consider，besides，youarefemale，Iammale！"ThatwasPfalz—
Neuburg’slogic:noneofthebest，Ithink，inforensicgenealogy。
Histenthpointwasperhapsratherweak；buthehadpossession，co—possession，andtheninepointsgood。TheotherTwoSisters，bytheirSonsorHusbands，claimedlikewise；butnotthewhole:
"Divideit，"saidthey:"thatsurelyistherealmeaningofKarlV。’sDeedofPrivilegetomakesuchaTestament。DivideitamongtheFourDaughtersortheirrepresentatives，andletusallhaveshares！"
Norwerethesefourclaimantsbyanymeansall。TheSaxonPrincesnextclaimed；twosetsofSaxonPrinces。Firsttheminorset，Gotha—Weimarandtherest，theErnestineLinesocalled；
representativesofJohannFriedrichtheMagnanimous，wholosttheElectorateforreligion’ssakeatMuhlberginthepastcentury，andfromMAJORbecameMINORinSaxonGenealogy。"MagnanimousJohannFriedrich，"saidthey，"hadtowifeanAuntofthenowdeceasedDukeofCleve；WifeSibylla（sisteroftheFlandersMare），offamousmemory，ourlinealAncestress。InfavorofwhomHERFather，thethenreigningDukeofCleve，madeamarriage—
contractofpreciselysimilarimporttothisyourPrussianone:
he，andbarredallhisdescendants，ifcontractsaretobevalid。"
ThisistheclaimoftheErnestineLineofSaxonPrinces；notliketogoformuch，intheirpresentdisintegratedcondition。
ButtheAlbertineLine，thepresentElectorofSaxony，alsoclaims:"HereisaDeed，"saidhe，"executedbyKaiserFriedrichIII。intheyear1483，[Pauli，ubisupra；Hubner，t。286。]
generationsbeforeyourKaiserKarl；DeedsolemnlygrantingtoAlbert，juniorofSachsen，andtohisheirs，thereversionofthosesameDuchies，shouldtheMaleLinehappentofail，asitwasthenlikelytodo。HowcouldKaiserMaxrevokehisFather’sdeed，orKaiserKarlhisGreat—grandfather’s？LittleAlbert，theAlbertofthePRINZENRAUB，hewhogrewbig，andfoughtlion—likeforhisKaiserintheNetherlandsandWesternCountries；heandhishaveclearlytheheirshipofClevebyright；andwe，nowgrownElectors，andSeniorsofSaxony，demanditofagratefulHouseofHapsburg，——andwillstudytomakeourselvesconvenientinreturn。"——
"Nay，ifthatisyourrule，thatoldLawsandDeedsaretocomeinbarofnew，we，"cryamultitudeofpersons，——FrenchDukesofNevers，andallmannerofremote，exoticfiguresamongthem，——
"wearetherealheirs！Ravensburg，Mark，Berg，Ravenstein，thispatchandtheotherofthatlargeDuchyofyours，weretheynotfromprimevaltimeexpresslylimitedtoheirs—male？Heirs—male；
andwenowarethenearestheirs—maleofsaidpatchesandportions；andwillproveit！"——Inshort，thereneverwassuchaLawsuit，——sofatanaffairfortheattorneyspecies，ifthathadbeenthewayofmanagingit，——asthisofClevewaslikelytoprove。
THEKAISER’STHOUGHTSABOUTIT，ANDTHEWORLD’S。
Whatgreatlycomplicatedtheaffair，too，wastheinteresttheKaisertookinit。TheKaisercouldnotwellbrookapowerfulProtestantinthatcountry；stilllesscouldhisCousintheSpaniard。Spaniards，worntotheground，coercingthatworld—
famousDutchRevolt，andastonishedtofindthattheycouldnotcoerceitatall，hadresolvedatthistimetotakebreathbeforetryingfarther。SpaniardsandDutch，afterFiftyyearsofsuchfightingasweknow，havemadeaTwelve—years’Truce（1609）:butthebattledSpaniard，panting，paleinhisfutilerageandsweat，hasnotgivenupthematter；heisonlytakingbreath，andwilltryitagain。NowCleveishisroadintoHolland，insuchadventure；nosuccesspossibleifClevebenotingoodhands。
BrandenburgisProtestant，powerful；Brandenburgwillnotdoforaneighborthere。
NorwillPfalz—Neuburg。AProtestantofProtestants，thisPalatineNeuburgtoo，——juniorbranch，possibleheirintimecoming，ofKUR—PFALZ（ElectorPalatine）himself，intheRhineCountries；
ofKur—Pfalz，whoisacknowledgedChiefProtestant:official"President"ofthe"EvangelicalUnion"theyhavelatelymadeamongtheminthesemenacingtimes；——Pfalz—Neuburgtoo，thisyoungWolfgangWilhelm，ifhedonotbreakoffkind，mightbeveryawkwardtotheKaiserinCleve—Julich。NaySaxonyitself；fortheyareallProtestants:——unlessperhapsSaxonymightbecomepliant，andtrytomakeitselfusefultoamunificentImperialHouse？
EvidentlywhatwouldbestsuittheKaiserandSpaniards，werethis，ThatnostrongPowerwhatevergotfootinginCleve，togrowstrongerbythepossessionofsuchacountry:——BETTERthanbestitwouldsuit，ifhe，theKaiser，couldhimselfgetitsmuggledintohishands，andthereholditfast！Whichprivatelywasthecourseresolveduponatheadquarters。——Inthiswaythe"SuccessionControversyoftheCleveDuchies"iscomingtobeaveryhighmatter；mixingitself，upwiththegrandProtestant—PapalControversy，thegeneralarmed—lawsuitofmankindinthatgeneration。Kaiser，Spaniard，Dutch，English，FrenchHenriIV。andallmortals，aregettingconcernedinthedecisionofit。
ChapterXIV。
SYMPTOMSOFAGREATWARCOMING。
MeanwhileBrandenburgandNeuburgbothholdgripofCleveinthatmanner，withamutuallymenacinginquiringexpressionofcountenance；eachgraspsit（sotospeak）convulsivelywiththeonehand，andhaswiththeotherhandhisswordbythehilt，readytoflyout。ButtounderstandthisBrandenburg—NeuburgphenomenonandthethensignificanceoftheCleve—JulichControversy，wemusttakethefollowingbitsofChronologyalongwithus。FortheGermanEmpire，withProtestantcomplaints，andPapistusurpationsandseverities，wasatthistimeallacontinentofsourthicksmoke，alreadybreakingoutintodull—redflasheshereandthere，——
symptomsoftheuniversalconflagrationofaThirty—YearsWar，whichfollowed。SYMPTONFIRSTisthatofDonauworth，anddatesaboveayearback。
FIRSTSYMPTOM；DONAUWORTH，1608。
Donauworth，aProtestantImperialFree—town，intheBavarianregions，hadbeen，forsomefaultonthepartofthepopulaceagainstaflaringMass—processionwhichhadnobusinesstobethere，putunderBanoftheEmpire；hadbeenseizedaccordingly（December，1607），andmuchcuffed，andshakenabout，byDukeMaximilianofBavaria，asexecutorofthesaidBan；[Michaeelis，ii。216；BuddaeiLEXICON，i。853。]——who，whatwasstillworse，wouldbynomeansgiveuptheTownwhenhehaddonewithit；
Townbeinghandytohim，andthemanbeingstoutandviolentlyPapist。Hencethe"EvangelicalUnion"whichwesaw，——whichhasnottakenDonauworthyet。Noreverwill！Donauworthneverwasretaken；butisBavarianatthishour，ATownnamableinHistoryeversince。Nottosaywithal，thatitiswhereMarlborough，did"theLinesofSchellenberg"longafter:Schellenberg（"Jingle—
Hill，"sotorenderit）looksdownacrosstheDanubeorDonauRiver，uponDonauworth，——its"Lines，"andotherhistories，nowmuchabolished，andquietundergrass。
ButnowallProtestantismsoundingeverywhere，inangrymournfultone，"Donauwarth！GiveupDonauworth！"——andan"EvangelicalUnion，"withmoneys，withtheoreticcontingentsofforce，beingonfootforthatandthelikeobjects；——wecanfancywhatascramblethisofCleve—Julichwasliketobe；andespeciallywhateffectthisduellingattitudeofBrandenburgandNeuburghadontheProtestantmind。Protestantneighbors，LandgrafMoritzofHessen—Casselattheirhead，interveneintremuloushaste，intheCleve—Julichaffair:"Peace，Ofriends！Somebargain；peaceablejoint—possession；anytemporarybargain，tillwesee！CantwoProtestantsfalltoslashingoneanother，insuchanaspectoftheReichanditsJesuitries？"——Andtheydidagree（Dortmund，10thMay，1609）thefirstoftheirinnumerable"agreements，"tosometemporaryjoint—possession；——thethrice—thankfulCountrydoinghomagetoboth，"withoathtotheonethatSHALLbefoundgenuine。"Andtheydidendeavortogovernjointly，andtokeepthepeaceonthoseterms，thoughitwasnoteasy。
