Flecteresinequeosuperos，Acherontamovebo。PREFACETOTHETHIRDGERMANEDITIONWHEREAStherewasaspaceofnineyearsbetweenthefirstandsecondeditionsofthisbook，theneedofathirdeditionwasapparentwhenlittlemorethanayearhadelapsed。Ioughttobegratifiedbythischange；butifIwasunwillingpreviouslytoattributetheneglectofmyworktoitssmallvalue，Icannottaketheinterestwhichisnowmakingitsappearanceasproofofitsquality。
TheadvanceofscientificknowledgehasnotleftTheInterpretationofDreamsuntouched。WhenIwrotethisbookin1899therewasasyetno"sexualtheory，"andtheanalysisofthemorecomplicatedformsofthepsychoneuroseswasstillinitsinfancy。Theinterpretationofdreamswasintendedasanexpedienttofacilitatethepsychologicalanalysisoftheneuroses；butsincethenaprofounderunderstandingoftheneuroseshascontributedtowardsthecomprehensionofthedream。Thedoctrineofdream-interpretationitselfhasevolvedinadirectionwhichwasinsufficientlyemphasizedinthefirsteditionofthisbook。Frommyownexperience，andtheworksofStekelandotherwriters，*Ihavesincelearnedtoappreciatemoreaccuratelythesignificanceofsymbolismindreamsorrather，inunconsciousthought。
Inthecourseofyears，amassofdatahasaccumulatedwhichdemandsconsideration。
Ihaveendeavoredtodealwiththeseinnovationsbyinterpolationsinthetextandfootnotes。Iftheseadditionsdonotalwaysquiteadjustthemselvestotheframeworkofthetreatise，oriftheearliertextdoesnoteverywherecomeuptothestandardofourpresentknowledge，Imustbegindulgenceforthisdeficiency，sinceitisonlytheresultandindicationoftheincreasinglyrapidadvanceofourscience。Iwillevenventuretopredictthedirectionsinwhichfurthereditionsofthisbook-shouldtherebeademandforthem-maydivergefrompreviouseditions。Dream-interpretationmustseekacloserunionwiththerichmaterialofpoetry，myth，andpopularidiom，anditmustdealmorefaithfullythanhashithertobeenpossiblewiththerelationsofdreamstotheneurosesandtomentalderangement。
HerrOttoRankhasaffordedmevaluableassistanceintheselectionofsupplementaryexamples，andhasrevisedtheproofsofthisedition。
Ihavetothankhimandmanyothercolleaguesfortheircontributionsandcorrections。
Vienna，1911-
*Omittedinsubsequenteditions。
PREFACETOTHESECONDGERMANEDITIONTHATthereshouldhavebeenademandforasecondeditionofthisbook-
abookwhichcannotbedescribedaseasytoread-beforethecompletionofitsfirstdecadeisnottobeexplainedbytheinterestoftheprofessionalcirclestowhichIwasaddressingmyself。Mypsychiatriccolleagueshavenot，apparently，attemptedtolookbeyondtheastonishmentwhichmayatfirsthavebeenarousedbymynovelconceptionofthedream；andtheprofessionalphilosophers，whoareanyhowaccustomedtodisposingofthedreaminafewsentences-mostlythesame-asasupplementtothestatesofconsciousness，haveevidentlyfailedtorealizethatpreciselyinthisconnectionitwaspossibletomakeallmannerofdeductions，suchasmustleadtoafundamentalmodificationofourpsychologicaldoctrines。Theattitudeofthescientificreviewerswassuchtoleadmetoexpectthatthefateofthebookwouldbetofallintooblivion；andthelittleflockoffaithfuladherents，whofollowmyleadinthetherapeuticapplicationofpsycho-analysis，andinterpretdreamsbymymethod，couldnothaveexhaustedthefirsteditionofthisbook。Ifeel，therefore，thatmythanksareduetothewidercircleofculturedandinquiringreaderswhosesympathyhasinducedme，afterthelapseofnineyears，oncemoretotakeupthisdifficultwork，whichhassomanyfundamentalbearings。
