Onthe28thofJuly，atAngoulême，[11]thealarmbellisheardaboutthreeo’clockintheafternoon；thedrumsbeattoarms，andcannonaremountedontheramparts。Thetownhastobeputinastateofdefenseagainst15，000banditswhoareapproaching，andfromthewallsacloudofdustontheroadisdiscoveredwithterror。Itprovestobethepost—wagononitswaytoBordeaux。Afterthisthenumberofbrigandsisreducedto1，500，butthereisnodoubtthattheyareravagingthecountry。Atnineo’clockintheevening20，000menareunderarms，andthustheypassthenight，alwayslisteningwithouthearinganything。Towardsthreeo’clockinthemorningthereisanotheralarm，thechurchbellsringingandthepeopleformingabattlearray。TheyareconvincedthatthebrigandshaveburnedRuffec，Vernenil，LaRochefoucauld，andotherplaces。
Thenextdaycountrymenflockintogivetheiraidagainstbanditswhoarestillabsent。"Atnineo’clock，"saysawitness，"wehad40，000meninthetown，towhomweshowedourgratitude。"Asthebanditsdonotshowthemselves，itmustbebecausetheyareconcealed；ahundredhorsemen，alargenumberofmenonfoot，startouttosearchtheforestofBra？onne，andtotheirgreatsurprisetheyfindnothing。Buttheterrorisnotallayed；"duringthefollowingdaysaguardiskeptmounted，andcompaniesareenrolledamongthetownsmen，"whileBordeaux，dulyinformed，dispatchesacouriertoofferthesupportof20，000menandeven30，000。"Whatissurprising，"addsthenarrator，isthatattenleaguesoffintheneighborhood，ineachparish，asimilardisturbancetookplace，andataboutthesamehour。"——Allthatisrequiredisthatagirl，returningtothevillageatnight，shouldmeettwomenwhodonotbelongtotheneighborhood。ThecaseisthesameinAuvergne。
Wholeparishes，onthestrengthofthis，betakethemselvesatnighttothewoods，abandoningtheirhouses，andcarryingawaytheirfurniture；"thefugitivestroddownanddestroyedtheirowncrops；
pregnantwomenwereinjuredintheforests，andotherslosttheirwits。"Fearlendsthemwings。Twoyearsafterthis，MadameCampanwasshownarockypeakonwhichawomanhadtakenrefuge，andfromwhichshewasobligedtobeletdownwithropes。——Thepeopleatlastreturntotheirhomes，andresumetheirusualroutines。Butsuchlargemassesarenotunsettledwithimpunity；atumultlikethisis，initself，alivelysourceofalarm。Asthecountrydidrise，itmusthavebeenonaccountofthreateneddangerandiftheperilwasnotduetobrigands，itmusthavecomefromsomeotherquarter。ArthurYoung，atDijonandinAlsace，[12]hearsatthepublicdinnertablesthattheQueenhadformedaplottounderminetheNationalAssemblyandtomassacreallParis。LateronheisarrestedinavillagenearClermont，andexaminedbecauseheisevidentlyconspiringwiththeQueenandtheComted’Entraiguestoblowupthetownandsendthesurvivorstothegalleys。
Noargument，noexperiencehasanyeffectagainstthemultiplyingphantomsofanover—excitedimagination。Hencefortheverycommune，andeveryman，providethemselveswitharmsandkeepthemreadyforuse。Thepeasantsearcheshishoard，and"findsfromtentotwelvefrancsforthepurchaseofagun。""Anationalmilitiaisfoundinthepoorestvillage。"Burgessguardsandcompaniesofvolunteerspatrolallthetowns。Militarycommandersdeliverarms，ammunition，andequipment，ontherequisitionofmunicipalbodies，while，incaseofrefusal，thearsenalsarepillaged，and，voluntarilyorbyforce，fourhundredthousandgunsthuspassintothehandsofthepeopleinsixmonths。[13]Notcontentwiththistheymusthavecannon。Bresthavingdemandedtwo，everytowninBrittanydoesthesamething；theirself—esteemisatstakeaswellasaneedoffeelingthemselvesstrong。—Theylacknothingnowtorenderthemselvesmasters。Allauthority，allforce，everymeansofconstraintandofintimidationisintheirhands，andintheirsalone；andthesesovereignhandshavenothingtoguidetheminthisactualinterregnumofalllegalpowers，butthewildormurderoussuggestionsofhungerordistrust。
