Hewashimself，asappearedbyandby，afighterofthefirstquality，whenitcametothat:butneverwaswillingtofightifhecouldhelpit。Preferredrathertoshift，manoeuvreandnegotiate；whichhedidinamostvigilant，adroitandmasterlymanner。Butbydegreeshehadgrowntohave，andcouldmaintainit，anArmyof24，000men:amongthebesttroopstheninbeing。
Withorwithouthiswill，hewasinallthegreatWarsofhistime，——thetimeofLouisXIV。，whokindledEuropefourtimesover，thriceinourKurfurst’sday。TheKurfurst’sDominions，alongstragglingcountry，reachingfromMemeltoWesel，couldhardlykeepoutofthewayofanywarthatmightrise。Hemadehimselfavailable，neveragainstthegoodcauseofProtestantismandGermanFreedom，yetalwaysintheplaceandwaywherehisownbestadvantagewastobehad。LouisXIV。hadoftenmuchneedofhim:
stilloftener，andmorepressingly，hadKaiserLeopold，thelittleGentleman"inscarletstockings，witharedfeatherinhishat，"
whomMr。Savageusedtoseemajesticallywalkingabout，withAustrianlipthatsaidnothingatall。[ACompleatHistoryofGermany，byMr。Savage（8vo，London，1702），p。553。WhothisMr。Savagewas，wehavenotrace。
PrefixedtothevolumeisthePortraitofasolidGentlemanofforty:gloomilypolite，withamplewigandcravat，——inalllikelihoodsomestudioussubalternDiplomatistintheSuccessionWar。HislittleBookisveryleanandbarren:butfaithfullycompiled，——andmighthavesomeilluminationinit，whereutterdarknessissoprevalent。Mostlikely，AddisonpickedhisstoryoftheSiegeofWeinsberg（"WomencarryingouttheirHusbandsontheirback，"——oneofhisbestSPECTATORS）outofthispoorBook。]His24，000excellentfighting—men，throwninattherighttime，wereoftenathingthatcouldturnthebalanceingreatquestions。Theyrequiredtobeallowedforatahighrate，——whichhewellknewhowtoadjusthimselfforexactingandsecuringalways。
WHATBECAMEOFPOMMERNATTHEPEACE；FINALGLANCEINTOCLEVE—JULICH。
WhenthePeaceofWestphalia（1648）concludedthatThirty—YearsConflagration，andswepttheashesofitintoorderagain，FriedrichWilhelm’srighttoPommernwasadmittedbyeverybody:
andwellinsistedonbyhimself:butrighthadtoyieldtoreasonofstate，andhecouldnotgetit。TheSwedesinsistedontheirexpenses:theSwedesheldPommern，hadallalongheldit，——inpawn，theysaid，fortheirexpenses。NothingforitbuttogivetheSwedesthebetterhalfofPommern。FORE—Pommern（sotheycallit，"SwedishPomerania"thenceforth），whichliesnexttheSea:
this，withsomeTownsandcuttingsoverandabove，wasSweden’sshare:FriedrichWilhelmhadtoputupwithHINDER—Pommern，dockedfurthermoreoftheTownofStettin，andofothervaluablecuttings，infavorofSweden。MuchtoFriedrichWilhelm’sgriefandjustanger，couldhehavehelpedit。
TheygavehimThreesecularizedBishoprics，Magdeburg，Halberstadt，Minden，withothersmallremnants，forcompensation；
andhehadtobecontentwiththeseforthepresent。ButhenevergaveuptheideaofPommern:muchoftheeffortofhislifewasspentuponrecoveringFore—Pommern:thrice—eageruponthat，wheneverlawfulopportunityoffered。Tonopurposethen:henevercouldrecoverSwedishPommern；onlyhislatedescendants，andthatbyslowishdegrees，couldrecoveritall。ReadersrememberthatBurgermeisterofStettin，withthehelmetandswordflungintothegraveandpickedoutagain:——andcanjudgewhetherBrandenburggotitsgoodluckquitebylyinginbed！——
Once，andonceonly，hehadavoluntarypurposetowardsWar，anditremainedapurposeonly。SoonafterthePeaceofWestphalia，oldPfalz—Neuburg，thesamewhogottheslapontheface，wentintotyrannousproceedingsagainsttheProtestantpartofhissubjectsinJulich—Cleve:whocalledtoFriedrichWilhelmforhelp。FriedrichWilhelm，azealousProtestant，maderemonstrances，retaliations:erelongthethoughtstruckhim，"Suppose，backedbytheDutch，wethrewoutthisfantasticoldgentleman，hisPapistries，andpretendedclaimsandself，clearoutofit？"
ThiswasFriedrichWilhelm’sthought；andhesuddenlymarchedtroopsintotheTerritory，withthatview。ButEuropewasinalarm，theDutchgrewfaint:FriedrichWilhelmsawitwouldnotdo。HehadaconferencewitholdPfalz—Neuburg:"Younggentleman，werememberhowyourGrandfathermadefreewithusandouraugustcountenance！Neverthelesswe——"Infine，the"statisticofTreaties"wasincreasedbyOne:andtherethematterrestedtillcalmertimes。
In1666，asalreadysaid，aneffectivePartitionoftheselitigatedTerritorieswasaccomplished:PrussiatohavetheDuchyofCleve—Proper，theCountiesofMarkandRavensburg，withotherPatchesandPertinents:Neuburg，whatwasthebettershare，tohaveJulichDuchyandBergDuchy。Furthermore，ifeitheroftheLinesfailed，innosortwasacollateraltobeadmitted:
butBrandenburgwastoinheritNeuburg，orNeuburgBrandenburg，asthecasemightbe。[Pauli，v。120—129。]AclearBargainthisatlast:andinthetimesthathadcome，itprovedexecutablesofar。
ButifthereaderfanciestheLawsuitwasatlastoutinthisway，hewillbeasimplereader！InthedaysofourlittleFritz，theLineofPfalz—Neuburgwasevidentlyending:butthatBrandenburgandnotacollateralshouldsucceedit，therelaythequarrel，——
openstill，asifithadneverbeenshut:andweshallhearenoughaboutit！——
THEGREATKURFURST’SWARS:WHATHEACHIEVEDINWARANDPEACE。
FriedrichWilhelm’sfirstactualappearanceinWar，Polish—
SwedishWar（1655—1660），wasinvoluntaryinthehighestdegree:
forceduponhimforthesakeofhisPreussen，whichbadefairtobelostorruined，withoutblameofhisorits。Nevertheless，heretoohemadehisbenefitoftheaffair。ThebigKingofSwedenhadastandingquarrelwithhisbigCousinofPoland，whichbrokeoutintohotWar；littlePreussenlaybetweenthem，andwasliketobecrushedinthecollision。SwedishKingwasKarlGustav，Christina’sCousin，CharlesTwelfth’sGrandfather；agreatandmightyman，lionoftheNorthinhistime:PolishKingwasoneJohnCasimir；chivalrousenough，andwithcloudsofforwardPolishchivalryabouthim，glitteringwithbarbaricgold。FrederickIII。，DanishKingforthetimebeing，healsowasmuchinvolvedinthething。FainwouldFriedrichWilhelmhavekeptoutofit，buthecouldnot。KarlGustavasgoodasforcedhimtojoin:hejoined；
foughtalongwithKarlGustavanillustriousBattle；"BattleofWarsaw，"threedayslong（28—30thJuly，l656），ontheskirtsofWarsaw，——crowds"lookingfromtheupperwindows"there；Polishchivalry，brokenatlast，goinglikechaffuponthewinds，andJohnCasimirnearlyruined。
Shortlyafterwhich，FriedrichWilhelm，whohadshonemuchintheBattle，changedsides。Aninconsistent，treacherousman？
Perhapsnot，Oreader；perhapsamanadvancing"incircuits，"theonlywayhehas；spirally，facenowtoeast，nowtowest，withhisownreasonableprivateaimsun—cleartohimallthewhile？
JohnCasimiragreedtogiveupthe"HomageofPreussen"forthisservice；agrandprizeforFriedrichWilhelm。[TreatyofLabiau，10thNovember，1656（Pauli，v。73—75）；20thNovember（Stenzel，iv。
128，——whoalwaysusesNEWSTYLE）。]WhattheTeutschRittersstroveforinvain，andlosttheirexistenceinstrivingfor，theshiftyKurfursthasnowgot:DucalPrussia，whichisalsocalledEastPrussia，isnowafreesovereignty，——andwillbecomeas"Royal"astheotherPolishpart。Orperhapsevenmoreso，inthecourseoftime！——KarlGustav，inahighframeofmind，informstheKurfurst，thathehashimonhisbooks，andwillpaythedebtoneday！