IamgladtobeabletosaythatIfoundlittleinthebookthatcalledforalteration。HereandthereIhaveinterpolatedfreshmaterial，orhaveaddedopinionsbasedonmoreextensiveexperience，orIhavesoughttoelaborateindividualpoints；buttheessentialpassagestreatingofdreamsandtheirinterpretation，andthepsychologicaldoctrinestobededucedtherefrom，havebeenleftunaltered；subjectively，atallevents，theyhavestoodthetestoftime。ThosewhoareacquaintedwithmyotherwritingsontheaetiologyandmechanismofthepsychoneuroseswillknowthatIneverofferunfinishedworkasfinished，andthatIhavealwaysendeavouredtorevisemyconclusionsinaccordancewithmymaturingopinions；
butasregardsthesubjectofthedream-life，Iamabletostandbymyoriginaltext。Inmymanyyears’workupontheproblemsoftheneurosesIhaveoftenhesitated，andIhaveoftengoneastray；andthenitwasalwaystheinterpretationofdreamsthatrestoredmyself-confidence。Mymanyscientificopponentsareactuatedbyawiseinstinctwhentheydeclinetofollowmeintotheregionofoneirology。
Eventhematerialofthisbook，evenmyowndreams，defacedbytimeorsuperseded，bymeansofwhichIhavedemonstratedtherulesofdream-interpretation，revealed，whenIcametorevisethesepages，acontinuitythatresistedrevision。Forme，ofcourse，thisbookhasanadditionalsubjectivesignificance，whichIdidnotunderstanduntilafteritscompletion。
Itrevealsitselftomeasapieceofmyself-analysis，asmyreactiontothedeathofmyfather，thatis，tothemostimportantevent，themostpoignantlossinaman’slife。OnceIhadrealizedthis，IfeltthatI
couldnotobliteratethetracesofthisinfluence。Buttomyreadersthematerialfromwhichtheylearntoevaluateandinterpretdreamswillbeamatterofindifference。
Whereaninevitablecommentcouldnotbefittedintotheoldcontext，Ihaveindicatedbysquarebracketsthatitdoesnotoccurinthefirstedition。*
Berchtesgaden，1908-
*Omittedinsubsequenteditions。
INTRODUCTORYNOTEfirsteditionINthisvolumeIhaveattemptedtoexpoundthemethodsandresultsofdream-interpretation；
andinsodoingIdonotthinkIhaveoversteppedtheboundaryofneuro-pathologicalscience。Forthedreamprovesonpsychologicalinvestigationtobethefirstofaseriesofabnormalpsychicformations，aserieswhosesucceedingmembers-thehystericalphobias，theobsessions，thedelusions-must，forpracticalreasons，claimtheattentionofthephysician。Thedream，asweshallsee，hasnotitletosuchpracticalimportance，butforthatveryreasonitstheoreticalvalueasatypicalformationisallthegreater，andthephysicianwhocannotexplaintheoriginofdream-imageswillstriveinvaintounderstandthephobiasandtheobsessiveanddelusionalideas，ortoinfluencethembytherapeuticmethods。
Buttheverycontexttowhichoursubjectowesitsimportancemustbeheldresponsibleforthedeficienciesofthefollowingchapters。
Theabundantlacunaeinthisexpositionrepresentsomanypointsofcontactatwhichtheproblemofdream-formationislinkedupwiththemorecomprehensiveproblemsofpsycho-pathology；problemswhichcannotbetreatedinthesepages，butwhich，iftimeandpowerssufficeandiffurthermaterialpresentsitself，maybeelaboratedelsewhere。
