"Fortwomonths，"writesacommandantintheSouth，[20]"inferiorjudgesandlawyers，withwhichbothtownandcountryswarm，withaviewtotheirelectiontotheStates—General，havebeenracingafterthemembersoftheThird—Estate，underthepretextofstandingbythemandofgivingtheminformation……Theyhavestriventomakethembelievethat，intheStates—General，theyalonewouldbemastersandregulatealltheaffairsofthekingdom；thattheThird—Estate，inselectingitsdeputiesamongmenoftherobe，wouldsecurethemightandtherighttotakethelead，toabolishnobilityandtocancelallitsrightsandprivileges；thatnobilitywouldnolongerbehereditary；thatallcitizens，indeservingit，wouldbeentitledtoclaimit；that，ifthepeopleelectedthem，theywouldhaveaccordedtotheThird—Estatewhateveritdesired，becausethecurates，belongingtotheThird—Estate，havingagreedtoseparatefromthehigherclergyandunitewiththem，thenoblesandtheclergy，unitedtogether，wouldhavebutonevoteagainsttwooftheThird—Estate……Ifthethird—Estatehadchosensensibletownspeopleormerchantstheywouldhavecombinedwithoutdifficultywiththeothertwoorders。
　　Buttheassembliesofthebailiwicksandotherdistrictswerestuffedwithmenoftherobewhohadabsorbedallopinionsandstriventotakeprecedenceoftheothers，each，inhisownbehalf，intriguingandconspiringtobeappointedadeputy。"
　　"InTouraine，"writestheintendant，[21]"mostofthevoteshavebeenbespokenorbeggedfor。Trustyagents，atthemomentofvoting，placedfilled—inballotsinthehandsofthevoters，andputintheirway，onreachingthetaverns，everydocumentandsuggestioncalculatedtoexcitetheirimaginationsanddeterminetheirchoiceforthegentryofthebar。"
　　"InthesénéchauséeofLectoure，anumberofparisheshavenotbeendesignatedornotifiedtosendtheirreportsordeputiestothedistrictassembly。Inthosewhichwerenotifiedthelawyers，attorneysandnotariesofthesmallneighboringtownshavemadeupthelistofgrievancesthemselveswithoutsummoningthecommunity……Exactcopiesofthissingleroughdraftweremadeandsoldatahighpricetothecouncilsofeachcountryparish"。—
　　Thisisanalarmingsymptom，onemarkingoutinadvancetheroadtheRevolutionistotake:Themanofthepeopleisindoctrinatedbytheadvocate，thepikemanallowinghimselftobeledbythespokesman。[22]
　　Theeffectoftheircombinationisapparentthefirstyear。InFranche—Comté[23]afterconsultationwithapersonnamedRouget，thepeasantsoftheMarquisdeChaila"determinetomakenofurtherpaymentstohim，andtodivideamongstthemselvestheproductofthewood—cuttings。"Inhispaper"thelawyerstatesthatallthecommunitiesoftheprovincehavedecidedtodothesamething……Hisconsultationisdiffusedtosuchanextentaroundthecountrythatmanyofthecommunitiesaresatisfiedthattheyowenothingmoretothekingnortotheseigniors。M。deMarnésia，deputytothe（National）Assembly，hasarrived（here）topassafewdaysathomeonaccountofhishealth。Hehasbeentreatedintherudestandmostscandalousmanner；itwasevenproposedtoconducthimbacktoParisunderguard。Afterhisdeparturehischateauwasattacked，thedoorsburstopenandthewallsofhisgardenpulleddown。（Andyet）nogentlemanhasdonemoreforthepeopleonhisdomaintheM。leMarquisdeMarnésia……Excessesofeverykindareontheincrease；Ihaveconstantcomplaintsoftheabusewhichthenationalmilitiamakeoftheirarms，andwhichIcannotremedy。"AccordingtoanutteranceintheNationalAssemblythepoliceimaginesthatitistobedisbandedandhasthereforenodesiretomakeenemiesforitself。"Thebaillagesareastimidasthepolice—forces；Isendthembusinessconstantly，butnoculpritispunished。"——"Nonationenjoyslibertysoindefiniteandsodisastroustohonestpeople；itisabsolutelyagainsttherightsofmantoseeoneselfconstantlyliabletohavehisthroatcutbythescoundrelswhodailyconfoundlibertywithlicense。"
　　—Inotherwords，thepassionsutilizethetheorytojustifythemselves，andthetheoryappealtopassiontobecarriedout。Forexample，nearLiancourt，theDucdeLarochefoucauldpossessedanuncultivatedareaofground；"atthecommencementoftherevolution，[24]thepoorofthetowndeclarethat，astheyformapartofthenation，untilledlandsbeingnationalproperty，thisbelongstothem，"and"withnootherformality"theytakepossessionofit，divideitup，planthedgesandclearitoff。"This，saysArthurYoung，showsthegeneraldisposition……Pushedalittlefarthertheconsequenceswouldnotbeslightforpropertiesinthiskingdom。"
　　Already，intheprecedingyear，nearRouen，themarauders，whocutdownandselltheforests，declare，that"thepeoplehavetherighttotakewhatevertheyrequirefortheirnecessities。"Theyhavehadthedoctrinepreachedtothemthattheyaresovereign，andtheyactassovereigns。Theconditionoftheirintellectsbeinggiven，nothingismorenaturalthantheirconduct。Severalmillionsofsavagesarethusletloosebyafewthousandwindbags，thepoliticsofthecaféfindinganinterpreterandministrantsinthemobofthestreets。Ontheonehandbruteforceisattheserviceoftheradicaldogma。Ontheotherhandradicaldogmaisattheserviceofbruteforce。Andhere，indisintegratedFrance，thesearetheonlytwovalidpowersremainingerectonthedebrisoftheothers。
　　Notes:
　　[1]Necker，"Del’AdministrationdesFinances，"II。422，435。
　　[2]Thewageshavein1789beenestimatedtobe7sous4deniersofwhich2sousand6denierswouldhavetobepaidforthebread。
　　（MercuredeFrance，May7，1791。）
　　[3]Aubertin，345。LettertotheComtedeSt。Germain（duringtheSevenYearsWar）。"Thesoldier’shardshipsmakeone’sheartbleed；hepasseshisdaysinastateofabjectmisery，despisedandlivinglikeachaineddogtobeusedforcombat。"
　　[4]DeTocqueville，190，191。
　　[5]Archivesnationales，H，1591。
　　[6]DeRochambeau，"Mémoires，"I。427。—D’Argenson，December24，1752。"30，000menhavebeenpunishedfordesertionsincethepeaceof1748；thisextensivedesertionisattributedtothenewdrillwhichfatiguesanddisheartensthesoldier，andespeciallytheveterans。"—
　　Voltaire，"Dict。Phil。，"article"Punishments。""Iwasamazedonedayonseeingthelistofdeserters，foreightyearsamountingto60，000。"
　　[7]Archivesnationales，H，554。（LetterofM。deBertrand，intendantofRennes，August17，1785）。
　　[8]Mercier，XI，121。
　　[9]Nowweknowbetter。Themosthealthybreadistheoneinwhichsomebranisleft，suchbranisnotonlygoodforthedigestionbutcontainsvitaminsandmineralsaswell。（SR）。
　　[10]DeVaublanc，149。
　　[11]DeSégur，I，20（1767）。
　　[12]Augeard，"Mémoires，"165。
　　[13]HoraceWalpole，September5，1789。
　　[14]Laboulaye，"Del’Administrationfran？aisesousLouisXVI。"
　　（RevuedesCourslittéraires，IV，743）。—AlbertBabeau，I，111。
　　（DoléancesetveuxdescorporationsdeTroyes）。
　　[15]DeTocqueville，158。
　　[16]Ibid。304。（ThewordsofBurke。）
　　[17]TravelsinFrance，I。240，263。
　　[18]WhatanimpressionthisviewmusthavemadeonLeninwhosought，between1906and1909inParis，themeansandwayswithwhichtore—createtheFrenchrevolutioninRussia。（SR。）
　　[19]Beugnot，I。115，116。
　　[20]Archivesnationales，procès—verbauxandcahiersoftheStates—
　　General，vol。XIII，p。405。（LetteroftheMarquisdeFodoas，commandantofArmagnac，toM。Necker，may29，1789。）