Adangerousdebtorinsuchmatters，thisKarlGustav。Inthesesamemonths，busywiththeDanishpartoftheControversy，hewasdoingafeatofwar，whichsetallEuropeinastonishment。
InJanuary，1658，KarlGustavmarcheshisArmy，horse，footandartillery，totheextentoftwentythousand，acrosstheBalticice，andtakesanIslandwithoutshipping，——IslandofFunen，acrosstheLittleBelt；threemilesofice；andapartoftheseaopen，whichhastobecrossedonplanks。Nay，forwardfromFunen，whenoncethere，heachievestenwholemilesmoreofice；
andtakesZealanditself，[Holberg’sDanemarkischeReichs—Historie，pp。406—409。]——tothewonderofallmankind。Animperious，stern—browed，swift—strikingman；whohaddreamedofanewGothEmpire:ThemeanHypocritesandFribblesoftheSouthtobecoercedagainbynobleNorsevalor，andtaughtanewlesson。HasbeenknowntolayhishandonhisswordwhileapprisinganAmbassador（DutchHigh—Mightiness）whathisroyalintentionswere:"Notthesaleorpurchaseofgroceries，observeyou，Sir！Myaimsgohigher！"——CharlesTwelfth’sGrandfather，andsomewhatthesametypeofman。
ButKarlGustavdied，shortwhileafter；[13thFebruary，1660，age38。]lefthisbigwide—ragingNorthernControversytocollapseinwhatwayitcould。Swedenandthefighting—partiesmadetheir"PeaceofOliva"（AbbeyofOliva，nearDantzig，1stMay，1660）；
andthisofPreussenwasratified，inallform，amongtheotherpoints。Nohomagemore；nothingnowaboveDucalPrussiabuttheHeavens；andgreattimescomingforit。ThiswasoneofthesuccessfuleststrokesofbusinesseverdonebyFriedrichWilhelm；
whohadbeenforced，bysheercompulsion，toembarkinthatbiggame。——"RoyalPrussia，"theWesternorPOLISHPrussia:thistoo，asallNewspapersknow，has，inourtimes，gonethesameroadastheother。Whichprobably，afterall，itmayhavehad，inNature，sometendencytodo？Cutaway，forreasons，bythePolishsword，inthatBattleofTannenberg，longsince；andthen，alsoforreasons，cutbackagain！Thatisthefact；——notunexampledinhumanHistory。
OldJohannCasimir，notlongafterthatPeaceofOliva，gettingtiredofhisunrulyPolishchivalryandtheirways，abdicated；——
retiredtoParis；and"livedmuchwithNinonde1’Enclosandhercircle，"fortherestofhislife。HeusedtocomplainofhisPolishchivalry，thattherewasnosolidityinthem；nothingbutoutsideglitter，withtumultandanarchicnoise；fatalwantofoneessentialtalent，thetalentofObeying；andhasbeenheardtoprophesythatagloriousRepublic，persistinginsuchcourses，wouldarriveatresultswhichwouldsurpriseit。
Onwardfromthistime，FriedrichWilhelmfiguresintheworld；
publicmenwatchinghisprocedure；Kingsanxioustosecurehim，——
DutchprintsellersstickinguphisPortraitsforahero—
worshippingPublic。Fightinghero，hadthePublicknownit，wasnothisessentialcharacter，thoughhehadtofightagreatdeal。
HewasessentiallyanIndustrialman；greatinorganizing，regulating，inconstrainingchaoticheapstobecomecosmicforhim。Hedrainsbogs，settlescoloniesinthewaste—placesofhisDominions，cutscanals；unweariedlyencouragestradeandwork。
TheFRIEDRICH—WILHELM’SCANAL，whichstillcarriestonnagefromtheOdertotheSpree，[Executed，1662—1668；fifteenEnglishmileslong（Busching，ERDBESCHREIBUNG，vi，2193）。]isamonumentofhiszealinthisway；creditable，withthemeanshehad。TothepoorFrenchProtestants，intheEdict—of—NantesAffair，hewaslikeanexpressBenefitofHeaven:oneHelperappointed，towhomthehelpitselfwasprofitable。HemunificentlywelcomedthemtoBrandenburg；showedreallyanoblepietyandhumanpity，aswellasjudgment；nordidBrandenburgandhewanttheirreward。
Some20，000nimbleFrenchsouls，evidentlyofthebestFrenchquality，foundahomethere；——made"wastesandsaboutBerlinintopotherbgardens；"andinthespiritualBrandenburg，too，didsomethingofhorticulture，whichisstillnoticeable。[Erman（weakBiographerofQueenSophie—Charlotte，alreadycited），
Memoirespourseviral’HistoiredenRefugiesFrancaisdanslesEtatsduRoidePrusse（Berlin，1782—1794），8tt。8vo。]
CertainlythisElectorwasoneoftheshiftiestofmen。Notanunjustmaneither。Apious，God—fearingmanrather，stanchtohisProtestantismandhisBible；notunjustbyanymeans，——nor，ontheotherhand，byanymeansthick—skinnedinhisinterpretingsofjustice:Fair—playtomyselfalways；oroccasionallyeventheHeightofFair—play！Onthewhole，byconstantenergy，vigilance，adroitactivity，byanever—readyinsightandaudacitytoseizethepassingfactbyitsrighthandle，hefoughthiswaywellintheworld；leftBrandenburgaflourishingandgreatlyincreasedCountry，andhisownnamefamousenough。
Athick—setstalwartfigure；withbriskeyes，andhighstrongirregularlyRomannose。GoodbronzeStatueofhim，bySchluter，onceafamedman，stillridesontheLANGE—BRUCKE（Long—Bridge）atBerlin；andhisPortrait，inhugefrizzledLouis—Quatorzewig，isfrequentlymetwithinGermanGalleries。CollectorsofDutchPrints，too，knowhim:hereagallant，eagle—featuredlittlegentleman，briskinthesmilesofyouth，withplumes，withtruncheon，capriolingonhiswar—charger，viewoftentsinthedistance；——thereasedate，ponderous，wrinklyoldman，eyesslightlypuckered（eyesBUSIERthanmouth）；afacewell—ploughedbyTime，andnotfoundunfruitful；oneofthelargest，mostlaborious，potentfaces（inanoceanofcircumambientperiwig）tobemetwithinthatCentury。[BothPrintsareDutch；theYounger，mycopyoftheYounger，haslosttheEngraver’sName（Kurfurst’sageistwenty—seven）；theElderisbyMASSON，1633，whenFriedrichWilhelmwassixty—three。]TherearemanyHistoriesabouthim，too；
buttheyarenotcomfortabletoread。[G。D。Geyler，
LebenundThatenFriedrichWihelmsdesGrossen
（FrankfortandLeipzig，1703），folio。FranzHorn，DasLebenFriedrichWilhelmsdesGrossen（Berlin，1814）。
Pauli，Staats—Geschichte，Bandv。（Halle，1764）。Pufendorf，DerebusgestisFridericiWilhelmiMagniElectorisBrandenburgensisCommentaria（Lips。
etBerol。1733，fol。）]HealsohaswantedasacredPoet；andfoundonlyabewilderingDryasdust。
HisTwograndFeatsthatdwellinthePrussianmemoryareperhapsnoneofhisgreatest，butwereofakindtostriketheimagination。Theybothrelatetowhatwasthecentralproblemofhislife，——therecoveryofPommernfromtheSwedes。ExploitFirstisthefamed"BattleofFEHRBELLIN（FerryofBellEEN），"foughtonthe18thJune，1675。FehrbellinisaninconsiderableTownstillstandinginthosepeatyregions，somefive—and—thirtymilesnorthwestofBerlin；andhadforagesplieditspoorFerryovertheoily—looking，brown，sluggishstreamcalledRhin，orRheininthoseparts，withouttheleastnoticefrommankind，tillthisfellout。ItisaplaceofpilgrimagetopatrioticPrussians，eversinceFriedrichWilhelm’sexploitthere。Thematterwentthus:——
FriedrichWilhelmwasfighting，farsouthinAlsace，onKaiserLeopold’sside，intheLouis—FourteenthWar；thatsecondone，whichendedinthetreatyofNimwegen。Doinghisbestthere，——whentheSwedes，eggedonbyLouisXIV。，madewaruponhim；crossedthePomeranianmarches，troopaftertroop，andinvadedhisBrandenburgTerritorywithaforcewhichatlengthamountedtosome16，000
men。Nohelpforthemoment:FriedrichWilhelmcouldnotbesparedfromhispost。TheSwedes，whohadatfirstprofessedwell，graduallywentintoplunder，roving，harrying，attheirownwill；