V。
Attacksonpublicindividualsandpublicproperty。—AtStrasbourg。
—AtCherbourg。—AtMauberge。—AtRouen。—AtBesan？on。—AtTroyes。
Itwouldtaketoomuchspacetorecountalltheviolentactswhichwerecommitted，—convoysarrested，grainpillaged，millersandcornmerchantshung，decapitated，slaughtered，farmerscalleduponunderthethreatsofdeathtogiveupeventheseedreservedforsowing，proprietorsransomedandhousessacked。[14]Theseoutrages，unpunished，toleratedandevenexcusedorbadlysuppressed，areconstantlyrepeated，andare，atfirst，directedagainstpublicmenandpublicproperty。Asiscommonlythecase，therabbleheadthemarchandstampthecharacterofthewholeinsurrection。
Onthe19thofJuly，atStrasbourg，onthenewsofNecker’sreturntooffice，itinterpretsafteritsownfashionthepublicjoy，whichitwitnesses。Fiveorsixhundredbeggars，[15]theirnumberssoonincreasedbythepettytradesmen，rushtothetownhall，themagistratesonlyhavingtimetoflythroughabackdoor。Thesoldiers，ontheirpart，witharmsintheirhands，allowallthesethingstogoon，whileseveralofthemspurtheassailantson。Thewindowsaredashedtopiecesunderahailstormofstones，thedoorsareforcedwithironcrowbars，andthepopulaceenteramidaburstofacclamationsfromthespectators。Immediately，througheveryopeninginthebuilding，whichhasafacadefrontageofeightyfeet，"thereisashowerofshutters，sashes，chairs，tables，sofas，booksandpapers，andthenanotheroftiles，boards，balconiesandfragmentsofwood—work。"Thepublicarchivesarethrowntothewind，andthesurroundingstreetsarestrewedwiththem；thelettersofenfranchisement，thechartersofprivileges，alltheauthenticactswhich，sinceLouisXIV，haveguaranteedthelibertiesofthetown，perishintheflames。Someoftherabbleinthecellarsstaveincasksofpreciouswine；fifteenthousandmeasuresofitarelost，makingapoolfivefeetdeepinwhichseveralaredrowned。Others，loadedwithbooty，goawayundertheeyesofthesoldierswithoutbeingarrested。Thehavoccontinuesforthreedays；anumberofhousesbelongingtosomeofthemagistrates"aresackedfromgarrettocellar。"Whenthehonestcitizensatlastobtainarmsandrestoreorder，theyarecontentwiththehangingofoneoftherobbers；
although，inordertopleasethepeople，themagistratesarechangedandthepriceofbreadandmeatisreduced。—Itisnotsurprisingthataftersuchtactics，andwithsuchrewards，theriotshouldspreadthroughtheneighborhoodfarandnear:infact，startingfromStrasbourgitoverrunsAlsace，whileinthecountryasinthecity，therearealwaysdrunkardsandrascalsfoundtoheadit。
Nomatterwhere，beitintheEast，intheWest，orintheNorth，theinstigatorsarealwaysofthisstamp。AtCherbourg，onthe21stofJuly，[16]thetwoleadersoftheriotare"highwayrobbers，"whoplacethemselvesattheheadofwomenofthesuburbs，foreignsailors，thepopulaceoftheharbor，anditincludessoldiersinworkmen’ssmocks。Theyforcethedeliveryofthekeysofthegrainwarehouses，andwreckthedwellingsofthethreerichestmerchants，alsothatofM。deGarantot，thesub—delegate:"Allrecordsandpapersareburnt；atM。deGarantot’salonethelossisestimatedatmorethan100，000crownsatleast。"——Thesameinstinctofdestructionprevailseverywhere，asortofenviousfuryagainstallwhopossess，command，orenjoyanything。AtMaubeuge，onthe27thofJuly，attheveryassemblyoftherepresentativesofthecommune，[17]therabbleinterferesdirectlyinitsusualfashion。A