　　[21]Ibid。Vol。CL，p。174。（LetterfromtheintendantofToursofMarch25，1789。）
　　[22]"LenindeviatedfromMarxnotinpreachingthenecessityforviolentproletarianrevolution，butbyadvocatingthecreationofanelitepartyofprofessionalrevolutionariestohastenthisend，andbyarguingforthedictatorshipofthispartyratherthantheworkingclassasawhole。"TheGuinnessEncyclopediapage269。（SR。）
　　[23]Archivesnationales，H，784。（LettersofM。deLangeron，militarycommandantatBesan？on，October16and18，1789）。Theconsultationisannexed。
　　[24]ArthurYoung，I，344。
　　CHAPTERV。SUMMARY。
　　I。SuicideoftheAncientRegime。
　　Thesetwoforces，radicaldogmaandbruteforce，arethesuccessorsandexecutorsoftheAncientregime，and，oncontemplatingthewayinwhichthisregimeengendered，broughtforth，nourished，installedandstimulatedthemwecannotavoidconsideringitshistoryasonelongsuicide，likethatofamanwho，havingmountedtothetopofanimmenseladder，cutsawayfromunderhisfeetthesupportwhichhaskepthimup。—Inacaseofthiskindgoodintentionsarenotsufficient；tobeliberalandevengenerous，toenteruponafewsemi—
　　reforms，isofnoavail。Onthecontrary，throughboththeirqualitiesanddefects，throughboththeirvirtuesandtheirvices，theprivilegedwroughttheirowndestruction，theirmeritscontributingtotheirruinaswellastheirfaults。—Foundersofsociety，formerlyentitledtotheiradvantagesthroughtheirservices，theyhavepreservedtheirrankwithoutfulfillingtheirduties；theirpositioninthelocalasinthecentralgovernmentisasinecure，andtheirprivilegeshavebecomeabuses。Attheirhead，aking，creatingFrancebydevotinghimselftoherasifhisownproperty，endedbysacrificingherasifhisownproperty；thepublicpurseishisprivatepurse，whilepassions，vanities，personalweaknesses，luxurioushabits，familysolicitudes，theintriguesofamistressandthecapricesofawife，governastateoftwenty—sixmillionsofmenwithanarbitrariness，aheedlessness，aprodigality，alackofskill，anabsenceofconsistencythatwouldscarcelybeoverlookedinthemanagementofaprivatedomain。—Thekingandtheprivilegedexcelinonedirection，inmanners，ingoodtaste，infashion，inthetalentforrepresentationandinentertainingandreceiving，inthegiftofgracefulconversation，infinesseandingaiety，intheartofconvertinglifeintoabrilliantandingeniousfestivity，regardingtheworldasadrawingroomofrefinedidlersinwhichitsufficestobeamiableandwitty，whilst，actually，itisanarenawhereonemustbestrongforcombats，andalaboratoryinwhichonemustworkinordertobeuseful。—Throughthehabit，perfectionandswayofpolishedintercoursetheystampedontheFrenchintellectaclassicform，which，combinedwithrecentscientificacquisitions，producedthephilosophyoftheeighteenthcentury，thedisreputeoftradition，theambitionofrecastingallhumaninstitutionsaccordingtothesoledictatesofReason，theapplianceofmathematicalmethodstopoliticsandmorals，thecatechismoftheRightsofMan，andotherdogmasofanarchicalanddespoticcharacterintheCONTRATSOCIAL。—Oncethischimeraisborntheywelcomeitasadrawingroomfancy；theyusethelittlemonsterasaplaything，asyetinnocentanddeckedwithribbonslikeapastorallambkin；theyneverdreamofitsbecomingaraging，formidablebrute；theynourishit，andcaressit，andthen，openingtheirdoors，theyletitdescendintothestreets。—Hereamongthemiddleclasswhichthegovernmenthasrenderedill—disposedbycompromisingitsfortunes，whichtheprivilegedhaveoffendedbyrestrictingitsambition，whichiswoundedbyinequalitythroughinjuredself—esteem，therevolutionarytheorygainsrapidaccessions，asuddenasperity，and，inafewyears，itfindsitselfundisputedmasterofpublicopinion。—Atthismomentandatitssummons，anothercolossalmonsterrisesup，amonsterwithmillionsofheads，ablind，startledanimal，anentirepeoplepresseddown，exasperatedandsuddenlyloosenedagainstthegovernmentwhoseexactionshavedespoiledit，againsttheprivilegedwhoserightshavereducedittostarvation，without，intheseruraldistrictsabandonedbytheirnaturalprotectors，encounteringanysurvivingauthority；without，intheseprovincessubjecttotheyokeofuniversalcentralization，encounteringasingleindependentgroupandwithoutthepossibilityofforming，inthissocietybrokenupbydespotism，anycentersofenterpriseandresistance；withoutfinding，inthisupperclassdisarmedbyitsveryhumanity，apolicydevoidofillusionandcapableofaction。Withoutwhichallthesegoodintentionsandfineintellectsshallbeunabletoprotectthemselvesagainstthetwoenemiesofalllibertyandofallorder，againstthecontagionofthedemocraticnightmarewhichdisturbstheablestheadsandagainsttheirruptionsofthepopularbrutalitywhichpervertsthebestoflaws。AtthemomentofopeningtheStates—Generalthecourseofideasandeventsisnotonlyfixedbut，again，apparent。Beforehandandunconsciously，eachgenerationbears（Page400/296）withinitselfitspastanditsfuture；andtothisone，longbeforetheend，onemighthavebeenabletoforetellitsfate，and，ifbothdetailsaswellastheentireactioncouldhavebeenforeseen，onewouldreadilyhaveacceptedthefollowingfictionmadeupbyaconvertedLaharpe[1]when，attheendoftheDirectory，hearrangedhissouvenirs:
　　II。
　　"Itseemstome，"hesays，"asifitwerebutyesterday，andyetitisatthebeginningoftheyear1788。WewerediningwithoneofourfellowmembersoftheAcademy，agrandseigniorandamanofintelligence。Thecompanywasnumerousandofeveryprofession，courtiers，advocates，menoflettersandacademicians，allhadfeastedluxuriouslyaccordingtocustom。AtthedessertthewinesofMalvoisieandofConstancecontributedtothesocialgaietyasortoffreedomnotalwayskeptwithindecorouslimits。Atthattimesocietyhadreachedthepointatwhicheverythingmaybeexpressedthatexciteslaughter。Champforthadreadtoushisimpiousandlibertinestories，andgreatladieshadlistenedtothesewithoutrecoursetotheirfans。
　　Henceadelugeofwitticismsagainstreligion，onequotingatiradefrom’LaPucelle，’anotherbringingforwardcertainphilosophicalstanzasbyDiderot……andwithunboundedapplause……Theconversationbecomesmoreserious；admirationisexpressedattherevolutionaccomplishedbyVoltaire，andallagreeinitsbeingthefirsttitletohisfame。’Hegavethetonetohiscentury，findingreadersintheantechambersaswellasinthedrawing—room。’Oneoftheguestsnarrates，burstingwithlaughter，whatahairdressersaidtohimwhilepowderinghishair:’Yousee，sir，althoughIamamiserablescrub，Ihavenomorereligionthananyoneelse。’TheyconcludethattheRevolutionwillsoonbeconsummated，thatsuperstitionandfanaticismmustwhollygivewaytophilosophy，andtheythuscalculatetheprobabilitiesoftheepochandthoseofthefuturesocietywhichwillseethereignofreason。Themostagedlamentnotbeingabletoflatterthemselvesthattheywillseeit；theyoungrejoiceinareasonableprospectofseeingit，andespeciallydotheycongratulatetheAcademyonhavingpavedthewayforthegreatwork，andonhavingbeentheheadquarters，thecenter，theinspireroffreedomofthought。
