Flecteresinequeosuperos，Acherontamovebo。PREFACETOTHETHIRDGERMANEDITIONWHEREAStherewasaspaceofnineyearsbetweenthefirstandsecondeditionsofthisbook，theneedofathirdeditionwasapparentwhenlittlemorethanayearhadelapsed。Ioughttobegratifiedbythischange；butifIwasunwillingpreviouslytoattributetheneglectofmyworktoitssmallvalue，Icannottaketheinterestwhichisnowmakingitsappearanceasproofofitsquality。
　　TheadvanceofscientificknowledgehasnotleftTheInterpretationofDreamsuntouched。WhenIwrotethisbookin1899therewasasyetno"sexualtheory，"andtheanalysisofthemorecomplicatedformsofthepsychoneuroseswasstillinitsinfancy。Theinterpretationofdreamswasintendedasanexpedienttofacilitatethepsychologicalanalysisoftheneuroses；butsincethenaprofounderunderstandingoftheneuroseshascontributedtowardsthecomprehensionofthedream。Thedoctrineofdream-interpretationitselfhasevolvedinadirectionwhichwasinsufficientlyemphasizedinthefirsteditionofthisbook。Frommyownexperience，andtheworksofStekelandotherwriters，*Ihavesincelearnedtoappreciatemoreaccuratelythesignificanceofsymbolismindreamsorrather，inunconsciousthought。
　　Inthecourseofyears，amassofdatahasaccumulatedwhichdemandsconsideration。
　　Ihaveendeavoredtodealwiththeseinnovationsbyinterpolationsinthetextandfootnotes。Iftheseadditionsdonotalwaysquiteadjustthemselvestotheframeworkofthetreatise，oriftheearliertextdoesnoteverywherecomeuptothestandardofourpresentknowledge，Imustbegindulgenceforthisdeficiency，sinceitisonlytheresultandindicationoftheincreasinglyrapidadvanceofourscience。Iwillevenventuretopredictthedirectionsinwhichfurthereditionsofthisbook-shouldtherebeademandforthem-maydivergefrompreviouseditions。Dream-interpretationmustseekacloserunionwiththerichmaterialofpoetry，myth，andpopularidiom，anditmustdealmorefaithfullythanhashithertobeenpossiblewiththerelationsofdreamstotheneurosesandtomentalderangement。
　　HerrOttoRankhasaffordedmevaluableassistanceintheselectionofsupplementaryexamples，andhasrevisedtheproofsofthisedition。
　　Ihavetothankhimandmanyothercolleaguesfortheircontributionsandcorrections。
　　Vienna，1911-
　　*Omittedinsubsequenteditions。
　　PREFACETOTHESECONDGERMANEDITIONTHATthereshouldhavebeenademandforasecondeditionofthisbook-
　　abookwhichcannotbedescribedaseasytoread-beforethecompletionofitsfirstdecadeisnottobeexplainedbytheinterestoftheprofessionalcirclestowhichIwasaddressingmyself。Mypsychiatriccolleagueshavenot，apparently，attemptedtolookbeyondtheastonishmentwhichmayatfirsthavebeenarousedbymynovelconceptionofthedream；andtheprofessionalphilosophers，whoareanyhowaccustomedtodisposingofthedreaminafewsentences-mostlythesame-asasupplementtothestatesofconsciousness，haveevidentlyfailedtorealizethatpreciselyinthisconnectionitwaspossibletomakeallmannerofdeductions，suchasmustleadtoafundamentalmodificationofourpsychologicaldoctrines。Theattitudeofthescientificreviewerswassuchtoleadmetoexpectthatthefateofthebookwouldbetofallintooblivion；andthelittleflockoffaithfuladherents，whofollowmyleadinthetherapeuticapplicationofpsycho-analysis，andinterpretdreamsbymymethod，couldnothaveexhaustedthefirsteditionofthisbook。Ifeel，therefore，thatmythanksareduetothewidercircleofculturedandinquiringreaderswhosesympathyhasinducedme，afterthelapseofnineyears，oncemoretotakeupthisdifficultwork，whichhassomanyfundamentalbearings。
　　IamgladtobeabletosaythatIfoundlittleinthebookthatcalledforalteration。HereandthereIhaveinterpolatedfreshmaterial，orhaveaddedopinionsbasedonmoreextensiveexperience，orIhavesoughttoelaborateindividualpoints；buttheessentialpassagestreatingofdreamsandtheirinterpretation，andthepsychologicaldoctrinestobededucedtherefrom，havebeenleftunaltered；subjectively，atallevents，theyhavestoodthetestoftime。ThosewhoareacquaintedwithmyotherwritingsontheaetiologyandmechanismofthepsychoneuroseswillknowthatIneverofferunfinishedworkasfinished，andthatIhavealwaysendeavouredtorevisemyconclusionsinaccordancewithmymaturingopinions；
　　butasregardsthesubjectofthedream-life，Iamabletostandbymyoriginaltext。Inmymanyyears’workupontheproblemsoftheneurosesIhaveoftenhesitated，andIhaveoftengoneastray；andthenitwasalwaystheinterpretationofdreamsthatrestoredmyself-confidence。Mymanyscientificopponentsareactuatedbyawiseinstinctwhentheydeclinetofollowmeintotheregionofoneirology。
　　Eventhematerialofthisbook，evenmyowndreams，defacedbytimeorsuperseded，bymeansofwhichIhavedemonstratedtherulesofdream-interpretation，revealed，whenIcametorevisethesepages，acontinuitythatresistedrevision。Forme，ofcourse，thisbookhasanadditionalsubjectivesignificance，whichIdidnotunderstanduntilafteritscompletion。
　　Itrevealsitselftomeasapieceofmyself-analysis，asmyreactiontothedeathofmyfather，thatis，tothemostimportantevent，themostpoignantlossinaman’slife。OnceIhadrealizedthis，IfeltthatI
　　couldnotobliteratethetracesofthisinfluence。Buttomyreadersthematerialfromwhichtheylearntoevaluateandinterpretdreamswillbeamatterofindifference。
　　Whereaninevitablecommentcouldnotbefittedintotheoldcontext，Ihaveindicatedbysquarebracketsthatitdoesnotoccurinthefirstedition。*
　　Berchtesgaden，1908-
　　*Omittedinsubsequenteditions。
　　INTRODUCTORYNOTEfirsteditionINthisvolumeIhaveattemptedtoexpoundthemethodsandresultsofdream-interpretation；
　　andinsodoingIdonotthinkIhaveoversteppedtheboundaryofneuro-pathologicalscience。Forthedreamprovesonpsychologicalinvestigationtobethefirstofaseriesofabnormalpsychicformations，aserieswhosesucceedingmembers-thehystericalphobias，theobsessions，thedelusions-must，forpracticalreasons，claimtheattentionofthephysician。Thedream，asweshallsee，hasnotitletosuchpracticalimportance，butforthatveryreasonitstheoreticalvalueasatypicalformationisallthegreater，andthephysicianwhocannotexplaintheoriginofdream-imageswillstriveinvaintounderstandthephobiasandtheobsessiveanddelusionalideas，ortoinfluencethembytherapeuticmethods。
　　Buttheverycontexttowhichoursubjectowesitsimportancemustbeheldresponsibleforthedeficienciesofthefollowingchapters。
　　Theabundantlacunaeinthisexpositionrepresentsomanypointsofcontactatwhichtheproblemofdream-formationislinkedupwiththemorecomprehensiveproblemsofpsycho-pathology；problemswhichcannotbetreatedinthesepages，butwhich，iftimeandpowerssufficeandiffurthermaterialpresentsitself，maybeelaboratedelsewhere。
　　Thepeculiarnatureofthematerialemployedtoexemplifytheinterpretationofdreamshasmadethewritingevenofthistreatiseadifficulttask。Considerationofthemethodsofdream-interpretationwillshowwhythedreamsrecordedintheliteratureonthesubject，orthosecollectedbypersonsunknowntome，wereuselessformypurpose；IhadonlythechoicebetweenmyowndreamsandthoseofthepatientswhomIwastreatingbypsychoanalyticmethods。Butthislatermaterialwasinadmissible，sincethedream-processeswereundesirablycomplicatedbytheinterventionofneuroticcharacters。AndifIrelatemyowndreamsImustinevitablyrevealtothegazeofstrangersmoreoftheintimaciesofmypsychiclifethanisagreeabletome，andmorethanseemsfittinginawriterwhoisnotapoetbutascientificinvestigator。Todosoispainful，butunavoidable；
　　Ihavesubmittedtothenecessity，forotherwiseIcouldnothavedemonstratedmypsychologicalconclusions。Sometimes，ofcourse，Icouldnotresistthetemptationtomitigatemyindiscretionsbyomissionsandsubstitutions；
　　butwhereverIhavedonesothevalueoftheexamplecitedhasbeenverydefinitelydiminished。Icanonlyexpressthehopethatmyreaderswillunderstandmydifficultposition，andwillbeindulgent；andfurther，thatallthosepersonswhoareinanywayconcernedinthedreamsrecordedwillnotseektoforbidourdream-lifeatalleventstoexercisefreedomofthought！