bandofnailandgun—makerstakespossessionofthetown—hall，andobligesthemayortoreducethepriceofbread。Almostimmediatelyafterthisanotherbandfollowsutteringcriesofdeath，andsmashesthewindows，whilethegarrison，whichhasbeenorderedout，quietlycontemplatesthedamagedone。Deathtothemayor，toallrulers，andtoallemployees！Theriotersforceopentheprisons，settheprisonersfree，andattackthetax—offices。Theoctroiofficesaredemolishedfromtoptobottom:theypulldowntheharborofficesandthrowthescalesandweightsintotheriver。Allthecustomandexcisestoresarecarriedoff；andtheofficialsarecompelledtogiveacquaintances。Thehousesoftheregistrarandofthesheriff，thatoftherevenuecomptroller，twohundredyardsoutsidethetown，aresacked；thedoorsandthewindowsaresmashed，thefurnitureandlinenistorntoshreds，andtheplateandjewelryisthrownintothewells。Thesamehavociscommittedinthemayor’stown—house，alsoinhiscountry—housealeagueoff。"Notawindow，notadoor，notonearticleoreatable"ispreserved；theirwork，moreover，isconscientiouslydone，withoutstoppingamoment，"fromtenintheeveninguptoteninthemorningonthefollowingday。"Inadditiontothisthemayor，whohasservedforthirty—fouryears，resignshisofficeatthesolicitationofthewell—disposedbutterrifiedpeople，andleavesthecountry。——AtRouen，afterthe24thofJuly，[18]awrittenplacardshows，byitsorthographyanditsstyle，whatsortofintellectscomposeditandwhatkindofactionsaretofollowit:
"Nation，youhaveherefourheadstostrikeoff，thoseofPontcarry（thefirstpresident），Maussion（theintendant），GodarddeBelb？uf（theattorney—general），andDurand（theattorneyoftheKinginthetown）。Withoutthiswearelost，andifyoudonotdoit，peoplewilltakeyouforaheartlessnation。"
Nothingcouldbemoreexplicit。Themunicipalbody，however，towhomtheParliamentdenouncesthislistofproscriptions，replies，withitsforcedoptimism，that"nocitizenshouldconsiderhimselforbeconsideredasproscribed；
hemayandmustbelievehimselftobesafeinhisowndwelling，satisfiedthatthereisnotapersoninthecitywhowouldnotflytohisrescue。"
Thisisequaltotellingthepopulacethatitisfreetodoasitpleases。Onthestrengthofthistheleadersoftheriotworkoninsecurityfortendays。OneofthemisamannamedJourdain，alawyerofLisieux，and，likemostofhisbrethren，ademagogueinprinciples；theotherisastrollingactorfromParisnamedBordier，famousinthepartofharlequin，[19]abullyinahouseofill—fame，"anight—roveranddrunkard，andwho，fearingneitherGodnordevil，"hastakenuppatriotism，andcomesdownintotheprovincestoplaytragedy，andthat，tragedyinreallife。Thefifthactbeginsonthenightofthe3rdofAugust，withBordierandJourdainastheprincipalactors，andbehindthemtherabblealongwithseveralcompaniesoffreshvolunteers。Ashoutisheard，"Deathtothemonopolists！deathtoMaussion！wemusthavehishead！"Theypillagehishotel:manyofthembecomeintoxicatedandfallasleepinhiscellar。Therevenueoffices，thetoll—gatesofthetown，theexciseoffice，allbuildingsinwhichtheroyalrevenueiscollected，arewrecked。Immensebonfiresarelightedinthestreetsandontheoldmarketsquare；furniture，clothes，papers，kitchenutensils，areallthrowninpell—mell，whilecarriagesaredraggedoutandtumbledintotheSeine。