Thepeculiarnatureofthematerialemployedtoexemplifytheinterpretationofdreamshasmadethewritingevenofthistreatiseadifficulttask。Considerationofthemethodsofdream-interpretationwillshowwhythedreamsrecordedintheliteratureonthesubject，orthosecollectedbypersonsunknowntome，wereuselessformypurpose；IhadonlythechoicebetweenmyowndreamsandthoseofthepatientswhomIwastreatingbypsychoanalyticmethods。Butthislatermaterialwasinadmissible，sincethedream-processeswereundesirablycomplicatedbytheinterventionofneuroticcharacters。AndifIrelatemyowndreamsImustinevitablyrevealtothegazeofstrangersmoreoftheintimaciesofmypsychiclifethanisagreeabletome，andmorethanseemsfittinginawriterwhoisnotapoetbutascientificinvestigator。Todosoispainful，butunavoidable；
Ihavesubmittedtothenecessity，forotherwiseIcouldnothavedemonstratedmypsychologicalconclusions。Sometimes，ofcourse，Icouldnotresistthetemptationtomitigatemyindiscretionsbyomissionsandsubstitutions；
butwhereverIhavedonesothevalueoftheexamplecitedhasbeenverydefinitelydiminished。Icanonlyexpressthehopethatmyreaderswillunderstandmydifficultposition，andwillbeindulgent；andfurther，thatallthosepersonswhoareinanywayconcernedinthedreamsrecordedwillnotseektoforbidourdream-lifeatalleventstoexercisefreedomofthought！
Freud’s*TheInterpretationofDreams*ChapterOneBacktoTableofContentsforTheInterpretationofDreamsCHAPTERONE:
THESCIENTIFICLITERATUREOFDREAM-PROBLEMS
UPTO1900InthefollowingpagesIshalldemonstratethatthereisapsychologicaltechniquewhichmakesitpossibletointerpretdreams，andthatontheapplicationofthistechniqueeverydreamwillrevealitselfasapsychologicalstructure，fullofsignificance，andonewhichmaybeassignedtoaspecificplaceinthepsychicactivitiesofthewakingstate。Further，Ishallendeavourtoelucidatetheprocesseswhichunderliethestrangenessandobscurityofdreams，andtodeducefromtheseprocessesthenatureofthepsychicforceswhoseconflictorcooperationisresponsibleforourdreams。Thisdone，myinvestigationwillterminate，asitwillhavereachedthepointwheretheproblemofthedreammergesintomorecomprehensiveproblems，andtosolvethesewemusthaverecoursetomaterialofadifferentkind。
Ishallbeginbygivingashortaccountoftheviewsofearlierwritersonthissubject，andofthestatusofthedream-problemincontemporaryscience；sinceinthecourseofthistreatiseIshallnotoftenhaveoccasiontorefertoeither。Inspiteofthousandsofyearsofendeavour，littleprogresshasbeenmadeinthescientificunderstandingofdreams。Thisfacthasbeensouniversallyacknowledgedbypreviouswritersonthesubjectthatitseemshardlynecessarytoquoteindividualopinions。Thereaderwillfind，intheworkslistedattheendofthiswork，manystimulatingobservations，andplentyofinterestingmaterialrelatingtooursubject，butlittleornothingthatconcernsthetruenatureofthedream，orthatsolvesdefinitelyanyofitsenigmas。Theeducatedlayman，ofcourse，knowsevenlessofthematter。
Theconceptionofthedreamthatwasheldinprehistoricagesbyprimitivepeoples，andtheinfluencewhichitmayhaveexertedontheformationoftheirconceptionsoftheuniverse，andofthesoul，isathemeofsuchgreatinterestthatitisonlywithreluctancethatIrefrainfromdealingwithitinthesepages。Iwillreferthereadertothewell-knownworksofSirJohnLubbockLordAvebury，HerbertSpencer，E。B。Tylor，andotherwriters；Iwillonlyaddthatweshallnotrealizetheimportanceoftheseproblemsandspeculationsuntilwehavecompletedthetaskofdream-interpretationthatliesbeforeus。
