIforgetwhither；——whichdidnotmendtheHanburyoptical—machineryonthatside。Thedull，tobacco—smokingSaxon—PolishMajesty，aboutwhomheidlyretailssomanyscandals，hadneverdonehimanyoffence。
Onthewhole，ifanybodywantedaswimintheslop—pailsofthatextinctgeneration，Hanbury，couldhefindanEditortomakehimlegible，mightbeprinted。Forhereallywasdeepinthatslop—pailorextinct—scandaldepartment，andhadheardagreatmanythings。
Apartfromthat，inalmostanyotherdepartment，——exceptinsofarasheseemstoDATErathercarefully，——Icouldnotrecommendhim。
TheLettersandExcerptsgiveninWalpolearedefinableasonepennyworthofbread，——muchruinedbysuchimmersion，butveryharmlessotherwise，couldyoupickitoutandcleanit，——totwentygallonsofHanburysherris—sack，orchamber—slop。Ihavefoundnothingthatseemstobe，inallpoints，trueorprobable，butthis；worthcuttingout，andrenderinglegible，onotheraccounts。
HanburyLOQUITUR（incondensedform）:
"Inthesummeroflastyear，1749，therewas，somewhereinMahren，agreatAustrianMusterorReview；"allthemoreinteresting，asitwasbelieved，orknown，thatthePrussianmethodsandmanoeuvreswerenowtobetheruleforAustria。NotmuchofaReviewotherwise，thisof1749；Empress—QueenandHusbandnotpersonallythere，asincomingYearstheyarewonttobe；thathighLadybeingardenttoreformherArmy，rootandbranch，accordingtothePrussianmodel，——morepraisetoher。[MariaTheresiensLeben，p。160（whatshedidthatway，ANNO1749）；
p。162（PRESENTattheReviews，ANNO1750）。]"AtthisMusterinMahren，ThreePrussianOfficershappenedtomaketheirappearance，——forseveralimaginablereasons，oflittlesignificance:’Forthepurposeofinveiglingpeopletodesert，andenlistwiththem！’saidtheAustrianAuthorities；andorderedtheThreePrussianOfficersunceremoniouslyofftheground。WhichFriedrich，whenheheardofit，thoughtanunhandsomepipe—clayprocedure，andkeptinmindagainsttheAustrianAuthorities。
"NextSummer，"nextSpring，1750，"anAustrianCaptainbeinginMecklenburg，travellingabout，metthereanoldacquaintance，oneChapeau[HAT！canitbepossible？]，whoisingreatfavorwiththeKingofPrussia:"——verywell，ExcellencyHanbury；butwho，inthenameofwonder，canthisHAT，orChapeau，havebeen？Afterstudy，oneperceivesthatHanburywroteChazeau，meaningCHASOT，anoldacquaintanceofourown！Brilliant，sabring，melodyingChasot，Lieutenant—ColoneloftheBaireuthDragoons；wholiesatTreptow，closeonMecklenburg，andisadeclaredfavoriteoftheDuchess，oftenrunningovertotheRESIDENZthere。Oftenenough；butHONI
SOIT，Oreader；thecleverLadyistowardssixty，childless，musical；andherHusband——doreadersrecollecthimatall？——isthatcollapsedTAILORINGDukewhomFriedrichoncevisited，——andwhoseNiece，Half—Niece，isCharlotte，wiselittlehard—favoredcreaturenowofsix，incleanbibandtucker，AncestressofEnglandthatistobe；whosePapawillsucceed，iftheSereneTailordiefirst，——
whichhedidnotquite。TothisDuchess，musicalgallantChasotmaywellbearesource，andshetohim。NaturallytheAustrianCaptain，havingcometoMecklenburg，dinedwithSereneHighness，heandChasottogether，withconcertfollowing，andwhatnot，attheSchlossofNeu—Strelitz:——Andnowwewilldropthe’Chapeau，’andsayChasot，withcomfort，andashadeofnewinterest。
"’ThegrandMayReviewatBerlinjustahead，won’tyoulookin；
itisstraightonyourroadhome？’suggestsChasottohistravellingfriend。’Onewouldlikeit，ofallthings，’answeredtheother:’buttheKing？’’Tush，’saidChasot；’Iwillmakethatallstraight！’AndappliestotheKingaccordingly:’PermissiontoanAustrianOfficer，agoodacquaintanceofmine。’’AustrianOfficer？’
Friedrich’seyeslighten；andhereadilygivesthepermission。