Itisonlywhenthetown—hallisattackedthattheNationalGuard，beginningtobealarmed，makesupitsmindtoseizeBordierandsomeothers。Thefollowingmorning，however，attheshoutofCarabo，andledbyJourdain，theprisonisforced，Bordiersetfree，andtheintendant’sresidence，withitsoffices，issackedasecondtime。When，finally，thetworascalsaretakenandledtothescaffold，thepopulaceissostronglyintheirfavorastorequirethepointingofloadedcannononthemtokeepthemdown。——AtBesan？on，[20]onthe13thofAugust，theleadersconsistoftheservantofanexhibitorofwildanimals，twogoal—birdsofwhomonehasalreadybeenbrandedinconsequenceofariot，andanumberof"inhabitantsofill—repute，"who，towardsevening，spreadthroughthetownalongwiththesoldiers。Thegunnersinsulttheofficerstheymeet，seizethembythethroatandwanttothrowthemintotheDoubs。Othersgotothehouseofthecommandant，M。deLangeron，anddemandmoneyofhim；onhisrefusingtogiveittheytearofftheircockadesandexclaim，"WetoobelongtotheThird—Estate！"inotherwords，thattheyarethemasters:
subsequentlytheydemandtheheadoftheintendant，M。deCaumartin，forciblyenterhisdwellingandbreakuphisfurniture。Onthefollowingdaytherabbleandthesoldiersenterthecoffee—houses，theconvents，andtheinns，anddemandtobeservedwithwineandeatablesasmuchastheywant，andthen，heatedbydrink，theyburntheexciseoffices，forceopenseveralprisons，andsetfreeallthesmugglersanddeserters。Toputanendtothissaturnaliaagrandbanquetintheopenairissuggested，inwhichtheNationalGuardistofraternizewiththewholegarrison；butthebanquetturnsintoadrinking—bout，entirecompaniesremainingunderthetablesdeaddrunk；othercompaniescarryawaywiththemfourhogsheadsofwine，andtherest，findingthemselvesleftinthelurch，arescatteredabroadoutsidethewallsinordertorobthecellarsoftheneighboringvillages。Thenextday，encouragedbytheexamplesetthem，aportionofthegarrison，accompaniedbyanumberofworkmen，repeattheexpeditioninthecountry。Finally，afterfourdaysofthisorgy，topreventBesan？onanditsoutskirtsfrombeingindefinitelytreatedasaconqueredcountry，theburgessguard，inalliancewiththesoldierswhohaveremainedloyal，rebelagainsttherebellion，goinquestofthemaraudersandhangtwoofthemthatsameevening。——Suchisrioting！[21]anirruptionofbruteforcewhich，turnedlooseonthehabitationsofmen，candonothingbutgorgeitself，waste，break，destroy，anddodamagetoitself；
andifwefollowthedetailsoflocalhistory，weseehow，inthesedays，similaroutbreaksofviolencemightbeexpectedatanytime。
AtTroyes，[22]onthe18thofJuly，amarket—day，thepeasantsrefusetopaytheentranceduties；theoctroihavingbeensuppressedatParis，itoughtalsotobesuppressedatTroyes。Thepopulace，excitedbythisfirstdisorderlyact，gatherintoamobforthepurposeofdividingthegrainandarmsamongstthemselves，andthenextdaythetown—hallisinvestedbysevenoreightthousandmen，armedwithclubsandstones。Thedayafter，aband，recruitedinthesurroundingvillages，armedwithflails，shovels，andpitch—
forks，entersundertheleadershipofajoinerwhomarchesattheheadofitwithadrawnsaber；fortunately，"allthehonestfolksamongtheburgesses"immediatelyformthemselvesintoaNationalGuard，andthisfirstattemptataJacquerieisputdown。Buttheagitationcontinues，andfalserumorsconstantlykeepitup。—Onthe29thofJuly，onthereportbeingcirculatedthatfivehundred"brigands"hadleftParisandwerecomingtoravagethecountry，thealarmbellsoundsinthevillages，andthepeasantsgofortharmed。