　　Freud’s*TheInterpretationofDreams*ChapterOneBacktoTableofContentsforTheInterpretationofDreamsCHAPTERONE:
　　THESCIENTIFICLITERATUREOFDREAM-PROBLEMS
　　UPTO1900InthefollowingpagesIshalldemonstratethatthereisapsychologicaltechniquewhichmakesitpossibletointerpretdreams，andthatontheapplicationofthistechniqueeverydreamwillrevealitselfasapsychologicalstructure，fullofsignificance，andonewhichmaybeassignedtoaspecificplaceinthepsychicactivitiesofthewakingstate。Further，Ishallendeavourtoelucidatetheprocesseswhichunderliethestrangenessandobscurityofdreams，andtodeducefromtheseprocessesthenatureofthepsychicforceswhoseconflictorcooperationisresponsibleforourdreams。Thisdone，myinvestigationwillterminate，asitwillhavereachedthepointwheretheproblemofthedreammergesintomorecomprehensiveproblems，andtosolvethesewemusthaverecoursetomaterialofadifferentkind。
　　Ishallbeginbygivingashortaccountoftheviewsofearlierwritersonthissubject，andofthestatusofthedream-problemincontemporaryscience；sinceinthecourseofthistreatiseIshallnotoftenhaveoccasiontorefertoeither。Inspiteofthousandsofyearsofendeavour，littleprogresshasbeenmadeinthescientificunderstandingofdreams。Thisfacthasbeensouniversallyacknowledgedbypreviouswritersonthesubjectthatitseemshardlynecessarytoquoteindividualopinions。Thereaderwillfind，intheworkslistedattheendofthiswork，manystimulatingobservations，andplentyofinterestingmaterialrelatingtooursubject，butlittleornothingthatconcernsthetruenatureofthedream，orthatsolvesdefinitelyanyofitsenigmas。Theeducatedlayman，ofcourse，knowsevenlessofthematter。
　　Theconceptionofthedreamthatwasheldinprehistoricagesbyprimitivepeoples，andtheinfluencewhichitmayhaveexertedontheformationoftheirconceptionsoftheuniverse，andofthesoul，isathemeofsuchgreatinterestthatitisonlywithreluctancethatIrefrainfromdealingwithitinthesepages。Iwillreferthereadertothewell-knownworksofSirJohnLubbockLordAvebury，HerbertSpencer，E。B。Tylor，andotherwriters；Iwillonlyaddthatweshallnotrealizetheimportanceoftheseproblemsandspeculationsuntilwehavecompletedthetaskofdream-interpretationthatliesbeforeus。
　　Areminiscenceoftheconceptofthedreamthatwasheldinprimitivetimesseemstounderlietheevaluationofthedreamwhichwascurrentamongthepeoplesofclassicalantiquity。*Theytookitforgrantedthatdreamswererelatedtotheworldofthesupernaturalbeingsinwhomtheybelieved，andthattheybroughtinspirationsfromthegodsanddemons。Moreover，itappearedtothemthatdreamsmustserveaspecialpurposeinrespectofthedreamer；that，asarule，theypredictedthefuture。Theextraordinaryvariationsinthecontentofdreams，andintheimpressionswhichtheyproducedonthedreamer，madeit，ofcourse，verydifficulttoformulateacoherentconceptionofthem，andnecessitatedmanifolddifferentiationsandgroup-formations，accordingtotheirvalueandreliability。Thevaluationofdreamsbytheindividualphilosophersofantiquitynaturallydependedontheimportancewhichtheywerepreparedtoattributetomanticismingeneral。
　　*ThefollowingremarksarebasedonBuchsenschutz’scarefulessay，TraumundTraumdeutungimAltertumBerlin1868。
　　InthetwoworksofAristotleinwhichthereismentionofdreams，theyarealreadyregardedasconstitutingaproblemofpsychology。Wearetoldthatthedreamisnotgod-sent，thatitisnotofdivinebutofdemonicorigin。Fornatureisreallydemonic，notdivine；thatistosay，thedreamisnotasupernaturalrevelation，butissubjecttothelawsofthehumanspirit，whichhas，ofcourse，akinshipwiththedivine。Thedreamisdefinedasthepsychicactivityofthesleeper，inasmuchasheisasleep。Aristotlewasacquaintedwithsomeofthecharacteristicsofthedream-life；forexample，heknewthatadreamconvertstheslightsensationsperceivedinsleepintointensesensations"oneimaginesthatoneiswalkingthroughfire，andfeelshot，ifthisorthatpartofthebodybecomesonlyquiteslightlywarm"，whichledhimtoconcludethatdreamsmighteasilybetraytothephysicianthefirstindicationsofanincipientphysicalchangewhichescapedobservationduringtheday。*
　　*TherelationshipbetweendreamsanddiseaseisdiscussedbyHippocratesinachapterofhisfamouswork。
　　Ashasbeensaid，thosewritersofantiquitywhoprecededAristotledidnotregardthedreamasaproductofthedreamingpsyche，butasaninspirationofdivineorigin，andinancienttimesthetwoopposingtendencieswhichweshallfindthroughouttheagesinrespectoftheevaluationofthedream-lifewerealreadyperceptible。Theancientsdistinguishedbetweenthetrueandvaluabledreamswhichweresenttothedreameraswarnings，ortoforetellfutureevents，andthevain，fraudulent，andemptydreamswhoseobjectwastomisguidehimorleadhimtodestruction。
　　Gruppe*speaksofsuchaclassificationofdreams，citingMacrobiusandArtemidorus:"Dreamsweredividedintotwoclasses；thefirstclasswasbelievedtobeinfluencedonlybythepresentorthepast，andwasunimportantinrespectofthefuture；itincludedtheenukniainsomnia，whichdirectlyreproduceagivenideaoritsopposite；e。g。，hungeroritssatiation；andthephantasmata，whichelaboratethegivenideaphantastically，ase。g。thenightmare，ephialtes。Thesecondclassofdreams，ontheotherhand，wasdeterminativeofthefuture。Tothisbelonged:
　　1。Directpropheciesreceivedinthedreamchrematismos，oraculum；
　　2。theforetellingofafutureeventorama，visio；
　　3。thesymbolicdream，whichrequiresinterpretationoneiros，somnium。
　　Thistheorysurvivedformanycenturies。"
　　*GriechischeMythologieundReligionsgeschichte，p。390。
　　Connectedwiththesevaryingestimationsofthedreamwastheproblemof"dream-interpretation。"Dreamsingeneralwereexpectedtoyieldimportantsolutions，butnoteverydreamwasimmediatelyunderstood，anditwasimpossibletobesurethatacertainincomprehensibledreamdidnotreallyforetellsomethingofimportance，sothataneffortwasmadetoreplacetheincomprehensiblecontentofthedreambysomethingthatshouldbeatoncecomprehensibleandsignificant。InlaterantiquityArtemidorusofDaldiswasregardedasthegreatestauthorityondream-interpretation。Hiscomprehensiveworksmustservetocompensateusforthelostworksofasimilarnature。*Thepre-scientificconceptionofthedreamwhichobtainedamongtheancientswas，ofcourse，inperfectkeepingwiththeirgeneralconceptionoftheuniverse，whichwasaccustomedtoprojectasanexternalrealitythatwhichpossessedrealityonlyinthelifeofthepsyche。Further，itaccountedforthemainimpressionmadeuponthewakinglifebythemorningmemoryofthedream；forinthismemorythedream，ascomparedwiththerestofthepsychiccontent，seemstobesomethingalien，coming，asitwere，fromanotherworld。Itwouldbeanerrortosupposethattheoryofthesupernaturaloriginofdreamslacksfollowerseveninourowntimes；forquiteapartfrompietisticandmysticalwriters-whocling，astheyareperfectlyjustifiedindoing，totheremnantsoftheoncepredominantrealmofthesupernaturaluntiltheseremnantshavebeensweptawaybyscientificexplanation-wenotinfrequentlyfindthatquiteintelligentpersons，whoinotherrespectsareaversefromanythingofaromanticnature，gosofarastobasetheirreligiousbeliefintheexistenceandco-operationofsuperhumanspiritualpowersontheinexplicablenatureofthephenomenaofdreamsHaffner。
　　Thevalidityascribedtothedream-lifebycertainschoolsofphilosophy-
　　forexample，bytheschoolofSchelling-isadistinctreminiscenceoftheundisputedbeliefinthedivinityofdreamswhichprevailedinantiquity；
　　andforsomethinkersthemanticorpropheticpowerofdreamsisstillasubjectofdebate。Thisisduetothefactthattheexplanationsattemptedbypsychologyaretooinadequatetocopewiththeaccumulatedmaterial，howeverstronglythescientificthinkermayfeelthatsuchsuperstitiousdoctrinesshouldberepudiated。