　　OneoftheguestshadtakennopartinthisgayconversationapersonnamedCazotte，anamiableandoriginalman，but，unfortunately，infatuatedwiththedelusionsofthevisionary。Inthemostserioustonehebegins:’Gentlemen，’sayshe，’becontent；youwillwitnessthisgreatrevolutionthatyousomuchdesire。YouknowthatIamsomethingofaprophet，andIrepeatit，youwillwitnessit……Doyouknowtheresultofthisrevolution，forallofyou，solongasyouremainhere？’—’Ah！’exclaimsCondorcetwithhisshrewd，simpleairandsmile，’letussee，aphilosopherisnotsorrytoencounteraprophet。’—’You，MonsieurdeCondorcet，willexpirestretchedonthefloorofadungeon；youwilldieofthepoisonyoutaketoescapetheexecutioner，ofthepoisonwhichthefelicityofthaterawillcompelyoualwaystocarryaboutyourperson！’—Atfirst，greatastonishment，andthencameanoutburstoflaughter。’Whathasallthisincommonwithphilosophyandthereignofreason？’—
　　’PreciselywhatIhavejustremarkedtoyou；inthenameofphilosophy，ofhumanity，offreedom，underthereignofreason，youwillthusreachyourend；and，evidently，thereignofreasonwillarrive，fortherewillbetemplesofreason，and，inthosedays，inallFrance，thetempleswillbethosealoneofreason……You，MonsieurdeChampfort，youwillseveryourveinswithtwenty—twostrokesofarazorandyetyouwillnotdieformonthsafterwards。
　　You，MonsieurVicq—d’Azir，youwillnotopenyourownveinsbutyouwillhavethemopenedsixtimesinoneday，intheagoniesofgout，soastobemorecertainofsuccess，andyouwilldiethatnight。You，MonsieurdeNicolai，onthescaffold；you，MonsieurBailly，onthescaffold；you，MonsieurdeMalesherbes，onthescaffold；……you，MonsieurRoucher，alsoonthescaffold。’—’ButthenweshallhavebeenovercomebyTurksorTartars？’—’Bynomeans；youwillbegoverned，asIhavealreadytoldyou，solelybyphilosophyandreason。
　　Thosewhoaretotreatyouinthismannerwillallbephilosophers，willall，ateverymoment，haveontheirlipsthephrasesyouhaveutteredwithinthehour，willrepeatyourmaxims，willquote，likeyourselves，thestanzasofDiderotandof"LaPucelle。"’—’Andwhenwillallthishappen？’—’SixyearswillnotpassbeforewhatItellyouwillbeaccomplished。’—’Well，thesearemiracles，’exclaimsLaHarpe，’andyouleavemeout？’—’Youwillbenolessamiracle，foryouwillthenbeaChristian。’—’Ah，’interposesChampfort，I
　　breatheagain；ifwearetodieonlywhenLaHarpebecomesaChristianweareimmortals。’—’Astothat，wewomen，’saystheDuchessedeGramont，’areextremelyfortunateinbeingofnoconsequenceinrevolutions。Itisunderstoodthatwearenottoblame，andoursex……’—’Yoursex，ladies，willnotprotectyouthistime……Youwillbetreatedpreciselyasmen，withnodifferencewhatever……
　　You，MadamelaDuchesse，willbeledtothescaffold，youandmanyladiesbesidesyourselfinacartwithyourhandstiedbehindyourback。’—’Ah，inthatevent，Ihopetohaveatleastacarriagecoveredwithblack。’—’No，Madame，greaterladiesthanyourselfwillgo，likeyourselfinacartandwiththeirhandstiedlikeyours。’—’Greaterladies！What！Princessesoftheblood！’—
　　’Stillgreaterladiesthanthose……’Theybegantothinkthejestcarriedtoofar。MadamedeGramont，todispelthegloom，didnotinsistonareplytoherlastexclamation，contentingherselfbysayinginthelightesttone，’Andtheywillnotevenleaveoneaconfessor！’—’No，Madame，neitheryounoranyotherpersonwillbeallowedaconfessor；thelastofthecondemnedthatwillhaveone，asanactofgrace，willbe……’Hestoppedamoment。’Tellme，now，whoisthefortunatemortalenjoyingthisprerogative？’—’Itisthelastthatwillremaintohim，anditwillbetheKingofFrance。’"
　　Note:
　　[1]Laharpe，orLaHarpe，JeanFran？ois。（Paris1739—1803）。Authorandcritic，madeamemberoftheAcademyin1776。（SR）。
　　ENDOFVOLUMENOTES:
　　NOTE1。
　　ONTHENUMBEROFECCLESIASTICSANDNOBLES。
　　Theseapproximateestimatesarearrivedatinthefollowingmanner:
　　1。Thenumberofnoblesin1789wasunknown。ThegenealogistChérin，inhis"AbrégéchronologiquedesEdits，etc。"（1789），statesthatheisignorantofthenumber。Moheau，towhomLavoisierrefersinhisreport，1791，isequallyignorantinthisrespect。（"RecherchessurlapopulationdelaFrance，"1778，p。105）；Lavoisierstatesthenumberas83，000，whiletheMarquisdeBouillé（"Mémoires，"p。50），states80，000families；neitheroftheseauthoritiesadvancingproofsoftheirstatements。—Ifindinthe"Cataloguenominatifdesgentilhommesen1789，"byLaroqueandDeBarthélemy，thenumberofnoblesvoting，directlyorbyproxy，intheelectionsof1789，inProvence，Languedoc，Lyonnais，Forez，Beaujolais，Touraine，Normandy，andIle—de—France，as9，167。—Accordingtothecensusof1790，givenbyArthurYounginhis"TravelsinFrance，"thepopulationoftheseprovinceswas7，757，000，whichgivesaproportionof30，000
　　noblesvotinginapopulationof26，000，000。—Onexaminingthelawandonsummingupthelists，wefindthateachnoblerepresentssomewhatlessthanafamily，inasmuchasthesonoftheownerofafiefvotesifheistwenty—fiveyearsofage；Ithink，accordingly，thatwearenotfaroutofthewayinestimatingthenumberofnoblefamiliesat26，000or28，000，whichnumber，atfiveindividualstothefamily，gives130，000or140，000nobles。—TheterritoryofFrancein1789being27，000squareleagues，[1]andthepopulation26，000，000，wemayassignonenoblefamilytoeverysquareleagueofterritoryandtoevery1，000inhabitants。
　　2。ConcerningtheclergyIfindintheNationalArchives，amongtheecclesiasticalrecords，thefollowingenumerationofmonksbelongingto28orders:GrandAugustins694，Petits—Pères250，Barnabites90，EnglishBénédictines52，BénédictinesofCluny298，ofSaint—Vanne612，ofSaint—Maur1，672，Citeaux1，806，Récollets2，238，Prémontrés399，PrémontrésRéformés394，Capucins3，720，Carmesdéchaussés555，Grands—Carmes853，HospitaliersdeSaint—JeandeDieu218，Chartreux1，144，Cordeliers2，018，Dominicans1，172，Feuillants148，Genovéfains570，Mathurins310，Minimes684，Notre—DamedelaMerci31，Notre—Saveur203，Tiers—OrdredeSt。Fran？ois365，Saint—
　　JeandesVignesdeSoissons31，Théatins25，abbayedeSaint—Victor21，Maisonssoumisesàl’ordinaire305。Total20，745monksin2，489
　　convents。TothismustbeaddedthePèresde1’Oratoire，delaMission，delaDoctrinechrétienneandsomeothers；thetotalofmonksbeingabout23，000。—Astonuns，IhaveacataloguefromtheNationalArchivesoftwelvedioceses，comprisingaccordingto"Franceecclésiastique"1788，5，576parishes:thediocèsesrespectivelyofPerpignan，Tulle，Marseilles，Rhodez，Saint—Flour，Toulouse，leMans，Limoges，Lisieux，Rouen，Reims，andNoyon，inall，5，394nunsin198
　　establishments。Theproportionis37，000nunsin1，500establishmentsforthe38，000parishesofFrance。—Thetotalofregularclergythusamountsto60，000persons。—Thesecularclergymaybeestimatedat70，000:curatesandvicars60，000（"Histoiredel’EglisedeFrance，"XII。142，bytheAbbéGuettée）；prelates，vicars—general，canonsofchapters，2，800；collegiatecanons，5，600；ecclésiasticswithoutlivings，3，000（Sieyès）。Moheau，aclear—headedandcautiousstatistician，writesin1778（"Recheches，"p。100）:"Perhaps，today，thereare130，000ecclesiasticsinthekingdom。"Theenumerationof1866（"StatistiquedelaFrance，"population），gives51，100membersofthesecularclergy，18，500monks，86，300nuns；total，155，900inapopulationof38，000，000inhabitants。
　　_
　　Notes:
　　[1]In1998，550000squarekilometers。（SR。）