FortheKaiserhadalreadysaid（orhisAulicCouncilandSpanishCousin，poorKaiserRodolfcaringtoolittleaboutthesethings，[RodolfII。（Kepler’stooinsolvent"Patron"），1576—1612；thenMatthias，Rodolf’sBrother，1612—1619，rathertoleranttoProtestants；——thenFerdinandII。hisUncle’sSon，1619—1637，muchthereverseoftolerant，bywhommainlycametheThirty—YearsWar，——weretheKaisersofthisPeriod。
FerdinandIII。，SonofII:（1637—1657），whofinishedouttheThirty—YearsWar，partlybyfightingofhisowninyoungdays（BattleofNordlingenhisgrandestfeat），wasFatherofKaiserLeopold（1658—1705），——whoseTwoSonswereKaiserJoseph（1705—1711）andKaiserKarlVI。（1711—1740），MariaTheresa’sFather。]hadalreadysaid），Clevemustabsolutelynotgointowronghands。Forwhichwhatsafemethodisthere，butthattheKaiserhimselfbecomeproprietor？ALetterisyetextant，fromtheAulicCounciltotheirVice—Chancellor，whohadbeensenttonegotiatethismatterwiththeparties；Lettertotheeffect，Thatsuchresultwastheonlygoodone；thatitmustbeachieved；
"thathemustdeviseallmannerofquirks（alleSpitzfindigkeitenauffordernsollte），"andachieveit。[Pauli，iii。5055。]ThiscuriousLetterofasublimeAulicCouncil，orImperialHOF—RATH，toitsVICE—KANZLER，stillexists。
AndaccordinglyquirksdidnotproveundevisableonbehalfoftheKaiser。"Sinceyoucannotagree，"saidtheKaiser，"andtherearesomanyofyouwhoclaim（wehavingprivatelystirredupseveralofyoutothefeat），therewillbenothingforit，buttheKaisermustputtheCountryundersequestration，andtakepossessionofitwithhisowntroops，tilladecisionbearrivedat，——whichprobablywillnotbesoon！"
SECONDSYMPTOM；SEIZUREOFJULICHBYTHEKAISER，ANDSIEGE
ANDRECAPTUREOFITBYTHEPROTESTANTPARTIES，1610。WHEREUPON
WHEREUPON"CATHOLICLEAGUE，"TOBALANCEE"EVANGELICALUNION。"
AndtheKaiserforthwithdidashehadsaid；sentArchdukeLeopoldwithtroops，whoforciblytooktheCastleofJulich；commandingallothercastlesandplacestosurrenderandsequestratethemselves，inlikefashion；threateningBrandenburgandNeuburg，inadreadfulmanner，withREICHS—ACHT（BanoftheEmpire），iftheypresumedtoshowcontumacy。UponwhichBrandenburgandNeuburg，rankingthemselvestogether，showeddecidedcontumacy；
"toredowntheKaiser’sProclamation，"[Ib。iii。524。Emperor’sProclamation，inDusseldorf，23dJuly，1609，——takendownsolemnly，1stAugust，1609，]havinggoodhelpattheirback。
Andaccordingly，"onthe4thofSeptember，1610，"afteratwo—months’siege，they，ortheDutch，French，andEvangelicalUnionTroopsbombardingalongwiththem，and"manyEnglishvolunteers"tohelp，retookJulich，andpackedLeopoldawayagain。
[Ib。iii。527。]TheDutchandtheFrenchwereespeciallyanxiousaboutthisClevebusiness，——poorHenriIV。wasjustputtingthoseFrenchtroopsinmotiontowardsJulich，whenRavaillac，thedistractedDevil’s—Jesuit，didhisstrokeuponhim；sothatanotherthanHenrihadtoleadinthatexpedition。TheactualCaptainattheSiegewasPrinceChristianofAnhalt，byreputethefirstsoldierofGermanyatthatperiod:hehadahorseshotunderhim，thebusinessbeingveryhotandfurious；——hehadstillworsefortuneinthecourseofyears。Therewere"manyEnglishvolunteers"atthisSiege；Englishnationhugelyinterestedinit，thoughtheirKingwouldnotactexceptdiplomatically。Itwasthetalkofallthethenworld，——theeveningsongandthemorningprayerofProtestantsespecially，——tillitwasgotendedinthismanner。ItdeservestorankasSYMPTONSECONDinthisbusiness；
farbiggerflareofdullredintheuniversalsmoke—continent，thanthatofDonauworthhadbeen。Aretherenomemorialsleftofthose"Englishvolunteers，"then？[InCarlyle’s
Miscellanies（vi。？"TwoHundredandFiftyYearsago:
aFragmentaboutDuels"）isonesmallscenebelongingtothem。]
Alas，theymightgeteditedasBromley’sRoyalLettersare；——andhadbetterliequiet！
"EvangelicalUnion，"formedsometwoyearsbefore，withwhatcausewesaw，hasKur—Pfalz[Winter—King’sFather；died9thSeptember，1610，fewdaysafterthisrecaptureofJulich。]attheheadofit:
butitstroopsoroperationswereneverofaveryforciblecharacter。Kur—Brandenburgnowjoineditformally，asdidmanymore；Kur—Sachsen，anxioustomakehimselfconvenientinotherquarters，neverwould。Addtothesephenomena，thenowdecisiveappearanceofa"CatholicLIGA"（LeagueofCatholicPrinces），which，bywayofcounterpoisetothe"Union，"hadbeengotupbyDukeMaximilianofBavariaseveralmonthsago；andwhichnow，underthesameguidance，inthesebadcircumstances，tookagreatexpansionoffigure。DukeMaximilian，"DONAUWORTHMax，"findingtheEvangelicalUniongosoveryhigh，andhisownKaiserliketobegoodforlittleinsuchbusiness（poorhypochondriacKaiserRodolfII。，moretakenupwithturning—loomsandblow—pipesthanwithmatterspolitical，whoaccordinglyissweptoutofJulichinsuchsummaryway），——DonauworthMaxhasseenthisanecessaryinstitutioninthepresentaspect。——Both"Union"and"League"rapidlywaxedunderthesoundoftheJulichcannon，aswasnatural。
Kur—Sachsen，forstandingsowellalooffromtheUnion，gotfromthethankfulKaiserwrittenTitlesfortheseDuchiesofCleveandJulich；Imperialparchmentsandinfeftmentsofdueextent；
butneveranyTerritoryinthoseparts。Heneverofferedfightforhispretensions；andBrandenburgandNeuburg——Neuburgespecially——
alwaysansweredhim，"No！"withswordhalf—drawn。SoKur—Sachsenfadedoutagain，andtookonlyparchmentsbytheadventure。
PracticallytherewasnoprivateCompetitorofmomenttoBrandenburg，exceptthisWolfgangWilhelmofPfalz—Neuburg；
healonehavingclutchedhold。——ButwehastentoSYMPTOMTHIRD，whichparticularlyconcernsus，andwillbeintelligiblenowatlast。
SYMPTOMTHIRD:ADINNER—SCENEATDUSSELDORF，1613:
SPANIARDSANDDUTCHSHOULDERARMSINCLEVE。
BrandenburgandNeuburgstoodtogetheragainstthirdparties；
buttheirjoint—governmentwasapttofallintwo，whenlefttoitself，andthepressureofdangerwithdrawn。"TheygovernedbytheRATHSandSTANDEoftheCountry；"oldmethodsandoldofficialmen:eachofthetwohadhisownVice—Regent（STATTHALTER）presentontheground，whojointlypresidedastheycould。Jarringswereunavoidable；buthowmendit？SettlethelitigatedTerritoryitself，andendtheirbiglawsuit，theycouldnot；oftenastheytriedit，withthewholeworldencouragingandurgingthem。
[OldSirHenryWotton，ProvostofEtoninhisolddays，remembershowhewentAmbassadoronthiserrand，——asonmanyothersequallybootless；——andwriteshimself"Legatus，"notonly"thricetoVenice，twiceto"&c。&c。，butalso"oncetoHollandintheJuliersmatter（semelinJuliacensinegotio）:"seeReliquiaeWottonianae（London，1672），Preface。Itwas"in1614，"saytheBiographiesvaguely。
HisDespatches，aretheyinthePaper—Officestill？HisgoodoldBookdeservesnewediting，hisgoodoldgeniallypiouslifeaproperelucidation，bysomefaithfulman。]Themeetingstheyhad，andthetreatiesandtemporarybargainstheymade，andkept，andcouldnotkeep，intheseandinthefollowingyearsandgenerations，passourpowerofrecording。
In1613theBrandenburgSTATTHALTERwasErnst，theElector’syoungerBrother，WolfgangWilhelminperson，forhisFather，orratherforhimselfasheirofhisMother，representedPfalz—