Henceforth，avagueideaofsomeimpendingdangerfillsallminds；
thenecessityofdefenseandofguardingagainstenemiesismaintained。Thenewdemagoguesavailthemselvesofthistokeeptheirholdonthepeople，andwhenthetimecomes，touseitagainsttheirchiefs。—Itisofnousetoassurethepeoplethatthelatterarepatriots；thattherecentlywelcomedNeckerwithenthusiasticshouts；thatthepriests，themonks，andcanonswerethefirsttoadoptthenationalcockade；thatthenoblesofthecityanditsenvironsarethemostliberalinFrance；that，onthe20thofJuly，theburgessguardsavedthetown；thatallthewealthygivetothenationalworkshops；thatMayorHuez，"avenerableandhonestmagistrate，"isabenefactortothepoorandtothepublic。Alltheoldleadersareobjectsofdistrust。——Onthe8thofAugust，amobdemandsthedismissalofthedragoons，armsforallvolunteers，breadattwosousthepound，andthefreedomofallprisoners。Onthe19thofAugusttheNationalGuardrejectsitsoldofficersasaristocrats，andelectsnewones。Onthe27thofAugust，thecrowdinvadethetown—hallanddistributethearmsamongstthemselves。Onthe5thofSeptember，twohundredmen，ledbyTruelle，presidentofthenewcommittee，forcethesaltdepotandhavesaltdeliveredtothematsixsousperpound。——Meanwhile，inthelowestquartersofthecity，astoryisconcoctedtotheeffectthatifwheatisscarceitisbecauseHuez，themayor，andM。deSt。Georges，theoldcommandant，aremonopolists，andnowtheysayofHuezwhattheysaidfiveweeksbeforeofFoulon，that"hewantstomakethepeopleeathay。"Themany—headedbrutegrowlsfiercelyandisabouttospring。
Asusual，insteadofrestraininghim，theytrytomanagehim。
"Youmustputyourauthorityasideforamoment，"writesthedeputyofTroyestothesheriffs，"andacttowardsthepeopleastoafriend；beasgentlewiththemasyouwouldbewithyourequals，andrestassuredthattheyarecapableofrespondingtoit。"
ThusdoesHuezact，andheevendoesmore，payingnoattentiontotheirmenaces，refusingtoprovideforhisownsafetyandalmostofferinghimselfasasacrifice。
"Ihavewrongednoone，"heexclaimed；"whyshouldanyonebearmeill—will？"
Hissoleprecautionistoprovidesomethingfortheunfortunatepoorwhenheisgone:hebequeathsinhiswill18，000livrestothepoor，and，ontheeveofhisdeath，sends100crownstothebureauofcharity。Butwhatavailself—abnegationandbeneficenceagainstblind，insanerage！Onthe9thofSeptember，threeloadsofflourprovingtobeunsound，thepeoplecollectandshoutout，"Downwiththeflour—dealers！Downwithmachinery！Downwiththemayor！Deathtothemayor，andletTruellebeputinhisplace！"
Huez，onleavinghiscourt—room，isknockeddown，murderedbykicksandblows，throttled，draggedtothereceptionhall，struckonhisheadwithawooden—shoeandpitcheddownthegrandstaircase。Themunicipalofficersstriveinvaintoprotecthim；aropeisputaroundhisneckandtheybegintodraghimalong。Apriest，whobegstobeallowedatleasttosavehissoul，isrepulsedandbeaten。Awomanjumpsontheprostrateoldman，stampsonhisfaceandrepeatedlythrustsherscissorsinhiseyes。HeisdraggedalongwiththeropearoundhisneckuptothePontdelaSelle，andthrownintotheneighboringford，andthendrawnout，againdraggedthroughthestreetsandinthegutters，withabunchofhaycrammedinhismouth。[23]