　　[2]Archivesnationales，G。319（"EtatactueldelaDirectiondeBourgesaupointdevuedesaides，"1774）。
　　[3]Blet，atthepresentday，contains1，629inhabitants。（Thiswasaround1884，in1996itremainsasmallcommuneandavillageof800
　　peopleontheroutenationaleN76betweenBourgesandSancoins。SR。）
　　[4]ThefarmsofBletandBrossesreallyproducenothingfortheproprietor，inasmuchasthetithesandthechampart（field—rents），（articles22and23），arecomprehendedintherateoftheleases。
　　ENDNOTE2:
　　ONFEUDALRIGHTSANDONTHESTATEOFFEUDALDOMINIONIN1733。
　　Thefollowinginformation，forwhichIamindebtedtoM。deBoislisle，isderivedfromanactofpartitiondrawnupSeptember6，1783。
　　ItrelatestotheestatesofBletandBrosses。ThebaronyandestateofBletliesinBourbonnais，twoleaguesfromDun—le—Roi。Blet，saysamemorandumofanadministratoroftheExcise，isa"goodparish；thesoilisexcellent，mostlyinwoodandpasture，thesurplusbeingintillablelandforwheat，ryeandoats……Theroadsarebad，especiallyinwinter。Thetradeconsistsprincipallyofhornedcattleandembracesgrain；thewoodsrotawayonaccountoftheirremotenessfromthetownsandthedifficultyofturningthemtoaccount。"[1]
　　"Thisestate，"saystheactofvaluation，"isinroyaltenureonaccountoftheking’schateauandfortressofAinay，underthedesignationofthetownofBlet。"Thetownwasformerlyfortifiedanditscastlestillremains。Itspopulationwasoncelarge，"butthecivilwarsofthesixteenthcentury，andespeciallytheemigrationoftheProtestantscausedittobedesertedtosuchanextentthatoutofitsformerpopulationof3，000scarcely300remain，[2]whichisthefateofnearlyallthetownsinthiscountry。"TheestateofBlet，formanycenturiesinthepossessionoftheSullyfamily，passed，onthemarriageoftheheiressin1363，tothehouseofSaint—Quentin，andwasthentransmittedindirectlinedownto1748，thedateofthedeathofAlexanderII。ofSaint—Quentins，CountofDiet，governorofBerg—op—Zoom，andfatherofthreedaughtersfromwhomtheactualheirsdescend。TheseheirsaretheCountdeSimiane，theChevalierdeSimiane，andtheminorsofBercy，eachpartyowningone—third，representedby97，667livresintheBletestate，and20，408livresintheBrossesestate。Theeldest，ComtedeSimiane，enjoys，besides，apréciput（accordingtocustomintheBourbonnais），worth15，000
　　livres，comprisingthecastlewiththeadjoiningfarmandtheseigniorialrights，honoraryaswellasprofitable。
　　Theentiredomain，comprisingbothestates，isvaluedat369，227
　　livres。TheestateofBlet，comprises1，437arpents，workedbysevenfarmersandfurnished，bytheproprietor，withcattlevaluedat13，781
　　livres。Theypaytogethertotheproprietor12，060livresrent（besidesclaimsforpoultryandcorvées）。One，only，hasalargefarm，paying7，800livresperannum，theotherspayingrentsof1，300，740，640，and240livresperannum。TheBrossesestatecomprises515
　　arpents，workedbytwofarmerstowhomtheproprietorfurnishescattleestimatedat3，750livres，andthesetogetherreturntotheproprietor2，240livres。[3]Thesemétairiesareallpoor；onlyoneofthemhastworoomswithfire—places；twoorthree，oneroomwithafire—place；theothersconsistofakitchenwithanovenoutside，andstablesandbarns。Repairsonthetenementsareessentialonallthefarmsexceptthree，"havingbeenneglectedforthirtyyears。""Themill—flumerequirestobecleanedout，andthestream，whoseinundationsinjurethelargemeadow；alsorepairsarenecessaryonthebanksofthetwoponds；onthechurch，whichistheseignior’sduty，theroofbeinginasadstate，therainpenetratingthroughthearch；"andtheroadsrequiremending，thesebeinginadeplorableconditionduringthewinter。"Therestorationandrepairsoftheseroadsseemnevertohavebeenthoughtof。"ThesoiloftheBletestateisexcellent，butitrequiresdrainingandditchingtocarryoffthewater，otherwisethelowlandswillcontinuetoproducenothingbutweeds。Signsofneglectanddesertionareeverywherevisible。ThechateauofBlethasremainedunoccupiedsince1748；thefurniture，accordingly，isalmostalldecayedanduseless；in1748thiswasworth7，612livres，andnowitisestimatedat1，000livres。"Thewater—powercostsnearlyasmuchtomaintainastheincomederivedfromit。Theuseofplasterasmanureisunknown，"andyet"inthelandofplasteritcostsalmostnothing。"
　　Theground，moistandverygood，wouldgrowexcellentlivehedges；andyetthefieldsareenclosedwithbarefencesagainstthecattle，"whichexpense，saythefarmers，isequaltoathirdofthenetincome。"Thisdomain，asjustdescribed，isvaluedasfollows:
　　1。TheestateofBlet，accordingtothecustomofthecountryfornobleestates，isvaluedatratetwenty—five，namely，373，000livres，fromwhichmustbedeductedacapitalof65，056livres，representingtheannualcharges（thefixedsalaryofthecurate，repairs，etc。），notincludingpersonalchargeslikethevingtièmes。Itsnetrevenueperannumis12，300livres，andisworth，net，308，003livres。
　　2。TheestateofBrossesisestimatedatratetwenty—two，ceasingtobenoblethroughthetransferofjudicialandfiefrightstothatofBlet。Thusrateditisworth73，583livres，fromwhichmustbedeductedacapitalof12，359livresforactualcharges，theestatebringingin3，140livresperannumandworth，net，61，224livres。
　　Theserevenuesarederivedfromthefollowingsources:
　　1。Rightsofthehigh，lowandmiddlecourtsofjusticeovertheentireterritoryofBletandothervillages，BrossesandJalay。
　　Theuppercourts，accordingtoanactpassedattheChatelet，April29，1702，"takecognizanceofallactions，realandpersonal，civilandcriminal，evenactionsbetweennoblesandecclesiastics，relatingtosealsandinventoriesofmovableeffects，tutelages，curacies，theadministrationofthepropertyofminors，ofdomains，andofthecustomaryduesandrevenuesoftheseigniory，etc。"
　　2。Rightsoftheforests，edictof1707。Theseignior’swardendecidesinallcasesconcerningwaters，andwoods，andcustoms，andcrimesrelatingtofishingandhunting。
　　3。Rightofvoirieorthepoliceofthehighways，streets，andbuildings（exceptingthegreatmainroads）。Theseigniorappointsabailly，wardenandroadoverseer，oneM。Theurault（atSagonne），afiscalattorney，Baujard（atBlet）；hemayremovethem"incasetheymakenoreturns。""Therightsofthegreffewereformerlysecuredtotheseignior，butasitisnowverydifficulttofindintelligentpersonsinthecountryabletofulfillitsfunctions，theseigniorabandonshisrightstothosewhomitmayconcern。"（Theseigniorpaysforty—eightlivresperannumtothebaillytoholdhiscourtonceamonth，andtwenty—fourlivresperannumtothefiscalattorneytoattendthem）。
　　Hereceivesthefinesandconfiscationofcattleawardedbyhisofficers。Theprofittherefrom，anaverageyear，iseightlivres。
　　Hemustmaintainajailandajailer。（Itisnotstatedwhethertherewasone）。Nosignofagibbetisfoundintheseigniory。
　　Hemayappointtwelvenotaries；onlyone，infact，isappointedatBlet"andhehasnothingtodo，"aM。Baujard，fiscalattorney。Thiscommissionisassignedhimgratuitously，tokeepuptheprivilege，"otherwiseitwouldbeimpossibletofindanyonesufficientlyintelligenttoperformitsfunctions。"
　　Heappointsasergeant，but，foralongtime，thissergeantpaysnorentoranythingforhislodging。