　　*Forthelaterhistoryofdream-interpretationintheMiddleAgesconsultDiepgen，andthespecialinvestigationsofM。Forster，Gotthard，andothers。
　　TheinterpretationofdreamsamongtheJewshasbeenstudiedbyAmoli，Amram，andLowinger，andrecently，withreferencetothepsycho-analyticstandpoint，byLauer。DetailsoftheArabicmethodsofdream-interpretationarefurnishedbyDrexl，F。Schwarz，andthemissionaryTfinkdji。TheinterpretationofdreamsamongtheJapanesehasbeeninvestigatedbyMiuraandIwaya，amongtheChinesebySecker，andamongtheIndiansbyNegelein。
　　Towritestronglythehistoryofourscientificknowledgeofthedream-
　　problemisextremelydifficult，because，valuablethoughthisknowledgemaybeincertainrespects，norealprogressinadefinitedirectionisasyetdiscernible。Norealfoundationofverifiedresultshashithertobeenestablishedonwhichfutureinvestigatorsmightcontinuetobuild。
　　Everynewauthorapproachesthesameproblemsafresh，andfromtheverybeginning。IfIweretoenumeratesuchauthorsinchronologicalorder，givingasurveyoftheopinionswhicheachhasheldconcerningtheproblemsofthedream，Ishouldbequiteunabletodrawaclearandcompletepictureofthepresentstateofourknowledgeonthesubject。Ihavethereforepreferredtobasemymethodoftreatmentonthemesratherthanonauthors，andinattemptingthesolutionofeachproblemofthedreamIshallcitethematerialfoundintheliteratureofthesubject。
　　ButasIhavenotsucceededinmasteringthewholeofthisliterature-
　　foritiswidelydispersed，andinterwovenwiththeliteratureofothersubjects-Imustaskmyreaderstorestcontentwithmysurveyasitstands，providedthatnofundamentalfactorimportantpointofviewhasbeenoverlooked。
　　Untilrecentlymostauthorshavebeeninclinedtodealwiththesubjectsofsleepanddreamsinconjunction，andtogetherwiththesetheyhavecommonlydealtwithanalogousconditionsofapsycho-pathologicalnature，andotherdream-likephenomena，suchashallucinations，visions，etc。Inrecentworks，ontheotherhand，therehasbeenatendencytokeepmorecloselytothetheme，andtoconsider，asaspecialsubject，theseparateproblemsofthedream-life。InthischangeIshouldliketoperceiveanexpressionofthegrowingconvictionthatenlightenmentandagreementinsuchobscuremattersmaybeattainedonlybyaseriesofdetailedinvestigations。Suchadetailedinvestigation，andoneofaspecialpsychologicalnature，isexpoundedinthesepages。Ihavehadlittleoccasiontoconcernmyselfwiththeproblemofsleep，asthisisessentiallyaphysiologicalproblem，althoughthechangesinthefunctionaldeterminationofthepsychicapparatusshouldbeincludedinadescriptionofthesleepingstate。Theliteratureofsleepwillthereforenotbeconsideredhere。
　　Ascientificinterestinthephenomenaofdreamsassuchleadsustopropoundthefollowingproblems，whichtoacertainextent，interdependent，mergeintooneanother。A。TheRelationoftheDreamtotheWakingStateThenaivejudgmentofthedreameronwakingassumesthatthedream-evenifitdoesnotcomefromanotherworld-hasatalleventstransportedthedreamerintoanotherworld。Theoldphysiologist，Burdach，towhomweareindebtedforacarefulanddiscriminatingdescriptionofthephenomenaofdreams，expressedthisconvictioninafrequentlyquotedpassagep。
　　474:"Thewakinglife，withitstrialsandjoys，itspleasuresandpains，isneverrepeated；onthecontrary，thedreamaimsatrelievingusofthese。
　　Evenwhenourwholemindisfilledwithonesubject，whenourheartsarerentbybittergrief，orwhensometaskhasbeentaxingourmentalcapacitytotheutmost，thedreameithergivesussomethingentirelyalien，oritselectsforitscombinationsonlyafewelementsofreality；oritmerelyentersintothekeyofourmood，andsymbolizesreality。"J。H。FichteI。541speaksinpreciselythesamesenseofsupplementarydreams，callingthemoneofthesecret，self-healingbenefitsofthepsyche。L。StrumpellexpresseshimselftothesameeffectinhisNaturundEntstehungderTraume，astudywhichisdeservedlyheldinhighesteem。"Hewhodreamsturnshisbackupontheworldofwakingconsciousness"p。16；"Inthedreamthememoryoftheorderlycontentofwakingconsciousnessanditsnormalbehaviourisalmostentirelylost"p。17；"Thealmostcompleteandunencumberedisolationofthepsycheinthedreamfromtheregularnormalcontentandcourseofthewakingstate……"p。19。
　　Yettheoverwhelmingmajorityofwritersonthesubjecthaveadoptedthecontraryviewoftherelationofthedreamtowakinglife。ThusHaffnerp。19:"Tobeginwith，thedreamcontinuesthewakinglife。Ourdreamsalwaysconnectthemselveswithsuchideasashaveshortlybeforebeenpresentinourconsciousness。Carefulexaminationwillnearlyalwaysdetectathreadbywhichthedreamhaslinkeditselftotheexperiencesofthepreviousday。"Weygandtp。6flatlycontradictsthestatementofBurdach。"Foritmayoftenbeobserved，apparentlyindeedinthegreatmajorityofdreams，thattheyleadusdirectlybackintoeverydaylife，insteadofreleasingusfromit。"Mauryp。56expressesthesameideainaconciseformula:
　　"Nousrevonsdecequenousavonsvu，dit，desire，oufait。"*Jessen，inhisPsychologie，publishedin1855p。530，israthermoreexplicit:
　　"Thecontentofdreamsisalwaysmoreorlessdeterminedbythepersonality，theage，sex，stationinlife，educationandhabits，andbytheeventsandexperiencesofthewholepastlifeoftheindividual。"
　　*Wedreamofwhatwehaveseen，said，desired，ordone。
　　Thephilosopher，I。G。E。Maas，adoptsthemostunequivocalattitudeinrespectofthisquestionUberdieLeidenschaften，1805:"Experiencecorroboratesourassertionthatwedreammostfrequentlyofthosethingstowardwhichourwarmestpassionsaredirected。Thisshowsusthatourpassionsmustinfluencethegenerationofourdreams。Theambitiousmandreamsofthelaurelswhichhehaswonperhapsonlyinimagination，orhasstilltowin，whiletheloveroccupieshimself，inhisdreams，withtheobjectofhisdearesthopes……Allthesensualdesiresandloathingswhichslumberintheheart，iftheyarestimulatedbyanycause，maycombinewithotherideasandgiverisetoadream；ortheseideasmaymingleinanalreadyexistingdream。"*
　　*CommunicatedbyWintersteintotheZentralblattfurPsychoanalyse。
　　Theancientsentertainedthesameideaconcerningthedependenceofthedream-contentonlife。IwillquoteRadestockp。139:"WhenXerxes，beforehisexpeditionagainstGreece，wasdissuadedfromhisresolutionbygoodcounsel，butwasagainandagainincitedbydreamstoundertakeit，oneoftheold，rationaldream-interpretersofthePersians，Artabanus，toldhim，andveryappropriately，thatdream-imagesforthemostpartcontainthatofwhichonehasbeenthinkinginthewakingstate。"
　　InthedidacticpoemofLucretius，OntheNatureofThingsIV。962，thereoccursthispassage:
　　"Etquoquisqueferestudiodevinctusadhaeret，autquibusinrebusmultumsumusantemoratiatqueinearationefuitcontentamagismens，insomniseademplerumquevidemurobire；causidicicausasagereetcomponereleges，induperatorespugnareacproeliaobire，"……etc。，etc。*CiceroDeDivinatione，II。LXVIIsays，inasimilarstrain，asdoesalsoMaurymanycenturieslater:"Maximeque’reliquiae’rerumearummoventurinanimisetagitantur，dequibusvigilantesautcogitavimusautegimus。"*2
　　*Andwhateverbethepursuittowhichoneclingswithdevotion，whateverthethingsonwhichwehavebeenoccupiedmuchinthepast，themindbeingthusmoreintentuponthatpursuit，itisgenerallythesamethingsthatweseemtoencounterindreams；pleaderstopleadtheircauseandcollatelaws，generalstocontendandengagebattle。
　　*2Andespeciallythe"remnant"ofourwakingthoughtsanddeedsmoveandstirwithinthesoul。
