"Ontheappearanceofahussar，"writesDesmoulins，"theyshout，’TheregoesPunch！’andthestone—cuttersflingstonesathim。Lastnighttwoofficersofthehussars，MM。deSombreuilanddePolignac，cametothePalais—Royal……chairswereflungatthem，andtheywouldhavebeenknockeddowniftheyhadnotrunaway。Thedaybeforeyesterdaytheyseizedaspyofthepoliceandgavehimaduckinginthefountain。Theyranhimdownlikeastag，hustledhim，peltedhimwithstones，struckhimwithcanes，forcedoneofhiseyesoutofitssocket，andfinally，inspiteofhisentreatiesandcriesformercy，plungedhimasecondtimeinthefountain。Histormentslastedfromnoonuntilhalf—pastfiveo’clock，andhehadabouttenthousandexecutioners。"——Considertheeffectofsuchafocalcenteratatimelikethis。Anewpowerhassprungupalongsidethelegalpowers，alegislatureofthehighwaysandpublicsquares，anonymous，irresponsible，withoutrestraint。Itisdrivenonwardbycoffeehousetheories，bystrongemotionsandthevehemenceofmountebanks，whilethebarearmswhichhavejustaccomplishedtheworkofdestructionintheFaubourgSaint—Antoine，formitsbodyguardandministerialcabinet。
V。
Popularmobsbecomeapoliticalforce。—PressureontheAssembly。—
Defectionofthesoldiery。
Thisisthedictatorshipofamob，anditsproceedings，conformingtoitsnature，consistinactsofviolence，whereveritfindsresistance，itstrikes。——ThepeopleofVersailles，inthestreetsandatthedoorsoftheAssembly，daily"comeandinsultthosewhomtheycallaristocrats。"[24]OnMonday，June22nd，"d’Espréménilbarelyescapesbeingknockeddown；theAbbéMaury……oweshisescapetothestrengthofacuré，whotakeshimupinhisarmsandtosseshimintothecarriageoftheArchbishopofArles。"Onthe23rd，"theArchbishopofParisandtheKeeperoftheSealsarehooted，railedat，scoffedat，andderided，untiltheyalmostsinkwithshameandrage。"Soformidableisthetempestofragewithwhichtheyaregreeted，thatPasseret，theKing’ssecretary，whoaccompaniestheminister，diesoftheexcitementthatveryday。Onthe24th，theBishopofBeauvaisisalmostknockeddownbyastonestrikinghimonthehead。Onthe25th，theArchbishopofParisissavedonlybythespeedofhishorses，themultitudepursuinghimandpeltinghimwithstones。Hismansionisbesieged，thewindowsareallshattered，and，notwithstandingtheinterventionoftheFrenchGuards，theperilissogreatthatheisobligedtopromisethathewilljointhedeputiesoftheThird—Estate。ThisisthewayinwhichtherudehandofthepeopleeffectsareunionoftheOrders。Itbearsasheavilyonitsownrepresentativesasonitsadversaries。"Althoughourhallwasclosedtothepublic，"saysBailly，"therewerealwaysmorethansixhundredspectators。"[25]
Thesewerenotrespectfulandsilent，butactiveandnoisy，minglingwiththedeputies，raisingtheirhandstovoteinallcases，takingpartinthedeliberations，bytheirapplauseandhisses:acollateralAssemblywhichoftenimposesitsownwillontheother。
Theytakenoteofandputdownthenamesoftheiropponents，transmitthemtothechair—bearersinattendanceattheentranceofthehall，andfromthemtothemobwaitingforthedepartureofthedeputies，thesenamesarefromnowconsideredasthenamesofpublicenemies。[26]Listsaremadeoutandprinted，and，atthePalais—
Royalintheevening，theybecomethelistsoftheproscribed。——
Itisunderthisbrutalpressurethatmanydecreesarepassed，and，amongstthem，thatbywhichthecommonsdeclarethemselvestheNationalAssemblyandassumesupremepower。Thenightbefore，Malouethadproposedtoascertain，byapreliminaryvote，onwhichsidethemajoritywas。Inaninstantallthoseagainsthadgatheredaroundhimtothenumberofthreehundred。"Uponwhichamansspringsoutfromthegalleries，fallsuponhimandtakeshimbythecollarexclaiming，’Holdyourtongue，youfalsecitizen！’"Malouetisreleasedandtheguardcomesforward，"butterrorhasspreadthroughthehall，threatsareutteredagainstopponents，andthenextdaywewereonlyninety。"Moreover，thelistsoftheirnameshadbeencirculated；someofthem，deputiesfromParis，wenttoseeBaillythatveryevening。Oneamongstthem，"averyhonestmanandgoodpatriot，"hadbeentoldthathishousewastobesetonfire。
Nowhiswifehadjustgivenbirthtoachild，andtheslightesttumultbeforethehousewouldhavebeenfatal。Suchargumentsaredecisive。Consequently，threedaysafterwards，attheTennis—court，butonedeputy，Martind’Auch，darestowritetheword"opposing"
afterhisname。Insultedbymanyofcolleagues，"atoncedenouncedtothepeoplewhohadcollectedattheentranceofthebuilding，heisobligedtoescapebyasidedoortoavoidbeingcuttopieces，"
and，forseveraldays，tokeepawayfromthemeetings。[27]—Owingtothisinterventionofthegalleriestheradicalminority，numberingaboutthirty，[28]leadthemajority，andtheydonotallowthemtofreethemselves。——Onthe28thofMay，Malouet，havingdemandedasecretsessiontodiscusstheconciliatorymeasureswhichtheKinghadproposed，thegallerieshootathim，andadeputy，M。
Bourche，addresseshiminveryplainterms。"Youmustknow，sir，thatwearedeliberatinghereinthepresenceofourmasters，andthatwemustaccounttothemforouropinions。"ThisisthedoctrineoftheContrat—Social。Throughtimidity，fearoftheCourtandoftheprivilegedclass，throughoptimismandfaithinhumannature，throughenthusiasmandthenecessityofadheringtopreviousactions，thedeputies，whoarenovices，provincial，andgivenuptotheories，neitherdarenorknowhowtoescapefromthetyrannyoftheprevailingdogma。——Henceforthitbecomesthelaw。AlltheAssemblies，theConstituent，theLegislative，theConvention，[29]
submittoitentirely。Thepublicinthegalleriesistheadmittedrepresentativesofthepeople，underthesametitle，andevenunderahighertitle，thanthedeputies。Now，thispublicisthatofthePalais—Royal，consistingofstrangers，idlers，loversofnovelties，Parisromancers，leadersofthecoffee—houses，thefuturepillarsoftheclubs，inshort，thewildenthusiastsamongthemiddle—class，justasthecrowdwhichthreatensdoorsandthrowsstonesisrecruitedfromamongthewildenthusiastsofthelowestclass。Thusbyaninvoluntaryselection，thefactionwhichconstitutesitselfapublicpoweriscomposedofnothingbutviolentmindsandviolenthands。Spontaneouslyandwithoutpreviousconcertdangerousfanaticsarejoinedwithdangerousbrutes，andintheincreasingdiscordbetweenthelegalauthoritiesthisistheillegalleaguewhichiscertaintooverthrowall。
Whenacommandinggeneralsitsincouncilwithhisstaff—officersandhiscounselors，anddiscussestheplanofacampaign，thechiefpublicinterestisthatdisciplineshouldremainintact，andthatintruders，soldiers，ormenials，shouldnotthrowtheweightoftheirturbulenceandthoughtlessnessintothescaleswhichhavetobecautiouslyandfirmlyheldbytheirchiefs。ThiswastheexpressdemandoftheGovernment；[30]butthedemandwasnotregarded；andagainstthepersistentusurpationofthemultitudenothingislefttoitbuttheemploymentofforce。Butforceitselfisslippingfromitshands，whilegrowingdisobedience，likeacontagion，afterhavinggainedthepeopleisspreadingamongthetroops。—Fromthe23rdofJune，[31]twocompaniesoftheFrenchGuardsrefusedtododuty。Confinedtotheirbarracks，theyonthe27thbreakout，andhenceforth"theyareseeneveryeveningenteringthePalais—Royal，marchingindoublefile。"Theyknowtheplacewell；itisthegeneralrendezvousoftheabandonedwomenwhoseloversandparasitestheyare。[32]"Thepatriotsallgatheraroundthem，treatthemtoicecreamandwine，anddebauchtheminthefaceoftheirofficers。"
——Tothis，moreover，mustbeaddedthefactthattheircolonel，M。