andamelancholytimetheymadeofitforFriedrichWilhelmandhisPeople。Luckyiftemporaryharmwerealltheilltheywerelikelytodo；luckyif——！Hestoodsteady，however；inhissolidmanner，finishingthethinginhandfirst，sincethatwasfeasible。Hethenevenretiredintowinter—quarters，toresthismen；andseemedtohavelefttheSwedish16，000autocratsofthesituation；whoaccordinglywentstormingaboutatagreatrate。
Notso，however；veryfarindeedfromso。Havingrestedhismenforcertainmonths，FriedrichWilhelmsilentlyinthefirstdaysofJune（1675）getsthemundermarchagain；marches，hisCavalryandheasfirstinstalment，withbestspeedfromSchweinfurt，[Stenzel，ii。347。]whichisontheriverMain，toMagdeburg；
adistanceoftwohundredmiles。AtMagdeburg，wherehereststhreedays，waitingforthefirsthandfuloffootandafield—
pieceortwo，helearnsthattheSwedesareinthreepartieswideasunder；themiddlepartyofthemwithinfortymilesofhim。
Probablystronger，eventhismiddleone，thanhissmallbody（of"sixthousandHorse，twelvehundredFootandthreeguns"）；——
stronger，butcapableperhapsofbeingsurprised，ofbeingcutinpieces，beforetheotherscancomeup？Rathenauisthenearestskirtofthismiddleparty:thithergoestheKurfurst，softly，swiftly，intheJunenight（16—17thJune，1675）；getsintoRathenau，bybriskstratagem；tumblesouttheSwedishHorse—
regimentthere，drivesitbacktowardsFehrbellin。
Hehimselffollowshard；——swiftridingenough，inthesummernight，throughthosedampHavellands，intheoldHohenzollernfashion:andindeedoldFreisackCastle，asitchances，——Freisack，sceneofDietrichvonQuitzowandLAZYPEGlongsince，——iscloseby！Followshard，wesay:strikesinuponthismidmostparty（nearlytwicehisnumber，butInfantryforthemostpart）；
andafterfiercefight，donewithgoodtalentonbothsides，cutsitintoutterruin，asproposed。TherebyhehaslefttheSwedishArmyasamereheadandtailWITHOUTbody；hasentirelydemolishedtheSwedishArmy。[Stenzel，ii。350—357。]SamefeatintrinsicallyasthatdonebyCromwell，onHamiltonandtheScots，in1648。
Itwas，sotospeak，thelastvisitSwedenpaidtoBrandenburg，orthelastofanyconsequence；andendedthedominationoftheSwedesinthosequarters。AthingjustlytobeforeverrememberedbyBrandenburg；——onasmallishmodernscale，theBannockburn，Sempach，Marathon，ofBrandenburg。[SeePauli，v。161—169；
Stenzel，ii。335，340—347，354；Kausler，AtlasdesplusmemorablesBatailles，CombatsetSieges，orAtlasdermerkwurdigstenSchlachten，TreffenundBelagerungen（GermanandFrench，CarlsruheandFreiburg，1831），p。417，Blatt62。]
ExploitSecondwasfouryearslater；insomesortacorollarytothis；andawinding—upoftheSwedishbusiness。TheSwedes，infartherprosecutionoftheirLouis—Fourteenthspeculation，hadinvadedPreussenthistime，andweredoingsadhavocthere。Itwasinthedeadofwinter，Christmas，1678，morethanfourhundredmilesoff；andtheSwedes，tosaynothingoftheirotherhavoc，wereinacasetotakeKonigsberg，andruinPrussiaaltogether，ifnotprevented。FriedrichWilhelmstartsfromBerlin，withtheopeningYear，onhislongmarch；theHorse—troopsfirst，Foottofollowattheirswiftest；hehimself（hisWife，hisever—true"Louisa，"accompanying，asherwontwas）travels，towardstheend，attherateof"sixtymilesaday。"Hegetsinstillintime，findsKonigsbergunscathed。Nayitisevensaid，theSwedesareextensivelyfallingsick；having，afteralongfamine，foundinfinite"pigs，nearInsterburg，"inthoseremoteregions，andindulgedinthefreshporkovermuch。
Iwillnotdescribethesubsequentmanoeuvres，whichwouldinterestnobody:enoughifIsaythatonthe16thofJanuary，1679，ithadbecomeofthehighestmomentforFriedrichWilhelmtogetfromCarwe（VillagenearElbing）ontheshoreoftheFRISCHE
HAF，wherehewas，throughKonigsberg，toGilgeontheCURISCHE
HAF，wheretheSwedesare，——inaminimumoftime。Distance，asthecrowflies，isaboutahundredmiles；road，whichskirtsthetwoHAFS[Pauli，v。215—222；Stenzel，ii。392—397。]（wideshallowWASHES，asweshouldnamethem），isofroughquality，andnaturallycircuitous。Itisringingfrostto—day，andfordaysback:——FriedrichWilhelmhastilygathersallthesledges，allthehorsesofthedistrict；mountssomefourthousandmeninsledges；
starts，withthespeedoflight，inthatfashion。Scoursalongallday，andaftertheinterveningbitofland，againalong；awakeningtheice—boundsilences。GloomyFrischeHaf，wraptinitsWintercloud—coverlids，withitswastesoftumbledsand，itspoorfrost—
boundfishing—hamlets，pine—hillocks，——desolate—looking，sternasGreenlandormoreso，saysBusching，whotravelledthereinwinter—time，[Busching’sBeitrage（Halle，1789），vi。160。]——hearsunexpectedhumannoises，andhugegrindingandtrampling；thefourthousand，inlongfleetofsledges，scouringacrossit，inthatmanner。Alldaytheyrushalong，——outoftherimyhazesofmorningintotheolive—coloredcloudsofeveningagain，——withhugeloud—grindingrumble；——anddoarriveintimeatGilge。Anotablestreakofthings，shootingacrossthosefrozensolitudes，intheNew—Year，1679；——littleshortofKarlGustav’sfeat，whichweheardof，intheotherorDanishendoftheBaltic，twentyyearsago，whenhetookIslandswithoutships。
ThisSecondExploit——suggestedornotbythatprioroneofKarlGustavontheice——isstillathingtoberememberedbyHohenzollernsandPrussians。TheSwedeswerebeatenhere，onFriedrichWilhelm’srapidarrival；weredrivenintodisastrousrapidretreatNorthward；whichtheyexecuted，inhungerandcold；
fightingcontinually，likeNorthernbears，underthegrimsky；
FriedrichWilhelmstickingtotheirskirts，——holdingbytheirtail，likeanangrybear—wardwithsteelwhipinhishand。Athingwhich，onthesmallscale，remindsoneofNapoleon’sexperiences。
NottillNapoleon’shugefighting—flight，ahundredandthirty—
fouryearsafter，didIreadofsuchatransactioninthoseparts。
TheSwedishinvasionofPreussenhasgoneutterlytoruin。
Andthis，then，istheendofSweden，anditsbadneighborhoodontheseshores，whereithastyrannouslysatonourskirtssolong？
SwedishPommerntheElectoralreadyhad:lastyear，comingtowardsiteversincetheExploitofFehrbellin，hehadinvadedSwedishPommern；hadbesiegedandtakenStettin，nayStralsundtoo，whereWallensteinhadfailed；——clearedPommernaltogetherofitsSwedishguests。WhohadtriednextinPreussen，withwhatluckwesee。
OfSwedishPommerntheElectormightnowsay:"Surelyitismine；
againmine，asitlongwas；wellwonasecondtime，sincethefirstwouldnotdo！"Butno:——LouisXIV。provedagentlemantohisSwedes。Louis，nowthatthePeaceofNimwegenhadcome，andonlytheElectorofBrandenburgwasstillinharness，saidsteadily，thoughanxiousenoughtokeepwellwiththeElector:"Theyaremyallies，theseSwedes；itwasonmybiddingtheyinvadedyou:canI
leavetheminsuchapass？Itmustnotbe！"SoPommernhadtobegivenback。AmisswhichwasinfinitelygrievoustoFriedrichWilhelm。ThemostvictoriousElectorcannothitalways，werehisrightneversogood。
Anothermisswhichhehadtoputupwith，inspiteofhisrights，andhisgoodservices，wasthatoftheSilesianDuchies。
TheHeritage—FraternitywithLiegnitzhadatlength，in1675，cometofruit。ThelastDukeofLiegnitzwasdead:DuchiesofLiegnitz，ofBrieg，Wohlau，areBrandenburg’s，iftherewererightdone！