Inthemeantime，hishouseaswellasthatofthelieutenantofpolice，thatofthenotaryGuyot，andthatofM。deSaint—Georges，aresacked；thepillaginganddestructionlastsfourhours；atthenotary’shouse，sixhundredbottlesofwineareconsumedorcarriedoff；objectsofvaluearedivided，andtherest，evendowntotheironbalcony，isdemolishedorbroken；therioterscryout，onleaving，thattheyhavestilltoburntwenty—sevenhouses，andtotaketwenty—sevenheads。"NooneatTroyeswenttobedthatfatalnight。"—Duringthesucceedingdays，fornearlytwoweeks，societyseemstobedissolved。Placardspostedaboutthestreetsproscribemunicipalofficers，canons，divines，privilegedpersons，prominentmerchants，andevenladiesofcharity；thelatteraresofrightenedthattheythrowuptheiroffice，whileanumberofpersonsmoveoffintothecountry；othersbarricadethemselvesintheirdwellingsandonlyopentheirdoorswithsaberinhand。Notuntilthe26thdoestheorderlyclassrallysufficientlytoresumetheascendancyandarrestthemiscreants。——SuchispubliclifeinFranceafterthe14thofJuly:themagistratesineachtownfeelthattheyareatthemercyofabandofsavagesandsometimesofcannibals。ThoseofTroyeshadjusttorturedHuezafterthefashionofHurons，whilethoseofCaendidworse；MajordeBelzance，notlessinnocent，andunderswornprotection，[24]wascuttopieceslikeLaperouseintheFijiIslands，andawomanatehisheart。
VI。
Taxesarenolongerpaid。—DevastationoftheForests。—Thenewgamelaws。
Itis，undersuchcircumstances，possibletoforetellwhethertaxescomein，andwhethermunicipalitiesthatswayaboutineverypopularbreezewillhavetheauthoritytocollecttheodiousrevenues。——
TowardstheendofSeptember，[25]Ifindalistofthirty—sixcommitteesormunicipalbodieswhich，withinaradiusoffiftyleaguesaroundParis，refusetoensurethecollectionoftaxes。Oneofthemtoleratesthesaleofcontrabandsalt，inordernottoexciteariot。Anothertakestheprecautiontodisarmtheemployeesintheexcisedepartment。Inathirdthemunicipalofficerswerethefirsttoprovidethemselveswithcontrabandsaltandcontrabandtobacco。
AtPeronneandatHam，theorderhavingcometorestorethetoll—
houses，thepeopledestroythesoldiers’quarters，conductalltheemployeestotheirhomes，andorderthemtoleavewithintwenty—fourhours，underpenaltyofdeath。Aftertwentymonths’resistancePariswillendthematterbyforcingtheNationalAssemblytogiveinandbyobtainingthefinalsuppressionofitsoctroi。[26]——Ofallthecreditorswhosehandeachonefeltonhisshoulders，thatoftheexchequerwastheheaviest，andnowitistheweakest；hencethisisthefirstwhosegraspistobeshakenoff；thereisnonewhichismoreheartilydetestedorwhichreceivesharshertreatment。
Especiallyagainstcollectorsofthesalt—tax，custom—houseofficers，andexcisementhefuryisuniversal。These，everywhere，[27]areindangeroftheirlivesandareobligedtofly。
AtFalaise，inNormandy，thepeoplethreatento"cuttopiecesthedirectoroftheexcise。"AtBaignes，inSaintonge，hishouseisdevastatedandhispapersandeffectsareburned；theyputaknifetothethroatofhisson，achildsixyearsofage，saying，"Thoumustperishthattheremaybenomoreofthyrace。"
Forfourhourstheclerksareonthepointofbeingtorntopieces；
throughtheentreatiesofthelordofthemanor，whoseesscythesandsabersaimedathisownhead，theyarereleasedonlyontheconditionthatthey"abjuretheiremployment。"——Again，fortwomonthsfollowingthetakingoftheBastille，insurrectionsbreakoutbyhundreds，likeavolleyofmusketry，againstindirecttaxation。