　　4。Personalandrealtaille。InBourbonnaisthetaillewasformerlyserfandtheserfsmainmortable。"Seigniorsstillpossessingrightsofbordelage，wellestablishedthroughouttheirfiefsandcourts，atthepresenttime，enjoyrightsofsuccessiontotheirvassalsinallcases，eventotheprejudiceoftheirchildrenifnon—residentandnolongerdwellingundertheirroofs。"Butin1255，HodesdeSully，havinggrantedacharter，renouncedthisrightofrealandpersonaltailleforarightofbourgeoisie，stillmaintained，（seefurtheron）。
　　5。Righttounclaimedproperty，cattle，furniture，effects，strayswarmsofbees，treasure—trove；（noprofitsfromthisfortwentyyearspast）。
　　6。Righttopropertyofdeceasedpersonswithoutheirs，tothatofdeceasedbastards，thepossessionsofcondemnedcriminalseithertodeath，tothegalleysortoexile，etc。，（noprofit）。
　　7。Rightofthechaseandoffishing，thelatterworthfifteenlivresperannum。
　　8。Rightofbourgeoisie（seearticle4），accordingtothecharterof1255，andthecourt—rollof1484。Thewealthiestpayannuallytwelvebushelsofoatsatfortylivresandtwelvedeniersparasis；thelesswealthyninebushelsandninedeniers；allotherssixbushelsandsixdeniers。"Theserightsofbourgeoisiearewellestablished，setforthinallcourt—rollsandacknowledgmentsrenderedtothekingandperpetuatedbynumerousadmissionsthemotivesthathaveledformerstewardsandfermierstointerruptthecollectionofthesecannotbedivined。ManyoftheseigniorsinBourbonnaishavethebenefitofandexactthesetaxesoftheirvassalsbyvirtueoftitlesmuchmoreopentoquestionthanthoseoftheseigniorsofBlet。"
　　9。RightsofprotectionofthechateauofBlet。Theroyaledictof1497，fixingthischargefortheinhabitantsofBletandallthosedwellingwithinthejurisdictionofitstribunals，thoseofCharly，Boismarvier，etc。，atfivesousperfireperannum，whichhasbeencarriedout。"Onlylatelyhasthecollectionofthisbeensuspended，notwithstandingitsrecognitionatnolatedate，theinhabitantsalladmittingthemselvestobesubjecttothesaidguetetgardeofthechateau。
　　10。RightoftollonallmerchandiseandprovisionspassingthroughthetownofBlet，exceptgrain，flourandvegetables。（AtrialpendingbeforetheCouncilofStatesince1727andnotterminatedin1745；
　　"thecollectionthereof，meanwhile，beingsuspended"）。
　　11。RightofpotageonwinessoldatretailinBlet，ensuringtotheseigniorninepintsofwinepercask，leasedin1782forsixyears，atsixtylivresperannum。
　　12。Rightofboucherieoroftakingthetonguesofallanimalsslaughteredinthetown，with，additionally，theheadsandfeetofallcalves。Noslaughter—houseatBlet，andyet"duringtheharvestingofeachyearabouttwelveheadofcattleareslaughtered。"Thistaxiscollectedbythestewardandisvaluedatthreelivresperannum。
　　13。Rightoffairsandmarkets，aunage，weightandmeasures。Fivefairsperannumandonemarket—dayeachweek，butlittlefrequented；
　　nograin—market。Thisrightisvaluedattwenty—fourlivresperannum。
　　14。Corvéesofteamsandmanuallabor，throughseigniorialright，onninety—sevenpersonsatBlet（twenty—twocarvéesofteamsandseventy—fiveofmanuallabor），twenty—sixpersonsatBrosses（fiveteamsandtwenty—onehands）。Theseigniorpayssixsousforfood，eachcorvée，onmen，andtwelvesousoneachcorveeoffouroxen。"Amongthosesubjecttothiscorvéethelargernumberarereducedalmosttobeggaryandhavelargefamilies，whichofteninducestheseigniornottoexactthisrightrigorously。"Thereducedvalueofthecorvéesisforty—ninelivresfifteensols。
　　15。Benalité（socome），ofthemill，（asentenceof1736condemningRoy，alaborer，tohavehisgraingroundinthemillofBlet，andtopayafineforhavingceasedtohavegraingroundthereduringthreeyears）。Themillerreservesasixteenthoftheflourground。Thedistrict—mill，aswellasthewindmill，withsixarpentsadjoining，areleasedat600livresperannum。
　　16。Banalitéoftheoven。Agreementof1537betweentheseigniorandhisvassals:heallowsthemtheprivilegeofasmallovenintheirdomicileofthreesquares，sixincheseach，tobakepies，biscuitsandcakes；inotherrespectssubjecttothedistrictoven。Heisentitledtoone—sixteenthofthedough；thisrightmightproduce150livresannually，but，forseveralyears，theovenhasbeendilapidated。
　　17。Rightofthecolombier，dove—cot。Thechateauparkcontainsone。
　　18。Rightofbordelage。（Theseigniorisheir—at—law，exceptwhenthechildrenofthedeceasedlivewiththeirparentsatthetimeofhisdeath。Thisrightcoversanareaofforty—eightarpentss。Fortwentyyears，throughneglectorfromothercauses，hehasderivednothingfromthis。
　　19。Rightoverwasteandabandonedgroundandtoalluvialaccumulations。
　　20。Right，purelyhonorary，ofseatandburialinthechoir，ofincenseandofspecialprayer，offuneralhangingsoutsideandinsidethechurch。
　　21。Rightsoflodsetventesoncopyholders，duebythepurchaserofpropertyliabletothislien，infortydays。"InBourbonnais，thelodsetventesarecollectedatathird，aquarter，atthesixth，eighthandtwelfthrate。"TheseigniorofBletandBrossescollectsatratesix。Itisestimatedthatsalesaremadeonceineightyyears；
　　theserightsbearon1，356arpentswhichareworth，thebest，192
　　livresperarpentthesecondbest，110livres，thepoorest，75livres。
　　Atthisratethe1，350arpentsareworth162，750livres。Adiscountofone—quarterofthelodsetventesisallowedtopurchasers。Annualrevenueofthisright254livres。
　　22。Rightoftitheandofcharnage。Theseigniorhasobtainedalltitherights，saveafewbelongingtothecanonsofDon—le—RolandtothepriorofChaumont。Thetithesareleviedonthethirteenthsheaf。
　　Theyarecomprisedintheleases。
　　23。Rightofterrageorchampart:therightofcollecting，afterthetithes，aportionoftheproduceoftheground。"InBourbonnais，theterrageiscollectedinvariousways，onthethirdsheaf，onthefifth，sixth，seventh，andcommonlyone—quarter；atBletitisthetwelfth。"TheseigniorofBletcollectsterrageonlyonacertainnumberofthefarmsofhisseigniory；"inrelationtoBrosses，itappearsthatalldomainspossessedbycopyholdersaresubjecttotheright。"TheserightsofterragearecomprisedintheleasesofthefarmsofBletandofBrosses。
　　24。Cens，surcensandrentesdueonrealpropertyofdifferentkinds，houses，fields，meadows，etc。，situatedintheterritoryoftheseigniory。IntheseignioryofBlet，810arpents，dividedinto511
　　portions，inthehandsof120copyholders，areinthiscondition，andtheircensannuallyconsistsof137francsinmoney，sixty—sevenbushelsofwheat，threeofbarley，159ofoats，sixteenhens，130
　　chickens，sixcocksandcapons；thetotalvaluedat575francs。OntheBrossesestate，eighty—fivearpents，dividedinto112parcels，inthehandsoftwentycopyholders，areinthiscondition，andtheirtotalcensisfourteenfrancsmoney，seventeenbushelsofwheat，thirty—twoofbarley，twenty—sixhens，threechickensandonecapon；thewholevaluedat126francs。
　　25。Rightsoverthecommons（124arpentsinBletand164arpentsinBrosses）。
　　Thevassalshaveontheseonlytherightofuse。"Almostthewholeoftheland，onwhichtheyexercisethisrightofpasturage，belongstotheseigniors，savethisrightwithwhichtheyareburdened；itisgrantedonlytoafewindividuals。"