ButKaiserLeopoldinthescarletstockingswillnothearofHeritage—Fraternity。"Nonsense！"answersKaiserLeopold:"Athingsuppressedatonce，agesago；byImperialpower:flatZEROofathingatthistime；——andyou，Iagainbidyou，returnmeyourPapersuponit！"ThislatteractofdutyFriedrichWilhelmwouldnotdo；butcontinuedinsisting。[Pauli，v。321。]"Jagerndorfatleast，OKaiseroftheworld，"saidhe；"Jagerndorf，thereisnocolorforyourkeepingthat！"TowhichtheKaiseragainanswers，"Nonsense！"——andevenfallsuponastonishingschemesaboutit，asweshallsee；——butgivesnothing。DucalPreussenissovereign，CleveisatPeace，Hinter—Pommernours；——thisElectorhasconqueredmuch:buttheSilesianHeritagesandVor—Pommern，andsomeotherthings，hewillhavetodowithout。LouisXIV。，itisthought，onceofferedtogethimmadeKing；[Ib。vii。215。]butthathedeclinedforthepresent。
Hismarriedanddomesticlifeisveryfineandhuman；especiallywiththatOranien—NassauPrincess，whowashisfirstWife（1646—1667）；PrincessLouisaofNassau—Orange；AunttoourownDutchWilliam，KingWilliamIII。，intimecoming。AnexcellentwisePrincess；fromwhomcametheOrangeHeritages，whichafterwardsproveddifficulttosettle:——OrangewasatlastexchangedforthesmallPrincipalityofNeufchatelinSwitzerland，whichisPrussia’seversince。"Oranienburg（ORANGE—BURG），"aRoyalCountry—house，stillstanding，sometwentymilesnorthwardsfromBerlin，wasthisLouisa’splace:shehadtrimmeditupintoalittlejewel，oftheDutchtype，——potherbgardens，training—
schoolsforyounggirls，andthelike；——afavoriteabodeofhers，whenshewasatlibertyforrecreation。Butherlifewasbusyandearnest:shewashelpmate，notinnameonly，toanever—busyman。
Theyweremarriedyoung；amarriageoflovewithal。
YoungFriedrichWilhelm’scourtship，weddinginHolland；
thehonesttrustfulwalkandconversationofthetwoSovereignSpouses，theirjourneyingstogether，theirmutualhopes，fearsandmanifoldvicissitudes；tillDeath，withsternbeauty，shutitin:
——allishuman，trueandwholesomeinit；interestingtolookupon，andrareamongsovereignpersons。
Notbutthathehadhistroubleswithhiswomankind。EvenwiththishisfirstWife，whomhelovedtruly，andwhotrulylovedhim，therewerescenes；theLadyhavingajudgmentofherownabouteverythingthatpassed，andtheManbeingcholericwithal。
Sometimes，Ihaveheard，"hewoulddashhishatatherfeet，"
sayingsymbolically，"Governyou，then，Madam！NottheKurfurst—Hat；aCoifismywear，itseems！"[Forster，
FriedrichWilhelmI。KonigvonPreussen（Potsdam，1834），i。177。]Yetherjudgmentwasgood；andhelikedtohaveitontheweightiestthings，thoughherpowersofsilencemighthaltnowandthen。Hehasbeenknown，onoccasion，torunfromhisPrivy—Counciltoherapartment，whileacomplexmatterwasdebating，toaskheropinion，herstoo，beforeitwasdecided。
ExcellentLouisa；Princessfullofbeautifulpiety，good—senseandaffection；atouchoftheNassau—Heroicinher。Atthemomentofherdeath，itissaid，whenspeechhadfled，hefelt，fromherhandwhichlayinhis，threeslight，slightpressures:"Farewell！"
thricemutelyspokeninthatmanner，——noteasytoforgetinthisworld。[Wegfuhrer，LebenderKurfurstinLuise（Leipzig，1838），p。175。]
HissecondWife，Dorothea，——whoplantedtheLindensinBerlin，anddidotherhusbandries，ofwhomwehaveheard，fellfarshortofLouisainmanythings；butnotintendencytoadvise，toremonstrate，andplaintivelyreflectonthefinishedandunalterable。Dreadfullythriftylady，moreover；didmuchindairyproduce，farmingoftown—rates，provision—taxes:nottospeakagainofthatTavernshewasthoughttohaveinBerlin，andtodrawcustomtoinanobliquemanner！WhatscenesshehadwithFriedrichherstepson，wehaveseen。"Ah，IhavenotmyLouisanow；towhomnowshallIrunforadviceorhelp！"wouldthepoorKurfurstattimesexclaim。
Hehadsometrouble，considerabletroublenowandthen，withmutinousspiritsinPreussen；menstandingonantiquePrussianfranchisesandparchments；refusingtoseethatthesamewerenowantiquated，incompatible，nottosayimpossible，asthenewSovereignalleged；andcarryingthemselvesverystifflyattimes。
ButtheHohenzollernshadbeenusedtosuchthings；aHohenzollernlikethisonewouldevidentlytakehismeasures，softbutstrong，andeverstrongertotheneedfulpitch，withmutinousspirits。
OneBurgermeisterofKonigsberg，aftermuchstrokingontheback，wasatlengthseizedinopenHall，byElectoralwrit，——soldiershavingfirstgentlybarricadedtheprincipalstreets，andbroughtcannontobearuponthem。ThisBurgermeister，seizedinsuchbriefway，layprisonerforlife；refusingtoaskhisliberty，thoughitwasthoughthemighthavehaditonasking。[Horn，DasLebenFriedrichWilhelmsdesGrossen（Berlin，1814），p。68。]
Anothergentleman，aBaronvonKalkstein，ofoldTeutsch—Bitterkin，ofveryhighways，intheProvincialEstates（STANDE）andelsewhere，gotintoloftyalmostsolitaryopposition，andatlengthintomutinyproper，againstthenew"Non—PolishSOVEREIGN，"
andflatlyrefusedtodohomageathisaccessioninthatnewcapacity。[Supra，pp。383，etseqq。]Refused，Kalksteindid，forhisshare；fledtoWarsaw；andveryfiercely，inaloudmanner，carriedonhismutiniesintheDietsandCourt—Conclavesthere；
hispleabeing，orpleaforthetime，"Polandisourliegelord[whichitwasnotalways]，andwecannotbetransferredtoyou，exceptbyourconsentaskedandgiven，"whichtoohadbeenalittleneglectedontheformeroccasionoftransfer。SothattheGreatElectorknewnotwhattodowithKalkstein；andatlength（asthecasewaspressing）hadhimkidnappedbyhisAmbassadoratWarsaw；hadhim"rolledintoacarpet"there，andcarriedswiftlyintheAmbassador’scoach，intheformofluggage，overthefrontier，intohisnativeProvince，theretobejudged，and，intheend（sincenothingelsewouldservehim），tohavethesentenceexecuted，andhisheadcutoff。Forthecasewaspressing！[Horn，pp。80—82。]——Thesethings，especiallythisofKalkstein，withaboisterousPolishDietandparliamentaryeloquenceintherearofhim，gaverisetocriticism；andrequiredmanagementonthepartoftheGreatElector。
OfallhisAncestors，ourlittleFritz，whenhegrewbig，admiredthisoue。Amanmadelikehimselfinmanypoints。Heseemsreallytohavelovedandhonoredthisone。Intheyear1750therehadbeenanewCathedralgotfinishedatBerlin；theancestralboneshadtobeshiftedoverfromthevaultsoftheoldone，——theburying—placeeversinceJoachimII。，thatJoachimwhodrewhisswordonAlba。"KingFriedrich，withsomeattendants，witnessedtheoperation，January，1750。WhentheGreatKurfurst’scoffincame，hemadethemopenit；gazedinsilenceonthefeaturesforsometime，whichwereperfectlyrecognizable；laidhishandonthehandlongdead，andsaid，’Messieurs，celui—ciafaitdegrandeschoses（Thisonedidagreatwork）！’"[SeePreuss，i。270。]
Hedied29thApril，1688；——lookingwithintenseinterestuponDutchWilliam’spreparationstoproduceaGloriousRevolutioninthisIsland；beingalwaysofanardentProtestantfeeling，andasincerelyreligiousman。Friedrich，Crown—Prince，agethenthirty—one，andalreadymarriedasecondtime，wasofcourseleftChiefHeir；——who，aswesee，hasnotdeclinedtheKingship，whenachanceforitoffered。TherewerefourHalf—brothersofFriedrich，too，whogotapanages，appointments。Theyhadatonetimeconfidentlylookedformuchmore，theirMotherbeingbusy；