　　Thecontradictionbetweenthesetwoviewsconcerningtherelationbetweendreamlifeandwakinglifeseemsindeedirresolvable。HerewemayusefullycitetheopinionofF。W。Hildebrandt1875，whoheldthatonthewholethepeculiaritiesofthedreamcanonlybedescribedas"aseriesofcontrastswhichapparentlyamounttocontradictions"p。8。"Thefirstofthesecontrastsisformedbythestrictisolationorseclusionofthedreamfromtrueandactuallifeontheonehand，andontheotherhandbythecontinuousencroachmentoftheoneupontheother，andtheconstantdependenceoftheoneupontheother。Thedreamissomethingabsolutelydivorcedfromtherealityexperiencedduringthewakingstate；onemaycallitanexistencehermeticallysealedupandinsulatedfromreallifebyanunbridgeablechasm。Itfreesusfromreality，blotsoutthenormalrecollectionofreality，andsetsusinanotherworldandatotallydifferentlife，whichfundamentallyhasnothingincommonwithreallife……"Hildebrandtthenassertsthatinfallingasleepourwholebeing，withitsformsofexistence，disappears"asthroughaninvisibletrapdoor。"Inone’sdreamoneisperhapsmakingavoyagetoSt。HelenainordertooffertheimprisonedNapoleonanexquisitevintageofMoselle。Oneismostaffablyreceivedbytheex-emperor，andonefeelsalmostsorrywhen，onwaking，theinterestingillusionisdestroyed。
　　Butletusnowcomparethesituationexistinginthedreamwiththeactualreality。Thedreamerhasneverbeenawine-merchant，andhasnodesiretobecomeone。Hehasnevermadeasea-voyage，andSt。Helenaisthelastplaceintheworldthathewouldchooseasthedestinationofsuchavoyage。
　　ThedreamerfeelsnosympathyforNapoleon，butonthecontraryastrongpatrioticaversion。Andlastly，thedreamerwasnotyetamongthelivingwhenNapoleondiedontheislandofSt。Helena；sothatitwasbeyondtherealmsofpossibilitythatheshouldhavehadanypersonalrelationswithNapoleon。Thedream-experiencethusappearsassomethingentirelyforeign，interpolatedbetweentwomutuallyrelatedandsuccessiveperiodsoftime。
　　"Nevertheless，"continuesHildebrandt，"theapparentcontraryisjustastrueandcorrect。Ibelievethatsidebysidewiththisseclusionandinsulationtheremaystillexistthemostintimateinterrelation。Wemaythereforejustlysay:Whateverthedreammayofferus，itderivesitsmaterialfromreality，andfromthepsychiclifecentereduponthisreality。Howeverextraordinarythedreammayseem，itcanneverdetachitselffromtherealworld，anditsmostsublimeaswellasitsmostridiculousconstructionsmustalwaysborrowtheirelementarymaterialeitherfromthatwhichoureyeshavebeheldintheouterworld，orfromthatwhichhasalreadyfoundaplacesomewhereinourwakingthoughts；inotherwords，itmustbetakenfromthatwhichwehavealreadyexperienced，eitherobjectivelyorsubjectively。"B。TheMaterialofDreams-MemoryinDreamsThatallthematerialcomposingthecontentofadreamissomehowderivedfromexperience，thatitisreproducedorrememberedinthedream-thisatleastmaybeacceptedasanincontestablefact。Yetitwouldbewrongtoassumethatsuchaconnectionbetweenthedream-contentandrealitywillbeeasilyobviousfromacomparisonbetweenthetwo。Onthecontrary，theconnectionmustbecarefullysought，andinquiteanumberofcasesitmayforalongwhileeludediscovery。Thereasonforthisistobefoundinanumberofpeculiaritiesevincedbythefacultyofmemoryindreams；
　　whichpeculiarities，thoughgenerallyobserved，havehithertodefiedexplanation。
　　Itwillbeworthourwhiletoexaminethesecharacteristicsexhaustively。
　　Tobeginwith，ithappensthatcertainmaterialappearsinthedream-
　　contentwhichcannotbesubsequentlyrecognized，inthewakingstate，asbeingpartofone’sknowledgeandexperience。Oneremembersclearlyenoughhavingdreamedofthethinginquestion，butonecannotrecalltheactualexperienceorthetimeofitsoccurrence。Thedreameristhereforeinthedarkastothesourcewhichthedreamhastapped，andiseventemptedtobelieveinanindependentproductiveactivityonthepartofthedream，until，oftenlongafterwards，afreshepisoderestoresthememoryofthatformerexperience，whichhadbeengivenupforlost，andsorevealsthesourceofthedream。Oneisthereforeforcedtoadmitthatinthedreamsomethingwasknownandrememberedthatcannotberememberedinthewakingstate。*
　　*Vaschideevenmaintainsthatithasoftenbeenobservedthatinone’sdreamsonespeaksforeignlanguagesmorefluentlyandwithgreaterpuritythaninthewakingstate。
　　Delboeufrelatesfromhisownexperienceanespeciallyimpressiveexampleofthiskind。Hesawinhisdreamthecourtyardofhishousecoveredwithsnow，andfoundtheretwolittlelizards，half-frozenandburiedinthesnow。Beingaloverofanimalshepickedthemup，warmedthem，andputthembackintotheholeinthewallwhichwasreservedespeciallyforthem。
　　Healsogavethemafewfrondsofalittlefernwhichwasgrowingonthewall，andofwhichheknewtheywereveryfond。Inthedreamheknewthenameoftheplant；Aspleniumrutamuralis。Thedreamcontinuedreturningafteradigressiontothelizards，andtohisastonishmentDelboeufsawtwootherlittlelizardsfallinguponwhatwasleftoftheferns。Onturninghiseyestotheopenfieldshesawafifthandasixthlizardmakingfortheholeinthewall，andfinallythewholeroadwascoveredbyaprocessionoflizards，allwanderinginthesamedirection。
　　InhiswakingstateDelboeufknewonlyafewLatinnamesofplants，andnothingofanyAsplenium。Tohisgreatsurprisehediscoveredthatafernofthisnamedidactuallyexist，andthatthecorrectnamewasAspleniumrutamuraria，whichthedreamhadslightlydistorted。Anaccidentalcoincidencewasofcourseinconceivable；yetwherehegothisknowledgeofthenameAspleniuminthedreamremainedamysterytohim。
　　Thedreamoccurredin1862。Sixteenyearslater，whileatthehouseofoneofhisfriends，thephilosophernoticedasmallalbumcontainingdriedplants，suchasaresoldassouvenirstovisitorsinmanypartsofSwitzerland。Asuddenrecollectioncametohim:heopenedtheherbarium，discoveredthereintheAspleniumofhisdream，andrecognizedhisownhandwritingintheaccompanyingLatinname。Theconnectioncouldnowbetraced。In1860，twoyearsbeforethedateofthelizarddream，oneofhisfriend’ssisters，whileonherwedding-journey，hadpaidavisittoDelboeuf。Shehadwithheratthetimethisveryalbum，whichwasintendedforherbrother，andDelboeufhadtakenthetroubletowrite，atthedictationofabotanist，theLatinnameundereachofthedriedplants。
　　ThesamegoodfortunewhichgavethisexampleitsunusualvalueenabledDelboeuftotraceyetanotherportionofthisdreamtoitsforgottensource。
　　Onedayin1877hecameuponanoldvolumeofanillustratedperiodical，inwhichhefoundthewholeprocessionoflizardspictured，justashehaddreamtofitin1862。Thevolumeborethedate1861，andDelboeufrememberedthathehadsubscribedtothejournalsinceitsfirstappearance。
　　ThatdreamshaveattheirdisposalrecollectionswhichareinaccessibletothewakingstateissucharemarkableandtheoreticallyimportantfactthatIshouldliketodrawattentiontothepointbyrecordingyetotherhypermnesicdreams。MauryrelatesthatforsometimethewordMussidanusedtooccurtohimduringtheday。HeknewittobethenameofaFrenchcity，butthatwasall。Onenighthedreamedofaconversationwithacertainperson，whotoldhimthatshecamefromMussidan，and，inanswertohisquestionastowherethecitywas，shereplied:"MussidanistheprincipaltownofadistrictinthedepartmentofDordogne。"Onwaking，Maurygavenocredencetotheinformationreceivedinhisdream；butthegazetteershowedittobeperfectlycorrect。Inthiscasethesuperiorknowledgeofthedreamerwasconfirmed，butitwasnotpossibletotracetheforgottensourceofthisknowledge。
　　Jessenp。55referstoaverysimilarincident，theperiodofwhichismoreremote。"AmongotherswemayherementionthedreamoftheelderScaligerHennings，l。c。，p。300，whowroteapoeminpraiseofthefamousmenofVerona，andtowhomamannamedBrugnolusappearedinadream，complainingthathehadbeenneglected。ThoughScaligercouldnotrememberthathehadheardoftheman，hewrotesomeversesinhishonour，andhissonlearnedsubsequentlythatacertainBrugnolushadatonetimebeenfamedinVeronaasacritic。"
　　Ahypermnesicdream，especiallyremarkableforthefactthatamemorynotatfirstrecalledwasafterwardsrecognizedinadreamwhichfollowedthefirst，isnarratedbytheMarquisd’HerveydeSt。Denis:*"Ioncedreamedofayoungwomanwithfairgoldenhair，whomIsawchattingwithmysisterassheshowedherapieceofembroidery。Inmydreamsheseemedfamiliartome；Ithought，indeed，thatIhadseenherrepeatedly。Afterwaking，herfacewasstillquitevividlybeforeme，butIwasabsolutelyunabletorecognizeit。Ifellasleepagain；thedream-picturerepeateditself。InthisnewdreamIaddressedthegolden-hairedladyandaskedherwhetherIhadnothadthepleasureofmeetinghersomewhere。’Ofcourse，’