ThiswasatBerlin，ontheveryeveoftheReview；andChasotandhisAustrianaremadehappyinthatsmallmatter。Andonthemorrow[endofMay，1750]，theAustrianattendsaccordingly；but，tohisastonishment，hashardlybeguntotastethemanoeuvres，when——oneofFriedrich’sAides—de—Campgallopsup:’BytheKing’scommand，MeinHerr，youretireontheinstant！’
"Nextday，theAustrianisforchallengingChasot。’Asyoulike，thatway，’answersChasot；’butlearnfirst，thatonyouraffrontI
rodeuptotheKing；andasked，publicly，DidnotyourMajestygrantmepermission？Unquestionably，MonsieurChasot；——andifhehadnotcome，howcouldIhavepaidbacktheMoravianbusinessoflastyear！’"[Walpole，GeorgetheSecond，
i。457，459。]——ThisismuchinFriedrich’sway；nottheunwelcomerthatitincludesasatiricaltwitchonChasot，whomhetrulylikeswithal，ordidlike，thoughnowalittledissatisfiedwiththosetoofrequentMecklenburgexcursionsandextra—militarycares。
Ofthis，merelysqueezingtheHanburyvenomoutofit，Icanbelieveeveryparticular。
"Didyoueverhearofanythingsoshocking？"isHanbury’smeaninghereandelsewhere。"ImusttellyouastoryoftheKingofPrussia’sregardfortheLawofNations，"continueshetoWalpole？
[Ib。i。458。]Whichprovestobeastory，turnedtopsy—turvy，ofoneHofmann，BrunswickEnvoy，who（quiteBEYONDcommission，andathingthatmustnotbethoughtofatall！）hadbeendetectedindangerousintriguingswiththeever—busyRussianExcellency，oranother；andgotflungintoSpandau，[Adelung，v。534；
vii。132—144。]——seeminglyprettymuchhisdueinthematter。AndsoofotherHanburythings。"WhataPrussia；forrigorofcommand，onehugeprison，inamanner！"Kingintentonpunctuality，andallhisbusinessuponthesquare。Society，officialandunofficial，keptratherstrictlytotheirtackle；theirmodeofmovementnotthatoflooseoxenatall！"SuchadetestableTyrant，"——whohasorderedME，Hanbury，else—whitherwithmyexquisitetalentsandadmiredwit！——
CANDIDATUSLINSENBARTH（QUASI"Lentil—beard"）LIKEWISE
VISITSBERLIN。
ByfarthenotablestarrivalinBerlinisM。deVoltaire’sJuly10th；afewdaysbeforeHanburygothisFirstAudience，"fiveminuteslong。"ButthatarrivalwillrequireaChaptertoitself；
——mostimportantarrival，that，ofall！Theleastimportant，again，isprobablythatofCandidatusLinsenbarth，inthesesameweeks；——
aruggedpoverty—strickenoldLicentiateofTheology；importanttonomortalinBerlinorelsewhere:——uponwhom，however，anduponhisproceduresinthatCity，wepropose，forourownobjects，tobestowafewglances；ruggedNarrativeofthething，insingularexoticdialect，buttrueeveryword，havingfortunatelycometousfromLinsenbarth’sownhand。[ThroughRodenbeck，Beitrage，i。463etseq。]
Berlin，itmustbeadmitted，afterallone’sreadinginpoorDryasdust，remainsadimemptyobject；Teutschlandisdimandempty:andoutofthefortyblindsacks，oroutoffourhundredsuch，whatpicturecananyhumanheadformtoitselfofFriedrichasKingorMan？AtriflingAdventureofthatpoorindividual，calledLinsenbarthCANDIDATUSTHEOLOGIAE，oneofthepoorestofmortals，buttrueandcredibleineveryparticular，comesglidingbychanceathwartallthat；andliketheglimmerofapoorrushlight，orkindledstraw，showsitusformoments，athingvisible，palpable，asitworkedandlived。Inthegreatdearth，Linsenbarth，ifIcanfaithfullyinterprethimforthemodernreader，willbeworthattendingto。
DateofLinsenbarth’sAdventureisJune—August，1750。"SchlossofBeichlingen"and"VillageofHemmleben"areintheThuringenHillCountry（Weimarnotfarofftoeastward）:theHerohimself，atallawkwardraw—bonedcreature，is，forperhapsnearfortyyearspast，aCANDIDATUS，sayLicentiate，orCuratewithoutCure。Subsists，I
shouldguess，byschoolmastering——cheapestschoolmasterconceivable，wagesmerenothing——intheVillagesabout；intheVillageofHemmlebenlatterly；age，asIdiscover，growntobesixty—one，inthosestraitenedbutbynomeansforlorncircumstances。Andso，hereisveteranLinsenbarthofHemmleben，akindofThuringianDominieSampson；whoseInterviewwithsuchabrothermortalasFriedrichKingofPrussiamaybeworthlookingat，——ifIcanabridgeitproperly。