butwereobligedtobecontent，andconformtotheGERABONDandfundamentalLawsoftheCountry。TheyareentitledMargraves；
twoofwhomleftchildren，MargravesofBrandenburg—Schwedt，HEERMEISTERS（HeadoftheMalta—Knighthood）atSonnenburg，StatthaltersinMagdeburg，orIknownotwhat；whosenamesturnupconfusedlyinthePrussianBooks；and，exceptastemporarygenealogicalpuzzles，arenotofmuchmomenttotheForeignreader。HappilythereisnothingelseinthewayofPrincesoftheBlood，inourlittleFriedrich’stime；andhappilywhatconcernhehadwiththese，orhowhewasrelatedtothem，willnotbeabstrusetous，ifoccasionrise。
ChapterXIX。
KINGFRIEDRICHI。AGAIN。
WesaidtheGreatElectornevercouldworkhisSilesianDuchiesoutofKaiserLeopold’sgrip:toallhisurgenciesthelittleKaiserinredstockingsansweredonlyinevasions，refusals；
andwouldquitnothing。WenoticedalsowhatquarrelstheyoungElectoralPrince，Friedrich，afterwardsKing，hadgotintowithhisStepmother；suddenlyfeelingpoisonedafterdinner，runningtohisAuntatCassel，comingbackontreaty，andthelike。Thesearetwofactswhichthereaderknows:andoutofthesetwogrewathird，whichitisfitheshouldknow。
Inhislastyears，theGreatElector，wornoutwithlabor，andharassedwithsuchdomestictroublesoverandabove，hadevidentlyfallenmuchunderhisWife’smanagement；cuttingoutlargeapanages（clearagainsttheGERABOND）forherchildren；——longingprobablyforquietinhisfamilyatanyprice。AstothepooryoungPrince，negotiatedbackfromCassel，helivedremote，andhadfallenintoopendisfavor，——withaveryilleffectuponhisfunds，foronething。Hisfatherkepthimsomewhattightonthemoney—side，itisalleged；andhehadratheraturnforspendingmoneyhandsomely。HewasalsoinsomealarmabouttheproposedapanagestohisHalf—brothers，theMargravesabovementioned，ofwhichtherewererumorsgoing。
HOWAUSTRIASETTLEDTHESILESIANCLAIMS。
NowinthesecircumstancestheAustrianCourt，whoatthistime（1685）greatlyneededtheElector’shelpagainstTurksandothers，andfoundhimveryurgentabouttheseSilesianDuchiesofhis，felluponwhatImustcallaveryextraordinaryshiftforgettingridoftheSilesianquestion。"SereneHighness，"saidthey，bytheirAmbassadoratBerlin，"toendthesetroublesometalks，andtoliquidateallclaims，admissibleandinadmissible，aboutSilesia，theImperialMajestywillgiveyouanactualbitofTerritory，valuable，thoughnotsolargeasyouexpected！"
TheElectorlistenswithbothears:WhatTerritory，then？
The"CircleofSchwiebus，"hangingonthenorthwesternedgeofSilesia，contiguoustotheElector’sownDominionsintheseFrankfurt—on—Oderregions:thisthegenerousImperialMajestyproposestogiveinfee—simpletoFriedrichWilhelm，andsotoendthematter。TrulyamostsmallpatchofTerritoryincomparison；
notbiggerthananEnglishRutlandshire，tosaynothingofsoilandclimate！Butthenagainitwasanactualpatchofterritory；
notamereparchmentshadowofone:thislastwasatemptingpointtotheoldharassedElector。Suchfriendlyoffertheymadehim，Ithink，in1685，atthetimetheyweregetting8，000ofhistroopstomarchagainsttheTurksforthem；averyneedfulserviceatthemoment。"Bythebye，donotmarchthroughSilesia，you！——
Ormarchfaster！"saidthecautiousAustriansonthisoccasion:
"OtherroadswillanswerbetterthanSilesia！"saidthey。[Pauli，v。327，332。]BaronFreytag，theirAmbassadoratBerlin，hadnegotiatedtheaffairsofar:"CircleofSchwiebus，"saidFreytag，"andletushavedonewiththesethornytalks！"
ButBaronFreytaghadbeenbusy，inthemeanwhile，withtheyoungPrince；secretlyofferingSympathy，counsel，help；ofallwhichthepoorPrincestoodinneedenough。"WewillhelpyouinthatdangerousmatteroftheApanages，"saidFreytag；"Helpyouinallthings，"——Isupposehewouldsay，——"necessarypocket—moneyisnotathingyourHighnessneedwant！"AndthusBaronFreytag，whatisverycurious，hadmanagedtobargainbeforehandwiththeyoungPrince，Thatdirectlyoncomingtopower，hewouldgiveupSchwiebusagain，SHOULDtheofferofSchwiebusbeacceptedbyPapa。TowhicheffectBaronFreytagheldasignedBond，dulyexecutedbytheyoungman，beforePapahadconcludedatall。
Whichisverycuriousindeed！——
PooroldPapa，wornoutwithtroubles，acceptedSchwiebusinliquidationofallclaims（8thApril，1686），andafewdaysaftersethismenonmarchagainsttheTurks:——and，exactlytwomonthsbeforehand，onthe8thofFebruarylast，thePrincehadsignedHIS
secretengagement，ThatSchwiebusshouldbeamerephantasmtoPapa；thathe，thePrince，wouldrestoreitonhisaccession。
BoththesesingularParcbments，signed，sealedanddoneintheduelegalform，laysimultaneouslyinFreytag’shand；andprobablyenoughtheyexistyet，insomedustycorner，amongthesolemnsheepskinsoftheworld。ThisisliterallytheplanhituponbyanImperialCourt，toassistayoungPrinceinhispecuniaryandotherdifllculties，andgetridofSilesianclaims。
Planactuallynotunlikethatofswindlingmoney—lenderstoayounggentlemanindifficulties，andofmanageableturn，whohasgotintotheirhands。
TheGreatElectordiedtwoyearsafter；Schwiebustheninhishand。ThenewElector，onceinstructedastothenatureoftheaffair，refusedtogiveupSchwiebus；[19thSeptember，1689
Pauli，vii。74）。]declaredthetransactionaswindle:——andinfact，forsevenyearsmore，retainedpossessionofSchwiebus。
ButtheAustrianCourtinsisted，withemphasis，atlengthwiththreats（noinsuperablepressurefromLouis，ortheTurks，atthistime）；thepoorcheatedElectorhad，atlast，togiveupSchwiebus，intermsofhispromise。[31stDecember，1694。]Hetookactthatithadbeenasurreptitioustransaction，palmeduponhimwhileignorant，andwhilewithouttheleastauthorityorpowertomakesuchapromise；thathewasnotboundbyit，norwouldbe，exceptoncompulsionthusfar:andastobindingBrandenburgbyit，howcouldhe，atthatperiodofhishistory，bindBrandenburg？
Brandenburgwasnotthenhistobind，anymorethanChinawas。
HisRathshadadvisedFriedrichagainstgivingupSchwiebusinthatmanner。Buthisanswerisonrecord:"Imust，Iwillandshallkeepmyownword。ButmyrightsonSilesia，whichIcouldnot，anddonotintheseunjustcircumstances，compromise，Ileaveintactformyposteritytoprosecute。IfGodandthecourseofeventsorderitnootherwisethannow，wemustbecontent。ButifGodshallonedaysendtheopportunity，thosethatcomeaftermewillknowwhattheyhavetodoinsuchcase。"[Pauli，vii。150。]
AndsoSchwiebuswasgivenup，theAustrianspayingbackwhatBrandenburghadlaidoutinimprovingit，"250，000GULDEN（25，000
pounds）；"——andtheHandofPowerhadinthisway，finallyasithoped，settledanoldtroublesomeaccountofBrandenburg’s。
SettledtheSilesian—DuchiesClaim，bythetemporaryPhantasmofaGiftofSchwiebus。ThatisliterallytheLiegnitz—Jagerndorfcase；
andthereaderistonoteitandrememberit。ForitwillturnupagaininHistory。TheHandofPowerisverystrong:butastrongermayperhapsgetholdofitsknucklesoneday，atanadvantageoustime，anddoafeatuponit。
The"eventualsuccessiontoEastFriesland，"whichhadbeenpromisedbytheReich，sometenyearsago，totheGreatElector，"forwhathehaddoneagainsttheTurks，andwhathehadsufferedfromthoseSwedishInvasions，intheCommonCause:"thisshadowofSuccession，theKaisernowsaid，shouldnotbehaggledwithanymore；butbeactuallyrealized，andtheImperialsanctiontoitnowgiven，——effecttofollowIFtheFrieslandLinediedout。