Neuburg。ErnstofBrandenburghadadoptedCalvinismashiscreed；
athinghatefulandhorribletotheLutheranmind（ofwhichsortwasWolfgangWilhelm），toadegreenowaltogetherinconceivable。
DiscordaroseinconsequencebetweentheSTATTHALTERS，astoofficialappointments，sacredandsecular:"YouareforpromotingCalvinists！"——"Andyou，Isee，areforpromotingLutherans！"——
JohannSigismundhimselfhadtointervene:WolfgangWilhelmandhehadtheirmeetings，friendlycolloquies:——thefinalcelloquyofwhichisstillmemorable；andissuesinSYMPTOMTHIRD。
Wesaid，astrongflameofcholerburntinalltheseHohenzollerns，thoughtheyhelditwelldown。JohannSigismund，anexcellentmanofbusiness，knewhowessentialamildtoneis:
neverthelesshefound，asthiscolloquywenton，thathumanpatiencemightatlengthgettoomuch。Thescene，aftersomeexamination，isconceivableinthiswise:PlaceDusseldorf，Elector’sapartmentintheSchlossthere；timelateintheYear1613，Daynotdiscoverablebyme。Thetwosatatdinner，aftermuchcolloquyallmorning:JohannSigismund，amiddle—aged，big—headed，stern—faced，honest—lookingman；haircropped，Iobserve；andeyelidsslightlycontracted，asifforsharpervisionintomatters:WolfgangWilhelm，offeaturesfallendimtome；anairygentleman，welloutofhisteens，but，Idoubt，notofwisdomsufficient；evidentlyveryhighandstiffinhisways。
Hisproposal，bywayoffinalsettlement，andendtoallthesebrabbles，wasthis，andheinsistedonit:"GivemeyoureldestPrincesstowife；letherdowrybeyourwholeclaimonCleve—
Julich；Iwillmarryheronthatcondition，andweshallbefriends！"Hereevidentlyisagentlemanthatdoesnotwantforconceitinhimself:——considertoo，inJohannSigismund’sopinion，hehadnorighttoasquareinchoftheseTerritories，thoughforpeace’sakeajointsharehadbeenallowedhimforthetime！
"Onthatcondition，jackanapes？’thoughtJohannSigismund:
"Mygirlisnotamonster；noratalossforhusbandsfullybetterthanyou，Ishouldhope！"Thishethought，andcouldnothelpthinking；butendeavoredtosaynothingofit。Theyoungjackanapeswenton，insisting。Natureatlastprevailed；JohannSigismundliftedhishand（princelyetiquettesmeltingallintosmokeonthesudden），andgavetheyoungjackanapesaslapovertheface。Veritableslap；whichopenedinadreadfulmannertheeyesofyoungPfalz—Neuburgtohisrealsituation；andsenthimoffhigh—flaming，vowingnever—imaginedvengeance。Aremarkableslap；welltestifiedto，——thoughtheoldHistories，struckblankwithterror，reverenceandastonishment，canformostpartonlysymbolitindumb—show；[Pufendorf（Rer。Brandenb。lib。iv。？16，p。213），andmanyothers，areinthiscase。
TobiasPfanner（HistoriaPacisWestphalicae，
lib。i。？9，p。26）isexplicit:"Neque，utinfidaregnandisocietasest，BrandenburgioetNeoburgiodiuconveniebat；
eorumquejurgia，cummatrimoniifaederepacaripossepropinquiipsorumcredidissent，acriusezarsere；interepulas，quibusfuturumgenerumSeptemvir（the"Sevensman，"orElector，"OneofTheSeven"）excipiebat，hujusenimfiliaWolfgangosperabatur，obnescioquossermoneseointerutrumquealtercalioneprovecta，utElectoriraeimpotestior，nulladignitatis，hospitii，cognationis，affinitatisveverecundiacohibitus，intenderitNeoburgiomanus，etcontratendentisosverberaverit。Ita，quaeapudconcordesvinculacaritatis，incitamentairarumapudinfensoserant。"（CitedinKohler，Munzbelustiqungen，xxi。341；
whorefersalsotoLevassor，HistoiredeLouisXII。）——Pauli（iii。542）bedomesqnitevaporous。]aslapthathadimportantconsequencesinthisworld。
FornowWolfgangWilhelm，flamingoffinnever—imaginedvengeance，postedstraighttoMunchen，toMaxofBavariathere；declaredhimselfconvinced，ornearlyso，oftheRoman—CatholicReligion；
wooed，andinafewweeks（10thNovember，1613）weddedMax’syoungerSister；andsoonafter，atDusseldorf，pompouslyprofessedsuchhisblessedchangeofBelief，——withimmenseflourishoftrumpeting，andjubilantpamphleteering，fromHolyChurch。
[Kohler，ubisupra。]HispooroldFather，thedevoutestofProtestants，wailedaloudhis"Ichabod！thegloryisdeparted！"——
holding"weeklyfastandhumiliation"everafter，——anddiedinfewmonthsofabrokenheart。TheCatholicLeaguehasnowanewMemberonthoseterms。
Andontheotherhand，JohannSigismund，nearlywiththelikehaste（25thDecember，1613），declaredhimselfconvincedofCalvinism，hisyoungerBrother’screed；[Pauli，iii。546。]——whichcontinueseversincetheBrandenburgCourt—creed，thatofthePeoplebeingmostlyLutheran。Mensaid，itwastopleasetheDutch，topleasetheJulichers，mostofwhomareCalvinist。
ApologeticPauliiselaborate，butinconclusive。ItwasveryilltakenatBerlin，whereevenpopularriotaroseonthematter。
InPrussiatooithaditsdrawbacks。[Ib。iii。544；Michaelis，i。349。]
Andnow，allbeingfullofmutation，rearrangementandinfiniterumor，theremarchednextyear（1614），onslightpretext，restingongreatsuspicions，SpanishtroopsintotheJulich—Clevecountry，and，countenancedbyNeuburg，beganseizinggarrisonsthere。
WhereuponDutchtroopslikewisemarched，countenancedbyBrandenburg，andoccupiedotherfortressesandgarrisons:andso，ineverystrong—place，thesewereeitherPapist—SpaniardsorCalvinist—Dutch；whostoodthere，frontingoneanother，andcouldnotbytreatyingbegotoutagain；——likecloudspositivelyelectricVERSUScloudsnegatively。AsindeedwasgettingtobethecaseofGermanyingeneral；casefatallyvisibleineveryProvince，PrincipalityandParishthere:tillathunder—storm，andsuccessionofthunder—storms，ofThirtyYears’continuance，brokeout。Ofwhichthesehugerumorsandmutations，andmenacingsofwar，springingoutofthatfinalcolloquyandslapintheface，aretobetakenastheTHIRDpremonitorySymptom。SpaniardsandDutchstandelectricallyfrontingoneanotherinCleveforsevenyears，tilltheirTruceisout，beforetheyclashtogether；
Germanydoesnotwaitsolongbyacoupleofyears。
SYMPTOMFOURTH，ANDCATASTROPHEUPONTHEHEELSOFIT。
Fiveyearsmore（1618），andtherewillhavecomeaFOURTHSymptom，biggestofall，rapidlyconsummatingtheprocess；——Symptomstillfamed，ofthefollowingexternalfigure:ThreeOfficialGentlemendescendingfromawindowintheCastleofPrag:hurledoutbyimpatientBohemianProtestantism，adepthofseventyfeet，——
happilyonlyintodung，andwithoutlossoflife。Fromwhichfollowsa"KingofBohemia"electedthere，Kingnotunknowntous；——"thunder—clouds"allinonehugeclash，andthe"continentofsoursmoke"blazingallintoacontinentofthunderousfire:
THIRTY—YEARSWAR，astheynowcallit！SuchaconflagrationaspoorGermanyneversawbeforeorsince。
TheseweretheFOURpreliminarySYMPTOMSofthatdismalbusiness。
"AstotheprimaryCAUSESofit，"saysoneofmyAuthorities，"theseliedeep，deepalmostasthoseofOriginalSin。Buttheproximatecausesseemtometohavebeenthesetwo:FIRST，ThattheJesuit—PriestsandPrincipalitieshadvowedandresolvedtohave，byGod’shelpandbytheDevil’s（thiswasthepeculiarityofit），EuropemadeOrthodoxagain:andthenSECONDLY，ThefactthataMaxofBavariaexistedatthattime，whosefierycharacter，cunningbutrashhead，andfanaticallyPapistheartdisposedhimtoattemptthatenterprise，himwithsuchresourcesandcapacities，undertheirbadguidance。"