　　shereplied；’don’tyourememberthebathing-placeatPornic？’ThereuponIawoke，andIwasthenabletorecallwithcertaintyandindetailtheincidentswithwhichthischarmingdream-facewasconnected。"
　　*SeeVaschide，p。232。
　　Thesameauthor*recordedthatamusicianofhisacquaintanceonceheardinadreamamelodywhichwasabsolutelynewtohim。Notuntilmanyyearslaterdidhefinditinanoldcollectionofmusicalcompositions，thoughstillhecouldnotremembereverhavingseenitbefore。
　　*Vaschide，p。233
　　IbelievethatMyershaspublishedawholecollectionofsuchhypermnesicdreamsintheProceedingsoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch，butthese，unfortunately，areinaccessibletome。Ithinkeveryonewhooccupieshimselfwithdreamswillrecognize，asaverycommonphenomenon，thefactthatadreamwillgiveproofoftheknowledgeandrecollectionofmattersofwhichthedreamer，inhiswakingstate，didnotimaginehimselftobecognizant。
　　Inmyanalyticinvestigationsofnervouspatients，ofwhichIshallspeaklater，IfindthatithappensmanytimeseveryweekthatIamabletoconvincethem，fromtheirdreams，thattheyareperfectlywellacquaintedwithquotations，obsceneexpressions，etc。，andmakeuseofthemintheirdreams，althoughtheyhaveforgottenthemintheirwakingstate。Ishallhereciteaninnocentexampleofdream-hypermnesia，becauseitwaseasytotracethesourceoftheknowledgewhichwasaccessibleonlyinthedream。
　　Apatientdreamedamongstotherthingsinaratherlongdreamthatheorderedakontuszowkainacafe，andaftertellingmethisheaskedmewhatitcouldbe，ashehadneverheardthenamebefore。IwasabletotellhimthatkontuszowkawasaPolishliqueur，whichhecouldnothaveinventedinhisdream，asthenamehadlongbeenfamiliartomefromtheadvertisements。Atfirstthepatientwouldnotbelieveme，butsomedayslater，afterhehadallowedhisdreamofthecafetobecomeareality，henoticedthenameonasignboardatastreetcornerwhichforsomemonthshehadbeenpassingatleasttwiceaday。
　　Ihavelearnedfrommyowndreamshowlargelythediscoveryoftheoriginofindividualdream-elementsmaybedependentonchance。Thus，forsomeyearsbeforeIhadthoughtofwritingthisbook，Iwashauntedbythepictureofachurchtoweroffairlysimpleconstruction，whichIcouldnotremembereverhavingseen。Ithensuddenlyrecognizedit，withabsolutecertainty，atasmallstationbetweenSalzburgandReichenhall。Thiswasinthelatenineties，andthefirsttimeIhadtravelledoverthisroutewasin1886。
　　Inlateryears，whenIwasalreadybusilyengagedinthestudyofdreams，Iwasquiteannoyedbythefrequentrecurrenceofthedream-imageofacertainpeculiarlocality。Isaw，indefiniteorientationtomyownperson-
　　onmyleft-adarkspaceinwhichanumberofgrotesquesandstonefiguresstoodout。Aglimmeringrecollection，whichIdidnotquitebelieve，toldmethatitwastheentrancetoabeer-cellar；butIcouldexplainneitherthemeaningnortheoriginofthisdream-picture。In1907IhappenedtogotoPadua，which，tomyregret，Ihadbeenunabletovisitsince1895。
　　Myfirstvisittothisbeautifuluniversitycityhadbeenunsatisfactory。
　　IhadbeenunabletoseeGiotto’sfrescoesinthechurchoftheMadonnadell’Arena:Isetoutforthechurch，butturnedbackonbeinginformedthatitwasclosedfortheday。Onmysecondvisit，twelveyearslater，IthoughtIwouldcompensatemyselfforthisdisappointment，andbeforedoinganythingelseIsetoutforMadonnadell’Arena。Inthestreetleadingtoit，onmyleft，probablyatthespotwhereIhadturnedbackin1895，Idiscoveredtheplace，withitssandstonefigures，whichIhadsooftenseeninmydream。Itwas，infact，theentrancetoarestaurantgarden。
　　Oneofthesourcesfromwhichdreamsdrawmaterialforreproduction-
　　materialofwhichsomepartisnotrecalledorutilizedinourwakingthoughts-
　　istobefoundinchildhood。HereIwillciteonlyafewoftheauthorswhohaveobservedandemphasizedthisfact:
　　Hildebrandtp。23:"Ithasalreadybeenexpresslyadmittedthatadreamsometimesbringsbacktothemind，withawonderfulpowerofreproduction，remoteandevenforgottenexperiencesfromtheearliestperiodsofone’slife。"
　　Strumpellp。40:"Thesubjectbecomesmoreinterestingstillwhenwerememberhowthedreamsometimesdragsout，asitwere，fromthedeepestanddensestpsychicdepositswhichlateryearshavepiledupontheearliestexperiencesofchildhood，thepicturesofcertainpersons，placesandthings，quiteintact，andinalltheiroriginalfreshness。Thisisconfinednotmerelytosuchimpressionsaswerevividlyperceivedatthetimeoftheiroccurrence，orwereassociatedwithintensepsychologicalvalues，torecurlaterinthedreamasactualreminiscenceswhichgivepleasuretothewakingmind。Onthecontrary，thedepthsofthedream-memoryrathercontainsuchimagesofpersons，places，thingsandearlyexperiencesaseitherpossessedbutlittleconsciousnessandnopsychicvaluewhatsoever，orhavelongsincelostboth，andthereforeappeartotallystrangeandunknown，bothinthedreamandinthewakingstate，untiltheirearlyoriginisrevealed。"
　　Volkeltp。119:"Itisespeciallytoberemarkedhowreadilyinfantileandyouthfulreminiscencesenterintoourdreams。Whatwehavelongceasedtothinkabout，whathaslongsincelostallimportanceforus，isconstantlyrecalledbythedream。"
　　Thecontrolwhichthedreamexercisesovermaterialfromourchildhood，mostofwhich，asiswellknown，fallsintothelacunaeofourconsciousmemory，isresponsiblefortheproductionofinterestinghypermnesicdreams，ofwhichIshallciteafewmoreexamples。
　　Mauryrelatesp。92thatasachildheoftenwentfromhisnativecity，Meaux，totheneighbouringTrilport，wherehisfatherwassuperintendingtheconstructionofabridge。OnenightadreamtransportedhimtoTrilportandhewasoncemoreplayinginthestreetsthere。Amanapproachedhim，wearingasortofuniform。Mauryaskedhimhisname，andheintroducedhimself，sayingthathisnamewasC，andthathewasabridge-guard。Onwaking，Maury，whostilldoubtedtheactualityofthereminiscence，askedhisoldservant，whohadbeenwithhiminhischildhood，whethersherememberedamanofthisname。"Ofcourse，"wasthereply；"heusedtobewatchmanonthebridgewhichyourfatherwasbuildingthen。"
　　Mauryrecordsanotherexample，whichdemonstratesnolessclearlythereliabilityofthereminiscencesofchildhoodthatemergeinourdreams。
　　M。F。，whoasachildhadlivedinMontbrison，decided，afteranabsenceoftwenty-fiveyears，tovisithishomeandtheoldfriendsofhisfamily。
　　Thenightbeforehisdeparturehedreamtthathehadreachedhisdestination，andthatnearMontbrisonhemetamanwhomhedidnotknowbysight，andwhotoldhimthathewasM。F。，afriendofhisfather’s。Thedreamerrememberedthatasachildhehadknownagentlemanofthisname，butonwakinghecouldnolongerrecallhisfeatures。Severaldayslater，havingactuallyarrivedatMontbrison，hefoundoncemorethelocalityofhisdream，whichhehadthoughtwasunknowntohim，andtherehemetamanwhomheatoncerecognizedastheM。F。ofhisdream，withonlythisdifference，thattherealpersonwasverymucholderthanhisdream-image。
　　HereImightrelateoneofmyowndreams，inwhichtherecalledimpressiontakestheformofanassociation。InmydreamIsawamanwhomIrecognized，whiledreaming，asthedoctorofmynativetown。Hisfacewasnotdistinct，buthisfeatureswereblendedwiththoseofoneofmyschoolmasters，whomIstillmeetfromtimetotime。WhatassociationtherewasbetweenthetwopersonsIcouldnotdiscoveronwaking，butuponquestioningmymotherconcerningthedoctorIlearnedthathewasaone-eyedman。Theschoolmaster，whoseimageinmydreamobscuredthatofthephysician，hadalsoonlyoneeye。Ihadnotseenthedoctorforthirty-eightyears，andasfarasI
　　knowIhadneverthoughtofhiminmywakingstate，althoughascaronmychinmighthaveremindedmeofhisprofessionalattentions。