LetthisbesomeconsolationforthelossofSchwiebusandyourSilesianDuchies。HereinFrieslandistheghostofacomingpossession；thereinSchwiebuswastheghostofagoingone:
phantasmsyoushallnotwantfor；buttheHandofPowerpartsnotwithitsrealities，howevercomeby。
HISREALCHARACTER。
PoorFriedrichledaconspicuouslifeasElectorandKing；butnopublicfeathedidnowconcernsuslikethisprivateoneofSchwiebus。Historicallyimportant，this，andrequiringtoberemembered，whilesomuchelsedemandsmereoblivionfromus。
Hewasaspiritedman；didsoldierings，fineSiegeofBonn（July—October，1689），siegesandcampaignings，inperson，——valiantinaction，royalespeciallyinpatiencethere，——duringthatThirdWarofLouis—Fourteenth’s，theTreaty—of—Ryswickone。AllthroughtheFourth，orSpanishSuccession—War，hisPrussianTen—Thousand，ledbyfitgenerals，showedeminentlywhatstufftheyweremadeof。WitnessLeopoldofAnhalt—Dessau（stillaYOUNGDessauer）onthefieldofBlenheim；——Leopoldhadtherightwingthere，andsavedPrinceEugenewhowasotherwiseblowntopieces，whileMarlboroughstormedandconqueredontheleft。WitnessthesameDessaueronthefieldofHochstadttheyearbefore，[VarnhagenvonEnse，BiographischeDenkmale（Berlin，1845），ii，155。]howhemanagedtheretreatthere。OrseehimattheBridgeofCassano（1705）；intheLinesofTurin（1706）；[
DesweltberuhndenFurstensLeopoldivonAnhult—DessauLebenundThaten（Leipzig，1742，anonymous，byoneMICHAEL
RANFFT），pp。53，61。]whereverhotservicewasonhand。
AtMalplaquet，inthosemurderousinexpugnableFrenchLines，bloodiestofobstinateFights（upwardsofthirtythousandleftontheground），thePrussiansbragthatitwastheywhopickedtheirwaythroughacertainpeat—bog，reckonedimpassable；andgotfairlyinupontheFrenchwing，——tothehugecomfortofMarlborough，andlittleEugenehisbriskcomradeonthatoccasion。
MarlboroughknewwelltheworthofthesePrussiantroops，andalsohowtostrokehisMajestyintocontinuingtheminthefield。
HewasanexpensiveKing，surroundedbycabals，byWartenbergsmaleandfemale，bywhirlpoolsofintrigues，which，nowthatthegameisover，becomeveryforgettable。Butonefindshewasastrictlyhonorableman；withacertainheightandgenerosityofmind，capableofothernoblenessthantheupholsterykind。Hehadwhatwemaycallahardlifeofit；didandsufferedagooddealinhisdayandgeneration，notatallinadishonestorunmanfulmanner。Infact，heisquiterecognizablyaHohenzollern，——withhisbackhalfbroken。Readersrecollectthatsadaccident:howtheNurse，inoneofthoseheadlongjourneyswhichhisFatherandMotherwerealwaysmaking，letthepoorchildfallorjerkbackward；andspoiledhimmuch，andindeedwasthoughttohavekilledhim，bythatpieceofinattention。HewasnotyetHereditaryPrince，hewasonlysecondson:buttheelderdied；
andhebecameElector，King；andhadtogowithhisspinedistorted，——distortionnotglaringlyconspicuous，thoughundeniable；——andtoacttheHohenzollernSO。Naywhoknowsbutitwasthisveryjerk，andthehalf—ruinofhisnervoussystem，——thisdoubledwishtobebeautiful，andthiscrookedbackcapableofbeinghidordecoratedintostraightness，——thatfirstsetthepoormanonthinkingofexpensiveornamentalities，andKingshipsinparticular？HistorywillforgivetheNurseinthatcase。
PerhapsHistoryhasdwelttoomuchontheblindsideofthisexpensiveKing。Toland，onenteringhiscountry，wasstruckratherwiththesignsofgoodadministrationeverywhere。NosoonerhaveyoucrossedthePrussianBorder，outofWestphalia，saysToland，thansmoothhighways，well—tilledfields，andageneralairofindustryandregularity，areevident:solidmilestones，brass—bound，andwithbrassinscription，tellthetravellerwhereheis；whofindsdueguidanceoffinger—posts，too，andtheblessingofhabitableinns。Thepeopleseemalltobebusy，diligentlyoccupied；villagesreasonablysweptandwhitewashed；——
neverwasabettersetofParishChurches；whethernew—builtorold，theyareallinbrand—newrepair。ThecontrastwithWestphaliaisimmediateandgreat；butindeedthatwasasadcountry，toanybodybutapatientToland，whoknowsthecausesofphenomena。Noinnsthere，exceptofthenaturallysavagesort。
"Amanisveryhappyifhefindscleanstrawtosleepon，withoutexpectingsheetsorcoverings；lethimreadilydispensewithplates，forksandnapkins，ifhecangetanythingtoeat……
Hemustbecontenttohavethecows，swineandpoultryforhisfellow—lodgers，andtogoinatthesamepassagethatthesmokecomesoutat，forthere’snootherventforitbutthedoor；
whichmakesforeignerscommonlysaythatthepeopleofWestphaliaentertheirhousesbythechimney。"Andobservewithal:"Thisisthereasonwhytheirbeefandhamsaresofinelypreparedandripened；forthefireplacebeingbackwards，thesmokemustspreadoverallthehousebeforeitgetstothedoor；whichmakeseverythingwithinofarussetorsablecolor，notexceptingthehandsandfacesofthemeanersort。"[AnAccountoftheCourtsofPrussiaandHanover，byMr。Toland（citedalready），p。4。]IfPrussiayieldtoWestphaliainham，inallelsesheisstrikinglysuperior。
HefoundedUniversities，thispoorKing；UniversityofHalle；
RoyalAcademyofBerlin，Leibnitzpresiding:hefoughtforProtestantism；——didwhathecouldforthecauseofCosmosVERSUS
Chaos，afterhisfashion。ThemagnificencesofhisCharlottenburgs，OranienburgsandnumerousCountry—housesmakeTolandalmostpoetic。Anaffablekindlymanwithal，thoughquickoftemper；hiswordsacredtohim。Amanofmanytroubles，andacquaintedwith"theinfinitelylittle（L’INFINIMENTPETIT），"
ashisQueentermedit。
ChapterXX。
DEATHOFKINGFRIEDRICHI。
OldKingFriedrichI。hadnotmuchmoretodointheworld，afterwitnessingthechristeningofhisGrandsonoflikename。
Hisleadingforthorsendingforthoftroops，hismultiplexnegotiations，solemnceremonials，sadchangesofministry，sometimestransacted"withtears，"aremostlyended；
theever—whirlingdust—vortexofintrigues，ofwhichhehasbeenthecentreforafive—and—twentyyears，issettlingdownfinallytowardseverlastingrest。NomorewillMarlboroughcomeanddexterouslytalkhimover，——proudto"serveascupbearer，"onoccasion，tosohighaKing——fornewbodiesofmentohelpinthenextcampaign:wehaveceasedtobeaKingworthyofsuchacupbearer，andMarlborough’scampaignstooareallended。
Muchisended。TheyaredoingthesorrowfulTreatyofUtrecht；
LouisXIV。himselfisending；mournfullyshrunkintothecorner，withhisMissalandhisMaintenon；lookingbackwithjusthorroronEuropefourtimessetablazeforthesakeofonepoormortalinbigperiwig，tonopurpose。LuckyifperhapsMissal—work，orthodoxlitanies，andevenProtestantDragonnades，canhavevirtuetowipeoutsuchascoreagainstaman！UnhappyLouis:thesun—brightgoldhasbecomedimascopper；weroseinstorms，andwearesettinginwateryclouds。TheKaiserhimself（KarlVI。，Leopold’sSon，JosephI。’syoungerBrother）willhavetoconformtothisTreatyofUtrecht:whatotherpossibilityforhim？
TheEnglish，alwaysawonderfulNation，foughtandsubsidiedfromsidetosideofEuropeforthisSpanish—Suceessionbusiness；