>Fromthe23rdofJulytheIntendantofChampagnereportsthat"theuprisingisgeneralinalmostallthetownsunderhiscommand。"OnthefollowingdaytheIntendantofAlen？onwritesthat，inhisprovince，"theroyaldueswillnolongerbepaidanywhere。"Onthe7thofAugust，M。NeckerstatestotheNationalAssemblythatinthetwointendants’districtsofCaenandAlen？onithasbeennecessarytoreducethepriceofsaltone—half；that"inaninfinityofplaces"thecollectionoftheexciseisstoppedorsuspended；thatthesmugglingofsaltandtobaccoisdoneby"convoysandbyopenforce"inPicardy，inLorraine，andintheTrois—évêchés；thattheindirecttaxdoesnotcomein，thatthereceivers—generalandthereceiversofthetailleare"atbay"andcannolongerkeeptheirengagements。Thepublicincomediminishesfrommonthtomonth；inthesocialbody，theheart，alreadysofeeble，faints；deprivedofthebloodwhichnolongerreachesit，itceasestopropeltothemusclesthevivifyingcurrentwhichrestorestheirwasteandaddstotheirenergy。
"Allcontrollingpowerisslackened，"saysNecker，"everythingisapreytothepassionsofindividuals。"WhereisthepowertoconstrainthemandtosecuretotheStateitsdues？——Theclergy，thenobles，wealthytownsmen，andcertainbraveartisansandfarmers，undoubtedlypay，andevensometimesgivespontaneously。
Butinsocietythosewhopossessintelligence，whoareineasycircumstancesandconscientious，formasmallselectclass；thegreatmassisegotistic，ignorant，andneedy，andletsitsmoneygoonlyunderconstraint；thereisbutonewaytocollectthetaxes，andthatistoextortthem。Fromtimeimmemorial，directtaxesinFrancehavebeencollectedonlybybailiffsandseizures；whichisnotsurprising，astheytakeawayafullhalfofthenetincome。
Nowthatthepeasantsofeachvillagearearmedandformaband，letthecollectorcomeandmakeseizuresifhedare！——"Immediatelyafterthedecreeontheequalityofthetaxes，"writestheprovincialcommissionofAlsace，[28]"thepeoplegenerallyrefusedtomakeanypayments，untilthosewhowereexemptandprivilegedshouldhavebeeninscribedonthelocallists。"Inmanyplacesthepeasantsthreatentoobtainthereimbursementoftheirinstallments，whileinotherstheyinsistthatthedecreeshouldberetrospectiveandthatthenewrate—payersshouldpayforthepastyear。"Nocollectordaresendanofficialtodistrain；nonethataresentdarefulfilltheirmission。"——"Itisnotthegoodbourgeois"ofwhomthereisanyfear，"buttherabblewhomakethelatterandeveryoneelseafraidofthem；"resistanceanddisordereverywherecomefrom"peoplethathavenothingtolose。"——Notonlydotheyshakeofftaxation，buttheyusurpproperty，anddeclarethat，beingtheNation，whateverbelongstotheNationbelongstothem。TheforestsofAlsacearelaidwaste，theseignorialaswellascommunal，andwantonlydestroyedwiththewastefulnessofchildrenorofmaniacs。
"Inmanyplaces，toavoidthetroubleofremovingthewoods，theyareburnt，andthepeoplecontentthemselveswithcarryingofftheashes。"——AfterthedecreesofAugust4th，andinspiteofthelawwhichlicensestheproprietoronlytohuntonhisowngrounds，theimpulsetobreakthelawbecomesirresistible。Everymanwhocanprocureagunbeginsoperations；[29]thecropswhicharestillstandingaretroddenunderfoot，thelordlyresidencesareinvadedandthepalingsarescaled；theKinghimselfatVersaillesiswakenedbyshotsfiredinhispark。Stags，fawns，deer，wildboars，hares，andrabbits，areslainbythousands，cookedwithstolenwood，andeatenuponthespot。ThereisaconstantdischargeofmusketrythroughoutFranceformorethantwomonths，and，asonanAmericanprairie，everylivinganimalbelongstohimwhokillsit。AtChoiseul，inChampagne，notonlyarealltheharesandpartridgesofthebaronyexterminated，butthepondsareexhaustedoffish；thecourtofthechateauevenisentered，tofireonthepigeon—houseanddestroythepigeons，andthenthepigeonsandfish，ofwhichtheyhavetoomany，areofferedtotheproprietorforsale——Itis"thepatriots"ofthevillagewith"smugglersandbadcharacters"