duChatelet，haslongbeenodioustothem，thathehasfatiguedthemwithforceddrills，worriedthemanddiminishedthenumberoftheirsergeants；thathesuppressedtheschoolfortheeducationofthechildrenoftheirmusicians；thatheusesthestickinpunishingthemen，andpicksquarrelswiththemabouttheirappearance，theirboard，andtheirclothing。Thisregimentislosttodiscipline:asecretsocietyhasbeenformedinit，andthesoldiershavepledgedthemselvestotheirensignsnottoactagainsttheNationalAssembly。ThustheconfederationbetweenthemandthePalais—Royalisestablished。——Onthe30thofJune，elevenoftheirleaders，takenofftotheAbbaye，writetoclaimtheirassistance。AyoungmanmountsachairinfrontoftheCaféFoyandreadstheirletteraloud；abandsetsoutontheinstant，forcesthegatewithasledge—hammerandironbars，bringsbacktheprisonersintriumph，givesthemafeastinthegardenandmountsguardaroundthemtopreventtheirbeingre—taken。——Whendisordersofthiskindgounpunished，ordercannotbemaintained；infact，onthemorningofthe14thofJuly，fiveoutofsixbattalionshaddeserted。——Astotheothercorps，theyarenobetterandarealsoseduced。
"Yesterday，"Desmoulinswrites，"theartilleryregimentfollowedtheexampleoftheFrenchGuards，overpoweringthesentinelsandcomingovertominglewiththepatriotsinthePalais—Royal……Weseenothingbuttherabbleattachingthemselvestosoldierswhomtheychancetoencounter。’Allons，ViveleTiers—Etat！’andtheyleadthemofftoataverntodrinkthehealthoftheCommons。"
DragoonstelltheofficerswhoaremarchingthemtoVersailles:"Weobeyyou，butyoumaytelltheministersonourarrivalthatifweareorderedtousetheleastviolenceagainstourfellow—citizens，thefirstshotshallbeforyou。"AttheInvalidestwentymen，orderedtoremovethecocksandramrodsfromthegunsstoredinathreatenedarsenal，devotesixhourstorenderingtwentygunsuseless；theirobjectistokeepthemintactforplunderandforthearmingofthepeople。
Inshort，thelargestportionofthearmyhasdeserted。Howeverkindasuperiorofficermightbe，thefactofhisbeingasuperiorofficersecuresforhimthetreatmentofanenemy。Thegovernor，"M。deSombreuil，againstwhomthesepeoplecouldutternoreproach，"willsoonseehisartilleristspointtheirgunsathisapartment，andwilljustescapebeinghungontheiron—railingsbytheirownhands。Thustheforcewhichisbroughtforwardtosuppressinsurrectiononlyservestofurnishitwithrecruits。Andevenworse，forthedisplayofarmsthatwasreliedontorestrainthemob，furnishedtheinstigationtorebellion。
VI。
July13thand14th1789。
Thefatalmomenthasarrived；itisnolongeragovernmentwhichfallsthatitmaygivewaytoanother；itisallgovernmentwhichceasestoexistinordertomakewayforanintermittentdespotism，forfactionsblindlyimpelledonbyenthusiasm，credulity，misery，andfear。[33]Likeatameelephantsuddenlybecomewildagain，themobthrowsoffitordinarydriver，andthenewguideswhoittoleratesperchedonitsneckaretheresimplyforshow。Infutureitwillmovealongasitpleases，freedfromcontrol，andabandonedtoitsownfeelings，instincts，andappetites。——Apparently，therewasnodesiretodomorethananticipateitsaberrations。TheKinghasforbiddenallviolence；thecommandersorderthetroopsnottofire；[34]buttheexcitedandwildanimaltakesallprecautionsforinsults；infuture，itintendstobeitsownconductor，and，tobegin，ittreadsitsguidesunderfoot。——Onthe12thofJuly，nearnoon，[35]onthenewsofthedismissalofNecker，acryofragearisesinthePalais—Royal；CamilleDesmoulins，mountedonatable，announcesthattheCourtmeditates"aSt。Bartholomewofpatriots。"
Thecrowdembracehim，adoptthegreencockadewhichhehasproposed，andobligethedancing—saloonsandtheaterstocloseinsignofmourning:theyhurryofftotheresidenceofCurtius，andtakethebustsoftheDukeofOrleansandofNeckerandcarrythemaboutintriumph。——Meanwhile，thedragoonsofthePrincedeLambesc，drawnuponthePlaceLouis—Quinze，findabarricadeofchairsattheentranceoftheTuileries，andaregreetedwithashowerofstonesandbottles。[36]Elsewhere，ontheBoulevard，beforetheH？telMontmorency，someoftheFrenchGuards，escapedfromtheirbarracks，firedonaloyaldetachmentofthe"RoyalAllemand。"—Thealarmbellissoundingonallsides，theshopswherearmsaresoldarepillaged，andtheH？tel—de—Villeisinvaded；
fifteenorsixteenwell—disposedelectors，whomeetthere，orderthedistrictstobeassembledandarmed。——Thenewsovereign，thepeopleinarmsandinthestreet，hasdeclaredhimself。
Thedregsofsocietyatoncecometothesurface。Duringthenightbetweenthe12thand13thofJuly，[37]"allthebarriers，fromtheFaubourgSaint—AntoinetotheFaubourgSaint—Honoré，besidesthoseoftheFaubourgsSaint—MarcelandSaint—Jacques，areforcedandsetonfire。"Thereisnolongeranoctroi；thecityiswithoutarevenuejustatthemomentwhenitisobligedtomaketheheaviestexpenditures；butthisisofnoconsequencetothemob，which，aboveallthings，wantstohavecheapwine。"Ruffians，armedwithpikesandsticks，proceedinseveralpartiestogiveuptopillagethehousesofthosewhoareregardedasenemiestothepublicwelfare。"
"Theygofromdoortodoorcrying，’Armsandbread！’Duringthisfearfulnight，thebourgeoisiekeptthemselvesshutup，eachtremblingathomeforhimselfandthosebelongingtohim。"Onthefollowingday，the13th，thecapitalappearstobegivenuptobanditsandthelowestofthelow。OneofthebandshewsdownthegateoftheLazarists，destroysthelibraryandclothes—presses，thepictures，thewindowsandlaboratory，andrushestothecellars；
whereitstavesinthecasksandgetsdrunk:twenty—fourhoursafterthis，aboutthirtyofthemarefounddeadanddying，drownedinwine，menandwomen，oneofthesebeingatthepointofchildbirth。
Infrontofthehouse[38]thestreetisfullofthewreckage，andofruffianswhoholdintheirhands，"some，eatables，othersajug，forcingthepassers—bytodrink，andpouringoutwinetoallcomers。
Winerunsdownintothegutter，andthescentofitfillstheair；"
itisadrinkingbout:meanwhiletheycarryawaythegrainandflourwhichthemonkskeptonhandaccordingtolaw，fifty—twoloadsofitbeingtakentothemarket。AnothertroopcomestoLaForce，todeliverthoseimprisonedfordebt；athirdbreaksintotheGardeMeuble，carryingawayvaluablearmsandarmour。MobsassemblebeforethehotelofMadamedeBreteuilandthePalais—Bourbon，whichtheyintendtoransack，inordertopunishtheirproprietors。M。deCrosne，oneofthemostliberalandmostrespectedmenofParis，but，unfortunatelyforhimselfalieutenantofthepolice，ispursued，escapingwithdifficulty，andhishotelissacked。——
Duringthenightbetweenthe13thand14thofMay，thebaker’sshopsandthewineshopsarepillaged；"menofthevilestclass，armedwithguns，pikes，andturnspits，makepeopleopentheirdoorsandgivethemsomethingtoeatanddrink，aswellasmoneyandarms。"
Vagrants，raggedmen，severalofthem"almostnaked，"and"mostofthemarmedlikesavages，andofhideousappearance；"theyare"suchasonedoesnotremembertohaveseeninbroaddaylight；"manyofthemarestrangers，comefromnobodyknowswhere。[39]Itisstatedthattherewere50，000ofthem，andthattheyhadtakenpossessionoftheprincipalguard—houses。
Duringthesetwodaysandnights，saysBailly，"Parisrantheriskofbeingpillaged，andwasonlysavedfromthemaraudersbytheNationalGuard。"Already，intheopenstreet，[40]"thesecreaturestoreoffwomen’sshoesandearrings，"andtherobberswerebeginningtohavefullsway。——Fortunatelythemilitiaorganizeditselfandtheprincipalinhabitantsandgentlemenenrolledthemselves；48，000