foughttenyears，suchfightingastheyneverdidbeforeorsince，under"JohnDukeofMarlborough，"who，asiswellknown，"beattheFrenchthoroughandthorough。"Frenchentirelybeatenatlast，notwithoutheroicdifficultyandasnobletalentaswasevershownindiplomacyandwar，arereadytodoyourwillinallthings；
inthisofgivingupSpain，amongothers:——whereupontheEnglishturnround，withasuddennewthought，"No，wewillnothaveourWILLdone；itshallbetheotherway，thewayitWAS，——nowthatwebethinkourselves，afterallthisfightingforourwill！"
AndmakePeaceonthoseterms，asifnowarhadbeen；andaccusethegreatMarlboroughofmanythings，oftheftforone。
AwonderfulPeople；andintheirContinentalPolitics（whichindeedconsistchieflyofSubsidies）thricewonderful。SotheTreatyofUtrechtistransactingitself；whichthatofRastadt，onthepartofKaiserandEmpire，unabletogetonwithoutSubsidies，willhavetofollow:andaftersuchquantitiesofpowderburnt，andcourageousliveswasted，generalAS—YOU—WEREistheresultarrivedat。
OldFriedrich’sAmbassadorsarepresentatUtrecht，janglingandpleadingamongtherest；atBerlintoothedespatchofbusinessgoeslumberingon；butwhatthing，intheshapeofbusiness，atUtrechtoratBerlin，isofmuchimportancetotheoldman？
SeemsasifEnropeitselfwerewaxingdim，andsinkingtostupidsleep，——aswe，inourpoorroyalperson，fullsurelyare。ACrownhasbeenachieved，anddiamondbuttonsworth1，500poundsapiece；
butwhatisaCrown，andwhatarebuttons，afterall？——IsupposethetattleandSINGERIESoflittleWilhelmina，whomhewouldspendwholedayswith；thisandoccasionalvisitstoayoungFritzchen’scradle，whoisthrivingmoderately，andwillspeakanddoaperiesoneday，——arehismainsolacementsinthedaysthatarepassing。
MuchofthisFriedrich’slifehasgoneofflikethesmokeoffire—works，hasfadedsorrowfully，andprovedphantasmal。HereisanoldAutographNote，writtenbyhimatthesideofthatCradle，andtouchingonaslighteventthere；which，asitconnectstwovenerableCorrespondentsandtheirSeventeenthCenturywithagrandPhenomenonoftheEighteenth，wewillinserthere。TheoldKingaddresseshisolderMother—in—law，famedElectressSophieofHanover，intheseterms（spellingcorrected）:——
"CHARLOTTENBURG，den30August，1712。
"Ew。Churf。Durchlauchtwerdensichzweifelsohnemitunserfreuen，dassderkleinePrintz（PRINZ）Fritznuhnmero（NUNMEHR）
6Zehne（ZAHNE）hatundohnediegeringsteincommoditet（—TAT）。
DarauskannmanauchdiePREDESTINATIONsehen，dassalleseineBruderhabendaransterbenmussen，dieseraberbekommtsieohneMuhewieseineSchwester。Gotterhalteihnunsnochlangezumtrohst（TROST），indessenSchutzichdieselbeergebeundlebenslangverbleibe，"Ew。Churf。Durchl。gehorsamsterDienerundtreuerSohn，"FRIEDRICHR。"
[Preuss，FriedrichderGrosse（HistorischeSkizze，Berlin，1838），p。380。
OfwhichthisistheliteralEnglish:——
"YourElectoralSerenitywilldoubtlessrejoicewithusthatthelittlePrinceFritzhasnowgothissixthtoothwithouttheleastINCOMMODITE。Andthereinwemaytraceapre—destination，inasmuchashisBrothersdiedofteething[Notofcannon—soundandweightofhead—gear，then，yourMajestythinks？Thatwereapainfulthought？]；andthisone，ashisSister[WILHELMINA]did，getsthem[THETEETH]withouttrouble。
Godpreservehimlongforacomforttous:——towhoseprotectionIcommitDIESELBE[YourElectoralHighness，inthethirdperson]，andremainlifelong，"YourElectoralHighness’smostobedientServantandtrueSon，"FRIEDRICHREX。"
OneofFriedrichRex’sworstadventureswashislatest；commencedsomefiveorsixyearsago（1708），andnownotfarfromterminating。HewasaWidower，ofweaklyconstitution，towardsfifty:hisbeautifulingenious"Serena，"withallherTheologies，pinch—of—snuffCoronationsandotherearthlytroubles，wasdead；
andthetaskofcontinuingtheHohenzollernprogeny，givenovertoFriedrichWilhelmthePrinceRoyal，wasthoughttobeingoodhands。MajestyFriedrichwiththeweakbackhadretired，in1708，toKarlsbad，torestfromhiscares；totakethesalutarywaters，andrecruithisweaknervesalittle。Here，inthecourseofconfidentialpromenadings，itwashinted，itwasrepresentedtohimbysomepickthankofacourtier，ThatthetaskofcontinuingtheHohenzollernprogenydidnotseemtoprosperinthepresentgoodhands；thatSophieDorothee，PrincessRoyal，hadalreadybornetworoyalinfantswhichhadspeedilydied:thatinfactitwastobegatheredfromthemedicalmen，ifnotfromtheirwords，thenfromtheirlooksandcautiousinnuendoes，thatSophieDorothee，PrincessRoyal，wouldneverproduceaPrinceorevenPrincessthatwouldlive；whichtask，therefore，didnowagainseemtodevolveuponhisMajesty，ifhisMajestyhadnotinsuperableobjections？Majestyhadnoinsuperableobjections；
oldMajestylistenedtotheflatteringtale；and，sureenough，hesmartedforitinasignalmanner。
Bydueindustry，aPrincesswasfixeduponforBride，PrincessSophieLouisaofMecklenburg—Schwerin，agenowtwenty—four:
shewasgotasWife，andcamehometoBerlininallpomp；——butgoodcamenotwithhertoanybodythere。Notonlydidshebringthepooroldmannochildren，whichwasafaulttobeoverlooked，consideringSophieDorothee’ssuccess；butshebroughtaquerulous，weakandself—sufficientfemalehumor；foundhisreligionheterodox，——hebeingCalvinist，andperhapsevenlax—Calvinist，sheLutheranasthePrussianNationis，andstricttothebone:——heterodoxwholly，tothelengthofnosalvationpossible；andtimesroseontheBerlinCourtsuchashadneverbeenseenbefore！"Nosalvationpossible，saysmyDearest？Hah！
AndaninnocentCourt—MaskorDancingSoireeiscriminalinthesightofGodandoftheQueen？Andwearechildrenofwrathwholly，andafrivolousgeneration；andtheQueenwillseeusall——！"
Theendwas，hisMajesty，throughsadsolitarydaysandnights，repentedbitterlythathehadweddedsuchaShe—Dominic；
grewquiteestrangedfromher；thepoorShe—Dominicgivinghimduereturninherway，——namely，livingaltogetherinherownapartments，uponorthodoxy，jealousyandotherbadnourishment。
Tillatlengthshewentquitemad；and，excepttheduemedicalandotherattendants，nobodysawher，orspokeofher，atBerlin。
WasthisacheeringissueofsuchanadventuretothepooroldexpensiveGentleman？Heendeavoredtodigestinsilencethebittermorselhehadcookedforhimself；butreflectedoften，asanoldKingmight，WhatdirthaveIeaten！
InthiswaystandsthatmatterintheSchlossofBerlin，whenlittleFriedrich，whowillonedaybecalledtheGreat，isborn。
HabitsoftheexpensiveKing，hoursofrising，modesofdressing，andsoforth，aretobefoundinPollnitz；[Pollnitz，
MemoirenzurLebens—undRegierungs—GeschichtederVierletztenRegentendesPreussischenStaats（Berlin，1791）。
Avague，inexact，butnotquiteuninstructiveoruninterestingBook:PrintedalsoinFRENCH，whichwastheOriginal，sameplaceandtime。]butwecharitablyomitthemall。EvenfromfoolishPollnitzagoodeyewillgather，whatwasaboveintimated，thatthisfeeble—backed，heavy—ladenoldKingwasofhumaneandjustdisposition；haddignityinhisdemeanor；hadreticence，patience；
and，thoughhot—temperedlikealltheHohenzollerns，thatheborehimselflikeaperfectgentlemanforonething；andtotteredalonghishigh—lyinglonesomeroadnotinanunmanfulmanneratall。