Areminiscenceoftheconceptofthedreamthatwasheldinprimitivetimesseemstounderlietheevaluationofthedreamwhichwascurrentamongthepeoplesofclassicalantiquity。*Theytookitforgrantedthatdreamswererelatedtotheworldofthesupernaturalbeingsinwhomtheybelieved，andthattheybroughtinspirationsfromthegodsanddemons。Moreover，itappearedtothemthatdreamsmustserveaspecialpurposeinrespectofthedreamer；that，asarule，theypredictedthefuture。Theextraordinaryvariationsinthecontentofdreams，andintheimpressionswhichtheyproducedonthedreamer，madeit，ofcourse，verydifficulttoformulateacoherentconceptionofthem，andnecessitatedmanifolddifferentiationsandgroup-formations，accordingtotheirvalueandreliability。Thevaluationofdreamsbytheindividualphilosophersofantiquitynaturallydependedontheimportancewhichtheywerepreparedtoattributetomanticismingeneral。
*ThefollowingremarksarebasedonBuchsenschutz’scarefulessay，TraumundTraumdeutungimAltertumBerlin1868。
InthetwoworksofAristotleinwhichthereismentionofdreams，theyarealreadyregardedasconstitutingaproblemofpsychology。Wearetoldthatthedreamisnotgod-sent，thatitisnotofdivinebutofdemonicorigin。Fornatureisreallydemonic，notdivine；thatistosay，thedreamisnotasupernaturalrevelation，butissubjecttothelawsofthehumanspirit，whichhas，ofcourse，akinshipwiththedivine。Thedreamisdefinedasthepsychicactivityofthesleeper，inasmuchasheisasleep。Aristotlewasacquaintedwithsomeofthecharacteristicsofthedream-life；forexample，heknewthatadreamconvertstheslightsensationsperceivedinsleepintointensesensations"oneimaginesthatoneiswalkingthroughfire，andfeelshot，ifthisorthatpartofthebodybecomesonlyquiteslightlywarm"，whichledhimtoconcludethatdreamsmighteasilybetraytothephysicianthefirstindicationsofanincipientphysicalchangewhichescapedobservationduringtheday。*
*TherelationshipbetweendreamsanddiseaseisdiscussedbyHippocratesinachapterofhisfamouswork。
Ashasbeensaid，thosewritersofantiquitywhoprecededAristotledidnotregardthedreamasaproductofthedreamingpsyche，butasaninspirationofdivineorigin，andinancienttimesthetwoopposingtendencieswhichweshallfindthroughouttheagesinrespectoftheevaluationofthedream-lifewerealreadyperceptible。Theancientsdistinguishedbetweenthetrueandvaluabledreamswhichweresenttothedreameraswarnings，ortoforetellfutureevents，andthevain，fraudulent，andemptydreamswhoseobjectwastomisguidehimorleadhimtodestruction。
Gruppe*speaksofsuchaclassificationofdreams，citingMacrobiusandArtemidorus:"Dreamsweredividedintotwoclasses；thefirstclasswasbelievedtobeinfluencedonlybythepresentorthepast，andwasunimportantinrespectofthefuture；itincludedtheenukniainsomnia，whichdirectlyreproduceagivenideaoritsopposite；e。g。，hungeroritssatiation；andthephantasmata，whichelaboratethegivenideaphantastically，ase。g。thenightmare，ephialtes。Thesecondclassofdreams，ontheotherhand，wasdeterminativeofthefuture。Tothisbelonged:
1。Directpropheciesreceivedinthedreamchrematismos，oraculum；
2。theforetellingofafutureeventorama，visio；
3。thesymbolicdream，whichrequiresinterpretationoneiros，somnium。
Thistheorysurvivedformanycenturies。"
*GriechischeMythologieundReligionsgeschichte，p。390。