JohannSigismunddidmanyswiftdecisivestrokesofbusinessinhistime，businessesofextensiveandimportantnature；butthisoftheslaptoNeuburghasstuckbestintheidlememoryofmankind。Dusseldorf，Year1613:itwaspreciselyinthetimewhenthatsameFriedrioh，notyetbyanymeans"KingofBohemia，"butalreadyKur—Pfalz（CousinofthisNeuburg，andheadmanoftheProtestants），wasoverhereinEngland，onafineerrand；——namely，hadmarriedthefairElizabeth（14thFebruary，1613），JamestheFirst’sPrincess；"GoodyPalsgrave，"asherMotherfloutinglycalledher，notlikingtheconnection。Whatkindofa"KingofBohemia"thisFriedrichmade，fiveorsixyearsafter，andwhatseaoftroublesheandhisenteredinto，weknow；
the"WINTER—KONIG"（Winter—King，fallenintimesofFROST，orbuiltofmerefrost，aSNOW—kingaltogethersolubleagain）isthenamehegetsinGermanHistories。ButhereisanotherhooktohangChronologyupon。
ThisbriefBohemianKingshiphadnotyetexplodedontheWeissenbergofPrag，[Battlethere，Sunday8thNovember，1620。]
whenoldSirHenryWottonbeingsentasAmbassador"toLIEabroad"
（ashewittilycalledit，tohiscost）inthatBusiness，saw，intheCityofLintzinthepicturesquegreencountrybytheshoresoftheDonauthere，aningeniousperson，whoisnowrecognizableasoneoftheremarkablestofmankind，Mr。JohnKepler，namely:
KeplarasWottonwriteshim；addressingthegreatLordBacon（unhappilywithoutstrictdateofanykind）onthatamongothersubjects。Mr。John’snowever—memorablewatchingofthose
MotionsoftheStarMars，[DeMotibusStellaeMartis；Prag，1609。]with"calculationsrepeatedseventytimes，"andalsowithDiscoveryofthePlanetaryLawsofthisUniverse，some，tenyearsago，appearstobeunknowntoWottonandBacon；butthereissomethingelseofMr。John’sdevising[Itseems，BaptistaPorta（ofNaples，deadsomeyearsbefore）musthavegivenhimtheessentialhint，——ofwhom，orwhosehint，Mr。JohndoesnothappentoinformhisExcellencyatpresent。]whichdeservesattentionfromanInstauratorofPhilosophy:——
"HehathalittleblackTent（ofwhatstuffisnotmuchimporting），"saystheAmbassador，"whichhecansuddenlysetupwherehewillinaField；anditisconvertible（likeawindmill）toallquartersatpleasure；capableofnotmuchmorethanoneman，asIconceive，andperhapsatnogreatease；exactlycloseanddark，——saveatonehole，aboutaninchandahalfinthediameter，towhichheappliesalongperspectiveTrunk，withtheconvexglassfittedtothesaidhole，andtheconcavetakenoutattheotherend，whichextendethtoaboutthemiddleofthiserectedTent:throughwhichthevisibleradiationsofalltheObjectswithoutareintromitted，fallinguponaPaper，whichisaccommodatedtoreceivethem；andsohetraceththemwithhispenintheirnaturalappearance；turninghislittleTentroundbydegrees，tillhehathdesignedthewholeAspectoftheField。"
[ReliquiWottonianae，（london1672），p。300。]——InfacthehathaCAMERAOBSCURA，andisexhibitingthesameforthedelectationofImperialgentlemenloungingthatway。
Mr。Johninventssuchtoys，writesalmanacs，practisesmedicine，forgoodreasons；hisencouragementfromtheHolyRomanEmpireandmankindbeingonlyapensionof18poundsayear，andthathardlyeverpaid。Aningeniousperson，truly，ifthereeverwasoneamongAdam’sPosterity。Justturnedoffiftyandilloffforcash。Thisglimpseofhim，inhislittleblacktentwithperspectiveglasses，whiletheThirty—YearsWarblazesout，iswelcomeasadate。
WHATBECAMEOFTHECLEVE—JULICHHERITAGE，ANDOFTHEPREUSSENONE。
IntheCleveDuchiesjointgovernmenthadnowbecomemoredifficultthanever:butithadtobepersistedin，——undermutualoffences，suspicionsandoutbreakshardlyrepressed；——nofinalBargainofSettlementprovingbyanymethodpossible。Treatiesenough，andconferencesandpleadings，manifestoings:——CouldnotsomepainfulGermancollectorofStatisticstrytogiveustheapproximatequantityofimpracticabletreaties，futileconferences，manifestoescorrespondences；inbrief，someauthenticalcipher（sayinroundmillions）ofidleWordsspokenbyofficialhumancreaturesandapproximately（insquaremiles）theextentofLawStationeryandotherPaperwritten，firstandlast，aboutthisControversyoftheCleveDuchies？Inthatformitmighthaveamomentaryinterest。
WhentheWinter—King’sexplosiontookplace，[CrownedatPrag，4thNovemberN。S。1619；beatentoruinthere，andobligedtogallop（almostbeforedinnerdone），Sunday，8thNovember，1620。]
andhisownunfortunatePfalz（Palatinate）becamethetheatreofwar（Tilly，Spinola，VERSUSPfalzers，English，Dutch），involvingalltheneighboringregions，Cleve—Julichdidnotescapeitsfate。
TheSpaniardsandtheDutch，whohadlongsatingloomyarmed—
truce，occupyingwithobstinateprecautionthemainFortressesoftheseJulich—Clevecountries，didnowstraightway，theirTwelve—
Years’trucebeingout（1621），[Pauli，vi。578—580。]falltofightingandbesiegingoneanotherthere；thehugeWar，whichprovedofThirtyYears，beingnowallablaze。Whatthecountrysufferedintheinterimmaybeimagined。
In1624，inpitytoallparties，someattemptatpracticalDivisionoftheTerritorywasagainmade:NeuburgtohaveBergandJulich，BrandenburgtohaveCleve，Mark，Ravensburgandtheminorappurtenances:andTreatytothateffectwasgotsigned（11thMay，1624）。Butitwasnotwellkept，norcouldbe；andthestatisticcipherofnewtreaties，manifestoes，conferences，andapproximatewrittenareaofLaw—Papergoesonincreasing。
Itwasnottillforty—twoyearsafter，in1666，aswillbemoreminutelynoticeablebyandby，thataneffectivepartitioncouldbepracticallybroughtabout。NorinthisstatewastheLawsuitbyanymeansended，——asweshallwearisomelysee，intimeslongfollowingthat。Infactthereneverwas，intheGermanChanceriesoroutofthem，suchaLawsuit，ArmedorWigged，asthisoftheCleveDuchiesfirstandlast。Andthesentencewasnotpracticallygiven，tilltheCongressofVienna（1815）inourowndaygaveit；
andthethingJohannSigismundhadclaimedlegallyin1609wasactuallyhandedovertoJohannSigismund’sDescendantintheseventhgeneration，aftertwohundredandsixyears。Handedovertohimthen，——andaliberalrateofinterestallowed。TheselitigatedDuchiesarenowthePrussianProvinceJulich—Berg—Cleve，andthenucleusofPrussia’spossessionsintheRhinecountry。
AyearbeforeJohannSigismund’sdeath，AlbertFriedrich，thepooreclipsedDukeofPrussia，died（8thAugust，1618）:uponwhichourswiftKurfurst，notwithoutneedofhisdexteritiestheretoo，gotpeaceablepossessionofPrussia；——norhashisFamilylostholdofthat，uptothepresenttime。Nextyear（23dDecember，1619），hehimselfclosedaswiftbusylife（laborenoughinitforhimperhaps，thoughonlyanageofforty—nine）；andsanktohislongrest，hisworksfollowinghim，——unalterablethenceforth，notunfruitfulsomeofthem。
ChapterXV。
TENTHKURFURST，GEORGEWILHELM。
ByfartheunluckiestoftheseElectors，whetherthemostunworthyofthemornot，wasGeorgeWilhelm，TenthElector，whonowsucceededJohannSigismundhisFather。TheFather’seyeshadclosedwhenthisgreatflamewasbreakingout；andtheSon’sdayswereallspentamidthehotashesandfierceblazingsofit。
ThepositionofBrandenburgduringthissadThirty—YearsWarwaspassiveratherthanactive；distinguishedonlyintheformerway，andasfaraspossiblefrombeinggloriousorvictorious。