Well，itappears，intheyear1750，atthisthrice—obscureVillageofHemmleben，theworthyoldpastorCannabichdied；——worthyoldman，howhehadlivedthere，modestlystudious，frugal，chieflyonfarm—produce，withtobaccoandDutchtheology；amodestblessingtohisfellow—creatures！Andnowheisdead，andtheplacevacant。
TwentypoundsaYearcertain；letusguessittwenty，withglebe—
land，piggeries，poultry—hutches:whoisnowtogetallthat？
LinsenbarthstartswithhisNarrative，inearnest。
Linsenbarth，whoIguessmayhavebeenAssistanttothedeceasedCannabich，andwasnowoutofwork，says:"Ihadnottheleastthoughtofprofitingbythisvacancy；butwhathappened？TheHerrGrafvonWerthern，atSchlossBeichlingen，senthisSteward[LEHNSDIRECTOR，FIEF—DIRECTORisthetitleofthisSteward，whichgivesrisetoobsoletethoughtofmill—dues，road—labor，paymentsINNATURA]，hisLehnsdirector，HerrKettenbeil，overtomyLOGIS
[cheapboardingquarters]；whobroughtagracioussalutationfromhisLord；sayingfarther，ThatIknewtoowell[excellentCannabichgonefromus，alas！]thePastorateofHemmlebenwasvacant；
thattherehadvariouscompetitorsannouncedthemselves，SUPPLICANDO，fortheplace；theHerrGraf，however，hadyetgivennoneofthemtheFIAT，butwaitedalwaystillIshouldapply。AsI
hadnotdoneso，he（theLordGraf）wouldnowofhisownmotiongivemethepreference，andherebyconferthePastorateuponme！"——
"Withoutallcontroversy，herewasaVOCATIODIVINA，tobereceivedwiththemostsubmissivethanks！Butthelamesecondmessengercamehitchingin[HALTINGMESSENGER，Germanproverb]verysoon。
Kettenbeilbeganagain:’HemustmentiontomeSUBROSA，HerLadyshiptheFrauGrafinwantedtohaveherLady’s—maidprovidedforbythispromotion，too；Imustmarryher，andtakethelivingatthesametime。’"
Whew！AndthisisthenobleLady’swayofthinking，upinherfineSchlossyonder？Linsenbarthwillnoneofit。"Formynotionfellatonce，"sayshe，"whenIhearditwasDOUTFACIAS，FACIOUTFACIAS
（Igivethatthoumayestdo，Idothatthoumayestdo；Wilthavethekirk，thentaketheirk，WILLSTDUDIEPFARRE，SONIMMDIE
QUARRE）；onthoseterms，myreplywas:’Mostrespectfulthanks，HerrFief—judge，andNo，forsuchavocation！Andwhy？ThevocationmusthaveLIBERTATEM，theremustbenoVITIUMESSENTIALEinit；
itmustberightINESSENTIALI，otherwisenohonestmancanacceptitwithagoodconscience。Thiswereamarriageonconstraint；
outofwhichathousandINCONVENIENTIAEmightspring！’"
HearLinsenbarth，inthepiebalddialect，withthesoundheart，andpreferenceofstarvationitselftosomeotherthings！Kettenbeil（CHAIN—AXE）wenthome；andtherewasfoundanotherCandidatuswillingforthemarriageonconstraint，"outofwhichINCONVENIENTIAEmightspring，"inLinsenbarth’sopinion。
"Andsodidthesneakishcourtlygentleman[HOFMANN，courtierasLinsenbarthhasit]，whograspedwithbothhandsatmyrejectedoffer，experiencebeforelong，"continuesLinsenbarth。"Fortheloosethingofcourt—tattersledhimsuchalifethat，withinthreeyears，ageyetonlythirty，hehadtobitethedust"（BITEATTHE
GRASS，saysLinsenbarth，proverbially），whichwasanINCONVENIENTIA
includingallothers。"AndIhadLEGITIMAMCAUSAMtorefusethevocationCUMTALICONDITIONE。
"However，itwasveryilltakenofme。AlloverthatThuringianregionIwascriedoutuponasaheadstrongfoolishperson:
TheHerrGrafvonWerthern，soranthestory，hadofhisownkindness，withoutrequestofmine，offeredmealiving；RARAAVIS，singularinstance；andI，rashandwithouthead，flungawaysuchgraciousoffer。Inshort，Iwastoldtomyface[bygood—naturedfriends]，Nobodywouldeverthinkofmeforpromotionagain；"——
universalsuffragegivingitclearagainstpoorLinsenbarth，inthisway。