Connectedwiththesevaryingestimationsofthedreamwastheproblemof"dream-interpretation。"Dreamsingeneralwereexpectedtoyieldimportantsolutions，butnoteverydreamwasimmediatelyunderstood，anditwasimpossibletobesurethatacertainincomprehensibledreamdidnotreallyforetellsomethingofimportance，sothataneffortwasmadetoreplacetheincomprehensiblecontentofthedreambysomethingthatshouldbeatoncecomprehensibleandsignificant。InlaterantiquityArtemidorusofDaldiswasregardedasthegreatestauthorityondream-interpretation。Hiscomprehensiveworksmustservetocompensateusforthelostworksofasimilarnature。*Thepre-scientificconceptionofthedreamwhichobtainedamongtheancientswas，ofcourse，inperfectkeepingwiththeirgeneralconceptionoftheuniverse，whichwasaccustomedtoprojectasanexternalrealitythatwhichpossessedrealityonlyinthelifeofthepsyche。Further，itaccountedforthemainimpressionmadeuponthewakinglifebythemorningmemoryofthedream；forinthismemorythedream，ascomparedwiththerestofthepsychiccontent，seemstobesomethingalien，coming，asitwere，fromanotherworld。Itwouldbeanerrortosupposethattheoryofthesupernaturaloriginofdreamslacksfollowerseveninourowntimes；forquiteapartfrompietisticandmysticalwriters-whocling，astheyareperfectlyjustifiedindoing，totheremnantsoftheoncepredominantrealmofthesupernaturaluntiltheseremnantshavebeensweptawaybyscientificexplanation-wenotinfrequentlyfindthatquiteintelligentpersons，whoinotherrespectsareaversefromanythingofaromanticnature，gosofarastobasetheirreligiousbeliefintheexistenceandco-operationofsuperhumanspiritualpowersontheinexplicablenatureofthephenomenaofdreamsHaffner。
Thevalidityascribedtothedream-lifebycertainschoolsofphilosophy-
forexample，bytheschoolofSchelling-isadistinctreminiscenceoftheundisputedbeliefinthedivinityofdreamswhichprevailedinantiquity；
andforsomethinkersthemanticorpropheticpowerofdreamsisstillasubjectofdebate。Thisisduetothefactthattheexplanationsattemptedbypsychologyaretooinadequatetocopewiththeaccumulatedmaterial，howeverstronglythescientificthinkermayfeelthatsuchsuperstitiousdoctrinesshouldberepudiated。
*Forthelaterhistoryofdream-interpretationintheMiddleAgesconsultDiepgen，andthespecialinvestigationsofM。Forster，Gotthard，andothers。
TheinterpretationofdreamsamongtheJewshasbeenstudiedbyAmoli，Amram，andLowinger，andrecently，withreferencetothepsycho-analyticstandpoint，byLauer。DetailsoftheArabicmethodsofdream-interpretationarefurnishedbyDrexl，F。Schwarz，andthemissionaryTfinkdji。TheinterpretationofdreamsamongtheJapanesehasbeeninvestigatedbyMiuraandIwaya，amongtheChinesebySecker，andamongtheIndiansbyNegelein。
Towritestronglythehistoryofourscientificknowledgeofthedream-
problemisextremelydifficult，because，valuablethoughthisknowledgemaybeincertainrespects，norealprogressinadefinitedirectionisasyetdiscernible。Norealfoundationofverifiedresultshashithertobeenestablishedonwhichfutureinvestigatorsmightcontinuetobuild。
Everynewauthorapproachesthesameproblemsafresh，andfromtheverybeginning。IfIweretoenumeratesuchauthorsinchronologicalorder，givingasurveyoftheopinionswhicheachhasheldconcerningtheproblemsofthedream，Ishouldbequiteunabletodrawaclearandcompletepictureofthepresentstateofourknowledgeonthesubject。Ihavethereforepreferredtobasemymethodoftreatmentonthemesratherthanonauthors，andinattemptingthesolutionofeachproblemofthedreamIshallcitethematerialfoundintheliteratureofthesubject。
ButasIhavenotsucceededinmasteringthewholeofthisliterature-
foritiswidelydispersed，andinterwovenwiththeliteratureofothersubjects-Imustaskmyreaderstorestcontentwithmysurveyasitstands，providedthatnofundamentalfactorimportantpointofviewhasbeenoverlooked。