NeversincetheHohenzollernscametothatCountryhadBrandenburgsuchatime。Difficulttohavemendedit；impossibletohavequiteavoidedit；——andKurfurstGeorgeWilhelmwasnotamansosuperiortoallhisneighbors，thathecouldclearlyseehiswayinsuchanelement。Theperfectoridealcoursewasclear:TohavefranklydrawnswordforhisReligionandhisRights，sosoonasthebattlefairlyopened；andtohavefoughtforthesesame，tillhegoteitherthemordied。Alas，thatiseasilysaidandwritten；butitis，foraGeorgeWilhelmespecially，difficulttodo！Hiscapabilityinallkindswaslimited；hisconnections，withthissideandthat，wereveryintricate。GustavusandtheWinter—KingwerehisBrothers—in—law；GustavusweddedtohisSister，hetoWinter—King’s。HisrelationstoPoland，feudalsuperiorofPreussen，weredelicate；andGustavuswasindeadlyquarrelwithPoland。AndthenGustavus’ssuddenlaying—holdofPommern，whichhadjustescapedfromWallensteinandtheKaiser？
Itmustbegranted，poorGeorgeWilhelm’scasedemandedcircumspectness。
OnecanforgivehimfordecliningtheBohemian—Kingspeculation，thoughhisUncleofJagerndorfandhisCousinsofLiegnitzweresoheartyandforwardinit。PardonableinhimtodeclinetheBohemianspeculation；——thoughsurelyitisverysadthathefoundhimselfsoshortof"butterandfirewood"whenthepoorEx—King，andhisyoungWife，theninaspeciallyinterestingstate，cametotakeshelterwithhim！[Solltl（GeschichtedesDreissigjahrigenKrieges，——atrivialmodernBook）
givesanotablememorialfromtheBrandenburgRATHS，concerningthesetheirdifficultiesofhousekeeping。Theirrealobject，weperceive，wastogetridofaGuestsodangerousastheEx—King，underBanoftheEmpire，hadnowbecome。]ButwhenGustavuslanded，andflungoutuponthewindssuchabannerasthatofhis，——trulyitwasrequiredofaProtestantGovernorofmentobeabletoreadsaidbannerinacertaindegree。AGovernor，nottooIMperfect，wouldhaverecognizedthisGustavus，whathispurposesandlikelihoodswere；thefeelingwouldhavebeen，checkedbyduecircumspectness:"Up，mymen，letusfollowthisman；letusliveanddieintheCausethismangoesfor！Liveotherwisewithhonor，ordieotherwisewithhonor，wecannot，inthepassthingshavecometo！"——Andthus，attheveryworst，Brandenburgwouldhavehadonlyoneclassofenemiestoravageit；andmighthaveescapedwith，arithmeticallyspeaking，HALFtheharryingitgotinthatlongBusiness。
ButProtestantGermany——sadshametoit，whichprovedlastingsorrowaswell——wasallaliketorpid；Brandenburgnotanexceptionalcase。NoPrincestoodupasbeseemed:oronlyone，andhenotagreatone；LandgrafWilhelmofHessen，who，andhisbraveWidowafterhim，seemedalwaystoknowwhathouritwas。
WilhelmofHessenallalong；——andafewwildhands，ChristianofBrunswick，ChristianofAnhalt，JohannGeorgeofJagerndorf，whostormedouttumultuouslyatfirst，butweresoonblownawaybytheTilly—WallensteinTRADE—WINDSandregulatedarmaments:——therestsatstill，andtriedalltheycouldtokeepoutofharm’sway。
The"EvangelicalUnion"didagreatdealofmanifestoing，pathetic，indignantandother；heldsolemnMeetingsatHeilbronn，oldSirHenryWottongoingasAmbassadortothem；butnevergotanyredress。HadtheEvangelicalUnionshutupitsinkhornssooner；girtonitsfighting—toolswhenthetimecame，anddonesomelittleexecutionwiththemthen，insteadofnoneatall，——
wemayfancytheEvangelicalUnionwouldhavebetterdischargeditsfunction。ItmighthavesavedimmensewretchednesstoGermany。
Butitscoursewentnotthatway。
Infact，hadtherebeennobetterProtestantismthanthatofGermany，allwasoverwithProtestantism；andMaxofBavaria，withfanaticalFerdinandII。asKaiseroverhim，andFatherLammerleinathisrighthandandFatherHyacinthathisleft，hadgottheirownsweetwayinthisworld。ButProtestantGermanywasnotProtestantEurope，afterall。OverseastheredweltandreignedacertainKinginSweden；therefarmed，andwalkedmusingbytheshoresoftheOuseinHuntingdonshire，acertainman；——therewasaGustavAdolfoverseas，anOliverCromwelloverseas；
and"acompanyofpoormen"werefoundcapableoftakingLuciferbythebeard，——whoaccordingly，withhisLammerleins，Hyacinths，Habernfeldtsandothers，wasforcedtowithdraw，afteratoughstruggle！——
ChapterXVI。
THIRTY—YEARSWAR。
TheenormousThirty—YearsWar，mostintricateofmodernOccurrencesinthedomainofDryasdust，dividesitself，aftersomeunravelling，intoThreeprincipalActsorEpochs；inallofwhich，oneaftertheother，ourKurfursthadaninterestmountingprogressively，butcontinuingtobeapassiveinterest。
ActFIRSTgoesfrom1620to1624；andmightbeentitled"TheBohemianKingMadeandDemolished。"PersonallytheBohemianKingwassoondemolished。HisKingshipmaybesaidtohavegoneoffbyexplosion；byoneFight，namely，doneontheWeissenbergnearPrag（Sunday，8thNovember，1620），whilehesatatdinnerintheCity，theboomofthecannoncominginwithinterestuponhishighguestsandhim。Hehadtorun，inhothaste，thatnight，leavingmanyofhisimportantpapers，——andbecomesaWinter—King。Winter—
King’saccountwassoonsettled。ButtheextirpatingofhisAdherents，andcapturingofhisHereditaryLands，PalatinateandUpper—Palatinate，tookthreeyearsmore。HardfightingforthePalatinate；TillyandCompanyagainstthe"Evangelical—UnionTroops，andtheEnglishunderSirHoraceVere。"Evangelical—UnionTroops，thoughmarchingaboutthere，underanUncleofourKurfurst（MargrafJoachimErnst，thatluckyAnspachUncle，founderof"theLine"），whoprofessedsomeskillinsoldiering，wereamerePictureofanArmy；wouldonly"observe，"andwouldnotfightatall。SothatthewholefightingfelltoSirHoraceandhispoorhandfulofEnglish；ofwhosegrimposture"inFrankendale"
[Frankenthal，alittleTowninthePalatinate，N。W。fromMannheimashortway。]andotherStrongholds，formonthslong，thereistalkenoughintheoldEnglishHistory—Books。
ThentherewerecertainsternWar—Captains，whoralliedfromtheWeissenbergDefeat:——ChristianofBrunswick，thechiefofthem，titularBishopofHalberstadt，ahigh—flown，fieryyoungfellow，ofterriblefightinggifts；heflamedupconsiderably，with"theQueenofBohemia’sglovestuckinhisHat:""BrightLady，itshallstickthere，tillIgetyouyourownagain，ordie！"[1621—1623，agenotyettwenty—five；died（bypoison），1626，havingagainbecomesupremelyimportantjustthen。"GottesFreund，derPfaffenFeind（God’sFriend，Priests’Foe）；"
"AllesfurRuhmundIhr（AllforGloryandHer，"
——thebrightElizabeth，becomeEx—Queen），weremottoesofhis。——
BuddausINVOCE（i。649）；Michaelis，i。110。]ChristianofBrunswick，GeorgeofJagerndorf（ourKurfurst’sUncle），CountMansfeldtandothers，madestormyfightonceandagain，hanginguponthiscentral"Frankendale"Business，tilltheyanditbecamehopeless。FortheKaiserandhisJesuitswerenotindoubt；
aKaiserveryproud，unscrupulous；nowclearlysuperiorinforce，——andallalongofgreatsuperiorityinfraud。
ChristianofBrunswick，JohannGeorgeandMansfeldtweregotridof:Christianbypoison；JohannGeorgeandMansfeldtbyothermethods，——chieflybyplayinguponpoorKingJamesofEngland，andleadinghimbythelongnosehewasfoundtohave。ThePalatinatebecametheKaiser’sforthetimebeing；UpperPalatinate（OBER—
PFALZ）DukeMaxofBavaria，lyingcontiguoustoit，hadeasilytaken。"IncorporatetheOber—PfalzwithyourBavaria，"saidtheKaiser，"you，illustrious，thrice—serviceableMax！AndletLammerleinandHyacinth，withtheirGospelofIgnatius，looseuponit。Nay，asastillricherreward，beyourstheforfeitedKUR