　　26。RightsoverthefiefsmouvantsofthebaronyofBlet。SomearesituatedinBourbonnais，nineteenbeinginthiscondition。InBourbonnais，thefiefs，evenwhenownedbyplebeians，simplyowelaboucheetlesmainstotheseigniorateachmutation。FormerlytheseigniorofBletenforced，inthiscase，therightofredemptionwhichhasbeenallowedtofallintodesuetude。OthersaresituatedinBerrywheretherightofredemptionisexercised。OnefiefinBerry，thatofCormesseheldbythearchbishopofBourges，comprisingeighty—fivearpents，besidesaportionofthetithes，andproducing2，100livresperannum，admittingamutationeverytwentyyears，annuallybringstotheseigniorofBlet105livres。
　　Besidesthechargesindicatedtherearethefollowing:
　　1。TothecurateofBlet，hisfixedsalary。Accordingtoroyalenactmentin1686，thisshouldbe300livres。Accordingtoarrangementin1692，thecurate，desirousofassuringhimselfofthisfixedsalary，yieldedtotheseigniorallthedimes，novales，etc。Theedictof1768havingfixedthecurate’ssalaryat500livres，thecurateclaimedthissumthroughwrits。ThecanonsofDun—le—RoiandthepriorofChaumont，possessingtithesontheterritoryofBlet，wereobligedtopayaportionofit。AtpresentitisatthechargeoftheseigniorofBlet。
　　2。Totheguard，besideshislodging，warmingandtheuseofthreearpents，200livres。
　　3。Tothestewardorregistrar，topreservethearchives，lookafterrepairs，collectlodsetventes，andfines，432livres，besidestheuseoftenarpente。
　　4。Totheking，thevingtièmes。FormerlytheestatesofBletandBrossespaid810livresforthetwovingtièmesandthetwosousperlivre。Aftertheestablishmentofthethirdvingtièmetheypaid1，216
　　livres。
　　Notes:
　　[1]Archivesnationales，G。319（"EtatactueldelaDirectiondeBourgesaupointdevuedesaides，"1774）。
　　[2]Blet，atthepresentday，contains1，629inhabitants。（Thiswasaround1884，in1996itremainsasmallcommuneandavillageof800peopleontheroutenationaleN76betweenBourgesandSancoins。SR。）
　　[3]ThefarmsofBletandBrossesreallyproducenothingfortheproprietor，inasmuchasthetithesandthechampart（field—rents），（articles22and23），arecomprehendedintherateoftheleases。
　　—————
　　END—NOTE3:
　　DIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEACTUALANDNOMINALREVENUESOF
　　ECCLESIASTICALDIGNITIESANDBENEFICES。
　　AccordingtoRaudot（"LaFranceavantlaRevolution，"p。84），one—
　　halfextramustbeaddedtotheofficialvaluation；accordingtoBoiteau（"EtatdelaFranceen1789，"p。195），thismustbetripledandevenquadrupled。Ithinkthat，fortheepiscopalsees，one—halfextrashouldbeaddedand，fortheabbeysandpriories，double，andsometimestripleandevenquadrupletheamount。Thefollowingfactsshowthevariationbetweenofficialandactualsums。
　　1。Inthe"AlmanachRoyal，"thebishopricofTroyesisvaluedat14，000livres；in"FranceEcclésiastiqueof1788，"at50，000。
　　AccordingtoAlbertBabeau（"HistoiredelaRévolutiondansledepartmentdel’Aube"），itbringsin70，000livres。In"FranceEcclésiastique，"thebishopricofStrasbourgisputdownat400，000
　　livres。AccordingtotheDucdeLévis（"Souvenirs，"p。156）itbringsinatleast600，000livresincome。
　　2。Inthesamework，theabbeyofJumiégesisassignedfor23，000
　　livres。Ifind，inthepapersoftheecclesiasticcommittee，itbringstotheabbé50，000livres。InthisworktheabbeyofBèzeisestimatedat8，000livres。Ifinditbringingtothemonksalone30，000，whiletheabbésportionisatleastaslarge。（"Del’Etatreligieux，parlesabbésdeBonnefoietBernard。，"1784）。Theabbéthusreceives30，000
　　livres，Bernay（Eure），。isofficiallyreportedat16，000。The"Doleances"ofthecahiersestimateitat57，000。Saint—AmandisputdownasbringingtotheCardinalofYork6，000livresandactuallybringshim100，000。（DeLuynes，XIII。215）。
　　Clairvaux，inthesamework，isputdownat9，000，andinWarroquier（"EtatGénéraldelaFranceen1789，"）at60，000。AccordingtoBeugnot，whobelongstothecountry，andapracticalman，theabbé
　　hasfrom300，000to400，000livresincome。
　　Saint—Faron，saysBoiteau，setdownat18，000livres，isworth120，000livres。
　　TheabbeyofSaint—GermaindesPrès（inthestewardships），isputdownat100，000livres。TheComtedeClermont，whoformerlyhadit，leaseditat160，000livres，"notincludingreservedfieldsandallthatthefarmersfurnishedinstrawandoatsforhishorses。"（JulesCousin，"ComtedeClermontandhisCourt。"）
　　Saint—Waasd’Arras，accordingto"LaFranceEcclésiastique，"brings40，000livres。CardinaldeRohanrefused1，000livrespermonthforhisportionofferedtohimbythemonks。（DucdeLévis，"Souvenirs，"
　　p。156）。Itsvaluethusisabout300，000livres。
　　Remiremont，theabbessalwaysbeingaroyalprincess，oneofthemostpowerfulmonasteries，therichestandbestendowed，isofficiallyvaluedattheridiculoussumof15，000livres。
　　——
　　END—NOTE4:
　　ONTHEEDUCATIONOFPRINCESANDPRINCESSES。
　　Anentirechaptermightbedevotedtothissubject；Ishallcitebutafewtexts。
　　（Barbier，"Journal，"October，1670）。TheDauphinehasjustgivenbirthtoaninfant。
　　"Lajeuneprincesseenestasaquatriemenourrice……Jaiapprisàcetteoccasionquetoutsefaitparformeàlacour，suivantunprotocoledemédecin，ensortequec’estunmiracled’éleverunprinceetuneprincesse。Lanourricen’ad’autresfonctionsquededonneràtêteràl’enfantquandonleluiapporte；ellenepeutpasluitoucher。Ilyadesremueusesetfemmespréposéespourcela，maisquin’ontpointd’ordreàrecevoirdelanourrice。Ilyadesheurespourremuerl’enfant，troisouquatrefoisdanslajournée。Sil’enfantdort，onleréveillepourleremuer。Si，aprèsavoirété
　　changé，ilfaitdansseslanges，ilresteainsitroisouquatreheuresdanssonordure。Siuneepinglelepique，lanourricenedoitpasl’？ter；ilfautchercheretattendreuneautrefemme；l’enfantcriedanstonscescas，ilsetuurmenteets’échauffe，ensortequec’estunevraiemisèrequetoutescescérémonies。"
　　（MadamedeGenlis，"SouvenirsdeFélicie，"p。74。ConversationwithMadameLouise，daughterofLouisXV。，andrecentlybecomeaCarmelite）。
　　"Ishouldliketoknowwhattroubledyoumostingettingaccustomedtoyournewprofession？
　　"Youcouldneverimagine，"shereplied，smiling。"Itwasthedescentofasmallflightofstepsalonebymyself。Atfirstitseemedtomeadreadfulprecipice，andIwasobligedtositdownonthestepsandslidedowninthatattitude。"—"Aprincess，indeed，whohadneverdescendedanybutthegrandstaircaseatVersailles，leaningonthearmofhercavalierinwaitingandsurroundedbypages，necessarilytrembledonfindingherselfaloneonthebrinkofsteepwindingsteps。（Suchis）theeducation，soabsurdinmanyrespects，generallybestowedonpersonsofthisrank；alwayswatchedfrominfancy，followed，assisted，escortedandeverythinganticipated，（they）arethus，ingreatpart，deprivedofthefacultieswithwhichnaturehasendowedthem。"
　　MadameCampan，"Mémoires，"I。58，28。
　　"MadameLouiseoftentoldmethat，althoughtwelveyearsofage，shehadnotfullylearnedthealphabet……