menareformedintobattalionsandcompanies；thebourgeoisiebuygunsofthevagabondsforthreelivresapiece，andsabersorpistolsfortwelvesous。Atlast，someoftheoffendersarehungonthespot，andothersdisarmed，andtheinsurrectionagainbecomespolitical。But，whateveritsobject，itremainsalwayswild，becauseitisinthehandsofthemob。Dusaulx，itspanegyrist，confesses[41]that"hethoughthewaswitnessingthetotaldissolutionofsociety。"Thereisnoleader，nomanagement。TheelectorswhohaveconvertedthemselvesintotherepresentativesofParisseemtocommandthecrowd，butitisthecrowdwhichcommandsthem。Oneofthem，Legrand，tosavetheH？tel—de—Ville，hasnootherresourcebuttosendforsixbarrelsofgun—powder，andtodeclaretotheassailantsthatheisabouttobloweverythingintotheair。Thecommandantwhomtheythemselveshavechosen，M。deSalles，hastwentybayonetsathisbreastduringaquarterofanhour，and，morethanonce，thewholecommitteeisnearbeingmassacred。Letthereaderimagine，onthepremiseswherethediscussionsaregoingon，andpetitionsarebeingmade，"aconcourseoffifteenhundredmenpressedbyahundredthousandotherswhoareforcinganentrance，"thewainscotingcracking，thebenchesupsetoneoveranother，theenclosureofthebureaupushedbackagainstthepresident’schair，atumultsuchastobringtomind’thedayofjudgment，"thedeath—shrieks，songs，yells，and"peoplebesidethemselves，forthemostpartnotknowingwheretheyarenorwhattheywant。"——Eachdistrictisalsoapettycenter，whilethePalais—Royalisthemaincenter。Propositions，"accusations，anddeputationstraveltoandfrofromonetotheother，alongwiththehumantorrentwhichisobstructedorrushesaheadwithnootherguidethanitsowninclinationandthechancesoftheway。Onewavegathershereandanotherthere，theirstrategyconsistinginpushingandinbeingpushed。Yet，theirentranceiseffectedonlybecausetheyareletin。IftheygetintotheInvalidesitisowingtotheconnivanceofthesoldiers。——AttheBastille，firearmsaredischargedfromteninthemorningtofiveintheeveningagainstwallsfortyfeethighandthirtyfeetthick，anditisbychancethatoneoftheirshotsreachesaninvalidonthetowers。Theyaretreatedthesameaschildrenwhomonewishestohurtaslittleaspossible。Thegovernor，onthefirstsummonstosurrender，ordersthecannontobewithdrawnfromtheembrasures；hemakesthegarrisonswearnottofireifitisnotattacked；heinvitesthefirstofthedeputationstolunch；heallowsthemessengerdispatchedfromtheH？tel—de—Villetoinspectthefortress；hereceivesseveraldischargeswithoutreturningthem，andletsthefirstbridgebecarriedwithoutfiringashot。[42]When，atlength，hedoesfire，itisatthelastextremity，todefendthesecondbridge，andafterhavingnotifiedtheassailantsthatheisgoingtodoso。Inshort，hisforbearanceandpatienceareexcessive，inconformitywiththehumanityofthetimes。Thepeople，inturn，areinfatuatedwiththenovelsensationsofattackandresistance，withthesmellofgunpowder，withtheexcitementofthecontest；alltheycanthinkofdoingistorushagainstthemassofstone，theirexpedientsbeingonalevelwiththeirtactics。Abrewerfanciesthathecansetfiretothisblockofmasonrybypumpingoveritspikenardandpoppy—seedoilmixedwithphosphorus。Ayoungcarpenter，whohassomearchaeologicalnotions，proposestoconstructacatapult。Someofthemthinkthattheyhaveseizedthegovernor’sdaughter，andwanttoburnherinordertomakethefathersurrender。Otherssetfiretoaprojectingmassofbuildingsfilledwithstraw，andthuscloseupthepassage。"TheBastillewasnottakenbymainforce，"saysthebraveElie，oneofthecombatants；"itsurrenderedbeforeevenitwasattacked，"[43]bycapitulation，onthepromisethatnoharmshouldbedonetoanybody。
Thegarrison，beingperfectlysecure，hadnolongerthehearttofireonhumanbeingswhilethemselvesriskingnothing，[44]and，ontheotherhand，theywereunnervedbythesightoftheimmensecrowd。Eightorninehundredmenonly[45]wereconcernedintheattack，mostofthemworkmenorshopkeepersbelongingtothefaubourg，tailors，wheelwrights，mercersandwine—dealers，mixedwiththeFrenchGuards。ThePlacedelaBastille，however，andallthestreetsinthevicinity，werecrowdedwiththecuriouswhocametowitnessthesight；"amongthem，"saysawitness，[46]"wereanumberoffashionablewomenofverygoodappearance，whohadlefttheircarriagesatsomedistance。"TothehundredandtwentymenofthegarrisonlookingdownfromtheirparapetsitseemedasthoughallParishadcomeoutagainstthem。Itisthey，also，wholowerthedrawbridgeanintroducetheenemy:everybodyhaslosthishead，thebesiegedaswellasthebesiegers，thelattermorecompletelybecausetheyareintoxicatedwiththesenseofvictory。Scarcelyhavetheyenteredwhentheybegintheworkofdestruction，andthelatestarrivalsshootatrandomthosethatcomeearlier；"eachonefireswithoutheedingwhereoronwhomhisshottells。"Suddenomnipotenceandthelibertytokillareawinetoostrongforhumannature；giddinessistheresult；menseered，andtheirfrenzyendsinferocity。
Forthepeculiarityofapopularinsurrectionisthatnobodyobeysanybody；thebadpassionsarefreeaswellasthegenerousones；
heroesareunabletorestrainassassins。Elie，whoisthefirsttoenterthefortress，Cholat，Hulin，thebravefellowswhoareinadvance，theFrenchGuardswhoarecognizantofthelawsofwar，trytokeeptheirwordofhonor；butthecrowdpressingonbehindthemknownotwhomtostrike，andtheystrikeatrandom。TheysparetheSwisssoldierswhohavefiredatthem，andwho，intheirbluesmocks，seemtothemtobeprisoners；ontheotherhand，bywayofcompensation，theyfallfuriouslyontheinvalideswhoopenedthegatestothem；themanwhopreventedthegovernorfromblowingupthefortresshashiswristseveredbytheblowofasaber，istwicepiercedwithaswordandishung，andthehandwhichhadsavedoneofthedistrictsofParisispromenadedthroughthestreetsintriumph。Theofficersaredraggedalongandfiveofthemarekilled，withthreesoldiers，onthespot，orontheway。Duringthelonghoursoffiring，themurderousinstincthasbecomearoused，andthewishtokill，changedintoafixedidea，spreadsafaramongthecrowdwhichhashithertoremainedinactive。Itisconvincedbyitsownclamor；ahueandcryisallthatitnowneeds；themomentonestrikes，allwanttostrike。"Thosewhohadnoarms，"saysanofficer，"threwstonesatme；[47]thewomengroundtheirteethandshooktheirfistsatme。Twoofmymenhadalreadybeenassassinatedbehindme。IfinallygottowithinsomehundredsofpacesoftheH？tel—de—Ville，amidstageneralcrythatIshouldbehung，whenahead，stuckonapike，waspresentedtometolookat，whileat。thesamemomentIwastoldthatitwasthatofM。deLaunay，"thegovernor。—Thelatter，ongoingout，hadreceivedthecutofaswordonhisrightshoulder；nreachingtheRueSaint—
Antoine"everybodypulledhishairoutandstruckhim。"UnderthearcadeofSaint—Jeanhewasalready"severelywounded。"Aroundhim，somesaid，"hisheadoughttobestruckoff；"others，"lethimbehung；"andothers，"heoughttobetiedtoahorse’stail。"Then，indespair，andwishingtoputanendtohistorments，hecriedout，"Killme，"and，instruggling，kickedoneofthemenwhoheldhiminthelowerabdomen。Ontheinstantheispiercedwithbayonets，draggedinthegutter，and，strikinghiscorpse，theyexclaim，"He’sascurvywretch（galeux）andamonsterwhohasbetrayedus；thenationdemandshisheadtoexhibittothepublic，"andthemanwhowaskickedisaskedtocutitoff。——Thisman，anunemployedcook，asimpletonwho"wenttotheBastilletoseewhatwasgoingon，"thinksthatasitisthegeneralopinion，theactispatriotic，andevenbelievesthathe"deservesamedalfordestroyingamonster。"Takingasaberwhichislenttohim，hestrikesthebareneck，butthedullsabernotdoingitswork，hetakesasmallblack—
handledknifefromhispocket，and，"asinhiscapacityofcookheknowshowtocutmeat，"hefinishestheoperationsuccessfully。
Then，placingtheheadontheendofathree—prongedpitchfork，andaccompaniedbyovertwohundredarmedmen，"notcountingthemob，"