（Electorship）ofthismadKur—Pfalz，orWinter—King。IwillholdhisRhine—Lands，hisUNTER—PFALZ:hisElectorshipandOBER—PFALZ，Isay，areyours，Duke，henceforthKURFURSTMaximilian！"[Kohler，Reichs—Historie，p。520。]WhichwasahardsayingintheearsofBrandenburg，SaxonyandtheotherFive，andoftheReichingeneral；buttheyhadalltocomply，afterwincing。FortheKaiserproceededwithahighhand。HehadputtheEx—KingunderBanoftheEmpire（neverasking"theEmpire"aboutit）；puthisThreeprincipalAdherents，JohannGeorgeofJagerndorfoneofthem，PrinceChristianofAnhalt（oncecaptainattheSiegeofJuliers）another，likewiseunderBanoftheEmpire；[22dJan。1621（ibid。p。518）。]andinshorthadflungabout，andwasflinging，histhunder—boltsinaveryOlympianmanner。Underallwhich，whatcouldBrandenburgandtheothersdo；
butwhimpersometremblingprotest，"ClearagainstLaw！"——andsitobedient？TheEvangelicalUniondidnotnowanymorethanformerlydrawoutitsfighting—tools。Infact，theEvangelicalUnionnowfairlydissolveditself；meltedintoadeliquiumofterrorunderthesethunder—boltsthatwereflying，andwasnomoreheardofintheworld。——
SECONDACT，OREPOCH，1624—1629。ASECONDUNCLEPUTTO
THEBAN，ANDPOMMERNSNATCHEDAWAY。
Exceptinthe"NETHER—SAXONCIRCLE"（distantNorthwestregion，withitsHanover，Mecklenburg，withitsrichHamburgs，Lubecks，Magdeburgs，allProtestant，andabuttingontheProtestantNorth），tremblingGermanylayriddenoverastheKaiserwilled。ForeignLeaguegotupbyFrance，KingJames，ChristianIV。ofDenmark（James’sBrother—in—law，withwhomhehadsuch"drinking"inSomersetHouse，longago，onChristian’svisithither[OldHistoriesofJamesI。（Wilson，&c。）]），wenttowater，orworse。
Onlythe"Nether—SaxonCircle"showedsomelife；waslevyinganarmy；andhadappointedChristianofBrunswickitsCaptain，tillhewasgotpoisoned；——uponwhichthedrinkingKingofDenmarktookthecommand。
ActSECONDgoesfrom1624to1627oreven1629；andcontainsdrunkenChristian’sExploits。Whichwereunfortunate，almosttotheruinofDenmarkitself，aswellasoftheNether—SaxonCircle；——tillinthelatteroftheseyearsheslightlyrallied，andgotasupportablePeacegrantedhim（PeaceofLubeck，1629）；
afterwhichhesitsquiet，contemplative，withanevileyeuponSwedennowandthen。Thebeatingshegot，inquiteregularsuccession，fromTillyandConsorts，arenotworthmentioning:
theonlythingonenowremembersofhimishisalarmingaccidentontherampartsofHameln，justattheopeningoftheseCampaigns。
AtHameln，whichwastobeastrongpost，drunkenChristianrodeoutonce，onasummerafternoon（1624），toseethattherampartswereallright，orgettingallright；——andtumbled，horseandself（selfinliquor，itisthought），inanominousalarmingmanner。
Takenupfordead；——naysomeofthevagueHistoriesseemtothinkhewasreallydead:——buthelivedtobeoftenbeatenafterthat，andhadmanymoistyearsmore。
OurKurfursthadanotherUncleputtotheBaninthisSecondAct，——ChristianWilhelmArchbishopofMagdeburg，"forassistingtheDanishKing；"norwasBanalltheruinthatfellonthispoorArchbishop。WhatcouldanunfortunateKurfurstdo，buttrembleandobey？TherewasstillaworsesmartgotbyourpoorKurfurstoutofActSecond；theglaringinjusticedonehiminPommern。
DoesthereaderrememberthatsceneintheHighChurchofStettinahundredandfiftyyearsago？HowtheBurgermeisterthrewswordandhelmetintothegraveofthelastDukeofPommern—Stettinthere；andaforwardCitizenpickedthemoutagaininfavorofaCollateralBranch？Neversince，anymorethanthen，couldBrandenburggetPommernaccordingtoclaim。CollateralBranch，inspiteofFriedrichIronteeth，inspiteevenofAlbertAchillesandsomefightingofhis；contrived，bypleadingattheDietsandstirringupnoise，tomaintainitspretensions:andTreatieswithoutendensued，asusual；Treatiesrefreshedandnew—signedbyeverySuccessorofAlbert，toawearisomedegree。Thesumofwhichalwayswas:"PommerndoesactualhomagetoBrandenburg；vassalofBrandenburg；——andfallshometoit，ifthenowExtantLinegoextinct。"NaythereisanERBVERBRUDERUNG（Heritage—Fraternity）
overandabove，establishedthislongtime，andwearisomelyrenewedateverynewAccession。HundredsofTreaties，oppressivetothinkof:——andnowthelastDuke，oldBogislaus，ishere，withouthopeofchildren；andthefruitofallthathaggling，actualPommerntowit，willatlastfallhome？Alas，no；
farotherwise。
FortheKaiserhavingsotriumphantlysweptofftheWinter—King，andChristianIV。intherearofhim，andgotGermanyreadyforconvertingtoOrthodoxy，——wishednowtohavesomeholdoftheSeaboard，therebytopunishDenmark；naythereby，asishoped，toextendtheblessingsofOrthodoxyintoEngland，Sweden，Holland，andtheotherHereticStates，induetime。Forourplansgofar！
ThisistheKaiser’sfixedwish，risingtotherankofhopenowandthen:allEuropeshallbecomePapistagainbythehelpofGodandtheDevil。SotheKaiser，onhardlyanypretext，seizedMecklenburgfromtheProprietors，——"Traitors，howdurstyoujoinDanishChristian？"——andmadeWallensteinDukeofit。DukeofMecklenburg，"AdmiraloftheEASTSEA（Baltic）；"andsetto"buildingshipsofwarinRostock，"——hisplansgoingfar。[Kohler，Reichs—Historie，pp，524，525。]Thisdone，heseizedPommern，whichalsoisafineSea—country，——stirringupMaxofBavariatomakesomeidlepretencetoPommern，thatsotheKaisermightseizeit"insequestrationtilldecidedon。"
Underwhichhardtreatment，GeorgeWilhelmhadtositsadandsilent，——thoughtheStralsunderswouldnot。Hencetheworld—famousSiegeofStralsund（1628）；fierceWallensteindeclaring，"IwillhavetheTown，ifithungbyachainfromHeaven；"butfindinghecouldnotgetit；owingtotheSwedishsuccor，tothestubborntemperprevalentamongtheTownsfolk，andalsogreatlytotherainsandpeat—bogs。
AsecondUncleofGeorgeWilhelm’s，thatunluckyArchbishopofMagdeburgabovementioned，theKaiser，oncemorebyhisownarbitrarywill，putunderBanoftheEmpire，inthisSecondAct:
"Traitor，howdurstyoujoinwiththeDanes？"TheresultofwhichwasTilly’sSackofMagdeburg（10—12thMay，1631），atransactionneverforgettablebymankind。——AsforPommern，GustavAdolf，onhisinterveninginthesematters，landedthere:PommernwasnowseizedbyGustavAdolf，asalanding—placeandplace—of—arms，indispensableforSwedeninthepresentemergency；andwassoheldthenceforth。PommernwillnotfalltoGeorgeWilhelmatthistime。
THIRDACT，ANDWHATTHEKURFURSTSUFFEREDINIT。
AndnowweareatActTHIRD:——LandingofGustavAdolf"intheIsleofUsedom，24thJune，1630，"andonwardforEighteenYearstillthePeaceofWestphalia，in1648；——onwhich，asprobablybetterknowntothereader，wewillnotheregointodetails。InthisThirdActtoo，GeorgeWilhelmfollowedhisoldscheme，peaceatanyprice；——asshyofGustavashehadbeenofotherChampionsoftheCause；andexceptcomplaining，petitioningandmanifestoing，studiouslydidnothing。
Poorman，itwashisfatetostandintherangeofthesehugecollisions，——BridgeofDessau，SiegeofStralsund，SackofMagdeburg，BattleofLeipzig，——wheretheTitanswerebowlingrocksatoneanother；andhehoped，bydexterousskipping，toescapeshareofthegame。TokeepwellwithhisKaiser，——andsuchaKaisertoGermanyandtohim，——this，forGeorgeWilhelm，wasalwaysthefirstcommandment。IftheKaiserconfiscateyourUncles，againstlaw；seizeyourPommern；robyouonthepublichighways，——GeorgeWilhelm，eveninsuchcase，isfullofdubitations。NayhisPrime—Minister，oneSchwartzenberg，aCatholic，anAustrianOfficialatonetime，——ProgenitoroftheAustrianSchwartzenbergsthatnoware，——wassecretlyintheKaiser’sinterest，andiseventhoughttohavebeenintheKaiser’spay，allalong。