　　Asthoughtocounterbalancetheexcessivepartwhichisplayedinourdreamsbytheimpressionsofchildhood，manyauthorsassertthatthemajorityofdreamsrevealelementsdrawnfromourmostrecentexperiences。Robertp。46evendeclaresthatthenormaldreamgenerallyoccupiesitselfonlywiththeimpressionsofthelastfewdays。Weshallfind，indeed，thatthetheoryofthedreamadvancedbyRobertabsolutelyrequiresthatouroldestimpressionsshouldbethrustintothebackground，andourmostrecentonesbroughttothefore。However，thefactherestatedbyRobertiscorrect；
　　thisIcanconfirmfrommyowninvestigations。Nelson，anAmericanauthor，holdsthattheimpressionsreceivedinadreammostfrequentlydatefromtheseconddaybeforethedream，orfromthethirddaybeforeit，asthoughtheimpressionsofthedayimmediatelyprecedingthedreamwerenotsufficientlyweakenedandremote。
　　Manyauthorswhoareunwillingtoquestiontheintimateconnectionbetweenthedream-contentandthewakingstatehavebeenstruckbythefactthattheimpressionswhichhaveintenselyoccupiedthewakingmindappearindreamsonlyaftertheyhavebeentosomeextentremovedfromthementalactivitiesoftheday。Thus，asarule，wedonotdreamofabelovedpersonwhoisdeadwhilewearestilloverwhelmedwithsorrowDelage。YetMissHallam，oneofthemostrecentobservers，hascollectedexampleswhichrevealtheveryoppositebehaviourinthisrespect，andupholdstheclaimsofpsychologicalindividualityinthismatter。
　　Thethird，mostremarkable，andatthesametimemostincomprehensible，peculiarityofmemoryindreamsisshownintheselectionofthematerialreproduced；forhereitisnot，asinthewakingstate，onlythemostsignificantthingsthatareheldtobeworthremembering，butalsothemostindifferentandinsignificantdetails。InthisconnectionIwillquotethoseauthorswhohaveexpressedtheirsurpriseinthemostemphaticlanguage。
　　Hildebrandtp。11:"Foritisaremarkablefactthatdreamsdonot，asarule，taketheirelementsfromimportantandfar-reachingevents，orfromtheintenseandurgentinterestsoftheprecedingday，butfromunimportantincidents，fromtheworthlessoddsandendsofrecentexperienceoroftheremoterpast。Themostshockingdeathinourfamily，theimpressionsofwhichkeepusawakelongintothenight，isobliteratedfromourmemoriesuntilthefirstmomentofwakingbringsitbacktouswithdistressingforce。Ontheotherhand，thewartontheforeheadofapassingstranger，towhomwedidnotgiveamoment’sthoughtoncehewasoutofsight，findsaplaceinourdreams。"
　　Strumpellp。39speaksof"casesinwhichtheanalysisofadreambringstolightelementswhich，althoughderivedfromtheexperiencesofyesterdayorthedaybeforeyesterday，wereyetsounimportantandworthlessforthewakingstatethattheywereforgottensoonaftertheywereexperienced。
　　Someexperiencesmaybethechance-heardremarksofotherpersons，ortheirsuperficiallyobservedactions，or，fleetingperceptionsofthingsorpersons，orisolatedphrasesthatwehaveread，etc。"
　　HavelockEllisp。727:"Theprofoundemotionsofwakinglife，thequestionsandproblemsonwhichwespendourchiefvoluntarymentalenergy，arenotthosewhichusuallypresentthemselvesatoncetodream-consciousness。
　　Itis，sofarastheimmediatepastisconcerned，mostlythetrifling，theincidental，the’forgotten’impressionsofdailylifewhichreappearinourdreams。Thepsychicactivitiesthatareawakemostintenselyarethosethatsleepmostprofoundly。"
　　ItispreciselyinconnectionwiththesecharacteristicsofmemoryindreamsthatBinzp。45findsoccasiontoexpressdissatisfactionwiththeexplanationsofdreamswhichhehimselfhadfavoured:"Andthenormaldreamraisessimilarquestions。Whydowenotalwaysdreamofmentalimpressionsofthedaybefore，insteadofgoingback，withoutanyperceptiblereason，tothealmostforgottenpast，nowlyingfarbehindus？Why，inadream，doesconsciousnesssooftenrevivetheimpressionofindifferentmemory-
　　pictures，whilethecerebralcellsthatbearthemostsensitiverecordsofexperienceremainforthemostpartinertandnumb，unlessanacuterevivalduringthewakingstatehasquiterecentlyexcitedthem？"
　　Wecanreadilyunderstandhowthestrangepreferenceshownbythedream-
　　memoryfortheindifferentandthereforedisregardeddetailsofdailyexperiencemustcommonlyleadusaltogethertooverlookthedependenceofdreamsonthewakingstate，ormustatleastmakeitdifficultforustoprovethisdependenceinanyindividualcase。Thusithappenedthatinthestatisticaltreatmentofherownandherfriend’sdream，MissWhitonCalkinsfoundthat11percentoftheentirenumbershowednorelationtothewakingstate。Hildebrandtwascertainlycorrectinhisassertionthatallourdream-imagescouldbegeneticallyexplainedifwedevotedenoughtimeandmaterialtothetracingoftheirorigin。Tobesure，hecallsthis"amosttediousandthanklessjob。Formostoftenitwouldleadustoferretoutallsortsofpsychicallyworthlessthingsfromtheremotestcornersofourstorehouseofmemories，andtobringtolightallsortsofquiteindifferenteventsoflongagofromtheoblivionwhichmayhaveovertakenthemanhouraftertheiroccurrence。"Imust，however，expressmyregretthatthisdiscerningauthorrefrainedfromfollowingthepathwhichatfirstsightseemedsounpromising，foritwouldhaveledhimdirectlytothecentralpointoftheexplanationofdreams。
　　Thebehaviourofmemoryindreamsissurelymostsignificantforanytheoryofmemorywhatsoever。Itteachesusthat"nothingwhichwehaveoncepsychicallypossessediseverentirelylost"Scholz，p。34；orasDelboeufputsit，"quetouteimpression，memelaplusinsignificante，laisseunetraceinalterable，indifinimentsusceptibledereparaitreaujour"；
　　*aconclusiontowhichweareurgedbysomanyotherpathologicalmanifestationsofmentallife。Letusbearinmindthisextraordinarycapacityofthememoryindreams，inorderthemorekeenlytorealizethecontradictionwhichhastobeputforwardincertaindream-theoriestobementionedlater，whichseektoexplaintheabsurditiesandincoherencesofdreamsbyapartialforgettingofwhatwehaveknownduringtheday。
　　*Thateveryimpression，eventhemostinsignificant，leavesanineradicablemark，indefinitelycapableofreappearingbyday。
　　Itmightevenoccurtoonetoreducethephenomenonofdreamingtothatofremembering，andtoregardthedreamasthemanifestationofareproductiveactivity，unrestingevenatnight，whichisanendinitself。ThiswouldseemtobeinagreementwithstatementssuchasthosemadebyPilcz，accordingtowhichdefiniterelationsbetweenthetimeofdreamingandthecontentsofadreammaybedemonstrated，inasmuchastheimpressionsreproducedbythedreamindeepsleepbelongtotheremotepast，whilethosereproducedtowardsmorningareofrecentorigin。Butsuchaconceptionisrenderedimprobablefromtheoutsetbythemannerinwhichthedreamdealswiththematerialtoberemembered。Strumpellrightlycallsourattentiontothefactthatrepetitionsofexperiencesdonotoccurindreams。Itistruethatadreamwillmakeabeginninginthatdirection，butthenextlinkiswanting；itappearsinadifferentform，orisreplacedbysomethingentirelynovel。Thedreamgivesusonlyfragmentaryreproductions；thisissofartherulethatitpermitsofatheoreticalgeneralization。Still，thereareexceptionsinwhichanepisodeisrepeatedinadreamascompletelyasitcanbereproducedbyourwakingmemory。Delboeufrelatesofoneofhisuniversitycolleaguesthatadreamofhisrepeated，inallitsdetails，aperilousdriveinwhichheescapedaccidentasifbymiracle。MissCalkinsmentionstwodreamsthecontentsofwhichexactlyreproducedanexperienceofthepreviousday，andinalaterchapterIshallhaveoccasiontogiveanexamplethatcametomyknowledgeofachildishexperiencewhichrecurredunchangedinadream。*
　　*FromsubsequentexperienceIamabletostatethatitisnotatallraretofindindreamsreproductionsofsimpleandunimportantoccupationsofeverydaylife，suchaspackingtrunks，preparingfoodinthekitchen，etc。，butinsuchdreamsthedreamerhimselfemphasizesnotthecharacteroftherecollectionbutits"reality"-"Ireallydidthisduringtheday。"C。Dream-StimuliandSourcesWhatismeantbydream-stimulianddream-sourcesmaybeexplainedbyareferencetothepopularsaying:"Dreamscomefromthestomach。"Thisnotioncoversatheorywhichconceivesthedreamasresultingfromadisturbanceofsleep。Weshouldnothavedreamedifsomedisturbingelementhadnotcomeintoplayduringoursleep，andthedreamisthereactionagainstthisdisturbance。