hemarchesalong，and，intheRueSaint—Honoré，hehastwoinscriptionsattachedtothehead，toindicatewithoutmistakewhoseheaditis。——Theygrowmerryoverit:afterfilingalongsideofthePalais—Royal，theprocessionarrivesatthePont—Neuf，where，beforethestatueofHenryIV。，theybowtheheadthreetimes，saying，"Salutethymaster！"——Thisisthelastjoke:itistobefoundineverytriumph，andinsidethebutcher，wefindtherogue。
VII。
MurdersofFoulonandBerthier。
Meanwhile，atthePalais—Royal，otherbuffoons，whowiththelevityofgossipssportwithlivesasfreelyaswithwords，havedrawnu。
Duringthenightbetweenthe13thand14thofJuly，alistofproscriptions，copiesofwhicharehawkedabout。Careistakentoaddressoneofthemtoeachofthepersonsdesignated，theComted’Artois，MarshaldeBroglie，thePrincedeLambesc，BarondeBezenval，MM。deBreteuil，Foulon，Berthier，Maury，d’Espréménil，Lefèvred’Amécourt，andothersbesides。[48]ArewardispromisedtowhoeverwillbringtheirheadstotheCafédeCaveau。Herearenamesfortheunchainedmultitude；allthatnowisnecessaryisthatsomebandshouldencounteramanwhoisdenounced；hewillgoasfarasthelamppostatthestreetcorner，butnotbeyondit。—
Throughoutthedayofthe14th，thisimprovisedtribunalholdsapermanentsession，andfollowsupitsdecisionswithitsactions。
M。deFlesselles，provostofthemerchantsandpresidentoftheelectorsattheH？tel—de—Ville，havingshownhimselfsomewhatlukewarm，[49]thePalais—Royaldeclareshimatraitorandsendshimofftobehung。Onthewayayoungmanfellshimwithapistol—
shot，othersfalluponhisbody，whilehishead，borneuponapike，goestojointhatofM。deLaunay。——Equallydeadlyaccusationsandofequallyspeedyexecutionfloatintheairandfromeverydirection。"Ontheslightestpretext，"saysanelector，"theydenouncedtousthosewhomtheythoughtopposedtotheRevolution，whichalreadysignifiedthesameasenemiesoftheState。Withoutanyinvestigation，therewasonlytalkoftheseizureoftheirpersons，theruinoftheirhomes，andtherazingoftheirhouses。
Oneyoungmanexclaimed:’Followmeatonce，letusstartoffatoncetoBezenval’s！’"——Theirbrainsaresofrightened，andtheirmindssodistrustful，thatateverystepinthestreets"one’snamehastobegiven，one’sprofessiondeclared，one’sresidence，andone’sintentions……OnecanneitherenternorleavePariswithoutbeingsuspectedoftreason。"ThePrincedeMontbarrey，advocateofthenewideas，andhiswife，arestoppedintheircarriageatthebarrier，andareonthepointofbeingcuttopieces。Adeputyofthenobles，onhiswaytotheNationalAssembly，isseizedinhiscabandconductedtothePlacedeGrève；
thecorpseofM。deLaunayisshowntohim，andheistoldthatheistobetreatedinthesamefashion。—Everylifehangsbyathread，and，onthefollowingdays，whentheKinghadsentawayhistroops，dismissedhisMinisters，recalledNecker，andgrantedeverything，thedangerremainsjustasgreat。Themultitude，abandonedtotherevolutionariesandtoitself，continuesthesamebloodyantics，whilethemunicipalchiefs[50]whomithaselected，Bailly，MayorofParis，andLafayette，commandantoftheNationalGuard，areobligedtousecunning，toimplore，tothrowthemselvesbetweenthemultitudeandtheunfortunateswhomtheywishtodestroy。
Onthe15thofJuly，inthenight，awomandisguisedasamanisarrestedinthecourtoftheH？tel—de—Ville，andsomaltreatedthatshefaintsaway；Bailly，inordertosaveher，isobligedtofeignangeragainstherandhavehersentimmediatelytoprison。Fromthe14thtothe22ndofJuly，Lafayette，attheriskofhislife，saveswithhisownhandseventeenpersonsindifferentquarters。[51]——Onthe22ndofJuly，uponthedenunciationswhichmultiplyaroundParisliketrainsofgunpowder，twoadministratorsofhighrank，M。
Foulon，CouncillorofState，andM。Berthier，hisson—in—law，arearrested，onenearFontainebleau，andtheothernearCompiègne。M。
Foulon，astrictmaster，[52]butintelligentanduseful，expendedsixtythousandfrancsthepreviouswinteronhisestateingivingemploymenttothepoor。M。Berthier，anindustriousandcapableman，hadofficiallysurveyedandvaluedIle—de—France，toequalizethetaxes，andhadreducedtheoverchargedquotasfirstone—eighthandthenaquarter。ButbothofthesegentlemenhavearrangedthedetailsofthecampagainstwhichParishasrisen；botharepubliclyproscribedforeightdayspreviouslybythePalais—Royal，and，withapeoplefrightenedbydisorder，exasperatedbyhunger，andstupefiedbysuspicion，anaccusedpersonisaguiltyone。——WithregardtoFoulon，aswithRéveillon，astoryismadeup，coinedinthesamemint，asortofcurrencyforpopularcirculation，andwhichthepeopleitselfmanufacturesbycastingintoonetragicexpressionthesumofitssufferingsandranklingmemories:[53]"Hesaidthatwewereworthnomorethanhishorses；andthatifwehadnobreadwehadonlytoeatgrass。"——Theoldmanofseventy—fourisbroughttoParis，withatrussofhayonhishead，acollarofthistlesaroundhisneck，andhismouthstuffedwithhay。Invaindoestheelectoralbureauorderhisimprisonmentthathemaybesaved；thecrowdyellsout:"Sentencedandhung！"and，authoritatively，appointsthejudges。InvaindoesLafayetteinsistandentreatthreetimesthatthejudgmentberegularlyrendered，andthattheaccusedbesenttotheAbbaye。Anewwaveofpeoplecomesup，andoneman，"welldressed，"criesout:"Whatistheneedofasentenceforamanwhohasbeencondemnedforthirtyyears？"Fouloniscarriedoff；draggedacrossthesquare，andhungtothelamppost。
Thecordbreakstwice，andtwicehefallsuponthepavement。Re—
hungwithafreshcordandthencutdown，hisheadisseveredfromhisbodyandplacedontheendofapike。[54]Meanwhile，Berthier，sentawayfromCompiègnebythemunicipality，afraidtokeephiminhisprisonwherehewasconstantlymenaced，arrivesinacabrioletunderescort。Thepeoplecarryplacardsaroundhimfilledwithopprobriousepithets；inchanginghorsestheythrewhardblackbreadintothecarriage，exclaiming，"There，wretch，seethebreadyoumadeuseat！"OnreachingthechurchofSaint—Merry，afearfulstormofinsultsburstforthagainsthim。Heiscalledamonopolist，"althoughhehadneverboughtorsoldagrainofwheat。"Intheeyesofthemultitude，whohastoexplaintheevilascausedbysomeevil—doer，heistheauthorofthefamine。ConductedtotheAbbaye，hisescortisdispersedandheispushedovertothelamppost。
Then，seeingthatallislost，hesnatchesagunfromoneofhismurderersandbravelydefendshimself。Asoldierofthe"RoyalCroats"giveshimacutwithhissaberacrossthestomach，andanothertearsouthisheart。Asthecook，whohadcutofftheheadofM。deLaunay，happenstobeonthespot，theyhandhimthehearttocarrywhilethesoldierstakethehead，andbothgototheH？tel—
de—VilletoshowtheirtrophiestoM。deLafayette。OntheirreturntothePalais—Royal，andwhiletheyareseatedattableinatavern，thepeopledemandthesetworemains。Theythrowthemoutofthewindowandfinishtheirsupper，whilsttheheartismarchedaboutbelowinabouquetofwhitecarnations。——Sucharethespectacleswhichthisgardenpresentswhere，ayearbefore，"goodsocietyinfulldress"cameonleavingtheOperatochat，oftenuntiltwoo’clockinthemorning，underthemildlightofthemoon，listeningnowtotheviolinofSaint—Georges，andnowtothecharmingvoiceofGarat。
VIII。
Parisinthehandsofthepeople。
Henceforthitisclearthatnooneissafe:neitherthenewmilitianorthenewauthoritiessufficetoenforcerespectforthelaw。