Gustav，athisfirstlanding，hadseizedPommern，andsweptitclearofAustrians，forhimselfandforhisownwants；nottooregardfulofGeorgeWilhelm’sclaimsonit。HeclearedoutFrankfurt—on—Oder，CustrinandotherBrandenburgTowns，inasimilarmanner，——bycannonandstorm，whenneedful；——drovetheImperialistsandTillyforthofthesecountries。Advancing，nextyear，tosaveMagdeburg，nowshriekingunderTilly’sbombardment，Gustavinsistedonhaving，ifnotsomebondofunionfromhisBrother—in—lawofBrandenburg，atleastthetemporarycessionoftwoPlacesofWarforhimself，SpandauandCustrin，indispensableinanyfartheroperation。WhichcessionKurfurstGeorgeWilhelm，thoughgivingallhisprayerstotheGoodCause，couldbynomeansgrant。Gustavhadtoinsist，withmoreandmoreemphasis；
advancingatlast，withmilitarymenace，uponBerlinitself。
HewasmetbyGeorgeWilhelmandhisCouncil，"inthewoodsofCopenick，"shortwaytotheeastofthatCity:thereGeorgeWilhelmandhisCouncilwanderedabout，sendingmessages，hopelesslyconsulting；sayingamongeachother，"Quefaire；ilsontdescanons，whatcanonedo；theyhavegotcannon？"[OEvresdeFredericleGrand
（Berlin，1846—1856etseqq。:MemoiresdeBrandebourg），i。38。Fortherest，Friedrich’sAccountoftheTransactionisverylooseandscanty:seePauli（iv。568）andhisminutedetails。]Formanyhoursso；roundtheinflexibleGustav，——
whowastherelikeafixedmilestone，andtoallquestionsandcomershadonlyoneanswer！——"Quefaire；ilsontdescanons？"Thiswasthe3dMay，1631。Thisprobablyisaboutthenadir—pointoftheBrandenburg—HohenzollernHistory。
ThelittleFriedrich，whobecameFredericktheGreat，inwritingofit，hasacertaingrimbanterinhistone；andlooksratherwithmockeryontheperplexitiesofhispoorAncestor，sofatallyignorantofthetimeofdayithadnowbecome。
Onthewhole，GeorgeWilhelmdidwhatistobecallednothing，intheThirty—YearsWar；hisfunctionwasonlythatofsuffering。
HefollowedalwaysthebadleadofJohannGeorge，ElectorofSaxony；amanofnostrength，devoutnessoradequatehumanworth；
whoproved，onthesenegativegrounds，andwithoutflagrancyofpositivebadness，anunspeakablecursetoGermany。NottilltheKaiserfulminatedforthhisRestitution—Edict，andshowedhewasinearnestaboutit（1629—1631），"RestoretoourHolyChurchwhatyouhavetakenfromhersincethePeaceofPassau！"——couldthisJohannGeorgeprevailuponhimselftojoinSweden，oreventodootherthanhateitforreasonshesaw。Seizedbythethroatinthismanner，andorderedtoDELIVER，Kur—Sachsendid，andBrandenburgalongwithhim，makeTreatywiththeSwede。[8thFebruary，1631（Kohler，Reichs—Historie，
pp。526—531。]inconsequenceofwhichtheytwo，somemonthsafter，bywayofco—operatingwithGustavonhisgreatmarchVienna—ward，sentaninvadingforceintoBohemia，Brandenburgcontributingsomepoor3，000toit；whotookPrag，andsomeotheropenTowns；
but"didalmostnothingthere，"saytheHistories，"exceptdineanddrink。"Itisclearenoughtheywereinstantlyscatteredhome[October，1633（Stenzel，i。503）。]atthefirstglimpseofWallensteindawningonthehorizonagaininthoseparts。
Gustavhavingvanished（FieldofLutzen，6thNovember，1632
[Pauli，iv。576。]），Oxenstiern，withhishighattitude，and"Presidency"ofthe"UnionofHeilbronn，"wasratheranoffencetoKur—Sachsen，whousedtobeforemostmanonsuchoccasions。
Kur—Sachsenbrokeawayagain；madehisPeaceofPrag，[1635，20thMay（Stenzel，i。513）。]whomBrandenburgagainfollowed；
Brandenburgandgraduallyalltheothers，exceptthenobleWilhelmofHessen—Casselalone。MiserablePeace；bitofChaoscloutedup，anddoneoverwithOfficialvarnish；——whichprovedtobethesignalforcontinuingtheWarbeyondvisiblelimits，andrenderingpeaceimpossible。
Afterthis，GeorgeWilhelmretiresfromthescene；livesinCustrinmainly；meremiserabledays，whichshallbeinvisibletous。Hediedin1640；and，exceptproducinganactivebraveSonveryunlikehimself，didnothingconsiderableintheworld。
"Quefaire；ilsontdescanons！"
AmongtheinnumerablesanguinarytusslingsofthisWararecountedThreegreatBattles，Leipzig，Lutzen，Nordlingen。UnderonegreatCaptain，SwedishGustav，andthetwoorthreeotherconsiderableCaptains，whoappearedinit，highpassagesoffuriousvalor，offinestrategyandtactic，areonrecord。Butonthewhole，thegrandweaponinit，andtowardsthelattertimestheexclusiveone，wasHunger。TheopposingArmiestriedtostarveoneanother；
atlowest，triedeachnottostarve。Eachtryingtoeatthecountry，oratanyratetoleavenothingeatableinit:whatthatwillmeanforthecountry，wemayconsider。AstheArmiestoofrequently，andtheKaiser’sArmieshabitually，livedwithoutcommissariat，oftenenoughwithoutpay，allhorrorsofwarandofbeingaseatofwar，thathavebeensinceheardof，arepoortothosethenpractised。Thedetailofwhichisstillhorribletoread。Germany，inalleatablequartersofit，hadtoundergotheprocess；——tortured，torntopieces，wrecked，andbrayedasinamortarundertheironmaceofwar。[Curiousincidentaldetailsofthestateitwasreducedto，intheRhineandDanubeCountries，turnupintheEarlofArundelandSurrey’sTRAVELS（"ArundeloftheMarbles"）asAmbassadorExtraordinarytotheEmperorFerdinandoII。in1636（asmallVolume，orPamphlet，London，1637）。]Brandenburgsawitstownssiegedandsacked，itscountrypopulationsdriventodespair，bytheonepartyandtheother。Threetimes，——firstinthe。WallensteinMecklenburgperiod，whilefireandswordweretheweapons，andagain，twiceover，intheultimatestagesofthestruggle，whenstarvationhadbecomethemethod——Brandenburgfelltobetheprincipaltheatreofconflict，whereallformsofthedismalwereattheirheight。
In1638，threeyearsafterthatprecious"PeaceofPrag，"theSwedes（BanierVERSUSGallas）starvingouttheImperialistsinthoseNorthwesternparts，theravagesofthestarvingGallasandhisImperialistsexcelledallprecedent；andthe"famineaboutTangermundehadrisensohighthatmenatehumanflesh，nayhumancreaturesatetheirownchildren。"[1638:Pauli，iv。604。]
"Quefaire；ilsontdescanons！"
ChapterXVII。
DUCHYOFJAGERNDORF。
ThisunfortunateGeorgeWilhelmfailedingettingPommernwhendue；Pommern，firmlyheldbytheSwedes，wasfarfromhim。
Butthatwasnottheonlylossofterritoryhehad。Jagerndorf，——
wehaveheardofJohannGeorgeofJagerndorf，UncleofthisGeorgeWilhelm，howoldJoachimFriedrichputhimintoJagerndorf，longsince，whenitfellhometotheElectoralHouse。Jagerndorfisnowlost；JohannGeorgeisunderREICHS—ACHT（BanofEmpire），eversincetheWinter—King’sexplosion，andthethunder—boltsthatfollowed；andwanderslandless；——nayheislongsincedead，andhassixfeetofearthforaterritory，farawayinTransylvania，ortheRIESEN—GEBIRGE（GiantMountains）somewhere。Concerningwhomawordnow。
DUKEOFJAGERNDORF，ELECTOR’SUNCLE，ISPUTUNDERBAN。
JohannGeorge，afrank—heartedvaliantman，concerningwhomonlygoodactions，andnobadone，areonrecord，hadnotabletroublesintheworld；badtroublestobeginwith，andworsetoendin。