　　"Itwasnecessarytodecideabsolutelywhetheracertainwater—birdwasfatorlean。MadameVictoireconsultedabishop……Herepliedthat，inadoubtofthiskind，afterhavingthebirdcookeditwouldbenecessarytopunctureitonaverycoldsilverdishand，ifthejuicecoagulatedinone—quarterofanhour，thebirdmightbeconsideredfat。MadameVictoireimmediatelyputittotest；thejuicedidnotcoagulate。Theprincesswashighlydelighted，asshewasveryfondofthisspeciesofgame。Fasting（onreligiousgrounds），towhichMadameVictoirewasaddicted，puthertoinconvenience；accordinglysheawaitedthemidnightstrokeofHolySaturdayimpatiently。Adishofchickenandriceandothersucculentdisheswerethenatonceservedup。"
　　（"JournaldeDumontd’Urville，"commandingthevesselonwhichCharlesX。leftFrancein1830。QuotedbyVaulabelle，HistoryoftheRestoration，VIII。p。465）。
　　"ThekingandtheDucd’Angoulêmequestionedmeonmyvariouscampaigns，butespeciallyonmyvoyagearoundtheworldinthe’Astrolabe。’Mynarrativeseemedtointerestthemverymuch，theirinterruptionsconsistingofquestionsofremarkablenaiveté，showingthattheypossessednonotionswhatever，eventhemostsuperficial，onthesciencesoronvoyages，beingasignorantonthesepointsasanyoftheoldrentiersoftheMarais。
　　———
　　Note5。
　　Ontherateofdirecttaxation。
　　Thefollowingfiguresareextractedfromtheproces—verbauxoftheprovincialassemblies（1778—1787）
　　Access—TotalenTaille。ioresdeCapitationImpotdesmultipleslataille。taillable。routes。delataille。
　　Ile—de—France，4，296，0402，207，8262，689，287519，9892，23
　　Lyonnais，1，356，954903，653898，089315，8692，61
　　GéneralitédeRouen，2，671，9391，595，0511，715，592598，258[1]2，46
　　GénéralitédeCaen，1，939，6651，212，4291，187，823659，0342，56
　　Berry，821，921448，431464，955236，9002，50
　　Poitou，2，309，6811，113，7661，403，402520，0002，30
　　Soissonnats，1，062，392911，883734，899462，8832，94
　　Orléanais，2，353，8921，256，1251，485，720586，3852，34
　　Champagne，1，783，8501，459，7801，377，371807，2803，00
　　Généralitéd’Alencon，1，742，6551，120，0411，067，849435，6372，47
　　Auvergne1，999，0401，399，6781，753，026310，4682，70
　　Généralitéd’Auch，1，440，533931，261797，268316，909[2]2，35
　　Haute—Guyenne，2，531，3141，267，6191，268，855308，993[3]2，47
　　_
　　Theprincipalofthetaillebeingone，thefiguresinthelastcolumnrepresent，foreachprovince，thetotalofthefourtaxesinrelationtothetaille。Theaverageofalltheseis2。53。Theaccessoriesofthetaille，thepoll—taxandthetaxforroads，arefixedforeachassessableparty，proratatohistaille。Multiplythesumrepresentingtheportionofthetailledeductedfromanetincomeby2。53，toknowthesumofthefourtaxesputtogetheranddeductedfromthisincome。
　　Thispartvariesfromprovincetoprovince，fromparishtoparish，andevenfromindividualtoindividual。Neverthelesswemayestimatethatthetaille，ontheaverage，especiallywhenbearingonasmallpeasantproprietor，withoutprotectororinfluence，abstractsone—
　　sixthofhisnetincome，say16fr。66c。on100francs。Forexample，accordingtothedeclarationsoftheprovincialassemblies，inChampagne，itdeducts3sousand2/3ofadenierperlivre，or15fr。
　　28c。on100francs；intheIle—de—France，35livres14souson240
　　livres，or14fr。87c。on100；inAuvergne，4sousperlivreofthenetincome，thatistosay，20%。Finally，inthegeneralshipofAuch，theprovincialassemblyestimatesthatthetailleandaccessoriesabsorbthree—tenthsofthenetrevenue，bywhichitisevidentthat，takingtheamountsoftheprovincialbudget，thetaillealoneabsorbseighteenfr。tenc。on100francsofrevenue。
　　Thusstated，ifthetailleasprincipalabsorbsone—sixthofthenetincomeofthesubjectofthetaille，thatistosay，16fr。66c。
　　on100，thetotalofthefourtaxesabovementioned，takes16fr。66
　　c。X2，53=42fr。15c。on100fr。income。Towhichmustbeadded11
　　fr。forthetwovingtièmesand4sousperlivreaddedtothefirstvingtième，total53fr。15c。directtaxon100livresincomesubjecttothetaille。
　　Thedime，tithe，beingestimatedataseventhofthenetincome，abstractsinaddition14ft。28c。Thefeudalduesbeingvaluedatthesamesumalsotakeoff14fr。28c。，total28fr。56c。
　　Sumtotalofdeductionsofthedirectroyaltax，oftheecclesiastictithes，andoffeudaldues，81fr。71c。on100fr。
　　income。Thereremaintothetax。payer18fr。29C。
　　Notes:
　　[1]Thisamountisnotgivenbytheprovincialassembly；tofillupthisblankIhavetakenthetenthofthetaille，oftheaccessoriesandoftheassessablepoll—tax，thisbeingthemodefollowedbytheprovincialassemblyofLyonnais。BythedeclarationofJune2，1717，thetaxonroadsmaybecarriedtoone—sixthofthethreeprecedingtaxesitiscommonlyone—tenthor，inrelationtotheprincipalofthetaille，one—quarter。
　　[2]—Sameremark。—
　　[3]Theprovincialassemblycarriesthisamounttoone—eleventhofthetailleandaccessoriescombined。
　　EndTheFrenchRevolution，Volume1。
　　TheOriginsofContemporaryFrance，Volume2
　　byHippolyteA。TaineCONTENTS:
　　ANARCHY
　　PREFACE
　　BOOKFIRST。SpontaneousAnarchy。
　　CHAPTERI。TheBeginningsofAnarchyCHAPTERII。Parisuptothe14thofJulyCHAPTERIII。AnarchyfromJuly14thtoOctober6th，1789
　　CHAPTERIV。PARIS
　　BOOKSECOND。TheconstituentAssembly，andtheResultofitsLaborsCHAPTERI。TheConstituentAssemblyCHAPTERII。TheDamageCHAPTERIII。TheConstructions—TheConstitutionof1791。
　　BOOKTHIRD。TheApplicationoftheConstitutionCHAPTERI。TheFederationsCHAPTERII。SovereigntyofUnrestrainedPassionsCHAPTERIII。DevelopmentoftherulingPassionPREFACE
　　Thissecondpartof"LesOriginesdelaFranceContemporaine"willconsistoftwovolumes。—PopularinsurrectionsandthelawsoftheConstituentAssemblyendindestroyingallgovernmentinFrance；
　　thisformsthesubjectofthepresentvolume。—Apartyarisesaroundanextremedoctrine，grabscontrolofthegovernment，andrulesinconformitywithitsdoctrine。Thiswillformthesubjectofthesecondvolume。
　　Athirdvolumewouldberequiredtocriticizeandevaluatethesourcematerial。Ilackthenecessaryspace:ImerelystatetherulethatIhaveobserved。Thetrustworthiesttestimonywillalwaysbethatofaneyewitness，especially*Whenthiswitnessisanhonorable，attentive，andintelligentman，*Whenheiswritingonthespot，atthemoment，andunderthedictateofthefactsthemselves，*Whenitisobviousthathissoleobjectistopreserveorfurnishinformation，*Whenhisworkinsteadofapieceofpolemicsplannedfortheneedsofacause，orapassageofeloquencearrangedforpopulareffectisalegaldeposition，asecretreport，aconfidentialdispatch，aprivateletter，orapersonalmemento。
　　Theneareradocumentapproachesthistype，themoreitmeritsconfidence，andsuppliessuperiormaterial。—Ihavefoundmanyofthiskindinthenationalarchives，principallyinthemanuscriptcorrespondenceofministers，intendants，sub—delegates，magistrates，andotherfunctionaries；ofmilitarycommanders，officersinthearmy，andgendarmerie；ofroyalcommissioners，andoftheAssembly；
　　ofadministratorsofdepartments，districts，andmunicipalities，besidespersonsinprivatelifewhoaddresstheKing，theNationalAssembly，ortheministry。Amongthesearemenofeveryrank，profession，education，andparty。Theyaredistributedbyhundredsandthousandsoverthewholesurfaceoftheterritory。Theywriteapart，withoutbeingabletoconsulteachother，andwithoutevenknowingeachother。Nooneissowellplacedforcollectingandtransmittingaccurateinformation。Noneofthemseekliteraryeffect，orevenimaginethatwhattheywritewilleverbepublished。