"Theydidnotdare，"saysBailly，[55]"opposethepeoplewho，eightdaysbeforethis，hadtakentheBastille。"——Invain，afterthelasttwomurders，doBaillyandLafayetteindignantlythreatentowithdraw；theyareforcedtoremain；theirprotection，suchasitis，isallthatisleft，and，iftheNationalGuardisunabletopreventeverymurder，itpreventssomeofthem。Peopleliveastheycanundertheconstantexpectationoffreshpopularviolence。"Toeveryimpartialman，"saysMalouet，"theTerrordatesfromthe14thofJuly"。—Onthe17th，beforesettingoutforParis，theKingattendscommunionandmakeshiswillinanticipationofassassination。Fromthe16thtothe18th，twentypersonagesofhighrank，amongothersmostofthoseonwhoseheadsapriceissetbythePalais—Royal，leaveFrance:TheCountd’Artois，MarshaldeBroglie，thePrincesdeCondé，deConti，deLambesc，deVaudemont，theCountessdePolignac，andtheDuchessesdePolignacanddeGuiche。——Thedayfollowingthetwomurders，M。deCrosne，M。
Doumer，M。Sureau，themostzealousandmostvaluablemembersofthecommitteeonsubsistence，allthoseappointedtomakepurchasesandtotakecareofthestorehouses，concealthemselvesorfly。Ontheeveofthetwomurders，thenotariesofParis，beingmenacedwithariot，hadtoadvance45，000francswhichwerepromisedtotheworkmenoftheFaubourgSaint—Antoine；whilethepublictreasury，almostempty，isdrainedof30，000livresperdaytodiminishthecostofbread。——Personsandpossessions，greatandsmall，privateindividualsandpublicfunctionaries，theGovernmentitself，allisinthehandsofthemob。"Fromthismoment，"saysadeputy，[56]
"libertydidnotexistevenintheNationalAssembly……Francestooddumbbeforethirtyfactiouspersons。TheAssemblybecameintheirhandsapassiveinstrument，whichtheyforcedtoservethemintheexecutionoftheirprojects。"——Theythemselvesdonotlead，althoughtheyseemtolead。Thegreatbrute，whichhastakenthebitinitsmouth，holdsontoit，andit’splungingbecomesmoreviolent。Notonlydobothspurswhichmaddenedit，Imeanthedesireforinnovationandthedailyscarcityoffood，continuetoprickiton。Butalsothepoliticalhornetswhich，increasingbythousands，buzzarounditsears。Andthelicenseinwhichitrevelsforthefirsttime，joinedtotheapplauselavisheduponit，urgesitforwardmoreviolentlyeachday。Theinsurrectionisglorified。
Notoneoftheassassinsissoughtout。ItisagainsttheconspiracyofMinistersthattheAssemblyinstitutesaninquiry。
RewardsarebestowedupontheconquerorsoftheBastille；itisdeclaredthattheyhavesavedFrance。Allhonorsareawardedtothepeople—totheirgoodsense，theirmagnanimity，andtheirjustice。
Adorationispaidtothisnewsovereign:heispubliclyandofficiallytold，intheAssemblyandbythepress，thathepossesseseveryvirtue，allrightsandallpowers。Ifhespillsblooditisinadvertently，onprovocation，andalwayswithaninfallibleinstinct。Moreover，saysadeputy，"thisblood，wasitsopure？"
Thegreaternumberofpeopleprefersthetheoriesoftheirbookstotheexperienceoftheireyes；theypersistintheidyll，whichtheyhavefashionedforthemselves。Attheworsttheirdream，drivenoutfromthepresent，takesrefugeinthefuture。To—morrow，whentheConstitutioniscomplete，thepeople，madehappy，willagainbecomewise:letusendurethestorm，whichleadsusontosonobleaharbor。
Meanwhile，beyondtheKing，inertanddisarmed，beyondtheAssembly，disobeyedorsubmissive，appearstherealmonarch，thepeople—thatistosay，acrowdofahundred，athousand，ahundredthousandindividualsgatheredtogetheratrandom，onanimpulse，onanalarm，suddenlyandirresistiblymadelegislators，judges，andexecutioners。Aformidablepower，undefinedanddestructive，onwhichnoonehasanyhold，andwhich，withitsmother，howlingandmisshapenLiberty，sitsatthethresholdoftheRevolutionlikeMilton’stwospectersatthegatesofHell……BeforethegatestheresatOneithersideaformidableshape；
Theoneseem’dwomantothewaist，andfair，butendedfoulinmanyascalyfoldVoluminousandvast，aserpentarm’dWithmortalsting:abouthermiddleroundAcryofhellhoundsneverceasingbark’dWithwideCerbereanmouthsfullloud，andrungAhideouspeal:yet，whentheylist，wouldcreep，Ifaughtdisturb’dtheirnoise，intoherwomb，Andkennelthere；yettherestillbark’dandhowl’dWithinunseen……theothershape，Ifshapeitmightbecall’d，thatshapehadnoneDistinguishableinmember，joint，orlimb，Orsubstancemightbecall’dthatshadowseem’dForeachseem’deither:blackitstoodasnight，Fierceastenfuries，terribleashell，Andshookadreadfuldart；whatseem’dhisheadThelikenessofakinglycrownhadon。
******
Themonstermovingonwardcameasfast，Withhorridstrides；helltrembledashestrode。
Notes:
[1]"ArchivesNationales，"H。1453。LetterofM。Miron，lieutenantdepolice，April26th；ofM。JolydeFleury，procureur—général，May29th；ofMM。MarchaisandBerthier，April18thand27th，March23rd，April5th，May5th。—ArthurYoung，June10thand29th。"ArchivesNationales，"H。1453Letterofthesub—delegateofMontlhéry，April14th。
[2]"ArchivesNationales，"H。1453。Letterofthesub—delegateGobert，March17th；oftheofficersofpolice，June15th:——"Onthe12th，13th，14thand15thofMarchtheinhabitantsofConflansgenerallyrebelledagainstthegamelawinrelationtotherabbit。"
[3]Montjoie，2ndpart，ch。XXI。p。14（thefirstweekinJune）。
Montjoieisapartyman；buthegivesdatesanddetails，andhistestimony，whenitisconfirmedelsewhere，deserves，tobeadmitted。
[4]Montjoie，1stpart，92—101。—"ArchivesNationales，"H。
1453。LetteroftheofficerofpoliceofSaint—Denis:"AgoodmanyworkmenarrivedailyfromLorraineaswellasfromChampagne，"whichincreasestheprices。
[5]DeBezenval，"Mémoires，"I。353。Cf。"TheAncientRegime，"
p。509。—Marmontel，II，252andfollowingpages。—DeFerrières，I。407。
[6]ArthurYoung，September1st，1788
[7]Barrère，"Mémoires，"I。234。
[8]See，intheNationalLibrary，thelongcatalogueofthosewhichhavesurvived。
[9]Malouet，I。255。Bailly，I。43（May9thand19th）。——
D’Hezecques，"Souvenirsd’unpagedeLouisXV。"293。——DeBezenval，I。368。
[10]Marmontel，II，249。——Montjoie，1stpart，p。92。——DeBezenval，I。387:"Thesespiesaddedthatpersonswereseenexcitingthetumultandweredistributingmoney。"
[11]"ArchivesNationales，"Y。11441。InterrogatoryoftheAbbéRoy，May5th。——Y。11033，Interrogatory（April28thandMay4th）oftwenty—threewoundedpersonsbroughttotheH？tel—Dieu——Thesetwodocumentsareofprimeimportanceinpresentingthetrueaspectoftheinsurrection；tothesemustheaddedthenarrativeofM。deBezenval，whowascommandantatthistimewithM。deChatelet。
Almostallothernarrativesareamplifiedorfalsifiedthroughpartybias。
[12]DeFerrières，vol。III。noteA。（justificatoryexplanationbyRéveillon）。
[13]BaillyI。25（April26th）。
[14]Hippeau，IV。377（LettersofM。Perrot，April29th）。
[15]LettertotheKingbyaninhabitantoftheFaubourgSaint—
Antoine—"Donotdoubt，sire，thatourrecentmisfortunesareduetothedearnessofbread"
[16]Dampmartin，"Evénementsquisesontpasséssousmesyeux，"etc。
I。25:"Weturnedbackandwereheldupbysmallbandsofscoundrels，whoinsolentlyproposedtoustoshout’ViveNecker！
ViveleTiers—Etat！’"HistwocompanionswereknightsofSt。
Louis，andtheirbadgesseemedanobjectof"increasinghatred。"
"Thebadgeexcitedcoarsemutterings，evenonthepartofpersonswhoappearedsuperiortotheagitators。"
[17]Dampmartin，ibid。i。25:"IwasdiningthisverydayattheH？teld’Ecquevilly，intheRueSaint—Louis。"Heleavesthehouseonfootandwitnessesthedisturbance。"FifteentoSixteenhundredwretches，theexcrementofthenation，degradedbyshamefulvices，coveredwithrags，andgorgedwithbrandy，presentedthemostdisgustingandrevoltingspectacle。Morethanahundredthousandpersonsofbothsexesandofallagesandconditionsinterferedgreatlywiththeoperationsofthetroops。Thefiringsooncommencedandbloodflowed:twoinnocentpersonswerewoundednearme。"
[18]DeGoncourt，"LaSociétéFran？aisependantlaRévolution。"
Thirty—onegambling—housesarecountedhere，whileapamphletofthedayisentitled"PétitiondesdeuxmillcentfillesduPalais—
Royal。"
[19]Montjoie，2ndpart，144。——Bailly，II，130。
[20]ArthurYoung，June24th，1789。—Montjoie，2ndpart，69。