　　Thediscussionoftheexcitingcausesofdreamsoccupiesagreatdealofspaceintheliteratureofdreams。Itisobviousthatthisproblemcouldhavemadeitsappearanceonlyafterdreamshadbecomeanobjectofbiologicalinvestigation。Theancients，whoconceivedofdreamsasdivineinspirations，hadnoneedtolookforstimuli；forthemadreamwasduetothewillofdivineordemonicpowers，anditscontentwastheproductoftheirspecialknowledgeandintention。Science，however，immediatelyraisedthequestionwhetherthestimuliofdreamsweresingleormultiple，andthisinturnledtotheconsiderationwhetherthecausalexplanationofdreamsbelongedtotheregionofpsychologyortothatofphysiology。Mostauthorsappeartoassumethatdisturbanceofsleep，andhencedreams，mayarisefromvariouscauses，andthatphysicalaswellasmentalstimulimayplaythepartofdream-excitants。Opinionsdifferwidelyinpreferringthisortheotherfactorasthecauseofdreams，andinclassifyingthemintheorderofimportance。
　　Wheneverthesourcesofdreamsarecompletelyenumeratedtheyfallintothefollowingfourcategories，whichhavealsobeenemployedintheclassificationofdreams:1externalobjectivesensorystimuli；2internalsubjective
　　sensorystimuli；3internalorganicphysicalstimuli；4Purelypsychicalsourcesofexcitation。1。ExternalsensorystimuliTheyoungerStrumpell，thesonofthephilosopher，whoseworkondreamshasalreadymorethanonceservedusasaguideinconsideringtheproblemsofdreams，has，asiswellknown，recordedhisobservationsofapatientafflictedwithgeneralanaesthesiaoftheskinandwithparalysisofseveralofthehighersensoryorgans。Thismanwouldlapsintosleepwheneverthefewremainingsensorypathsbetweenhimselfandtheouterworldwereclosed。
　　WhenwewishtofallasleepweareaccustomedtostriveforaconditionsimilartothatobtaininginStrumpell’sexperiment。Weclosethemostimportantsensoryportals，theeyes，andweendeavourtoprotecttheothersensesfromallstimuliorfromanychangeofthestimulialreadyactinguponthem。Wethenfallasleep，althoughourpreparationsareneverwhollysuccessful。Forwecannevercompletelyinsulatethesensoryorgans，norcanweentirelyabolishtheexcitabilityofthesensoryorgansthemselves。
　　Thatwemayatanytimebeawakenedbyintenserstimulishouldprovetous"thatthemindhasremainedinconstantcommunicationwiththeexternalworldevenduringsleep。"Thesensorystimulithatreachusduringsleepmayeasilybecomethesourceofdreams。
　　Thereareagreatmanystimuliofthisnature，rangingfromthoseunavoidablestimuliwhicharepropertothestateofsleeporoccasionallyadmittedbyit，tothosefortuitousstimuliwhicharecalculatedtowakethesleeper。
　　Thusastronglightmayfallupontheeyes，anoisemaybeheard，oranodourmayirritatethemucousmembranesofthenose。Inourunintentionalmovementsduringsleepwemaylaybarepartsofthebody，andthusexposethemtoasensationofcold，orbyachangeofpositionwemayexcitesensationsofpressureandtouch。Amosquitomaybiteus，oraslightnocturnalmischancemaysimultaneouslyattackmorethanonesense-organ。Observershavecalledattentiontoawholeseriesofdreamsinwhichthestimulusascertainedonwakingandsomepartofthedream-contentcorrespondedtosuchadegreethatthestimuluscouldberecognizedasthesourceofthedream。
　　Ishallhereciteanumberofsuchdreams，collectedbyJessenp。527，whicharetraceabletomoreorlessaccidentalobjectivesensorystimuli。
　　Everynoiseindistinctlyperceivedgivesrisetocorrespondingdream-representations；
　　therollingofthundertakesusintothethickofbattle，thecrowingofacockmaybetransformedintohumanshrieksofterror，andthecreakingofadoormayconjureupdreamsofburglarsbreakingintothehouse。Whenoneofourblanketsslipsoffusatnightwemaydreamthatwearewalkingaboutnaked，orfallingintowater。Ifweliediagonallyacrossthebedwithourfeetextendingbeyondtheedge，wemaydreamofstandingonthebrinkofaterrifyingprecipice，oroffallingfromagreatheight。Shouldourheadaccidentallygetunderthepillowwemayimagineahugerockoverhangingusandabouttocrushusunderitsweight。Anaccumulationofsemenproducesvoluptuousdreams，andlocalpainsgiverisetoideasofsufferingill-treatment，ofhostileattacks，orofaccidentalbodilyinjuries……
　　"MeierVersucheinerErklarungdesNachtwandelns，Halle，1758，p。33
　　oncedreamedofbeingattackedbyseveralmenwhothrewhimflatonthegroundanddroveastakeintotheearthbetweenhisfirstandsecondtoes。
　　Whileimaginingthisinhisdreamhesuddenlyawokeandfeltapieceofstrawstickingbetweenhistoes。Thesameauthor，accordingtoHemmingsVondenTraumenundNachtwandlern，Weimar，1784，p。258，"dreamedonanotheroccasion，whenhisnightshirtwasrathertootightroundhisneck，thathewasbeinghanged。InhisyouthHoffbauerdreamedofhavingfallenfromahighwall，andfound，onwaking，thatthebedsteadhadcomeapart，andthathehadactuallyfallenontothefloor……Gregoryrelatesthatheonceappliedahot-waterbottletohisfeet，anddreamedoftakingatriptothesummitofMountEtna，wherehefoundtheheatofthesoilalmostunbearable。Afterhavingablisterappliedtohishead，anothermandreamedofbeingscalpedbyIndians；stillanother，whoseshirtwasdamp，dreamedthathewasdraggedthroughastream。AnattackofgoutcausedapatienttobelievethathewasinthehandsoftheInquisition，andsufferingthepainsoftortureMacnish。"
　　Theargumentthatthereisaresemblancebetweenthedream-stimulusandthedream-contentwouldbeconfirmedif，byasystematicinductionofstimuli，weshouldsucceedinproducingdreamscorrespondingtothesestimuli。AccordingtoMacnishsuchexperimentshadalreadybeenmadebyGirondeBuzareingues。"Helefthiskneeexposedanddreamedoftravellingonamail-coachbynight。Heremarked，inthisconnection，thattravellerswerewellawarehowcoldthekneesbecomeinacoachatnight。Onanotheroccasionheleftthebackofhisheaduncovered，anddreamedthathewastakingpartinareligiousceremonyintheopenair。Inthecountrywhereheliveditwascustomarytokeeptheheadalwayscoveredexceptonoccasionsofthiskind。"
　　Mauryreportsfreshobservationonself-induceddreamsofhisown。A
　　numberofotherexperimentswereunsuccessful。
　　1。Hewastickledwithafeatheronhislipsandonthetipofhisnose。
　　Hedreamedofanawfultorture，viz。，thatamaskofpitchwasstucktohisfaceandthenforciblytornoff，bringingtheskinwithit。
　　2。Scissorswerewhettedagainstapairoftweezers。Heheardbellsringing，thensoundsoftumultwhichtookhimbacktothedaysoftheRevolutionof1848。
　　3。EaudeColognewasheldtohisnostrils。HefoundhimselfinCairo，intheshopofJohannMariaFarina。Thiswasfollowedbyfantasticadventureswhichhewasnotabletorecall。
　　4。Hisneckwaslightlypinched。Hedreamedthatablisterwasbeingapplied，andthoughtofadoctorwhohadtreatedhiminchildhood。
　　5。Ahotironwasbroughtnearhisface。Hedreamedthatchauffeurs*hadbrokenintothehouse，andwereforcingtheoccupantstogiveuptheirmoneybythrustingtheirfeetintobraziers。TheDuchessed’Abrantes，whosesecretaryheimaginedhimselftobethenenteredtheroom。
　　*ChauffeurswerebandsofrobbersintheVendeewhoresortedtothisformoftorture。
　　6。Adropofwaterwasallowedtofallontohisforehead。HeimaginedhimselfinItaly，perspiringheavily，anddrinkingthewhitewineofOrvieto。
　　7。Whenthelightofacandlescreenedwithredpaperwasallowedtofallonhisface，hedreamedofthunder，ofheat，andofastormatseawhichheoncewitnessedintheEnglishChannel。
　　Hervey，Weygandt，andothershavemadeattemptstoproducedreamsexperimentally。