Untilrecentlymostauthorshavebeeninclinedtodealwiththesubjectsofsleepanddreamsinconjunction，andtogetherwiththesetheyhavecommonlydealtwithanalogousconditionsofapsycho-pathologicalnature，andotherdream-likephenomena，suchashallucinations，visions，etc。Inrecentworks，ontheotherhand，therehasbeenatendencytokeepmorecloselytothetheme，andtoconsider，asaspecialsubject，theseparateproblemsofthedream-life。InthischangeIshouldliketoperceiveanexpressionofthegrowingconvictionthatenlightenmentandagreementinsuchobscuremattersmaybeattainedonlybyaseriesofdetailedinvestigations。Suchadetailedinvestigation，andoneofaspecialpsychologicalnature，isexpoundedinthesepages。Ihavehadlittleoccasiontoconcernmyselfwiththeproblemofsleep，asthisisessentiallyaphysiologicalproblem，althoughthechangesinthefunctionaldeterminationofthepsychicapparatusshouldbeincludedinadescriptionofthesleepingstate。Theliteratureofsleepwillthereforenotbeconsideredhere。
Ascientificinterestinthephenomenaofdreamsassuchleadsustopropoundthefollowingproblems，whichtoacertainextent，interdependent，mergeintooneanother。A。TheRelationoftheDreamtotheWakingStateThenaivejudgmentofthedreameronwakingassumesthatthedream-evenifitdoesnotcomefromanotherworld-hasatalleventstransportedthedreamerintoanotherworld。Theoldphysiologist，Burdach，towhomweareindebtedforacarefulanddiscriminatingdescriptionofthephenomenaofdreams，expressedthisconvictioninafrequentlyquotedpassagep。
474:"Thewakinglife，withitstrialsandjoys，itspleasuresandpains，isneverrepeated；onthecontrary，thedreamaimsatrelievingusofthese。
Evenwhenourwholemindisfilledwithonesubject，whenourheartsarerentbybittergrief，orwhensometaskhasbeentaxingourmentalcapacitytotheutmost，thedreameithergivesussomethingentirelyalien，oritselectsforitscombinationsonlyafewelementsofreality；oritmerelyentersintothekeyofourmood，andsymbolizesreality。"J。H。FichteI。541speaksinpreciselythesamesenseofsupplementarydreams，callingthemoneofthesecret，self-healingbenefitsofthepsyche。L。StrumpellexpresseshimselftothesameeffectinhisNaturundEntstehungderTraume，astudywhichisdeservedlyheldinhighesteem。"Hewhodreamsturnshisbackupontheworldofwakingconsciousness"p。16；"Inthedreamthememoryoftheorderlycontentofwakingconsciousnessanditsnormalbehaviourisalmostentirelylost"p。17；"Thealmostcompleteandunencumberedisolationofthepsycheinthedreamfromtheregularnormalcontentandcourseofthewakingstate……"p。19。
Yettheoverwhelmingmajorityofwritersonthesubjecthaveadoptedthecontraryviewoftherelationofthedreamtowakinglife。ThusHaffnerp。19:"Tobeginwith，thedreamcontinuesthewakinglife。Ourdreamsalwaysconnectthemselveswithsuchideasashaveshortlybeforebeenpresentinourconsciousness。Carefulexaminationwillnearlyalwaysdetectathreadbywhichthedreamhaslinkeditselftotheexperiencesofthepreviousday。"Weygandtp。6flatlycontradictsthestatementofBurdach。"Foritmayoftenbeobserved，apparentlyindeedinthegreatmajorityofdreams，thattheyleadusdirectlybackintoeverydaylife，insteadofreleasingusfromit。"Mauryp。56expressesthesameideainaconciseformula:
"Nousrevonsdecequenousavonsvu，dit，desire，oufait。"*Jessen，inhisPsychologie，publishedin1855p。530，israthermoreexplicit:
"Thecontentofdreamsisalwaysmoreorlessdeterminedbythepersonality，theage，sex，stationinlife，educationandhabits，andbytheeventsandexperiencesofthewholepastlifeoftheindividual。...剩余内容请长按扫描二维码或下载丁香书院APP继续免费看：
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