Hadnothisnervesbeendamagedbythatfallininfancy，whoknowsbutwemighthavehadsomethingelsetoreadofhimthanthathewasregardlessofexpenseinthisworld！
Hislastscene，ofdateFebruary，1713，isthetragicalultimatumofthatfineKarlsbadadventureoftheSecondmarriage，——Thirdmarriage，infact，thoughtheFirst，anteriorto"Serena，"isapttobeforgotten，havinglastedshortwhile，andproducedonlyaDaughter，notmemorableexceptbyaccident。ThisThirdmarriage，whichhadbroughtsomanysorrowstohim，provedatlengththedeathoftheoldman。Forhesatonemorning，inthechillFebruarydaysoftheYear1713，inhisApartment，asusual；
weakofnerves，butthinkingnospecialevil；when，suddenlywithhugejingle，theglassdoorofhisroomwenttosherds；andthererushedin——bleedinganddishevelled，thefatal"WhiteLady"
（WEISSEFRAU），whoisunderstoodtowalkthatSchlossatBerlin，andannounceDeathtotheBoyalinhabitants。Majestyhadfainted，orwasfainting。"WeisseFrau？Ohno，yourMajesty！"——notthat；
butindeedsomethingalmostworse。——MadQueen，inherApartments，hadbeenseized，thatday，whenhalforquarterdressed；
withunusualorthodoxyorunusualjealousy。Watchingheropportunity，shehadwhiskedintothecorridor，inextremedeshabille；andgone，likethewildroe，towardsMajesty’sSuiteofRooms；throughMajesty’sglassdoor，likeacatapult；
andemergedaswesaw，——inpetticoatandshift，withhairstreaming，eyesglittering，armscut，andtheothersadtrimmings。
OHeaven，whocouldlaugh？TherearetearsduetoKingsandtoallmen。Itwasdeepmisery；deepenough"SINandmisery，"asCalvinwellsays，ontheonesideandtheother！ThepooroldKingwascarriedtobed；andneverroseagain，butdiedinafewdays。
ThedateoftheWEISSEFRAU’Sdeath，onemighthavehoped，wasnotdistanteither；butshelasted，inhersadstate，forabovetwentyyearscoming。
OldKingFriedrich’sdeath—daywas25thFebruary，1713；
theunconsciouslittleGrandsonbeingtheninhisFourteenthmonth。Towhom，afterthislong，voyageroundtheworld，wenowgladlyreturn。
*BywayofreinforcementtoanyrecollectionthereadermayhaveoftheseTwelveHohenzollernKurfursts，Iwillappendacontinuouslistofthem，withhereandthereanindication。
THETWELVEHOHENZOLLERNELECTORS。
1。FRIEDRICHI。（asBurggraf，wasFriedrichVI。）:born，itisinferred，1372（Rentsch，p。350）；accession，18thApril，1417；
died21stSeptember，1440。HadcometoBrandenburg，1412，asStatthalter。TheQuitzowsandHEAVYPEG。
2。FRIEDRICHII。:19thNovember，1413；21stSeptember，1440；
10thFebruary，1472。FriedrichIRONTEETH；tamestheBerlinBurghers。SpokePolish，wastohavebeenPolishKing。Cannon—shotuponhisdinner—tableshattershisnervesso，thatheabdicates，andsoondies。JOHANNESALCHYMISTAhiselderBrother；ALBERT
ACHILLEShisyounger。
3。ALBERT（Achilles）:24thNovember，1414；10thFebruary，1471；
11thMarch，1486。ThirdsonofFriedrichI。；islinealProgenitorofalltherest。
EldestSon，JOHANNCICERO，followsasKurfurst；aYoungerSon，FRIEDRICH（byadifferentMother），gotCulmbach，andproducedtheElderLinethere。（SeeGenealogicalDiagram。）
4。JOHANN（Cicero）:2dAugust，1455；11thMarch，1486；9thJanuary，1499。BigJohn。FriedrichofCulmbach’selder（Half—）
Brother。
5。JOACHIMI。:21stFebruary，1484；9thJanuary，1499；11thJuly，1535。LoudintheReformationtimes；finallydeclaresperemptorilyfortheConservativeside。Wife（SisterofChristianII。ofDenmark）runsaway。
YoungerBrotherAlbertKur—Mainz，whomHuttencelebrated；born1490；ArchbishopofMagdeburgandHalberstadt1513，ofMaim1514；
died1545:setTetzel，andtheIndulgence，onfoot。
6。JOACHIMII。（Hector）:9thJanuary，1505；11thJuly，1535；
3dJanuary，1571。SworddrawnonAlbaonce。ERBVERBRUDERUNGwithLiegnitz。StaircaseatGrimnitz。AweightyindustriousKurfurst。
DeclaredhimselfProtestant，1539。FirstWife（motherofhisSuccessor）wasDaughtertoDukeGeorgeofSaxony，Luther’s"IfitrainedDukeGeorges。"——JohannofCustrinwasayoungerBrotherofhis:diedtendaysafterJoachim；leftnoSon。
7。JOHANNGEORGE:11thSeptember，1525；3dJanuary，1571；
8thJanuary，1598。Cannon—shot，atSiegeofWittenberg，uponKaiserKarlandhim。GeraBond。
MarriedaSilesianDukeofLiegnitz’sDaughter（resultoftheERBVERBRUDERUNGthere，——Antea，p。231）。Hadtwenty—threechildren。
ItwastohimthatBaireuthandAnspachfellhome:hesettledthemonhissecondandhisthirdsons，ChristianandJoachimErnst；
foundersoftheNewLineofBaireuthandAnspach。（SeeGenealogicalDiagram。）
8。JOACHIMFRIEDRICH:27thJanuary，1546；8thJanuary，1598；
18thJuly，1608。ArchbishopofMagdeburgfirstofall，——tokeeptheplacefilled。JoachimsthalSchoolatoldCastleofGrimnitz。
VeryvigilantforPreussen；whichwasnearfallingdue。
TwoofhisYoungerSons，JohannGeorge（1577—1624）towhomhegaveJAGERNDORF，andthatArchbishopofMagdeburg，whowaspresentinTilly’sstorm，gotbothwreckedintheThirty—YearsWar；——notwithoutresults，intheJagerndorfcase。
9。JOHANNSIGISMUND:8thNovember，1572；18thJuly，1608；
23dDecember，1619。Preussen:Cleve；SlaponthefacetoNeuburg。
10。GEORGEWILHELM:3dNovember，1595；22dNovember，1619；
21stNovember，1640。TheunfortunateoftheThirty—YearsWar。
"Quefaire；ilsontdescanons！"
11。FRIEDRICHWILHELM:6thFebruary，1620；21stNovember，1640；
29thApril，1688。TheGreatElector。
12。FRIEDRICHIII。:1stJuly，1657；29thApril，1688；
25thFebruary，1713。FirstKing（18thJanuary，1701）。
GENEALOGICALDIAGRAM:THETWOCULMBACHLINES。
3dKURFURST（1471—1486）
ALBERTACHILLES。
ELDERCULMBACHLINE。
FRIEDRICH，secondsonofKurfurstAlbertAchilles，youngerBrotherofJohannesCicero，gotCULMBACH:Anspachfirst，thenBaireuthonthedeathofayoungerBrother。Born1460；gotAnspach1486；
Baireuth1495；followedMaxinhisVENETIANCAMPAIGN，1508；
fellIMBECILE1515；died1536。HadaPolishWife；fromwhomcameinterestsinHungaryaswellasPolandtohischildren。FriedrichhadThreenotableSons，1。CASIMIR，whogotBAIREUTH（1515）:born1481；died1527。
VerytruculentinthePeasants’War。
ALBERTALEIBIADES:amanofgreatmarkinhisday（1522—1557）；
nevermarried。TwoSisters，withoneofwhomhetookshelteratlast；noBrother。
2。GEORGETHEPIOUS，whogotANSPACH（1515）:born1484；died1543；
gotJagerndorf，bypurchase，fromhisMother’sHungarianconnection，1524。Protestantdeclared，1528；andmakeshonorablefigureintheHistoriesthenceforth。TheGeorgeofKaiserKarl’s"Nit—Kop—ab。"OneSon，GEORGEFRIEDRICH；born1539；wenttoadministerPreussenwhenCousinbecameincompetent；died1603。HeirtohisFatherinANSPACHandJAGERNDORF；alsotohisCousinAlcibiadesinBAIREUTH。
Hadbeenleftaminor（boyof4，asthereadersees）；
AlcibiadeshisGuardianforalittlewhile:fromwhichcamegreatdifficulties，andunjustruinwouldhavecome，hadnotKurfurstJoachimI。beenhelpfulandvigorousinhisbehalf。
GeorgeFriedrichgotatlengthmostofhisTerritoriesintohand:
AnspachandBaireuthunimpaired，Jagerndorftoo，exceptthatRatiborandOppelnweremucheatenintobytheImperialchicaneriesinthatquarter。Died1603，withoutchildren；——uponwhichhisTerritoriesallrevertedtothemainBrandenburgline，namely，toJohannGeorgeSeventhKurfurst，orhisrepresentatives，accordingtotheGERABOND；andthe"ElderCulmbachLine"hadendedinthismanner。
3。ALBERT；born1490；HochmeisteroftheTeutschRitters，1511；
declareshimselfProtestant，andDukeofPrussia，1525；died1568。