[21]ArthurYoung，June9th，24th，and26th。—"LaFrancelibre，"
passim，byC。Desmoulins。
[22]C。Desmoulins，letterstohisfather，andArthurYoung，June9th。
[23]Montjoie，2ndpart，69，77，124，144。C。Desmoulins，letter，ofJune24thandthefollowingdays。
[24]EtienneDumont，"Souvenirs，"p。72。—C。Desmoulins，letterof；June24th。—ArthurYoung，June25th。—BuchezandRoux，II。28。
[25]Bailly，I。227and179。—Monnier，"Recherchessurlescauses，"etc。I。289，291；II。61；——Malouet，I。299；II。10。
——"ActesdesAp？tres，"V。43。（LetterofM。deGuillermy，July31st，1790）。—Marmontel，I。28:"ThepeoplecameevenintotheAssembly，toencouragetheirpartisans，toselectandindicatetheirvictims，andtoterrifythefeeblewiththedreadfultrialofopenballoting。"
[26]ManuscriptlettersofM。Boullé，deputy，tothemunicipalauthoritiesofPontivy，fromMay1st，1789，toSeptember4th，1790
（communicatedbyM。Rosenzweig，archivistatVannes）。June16th，1789:"Thecrowdgatheredaroundthehall……was，duringthesedays，from3，000to4，000persons。"
[27]LettersofM。Boullé，June23rd。"Howsublimethemoment，thatinwhichweenthusiasticallybindourselvestothecountrybyanewoath！……Whyshouldthismomentbeselectedbyoneofournumbertodishonorhimself？HisnameisnowblastedthroughoutFrance。Andtheunfortunatemanhaschildren！Suddenlyoverwhelmedbypubliccontemptheleaves，andfallsfaintingatthedoor，exclaiming，’Ah！thiswillbemydeath！’Idonotknowwhathasbecomeofhimsince。Whatisstrangeis，hehadnotbehavedbadlyuptothattime，andhevotedfortheConstitution。"
[28]DeFerrières，I。168。—Malouet，I。298（accordingtohimthefactiondidnotnumbermorethantenmembers），——idemII。10。
—Dumont，250。
[29]"Conventionnationale"governedFrancefrom21stSeptember1792
untilOct。26th1796。Wedistinguishbetweenthreedifferentassemblies，"laConventionGirondine"1792—93，"theMountain，"1793—
94and"laThermidorienne，from1794—1795。（SR）。
[30]DeclarationofJune23rd，article15。
[31]Montjoie，2ndpart，118。——C。Desmoulins，lettersofJune24thandthefollowingdays。AfaithfulnarrativebyM。deSainte—
Fère，formerlyanofficerintheFrenchGuard，p。9。——DeBezenval，III，413。—BuchezandRoux，II。35。——"Souvenirs"，byPASQUIER
（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893……
[32]Peuchet（"EncyclopédieMéthodique，"1789，quotedbyParentDuchatelet）:"AlmostallofthesoldiersoftheGuardbelongtothatclass（theprocurersofpublicwomen）:many，indeed，onlyenlistinthecorpsthattheymayliveattheexpenseoftheseunfortunates。"
[33]GouverneurMorris，"Libertyisnowthegeneralcry；authorityisanameandnolongerareality。"（CorrespondencewithWashington，July19th。）
[34]Bailly。I。302。"TheKingwasverywell—disposed；hismeasureswereintendedonlytopreserveorderandthepublicpeace……DuChateletwasforcedbyfactstoacquitM。deBezenvalofattemptsagainstthepeopleandthecountry。"——Cf。Marmontel，IV。183；Mounier，II，40。
[35]Desmoulins，letterofthe16thJuly。BuchezandRoux，II。83。
[36]TrialofthePrincedeLambesc（Paris，1790），withtheeighty—
threedepositionsandthediscussionofthetestimony。—Itisthecrowdwhichbegantheattack。Thetroopsfiredintheair。Butoneman，asieurChauvel，waswoundedslightlybythePrincedeLambesc。
（TestimonyofM。Carboire，p。84，andofCaptaindeReinack，p。
101。）"M。lePrincedeLambesc，mountedonagrayhorsewithagraysaddlewithoutholstersorpistols，hadscarcelyenteredthegardenwhenadozenpersonsjumpedatthemaneandbridleofhishorseandmadeeveryefforttodraghimoff。Asmallmaningrayclothesfiredathimwithapistol……Theprincetriedhardtofreehimself，andsucceededbymakinghishorserearupandbyflourishinghissword；without，however，uptothistime，woundinganyone……Hedeposesthathesawtheprincestrikeamanontheheadwiththeflatofhissaberwhowastryingtoclosetheturning—bridge，whichwouldhavecutofftheretreatofhistroopsThetroopsdidnomorethantrytokeepoffthecrowdwhichassailedthemwithstones，andevenwithfirearms，fromthetopoftheterraces。"——Themanwhotriedtoclosethebridgehadseizedtheprince’shorsewithonehand；thewoundhereceivedwasascratchabout23lineslong，whichwasdressedandcuredwithabandagesoakedinbrandy。Allthedetailsoftheaffairprovethatthepatienceandhumanityoftheofficer，wereextreme。Nevertheless"onthefollowingday，the13th，someonepostedawrittenplacardonthecrossingBussyrecommendingthecitizensofParistoseizetheprinceandquarterhimatonce。"——（DepositionofM。Cosson，p。114。
[37]Bailly，I。3，6。——Marmontel，IV。310
[38]Montjoie，part3，86。"ItalkedwiththosewhoguardedthechateauoftheTuileries。TheydidnotbelongtoParis……A
frightfulphysiognomyandhideousapparel。"Montjoie，nottobetrustedinmanyplaces，meritsconsultationforlittlefactsofwhichhewasaneye—witness。——Morellet，"Mémoires，"I。374。—
Dusaulx，"L’？uvredesseptjours，"352。—RevueHistorique，"
March，1876。InterrogatoryofDesnot。Hisoccupationduringthe13thofJuly（publishedbyGuiffrey）。
[39]MathieuDumas，"Mémoires，"I。531。"Peaceablepeoplefledatthesightofthesegroupsofstrange，franticvagabonds。Everybodyclosedtheirhouses……WhenIreachedhome，intheSaint—
Denisquarter，severalofthesebrigandscausedgreatalarmbyfiringoffgunsintheair。"
[40]Dusaulx，379。
[41]Dusaulx，359，360，361，288，336。"Ineffecttheirentreatiesresembledcommands，and，morethanonce，itwasimpossibletoresistthem。"
[42]Dusaulx，447（Depositionoftheinvalides）。——"RevueRétrospective，"IV。282（Narrativeofthecommanderofthethirty—
twoSwissGuards）。
[43]Marmontel，IV。317。
[44]Dusaulx，454。"Thesoldiersrepliedthattheywouldacceptwhateverhappenedratherthancausethedestructionofsogreatanumberoftheirfellow—citizens。"
[45]Dusaulx，447。Thenumberofcombatants，maimed，wounded，dead，andliving，is825。——Marmontel，IV。320。"Tothenumberofvictors，whichhasbeencarriedupto800，peoplehavebeenaddedwhowereneverneartheplace。"
[46]"Memoires"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc，1767—1862），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。
Vol。I。p。52。Pasquierwaseye—witness。HeleanedagainstthefenceoftheBeaumarchaisgardenandlookedon，withmademoiselleContat，theactress，athisside，whohadlefthercarriageinthePlace—
Royale。——Marat，"L’amidupeuple，"No。530。"Whenanunheard—ofconjunctionofcircumstanceshadcausedthefallofthebadlydefendedwallsoftheBastille，undertheeffortsofahandfulofsoldiersandatroopofunfortunatecreatures，mostofthemGermansandalmostallprovincials，theParisianspresentedthemselvesthefortress，curiosityalonehavingledthemthere。"
[47]Narrativeofthecommanderofthethirty—twoSwiss。——
NarrativeofCholat，wine—dealer，oneofthevictors。——
ExaminationofDesnot（whocutofftheheadofM。deLaunay）。
[48]Montjoie，part3，85。——Dusaulx，355，287，368。
[49]Nothingmore。NoWitnessstatesthathehadseenthepretendednotetoM。doLaunay。AccordingtoDusaulx，hecouldnothavehadeitherthetimeorthemeanstowriteit。
[50]Bailly，II。32，74，88，90，95，108，117，137，158，174。"I
gaveorderswhichwereneitherobeyednorlistenedto……
TheygavemetounderstandthatIwasnotsafe。"（July15th。）"Inthesesadtimesoneenemyandonecalumniousreportsufficedtoexcitethemultitude。Allwhohadformerlyheldpower，allwhohadannoyedorrestrainedtheinsurrectionists，weresureofbeingarrested。"
[51]M。deLafayette，"Mémoires，"III。264。LetterofJuly16th，1789。"Ihavealreadysavedthelivesofsixpersonswhomtheywerehangingindifferentquarters。"
[52]Poujoulat。"HistoiredelaRévolutionFran？aise，"p。100（withsupportingdocuments）。Procès—verbauxoftheProvincialAssembly，lle—de—France（1787），p。127。