HewassecondSonofKurfurstJoachimFriedrich，whohadmeanthimfortheChurch。[1577—1624:Rentsch，p。486。]TheyoungfellowwasCoadjutorofStrasburg，almostfromthetimeofgettingintoshort—clothes。Hewasthen，stillveryyoung，electedBishopthere（1592）；BishopofStrasburg，——butonlybytheProtestantpartoftheCanons；theCatholicpart，unabletosubmitlonger，andthinkingitagoodtimeforrevoltagainstaProtestantpopulationandobstinatelyheterodoxmajority，electedanotherBishop，——one"KarloftheHouseofLorraine；"andtherecametobedispute，andcameeventobefightingneeded。Fighting；whichprudentPapawouldnotenterinto，exceptfaintlyatsecond—hand，throughtheAnspachCousins，orothersthatwereinthehumor。Troublesometimesfortheyoungman；whichlastedadozenyearsormore。
AtlastaBargainwasmade（1604）；ProtestantandCatholicCanonssplittingthedifferenceinsomeway；andtheHouseofLorrainepayingJohannGeorgeagreatdealofmoneytogohomeagain。
[OEuvrescompletesdeVoltaire，97vols。
（Paris，1825—1832），xxxiii。284。——Kohler（Reichs—
Historie，p。487）givestheauthenticparticulars。]
PoorJohannGeorgecameoutofitinthatway；notsecond—best，thinkseveral。
Hewasthen（1606）putintoJagerndorf，whichhadjustfallenvacant；ourexcellentfatfriend，GeorgeFriedrichofAnspach，AdministratorofPreussen，havinglatelydied，andleftitvacant，aswesaw。GeorgeFriedrich’sdeathyieldedfineapanages，threeoftheminall:FIRSTAnspach，SECOND，Baireuth，andthisTHIRDofJagerndorfforastillyoungerBrother。TherewasstillafourthyoungerBrother，UncleofGeorgeWilhelm；ArchbishopofMagdeburgthisone；whoalso，aswehaveseen，gotintoREICHS—ACHT，intodeeptroubleintheThirty—YearsWar。HewasinTilly’sthrice—
murderousStormofMagdeburg（10thMay，1631）；wascaptured，tumbledaboutbythewildsoldiery，andnearlykilledthere。
Poorman，withhismitreandrochetsleftinsuchastate！IntheendheevenbecameCATHOLIC，——fromconviction，aswasevident，andbewildermentofmind；——andlivedinAustriaonapension；
occasionallypublishingpolemicalpamphlets。[1587；1628；1665
（Rentsch，pp。905—910）。]——
AstoJohannGeorge，hemuchrepairedandbeautifiedtheCastleofJagerndorf，saysRentsch:butheunfortunatelywentaheadintotheWinter—King’sadventure；which，inthatsadbattleoftheWeissenberg，madetotalshipwreckofitself，drawingJohannGeorgeandmuchelsealongwithit。JohannGeorgewasstraightwaytyrannouslyputtotheBan，forfeitedoflifeandlands:[22dJanuary，1621（Kohler，Reichs—Historie，
p。518:andrectifyHubner，t。178）。]JohannGeorgedisownedthesaidBan；stoodoutfiercelyforselfandWinter—King；anddidgoodfightingintheSilesianstrongholdsandmountain—passes:
butwasforcedtoseektemporaryshelterinSIEBENBURGEN
（Transylvania）；anddiedfaraway，inayearortwo（1624），whilereturningtotryitagain。Sleeps，Ithink，inthe"JablunkaPass；"thedumbGiant—Mountains（RIESEN—GEBIRGE）shroudinguphissadshipwreckandhim。
JagerndorfwasthusseizedbyFerdinandII。oftheHouseofHapsburg；andthoughitwascontrarytoalllawthattheKaisershouldkeepit，——poorJohannGeorgehavingleftSonsveryinnocentoftreason，andBrothers，andanElectoral。Nephew，veryinnocent，——towhom，byoldcompactsandnew，theHeritageindefectofhimwastofall，——neitherKaiserFerdinandII。norKaiserFerdinandIII。noranyKaiserwouldletgothehold；
butkeptJagerndorffastclenched，deaftoallpleadings，andmonitionsofgodsormen。Tillatlength，inthefourthgenerationafterwards，one"FriedrichtheSecond，"notunknowntous，——
asharplittleman，littleinstature，butlargeinfacultyandrenown，whoisnowcalled"FredericktheGreat，"——clutchedholdoftheImperialfist（sotospeak），seizinghisopportunityin1740；
andsowrenchedandtwistedsaidclosefist，thatnotonlyJagerndorfdroppedoutofit，butthewholeofSilesiaalongwithJagerndorf，therebeingotherclaimswithal。Andtheaccountwasatlastsettled，withcompoundinterest，——asinfactsuchaccountsaresuretobe，onewayorother。AndsoweleaveJohannGeorgeamongthedumbGiant—Mountainsagain。
ChapterXVIII。
FRIEDRICHWILHELM，THEGREATKURFURST，ELEVENTHOFTHESERIES。
BrandenburghadagainsunkverylowundertheTenthElector，intheunutterabletroublesofthetimes。ButitwasgloriouslyraisedupagainbyhisSonFriedrichWilhelm，whosucceededin1640。Thisishewhomtheycallthe"GreatElector（GROSSE
KURFURST）；"ofwhomthereismuchwritingandcelebratinginPrussianBooks。Asfortheepithet，itisnotuncommonamongpettyGermanpopulations，andmanytimesdoesnotmeantoomuch:
thusMaxofBavaria，withhisJesuitLambkinsandHyacinths，is，byBavarians，called"MaximiliantheGreat。"FriedrichWilhelm，bothbyhisintrinsicqualitiesandthesuccesshemetwith，deservesitbetterthanmost。Hissuccess，ifwelookwherehestartedandwhereheended，wasbeyondthatofanyothermaninhisday。HefoundBrandenburgannihilated，andheleftBrandenburgsoundandflourishing；agreatcountry，oralreadyonthewaytowardsgreatness。Undoubtedlyamostrapid，clear—eyed，activeman。Therewasastrokeinhimswiftaslightning，well—aimedmostly，andofarespectableweight，withal；whichshatteredasunderawholeworldofimpedimentsforhim，byassiduousrepetitionofitforfiftyyears。[1620；1640；1688。]
Therehardlyevercametosovereignpowerayoungmanoftwentyundermoredistressing，hopeless—lookingcircumstances。PoliticalsignificanceBrandenburghadnone；amereProtestantappendagedraggedaboutbyaPapistKaiser。HisFather’sPrime—Minister，aswehaveseen，wasintheinterestofhisenemies；notBrandenburg’sservant，butAustria’s。TheveryCommandantsofhisFortresses，CommandantofSpandaumoreespecially，refusedtoobeyFriedrichWilhelm，onhisaccession；"wereboundtoobeytheKaiserinthefirstplace。"Hehadtoproceedsoftlyaswellasswiftly；withthemostdelicatehandtogethimofSpandaubythecollar，andputhimunderlock—and—key，himasawarningtoothers。
Fortwentyyearspast，Brandenburghadbeenscouredbyhostilearmies，which，especiallytheKaiser’spartofwhich，committedoutragesnewinhumanhistory。Inayearortwohence，Brandenburgbecameagainthetheatreofbusiness；AustrianGallasadvancingthitheragain（1644），withintent"toshutupTorstensonandhisSwedesinJutland，"wheretheyhadbeenchastisingoldChristianIV。，nowmeddlesomeagain，forthelasttime，andneveragoodneighbortoSweden。Gallascouldbynomeansdowhatheintended:
onthecontrary，hehadtorunfromTorstenson，whatfeetcoulddo；washunted，heandhisMERODE—BRUDER（beautifulinventorsofthe"Marauding"Art），"tilltheyprettymuchalldied（CREPERTIN），"saysKoh1er。[Reichs—Historie，p。556；Pauli，v。24。]Nogreatlosstosociety，thedeathoftheseArtists:butwecanfancywhattheirlife，andespeciallywhattheprocessoftheirdying，mayhavecostpoorBrandenburgagain！——
FriedrichWilhelm’saim，inthisasinotheremergencies，wassun—cleartohimself，butformostpartdimtoeverybodyelse。
Hehadtowalkverywarily，Swedenononehandofhim，suspiciousKaiserontheother；hehadtowearsemblances，tobereadywithevasivewords；andadvancenoiselesslybymanycircuits。
Moredelicateoperationcouldnotbeimagined。Butadvancehedid:
advanceandarrive。Withextraordinarytalent，diligenceandfelicitytheyoungmanwoundhimselfoutofthisfirstfatalposition:gotthoseforeignArmiespushedoutofhisCountry，andkeptthemout。Hisfirstconcernhadbeentofindsomevestigeofrevenue，toputthatuponaclearfooting；andbyloansorotherwisetoscrapealittlereadymoneytogether。Onthestrengthofwhichasmallbodyofsoldierscouldbecollectedabouthim，anddrilledintorealabilitytofightandobey。Thisasabasis:
onthisfollowedallmannerofthings:freedomfromSwedish—
Austrianinvasions，asthefirstthing。