　　Manyhaveobservedthestrikingskillofthedreamininterweavingintoitsstructuresuddenimpressionsfromtheouterworld，insuchamannerastorepresentagraduallyapproachingcatastropheHildebrandt。"Informeryears，"thisauthorrelates，"Ioccasionallymadeuseofanalarm-clockinordertowakepunctuallyatacertainhourinthemorning。Itprobablyhappenedhundredsoftimesthatthesoundofthisinstrumentfittedintoanapparentlyverylongandconnecteddream，asthoughtheentiredreamhadbeenespeciallydesignedforit，asthoughitfoundinthissounditsappropriateandlogicallyindispensableclimax，itsinevitabledenouement。"
　　Ishallpresentlyhaveoccasiontocitethreeofthesealarm-clockdreamsinadifferentconnection。
　　Volkeltp。68relates:"Acomposeroncedreamedthathewasteachingaclass，andwasjustexplainingsomethingtohispupils。Whenhehadfinishedheturnedtooneoftheboyswiththequestion:’Didyouunderstandme？’
　　Theboycriedoutlikeonepossessed’Oh，ja！’Annoyedbythis，hereprimandedhispupilforshouting。Butnowtheentireclasswasscreaming’Orja，’
　　then’Eurjo，’andfinally’Feuerjo。’Hewasthenarousedbytheactualfirealarminthestreet。"
　　GarnierTraitedesfacultesdel’ame，1865，ontheauthorityofRadestock，relatesthatNapoleonI，whilesleepinginacarriage，wasawakenedfromadreambyanexplosionwhichtookhimbacktothecrossingoftheTagliamentoandthebombardmentoftheAustrians，sothathestartedup，crying，"Wehavebeenundermined。"
　　ThefollowingdreamofMaury’shasbecomecelebrated:Hewasillinbed；hismotherwassittingbesidehim。HedreamedoftheReignofTerrorduringtheRevolution。Hewitnessedsometerriblescenesofmurder，andfinallyhehimselfwassummonedbeforetheTribunal。TherehesawRobespierre，Marat，Fouquier-Tinville，andallthesorryheroesofthoseterribledays；
　　hehadtogiveanaccountofhimself，andafterallmannerofincidentswhichdidnotfixthemselvesinhismemory，hewassentencedtodeath。
　　Accompaniedbyanenormouscrowd，hewasledtotheplaceofexecution。
　　Hemountedthescaffold；theexecutionertiedhimtotheplank，ittippedover，andtheknifeoftheguillotinefell。Hefelthisheadseveredfromhistrunk，andawakenedinterribleanxiety，onlytofindthatthehead-boardofthebedhadfallen，andhadactuallystruckthecervicalvertebraejustwheretheknifeoftheguillotinewouldhavefallen。
　　Thisdreamgaverisetoaninterestingdiscussion，initiatedbyLeLorrainandEggerintheRevuePhilosophique，astowhether，andhow，itwaspossibleforthedreamertocrowdtogetheranamountofdream-contentapparentlysolargeintheshortspaceoftimeelapsingbetweentheperceptionofthewakingstimulusandthemomentofactualwaking。
　　Examplesofthisnatureshowthatobjectivestimulioccurringinsleepareamongthemostfirmly-establishedofallthesourcesofdreams；theyare，indeed，theonlystimuliofwhichthelaymanknowsanythingwhatever。
　　Ifweaskaneducatedpersonwhoisnotfamiliarwiththeliteratureofdreamshowdreamsoriginate，heiscertaintoreplybyareferencetoacaseknowntohiminwhichadreamhasbeenexplainedafterwakingbyarecognizedobjectivestimulus。Science，however，cannotstophere，butisincitedtofurtherinvestigationbytheobservationthatthestimulusinfluencingthesensesduringsleepdoesnotappearinthedreamatallinitstrueform，butisreplacedbysomeotherrepresentation，whichisinsomewayrelatedtoit。Buttherelationexistingbetweenthestimulusandtheresultingdreamis，accordingtoMaury，"uneaffinitequelconquemaisquin’estpasuniqueetexclusive"*p。72。Ifweread，forexample，threeofHildebrandt’s"alarm-clockdreams，"weshallbecompelledtoaskwhythesamecasualstimulusevokedsomanydifferentresults，andwhyjusttheseresultsandnoothers。
　　*Asortofrelationwhichis，however，neitheruniquenorexclusive。
　　p。37:"Iamtakingawalkonabeautifulspringmorning。Istrollthroughthegreenmeadowstoaneighbouringvillage，whereIseenumbersoftheinhabitantsgoingtochurch，wearingtheirbestclothesandcarryingtheirhymn-booksundertheirarms。IrememberthatitisSunday，andthatthemorningservicewillsoonbegin。Idecidetoattendit，butasIamratheroverheatedIthinkIwillwaitinthechurchyarduntilIamcooler。
　　Whilereadingthevariousepitaphs，Ihearthesextonclimbingthechurch-
　　tower，andIseeabovemethesmallbellwhichisabouttoringforthebeginningofservice。Foralittlewhileithangsmotionless；thenitbeginstoswing，andsuddenlyitsnotesresoundsoclearlyandpenetratinglythatmysleepcomestoanend。Butthenotesofthebellcomefromthealarm-clock。"
　　"Asecondcombination。Itisabrightwinterday；thestreetsaredeepinsnow。Ihavepromisedtogoonasleigh-ride，butIhavetowaitsometimebeforeIamtoldthatthesleighisatthedoor。NowIampreparingtogetintothesleigh。Iputonmyfurs，thefoot-warmerisputin，andatlastIhavetakenmyseat。Butstillmydepartureisdelayed。Atlastthereinsaretwitched，thehorsesstart，andthesleighbells，nowviolentlyshaken，strikeuptheirfamiliarmusicwithaforcethatinstantlytearsthegossamerofmydream。Againitisonlytheshrillnoteofmyalarm-
　　clock。"
　　"Yetathirdexample。Iseethekitchen-maidwalkingalongthepassagetothedining-room，withapileofseveraldozenplates。Theporcelaincolumninherarmsseemstometobeindangeroflosingitsequilibrium。
　　’Takecare，’Iexclaim，’youwilldropthewholepile！’Theusualretortisnaturallymade-thatsheisusedtosuchthings，etc。MeanwhileIcontinuetofollowherwithmyanxiousgaze，andbehold，atthethresholdthefragileplatesfallandcrashandrollacrossthefloorinhundredsofpieces。
　　ButIsoonperceivethattheendlessdinisnotreallyarattlingbutatrueringing，andwiththisringingthedreamernowbecomesawarethatthealarm-clockhasdoneitsduty。"
　　ThequestionwhythedreamingmindmisjudgesthenatureoftheobjectivesensorystimulushasbeenansweredbyStrumpell，andinanalmostidenticalfashionbyWundt；theirexplanationisthatthereactionofthemindtothestimulusattackingsleepiscomplicatedandconfusedbytheformationofillusions。Asensoryimpressionisrecognizedbyusandcorrectlyinterpreted-
　　thatis，itisclassedwiththememory-grouptowhichitbelongsaccordingtoallpreviousexperienceiftheimpressionisstrong，clear，andsufficientlyprolonged，andifwehavesufficienttimetosubmitittothosementalprocesses。Butiftheseconditionsarenotfulfilledwemistaketheobjectwhichgivesrisetotheimpression，andonthebasisofthisimpressionweconstructanillusion。"Ifonetakesawalkinanopenfieldandperceivesindistinctlyadistantobject，itmayhappenthatonewillatfirsttakeitforahorse。"Oncloserinspectiontheimageofacow，resting，mayobtrudeitself，andthepicturemayfinallyresolveitselfwithcertaintyintoagroupofpeoplesittingontheground。Theimpressionswhichthemindreceivesduringsleepfromexternalstimuliareofasimilarlyindistinctnature；theygiverisetoillusionsbecausetheimpressionevokesagreaterorlessernumberofmemory-images，throughwhichitacquiresitspsychicvalue。Asforthequestion，inwhichofthemanypossiblespheresofmemorythecorrespondingimagesarearoused，andwhichofthepossibleassociativeconnectionsarebroughtintoplay，that-toquoteStrumpellagain-isindeterminable，andisleft，asitwere，tothecapricesofthemind。
　　Herewemaytakeourchoice。Wemayadmitthatthelawsofdream-formationcannotreallybetracedanyfurther，andsorefrainfromaskingwhetherornottheinterpretationoftheillusionevokedbythesensoryimpressiondependsuponstillotherconditions；orwemayassumethattheobjectivesensorystimulusencroachinguponsleepplaysonlyamodestroleasadream-
　　source，andthatotherfactorsdeterminethechoiceofthememory-imagetobeevoked。Indeed，oncarefullyexaminingMaury’sexperimentallyproduceddreams，whichIhavepurposelycitedindetail，oneisinclinedtoobjectthathisinvestigationstracetheoriginofonlyoneelementofthedreams，andthattherestofthedream-contentseemstooindependentandtoofullofdetailtobeexplainedbyasinglerequirement，namely，thatitmustcorrespondwiththeelementexperimentallyintroduced。Indeed，oneevenbeginstodoubttheillusiontheory，andthepowerofobjectiveimpressionstoshapethedream，whenonerealizesthatsuchimpressionsaresometimessubjectedtothemostpeculiarandfar-fetchedinterpretationsinourdreams。