[53]Forinstance:"Heisseverewithhispeasants。"——"Hegivesthemnobread，andhewantsthemthentoeatgrass。""Hewantsthemtoeatgrasslikehorses。"——"Hehassaidthattheycouldverywelleathay，andthattheyarenobetterthanhorses。"——Thesamestoryisfoundinmanyofthecontemporaryjacqueries。
[54]Bailly，II。108。"Thepeople，lessenlightenedandasimperiousasdespots，recognizenopositivesignsofgoodadministrationbutsuccess。"
[55]Bailly，II，108，95。—Malouet，II，14。
[56]DeFerrières，I。168。
CHAPTERIII。
I。
AnarchyfromJuly14thtoOctober6th，1789。—DestructionoftheGovernment。—Towhomdoesrealpowerbelong？
Howeverbadaparticulargovernmentmaybe，thereissomethingstillworse，andthatisthesuppressionofallgovernment。For，itisowingtogovernmentthathumanwillsformaharmonyinsteadofchaos。Itservessocietyasthebrainservesalivingbeing。
Incapable，inconsiderate，extravagant，engrossing，itoftenabusesitsposition，overstrainingormisleadingthebodyforwhichitshouldcare，andwhichitshoulddirect。But，takingallthingsintoaccount，whateveritmaydo，moregoodthanharmisdone，forthroughitthebodystandserect，marchesonandguidesitssteps。
Withoutitthereisnoorganizeddeliberateaction，serviceabletothewholebody。Initalonedowefindthecomprehensiveviews，knowledgeofthemembersofwhichitconsistsandoftheiraims，anideaofoutwardrelationships，fullandaccurateinformation，inshort，thesuperiorintelligencewhichconceiveswhatisbestforthecommoninterests，andadaptsmeanstoends。Ifitfaltersandisnolongerobeyed，ifitisforcedandpushedfromwithoutbyaviolentpressure，itceasestocontrolpublicaffairs，andthesocialorganizationretrogradesbymanysteps。Throughthedissolutionofsociety，andtheisolationofindividuals，eachmanreturnstohisoriginalfeeblestate，whilepowerisvestedinpassingaggregatesthatlikewhirlwindsspringupfromthehumandust。——Onemaydivinehowthispower，whichthemostcompetentfinditdifficulttoapplyproperly，isexercisedbybandsofmenspringingoutofnowhere。Itisamatterofsupplies，oftheirpossessions，priceanddistribution。Itisamatteroftaxes，itsproportion，apportionmentandcollection；ofprivateproperty，itsvarieties，rights，andlimitationsItisaproblemofpublicauthority，itsallocationanditslimits；ofallthosedelicatecogwheelswhich，workingintoeachother，constitutethegreateconomic，social，andpoliticalmachine。Eachbandinitsowncantonlaysitsrudehandsonthewheelswithinitsreach。Theywrenchorbreakthemhaphazardly，undertheimpulseofthemoment，heedlessandindifferenttoconsequences，evenwhenthereactionofto—morrowcrushesthemintheruinthattheycausetoday。ThusdounchainedNegroes，eachpullingandhaulinghisownway，undertaketomanageashipofwhichtheyhavejustobtainedmastery。——Insuchastateofthingswhitemenarehardlyworthmorethanblackones。For，notonlyistheband，whoseaimisviolence，composedofthosewhoaremostdestitute，mostwildlyenthusiastic，andmostinclinedtodestructivenessandtolicense。Butalso，asthisbandtumultuouslycarriesoutitsviolentaction，eachindividualthemostbrutal，themostirrational，andmostcorrupt，descendslowerthanhimself，eventothedarkness，themadness，andthesavageryofthedregsofsociety。Infact，amanwhointheinterchangeofblows，wouldresisttheexcitementofmurder，andnotusehisstrengthlikeasavage，mustbefamiliarwitharms。Hemustbeaccustomedtodanger，becool—blooded，alivetothesentimentofhonor，andaboveall，sensitivetothatsternmilitarycodewhich，totheimaginationofthesoldier，everholdsouttohimtheprovost’sgibbettowhichheissuretorise，shouldhestrikeoneblowtoomany。Shouldalltheserestraints，inwardaswellasoutward，bewanting，themanplungesintoinsurrection。Heisanoviceintheactsofviolence，whichhecarriesout。Hehasnofearofthelaw，becauseheabolishesit。Theactionbeguncarrieshimfurtherthanheintendedtogo。Perilandresistanceexasperatehisanger。Hecatchesthefeverfromcontactwiththosewhoarefevered，andfollowsrobberswhohavebecomehiscomrades。[1]Addtothistheclamors，thedrunkenness，thespectacleofdestruction，thenervoustremorofthebodystrainedbeyonditspowersofendurance，andwecancomprehendhow，fromthepeasant，thelaborer，andthebourgeois，pacifiedandtamedbyanoldcivilization，weseeallofasuddenspringforththebarbarian。Orstillworse，theprimitiveanimal，thegrinning，sanguinary，wantonbaboon，whogiggleswhileheslays，andgambolsovertheruinhehasaccomplished。SuchistheactualgovernmenttowhichFranceisgivenup，andaftereighteenmonths’experience，thebestqualified，mostjudiciousandprofoundestobserveroftheRevolutionwillfindnothingtocompareittobuttheinvasionoftheRomanEmpireinthefourthcentury。[2]"TheHuns，theHeruli，theVandals，andtheGothswillcomeneitherfromthenorthnorfromtheBlackSea；theyareinourverymidst。"
II。
Theprovinces。—DestructionofoldAuthorities。—InadequacyofnewAuthoritiesWheninabuildingtheprincipalbeamgivesway，cracksfollowandmultiply，andthesecondaryjoistsfallinonebyoneforlackoftheprop，whichsupportedthem。InasimilarmannertheauthorityoftheKingbeingbroken，allthepowers，whichhedelegated，falltotheground。[3]Intendants，parliaments，militarycommands，grandprovosts，administrative，judicial，andpolicefunctionariesineveryprovince，andofeverybranchoftheservice，whomaintainorderandprotectproperty，taughtbythemurderofM。deLauney，theimprisonmentofM。deBesenval，theflightofMarshaldeBroglie，theassassinationsofFoullonandBertier，knowwhatitcostsshouldtheytrytoperformtheirduties。Shoulditbeforgottenlocalinsurrectionsintervene，andkeeptheminmindofit。
TheofficerincommandinBurgundyisaprisoneratDijon，withaguardathisdoor；andheisnotallowedtospeakwithanyonewithoutpermission，andwithoutthepresenceofwitnesses。[4]TheCommandantofCaenisbesiegedintheoldpalaceandcapitulates。
TheCommandantofBordeauxsurrendersChateau—Trompettewithitsgunsandequipment。TheCommandantatMetz，whoremainsfirm，sufferstheinsultsandtheordersofthepopulace。TheCommandantofBrittanywandersabouthisprovince"likeavagabond，"whileatRenneshispeople，furniture，andplatearekeptaspledges。AssoonashesetsfootinNormandyheissurrounded，andasentinelisplacedathisdoor。——TheIntendantofBesan？ontakestoflight；
thatofRouenseeshisdwellingsackedfromtoptobottom，andescapesamidtheshoutsofamobdemandinghishead。—AtRennes，theDeanoftheParliamentisarrested，maltreated，keptinhisroomwithaguardoverhim，andthen，althoughill，sentoutofthetownunderanescort。——AtStrasbourg"thirty—sixhousesofmagistratesaremarkedforpillage。"[5]——AtBesan？on，thePresidentoftheParliamentisconstrainedtoletoutofprisontheinsurgentsarrestedinalateout—break，andtopubliclyburnthewholeofthepapersbelongingtotheprosecution。—InAlsace，sincethebeginningofthetroubles，theprovostswereobligedtofly，thebailiffsandmanorialjudgeshidthemselves，theforest—inspectorsranaway，andthehousesoftheguardsweredemolished。Oneman，sixtyyearsofage，isoutrageouslybeatenandmarchedaboutthevillage，thepeople，meanwhile，pullingouthishair；nothingremainsofhisdwellingbutthewallsandaportionoftheroof。
Allhisfurnitureandeffectsarebrokenup，burntorstolen。Heisforcedtosign，alongwithhiswife，anactbywhichhebindshimselftorefundallpenaltiesinflictedbyhim，andtoabandonallclaimsfordamagesfortheinjuriestowhichhehasjustbeensubjected。——InFranche—Comtétheauthoritiesdarenotcondemndelinquents，andthepolicedonotarrestthem；themilitarycommandantwritesthat"crimesofeverykindareontheincrease，andthathehasnomeansofpunishingthem。"Insubordinationispermanentinalltheprovinces；oneoftheprovincialcommissionsstateswithsadness:
"Whenallpowersareinconfusionandannihilated，whenpublicforcenolongerexists，whenalltiesaresundered，wheneveryindividualconsidershimselfrelievedfromallkindsofobligation，whenpublicauthoritynolongerdaresmakeitselffelt，anditisacrimetohavebeenclothedwithit，whatcanbeexpectedofoureffortstorestoreorder？"[6]
AllthatremainsofthisgreatdemolishedStateisfortythousandgroupsofpeople，eachseparatedandisolated，intownsandsmallmarketvillageswheremunicipalbodies，electedcommittees，andimprovisedNationalGuardsstrivetopreventtheworstexcesses。——
Buttheselocalchiefsarenovices；theyarehuman，andtheyaretimid。Chosenbyacclamationtheybelieveinpopularrights；inthemidstofriotstheyfeelthemselvesindanger。Hence，theygenerallyobeythecrowd。
"Rarely，"saysoneoftheprovincialcommissionsreports，"dothemunicipalauthoritiesissueasummons；theyallowthegreatestexcessesratherthanenteruponprosecutionsforwhich，soonerorlater，theymaybeheldresponsiblebytheirfellow—citizens……Municipalbodieshavenolongerthepowertoresistanything。"
Especiallyintheruraldistrictsthemayororsyndic，whoisafarmer，makesithisfirstaimtomakenoenemies，andwouldresignhisplaceifitweretobringhimany"unpleasantness"withit。Hisruleinthetowns，andespeciallyinlargecities，isalmostaslaxandmoreprecarious，becauseexplosivematerialisaccumulatedheretoamuchlargerextent，andthemunicipalofficers，intheirarm—
chairsatthetown—hall，sitoveraminewhichmayexplodeatanytime。To—morrow，perhaps，someresolutionpassedatataverninthesuburbs，orsomeincendiarynewspaperjustreceivedfromParis，willfurnishthespark。—NootherdefenseagainstthepopulaceisathandthanthesentimentalproclamationsoftheNationalAssembly，theuselesspresenceoftroopswhostandbyandlookon，andtheuncertainhelpofaNationalGuardwhichwillarrivetoolate。
Occasionallythesetownspeople，whoarenowtherulers，utteracryofdistressfromunderthehandsofthesovereignsofthestreetwhograspthembythethroat。AtPuy—en—Velay，[7]atownoftwentythousandinhabitants，theprésidial，[8]thecommitteeoftwenty—fourcommissioners，abodyoftwohundreddragoons，andeighthundredmenoftheguardofburgesses，are"paralyzed，andcompletelystupefied，bythevilepopulace。Amildtreatmentonlyincreasesitsinsubordinationandinsolence。"Thispopulaceproscribeswhomsoeveritpleases，andsixdaysagoagibbet，erectedbyitshands，hasannouncedtothenewmagistratesthefatethatawaitsthem。
"Whatwillbecomeofusthiswinter，"theyexclaim，"inourimpoverishedcountry，wherebreadisnottobehad！Weshallbethepreyofwildbeasts！"
III。
Publicfeeling。—FamineThesepeople，intruth，arehungry，and，sincetheRevolution，theirmiseryhasincreased。AroundPuy—en—Velaythecountryislaidwaste，andthesoilbrokenupbyaterribletempest，afiercehailstorm，andadelugeofrain。Inthesouth，thecropprovedtobemoderateandeveninsufficient。
"TotraceapictureoftheconditionofLanguedoc，"writestheintendant，[9]"wouldbetogiveanaccountofcalamitiesofeverydescription。Thepanicwhichprevailsinallcommunities，andwhichisstrongerthanalllaws，stopstraffic，andwouldcausefamineeveninthemidstofplenty。Commoditiesareenormouslyexpensive，andthereisalackofcash。Communitiesareruinedbytheenormousoutlaystowhichtheyareexposed:Thepaymentofthedeputiestotheseneschal’scourt，theestablishmentoftheburgessguards，guardhousesforthismilitia，andthepurchaseofarms，uniforms，andoutlaysinformingcommunesandpermanentcouncils。Tothismustbeaddthecostoftheprintingofallkinds，andthepublicationoftrivialdeliberations。Furtherthelossoftimeduetodisturbancesoccasionedbythesecircumstances，andtheutterstagnationofmanufacturesandoftrade。"Allthesecausescombined"havereducedLanguedoctothelastextremity。"—
IntheCenter，andintheNorth，wherethecropsaregood，provisionsarenotlessscarce，becausewheatisnotputincirculation，andiskeptconcealed。
"Forfivemonths，"writesthemunicipalassemblyofLouviers，[10]
"notafarmerhasmadehisappearanceinthemarketsofthistown。
Suchacircumstancewasneverknownbefore，although，fromtimetotime，highpriceshaveprevailedtoaconsiderableextent。Onthecontrary，themarketswerealwayswellsuppliedinproportiontothehighpriceofgrain。"
Invainthemunicipalityordersthesurroundingforty—sevenparishestoprovidethemwithwheat。Theypaynoattentiontothemandate；eachforhimselfandeachforhisownhouse；theintendantisnolongerpresenttocompellocalintereststogivewaytopublicinterests。
"Inthewheatdistrictsaroundus，"saysaletterfromoneoftheBurgundytowns，"wecannotrelyonbeingabletomakefreepurchases。Specialregulations，supportedbythecivicguard，preventgrainfrombeingsentout，andputastoptoitscirculation。Theadjacentmarketsareofnousetous。Notasackofgrainhasbeenbroughtintoourmarketforabouteightmonths。"
AtTroyes，breadcostsfoursousperpound，atBar—sur—Aube，andinthevicinity，fourandahalfsousperpound。Theartisanwhoisoutofworknowearnstwelvesousadayatthereliefworks，and，ongoingintothecountry，heseesthatthegraincropisgood。Whatconclusioncanhecometobutthatthedearthisduetothemonopolists，andthat，ifheshoulddieofhunger，itwouldbebecausethosescoundrelshavestarvedhim？——Byvirtueofthisreasoningwhoeverhastodowiththeseprovisions，whetherproprietor，farmer，merchantoradministrator，allareconsideredtraitors。Itisplainthatthereisaplotagainstthepeople:thegovernment，theQueen，theclergy，thenoblesareallpartiestoit；
andlikewisethemagistratesandthewealthyamongstthebourgeoisieandtherich。ArumoriscurrentintheIle—de—FrancethatsacksofflourarethrownintotheSeine，andthatthecavalryhorsesarepurposelymadetoeatunripewheatinstalk。InBrittany，itismaintainedthatgrainisexportedandstoredupabroad。InTouraine，itiscertainthatthisorthatwholesaledealerallowsittosproutinhisgranariesratherthansellit。AtTroyes，astoryprevailsthatanotherhaspoisonedhisflourwithalumandarsenic，commissionedtodosobythebakers。——Conceivetheeffectofsuspicionsliketheseuponasufferingmultitude！Awaveofhatredascendsfromtheemptystomachtothemorbidbrain。Thepeopleareeverywhereinquestoftheirimaginaryenemies，plungingforwardwithclosedeyesnomatteronwhomoronwhat，notmerelywithalltheweightoftheirmass，butwithalltheenergyoftheirfury。
IV。
Panic。—Generalarming。
>Fromtheearliestoftheseweekstheywerealreadyalarmed。
Accustomedtobeingled，thehumanherdisscaredatbeinglefttoitself；itmissesitsleaderswhoithastroddenunderfoot；inthrowingofftheirtrammelsithasdepriveditselfoftheirprotection。Itfeelslonely，inanunknowncountry，exposedtodangersofwhichitisignorant，andagainstwhichitisunabletoguarditself。Nowthattheshepherdsareslainordisarmed，supposethewolvesshouldunexpectedlyappear！—Andtherearewolves—I
meanvagabondsandcriminals—whohavebutjustissuedoutofthedarkness。Theyhaverobbedandburned，andaretobefoundateveryinsurrection。Nowthatthepoliceforcenolongerputsthemdown，theyshowthemselvesinsteadofkeepingthemselvesconcealed。Theyhaveonlytolieinwaitandcomeforthinaband，andbothlifeandpropertywillbeattheirmercy。—Deepanxiety，avaguefeelingofdread，spreadsthroughbothtownandcountry:towardstheendofJulythepanic，likeablinding，suffocatingwhirlofdusts，suddenlysweepsoverhundredsofleaguesofterritory。Thebrigandsarecoming！Theyareburningthecrops！Theyareonlysixleaguesoff，andthenonlytwo—therefugeeswhohaverunawayfromthedisorderproveit。