　　Theydrawuptheirstatementsatonce，underthedirectimpressionoflocalevents。Testimonyofthischaracter，ofthehighestorder，andatfirsthand，providesthemeansbywhichallothertestimonyoughttobeverified。—Thefootnotesatthebottomofthepagesindicatethecondition，office，name，andaddressofthosedecisivewitnesses。ForgreatercertaintyIhavetranscribedasoftenaspossibletheirownwords。Inthiswaythereader，confrontingthetexts，caninterpretthemforhimself，andformhisownopinions；hewillhavethesamedocumentsasmyselfforarrivingathisconclusions，and，ifheispleasedtodoso，hemayconcludeotherwise。Asforallusions，ifhefindsany，hehimselfwillhaveintroducedthem，andifheappliesthemheisaloneresponsibleforthem。Tomymind，thepasthasfeaturesofitsown，andtheportraitherepresentedresemblesonlytheFranceofthepast。I
　　havedrawnitwithoutconcerningmyselfwiththediscussionsoftheday；IhavewrittenasifmysubjectweretherevolutionsofFlorenceorAthens。Thisishistory，andnothingmore，and，ifI
　　mayfullyexpressmyself，Iesteemmyvocationofhistoriantoohighlytomakeacloakofitfortheconcealmentofanother。
　　（December1877）。
　　BOOKFIRST。SPONTANEOUSANARCHY。
　　CHAPTERI。THEBEGINNINGSOFANARCHY。
　　I。
　　Dearththefirstcause。—Badcrops。Thewinterof1788and1789。
　　—Highpriceandpoorqualityofbread。—Intheprovinces。—AtParis。
　　DuringthenightofJuly14—15，1789，theDucdelaRochefoucauld—
　　LiancourtcausedLouisXVItobearousedtoinformhimofthetakingoftheBastille。"Itisarevolt，then？"exclaimedtheKing。
　　"Sire！"repliedtheDuke；"itisarevolution！"Theeventwasevenmoreserious。NotonlyhadpowerslippedfromthehandsoftheKing，butalsoithadnotfallenintothoseoftheAssembly。Itnowlayontheground，readytothehandsoftheunchainedpopulace，theviolentandover—excitedcrowd，themobs，whichpickedituplikesomeweaponthathadbeenthrownawayinthestreet。Infact，therewasnolongeranygovernment；theartificialstructureofhumansocietywasgivingwayentirely；thingswerereturningtoastateofnature。Thiswasnotarevolution，butadissolution。
　　Twocausesexciteandmaintaintheuniversalupheaval。Thefirstoneisfoodshortagesanddearth，whichbeingconstant，lastingfortenyears，andaggravatedbytheverydisturbanceswhichitexcites，bidsfairtoinflamethepopularpassionstomadness，andchangethewholecourseoftheRevolutionintoaseriesofspasmodicstumbles。
　　Whenastreamisbrimful，aslightrisesufficestocauseanoverflow。Sowasitwiththeextremedistressoftheeighteenthcentury。Apoorman，whofindsitdifficulttolivewhenbreadischeap，seesdeathstaringhiminthefacewhenitisdear。Inthisstateofsufferingtheanimalinstinctrevolts，andtheuniversalobediencewhichconstitutespublicpeacedependsonadegreemoreorlessofdrynessordamp，heatorcold。In1788，ayearofseveredrought，thecropshadbeenpoor。Inadditiontothis，ontheeveoftheharvest，[1]aterriblehail—stormburstovertheregionaroundParis，fromNormandytoChampagne，devastatingsixtyleaguesofthemostfertileterritory，andcausingdamagetotheamountofonehundredmillionsoffrancs。Wintercameon，theseverestthathadbeenseensince1709。AtthecloseofDecembertheSeinewasfrozenoverfromParistoHavre，whilethethermometerstoodat180
　　belowzero。Athirdoftheolive—treesdiedinProvence，andtherestsufferedtosuchanextentthattheywereconsideredincapableofbearingfruitfortwoyearstocome。ThesamedisasterbefellLanguedoc。InVivarais，andintheCevennes，wholeforestsofchestnutshadperished，alongwithallthegrainandgrasscropsontheuplands。OntheplaintheRhoneremainedinastateofoverflowfortwomonths。Afterthespringof1789thefaminespreadeverywhere，anditincreasedfrommonthtomonthlikearisingflood。InvaindidtheGovernmentorderthefarmers，proprietors，andcorn—dealerstokeepthemarketssupplied。Invaindiditdoublethebountyonimports，resorttoallsortsofexpedients，involveitselfindebt，andexpendoverfortymillionsoffrancstofurnishFrancewithwheat。Invaindoindividuals，princes，noblemen，bishops，chapters，andcommunitiesmultiplytheircharities。TheArchbishopofParisincurringadebtof400，000
　　livres，onerichmandistributing40，000francsthemorningafterthehailstorm，andaconventofBernardinesfeedingtwelvehundredpoorpersonsforsixweeks[2]。Butithadbeentoodevastating。
　　Neitherpublicmeasuresnorprivatecharitycouldmeettheoverwhelmingneed。InNormandy，wherethelastcommercialtreatyhadruinedthemanufactureoflinenandoflacetrimmings，fortythousandworkmenwereoutofwork。Inmanyparishesone—fourthofthepopulation[3]arebeggars。Here，"nearlyalltheinhabitants，notexceptingthefarmersandlandowners，areeatingbarleybreadanddrinkingwater；"there，"manypoorcreatureshavetoeatoatbread，andotherssoakedbran，whichhascausedthedeathofseveralchildren。"——"Aboveall，"writestheRouenParliament，"lethelpbesenttoaperishingpeople……Sire，mostofyoursubjectsareunabletopaythepriceofbread，andwhatbreadisgiventothosewhodobuyit"——ArthurYoung，[4]whowastravelingthroughFranceatthistime，heardofnothingbutthehighcostofbreadandthedistressofthepeople。AtTroyesbreadcostsfoursousapound——thatistosay，eightsousofthepresentday；andunemployedartisansflocktothereliefworks，wheretheycanearnonlytwelvesousaday。InLorraine，accordingtothetestimonyofallobservers，"thepeoplearehalfdeadwithhunger。"InParisthenumberofpaupershasbeentrebled；therearethirtythousandintheFaubourgSaint—Antoinealone。AroundParisthereisashortsupplyofgrain，oritisspoilt[5]。InthebeginningofJuly，atMontereau，themarketisempty。"Thebakerscouldnothavebaked"
　　ifthepoliceofficershadnotincreasedthepriceofbreadtofivesousperpound；theryeandbarleywhichtheintendantisabletosend"areoftheworstpossiblequality，rottenandinaconditiontoproducedangerousdiseases。Nevertheless，mostofthesmallconsumersarereducedtothehardnecessityofusingthisspoiltgrain。"AtVilleneuve—le—Roi，writesthemayor，"theryeofthetwolotslastsentissoblackandpoorthatitcannotberetailedwithoutwheat。"AtSensthebarley"tastesmusty"tosuchanextentthatbuyersofitthrowthedetestablebread，whichitmakesinthefaceofthesub—delegate。AtChevreusethebarleyhassproutedandsmellsbad；the"poorwretches，"saysanemployee，"mustbehardpressedwithhungertoputupwithit。"AtFontainebleau"thebarley，halfeatenaway，producesmorebranthanflour，andtomakebreadofit，oneisobligedtoworkitoverseveraltimes。"Thisbread，suchasitis，isanobjectofsavagegreed；"ithascometothis，thatitisimpossibletodistributeitexceptthroughwickets。"Andthosewhothusobtaintheirration，"areoftenattackedontheroadandrobbedofitbythemorevigorousofthefamishedpeople。"AtNangis"themagistratesprohibitthesamepersonfrombuyingmorethantwobushelsinthesamemarket。"Inshort，provisionsaresoscarcethatthereisadifficultyinfeedingthesoldiers；theministerdispatchestwolettersoneafteranothertoorderthecuttingdownof250，000bushelsofryebeforetheharvest[6]。Paristhus，inaperfectstateoftranquility，appearslikeafamishedcityputonrationsattheendofalongsiege，andthedearthwillnotbegreaternorthefoodworseinDecember1870，thaninJuly1789。