belongingtotheneighborhoodwhomakethisexpedition；theyareseeninthefrontranksofeveryactofviolence，anditisnotdifficulttoforeseethat，undertheirleadership，attacksonpublicpersonsandpublicpropertywillbefollowedbyattacksonprivatepersonsandprivateproperty。
VII。
Attackuponprivateindividualsandprivateproperty。—Aristocratsdenouncedtothepeopleastheirenemies。—EffectofnewsfromParis。—Influenceofthevillageattorneys。—Isolatedactsofviolence。—Ageneralrisingofthepeasantryintheeast。—Waragainstthecastles，feudalestates，andproperty。—PreparationsforotherJacqueries。
Indeed，anoutlawedclassalreadyexists，theyarecalled"
aristocrats。"Thisdeadlyterm，appliedatfirsttothenoblesandprelatesintheStates—Generalwhodeclinedtotakepartinthereunionofthethreeorders，isextendedsoastoembraceallwhosetitles，offices，alliances，andmanneroflivingdistinguishthemfromthemultitude。Thatwhichentitledthemtorespectisthatwhichmarksthemoutasobjectsofill—will；whilethepeople，who，thoughsufferingfromtheirprivileges，didnotregardthempersonallywithhatred，arenowtaughttoconsiderthemastheirenemies。Each，onhisownestate，isheldaccountablefortheevildesignsattributedtohisbrethrenatVersailles，and，onthefalsereportofaplotatthecenter，thepeasantsclassifyhimasoneoftheconspirators。[30]Thusdoesthepeasantjacqueriecommence，andthefanaticswhohavefannedtheflameinParisaretodothesameintheprovinces。"Youwishtoknowtheauthorsoftheagitation，"
writesasensiblemantothecommitteeofinvestigation；"youwillfindthemamongstthedeputiesoftheThird—Estate，"andespeciallyamongtheattorneysandadvocates。"Thesedispatchincendiaryletterstotheirconstituents，whichlettersarereceivedbymunicipalbodiesalikecomposedofattorneysandofadvocates……
theyarereadaloudinthepublicsquares，whilecopiesofthemaredistributedamongallthevillages。Inthesevillages，ifanyoneknowshowtoreadbesidesthepriestandthelordofthemanor，itisthelegalpractitioner，"thebornenemyofthelordofthemanor，whoseplacehecovets，vainofhisoratoricalpowers，embitteredbyhispower，andneverfailingtoblackeneverything。[31]Itishighlyprobablethatheistheonewhocomposesandcirculatestheplacardscallingonthepeople，intheKing’sname，toresorttoviolence。——AtSecondigny，inPoitou，onthe23rdofJuly，[32]thelaborersintheforestreceivealetter"whichsummonsthemtoattackallthecountrygentlemenroundabout，andtomassacrewithoutmercyallthosewhorefusetorenouncetheirprivileges……
promisingthemthatnotonlywilltheircrimesgounpunished，butthattheywillevenberewarded。"M。Despretz—Montpezat，correspondentofthedeputiesofthenobles，isseized，anddraggedwithhissontothedwellingoftheprocurator—fiscal，toforcehimtogivehissignature；theinhabitantsareforbiddentorenderhimassistance"onpainofdeathandfire。""Sign，"theyexclaim，"orwewilltearoutyourheart，andsetfiretothishouse！"Atthismomenttheneighboringnotary，whoisdoubtlessanaccomplice，appearswithastampedpaper，andsaystohim，"Monsieur，IhavejustcomefromNiort，wheretheThird—Estatehasdonethesamethingtoallthegentlemenofthetown；one，whorefused，wascuttopiecesbeforeoureyes。"——"Wearecompelledtosignrenunciationsofourprivileges，andgiveourassenttooneandthesametaxation，asifthenobleshadnotalreadydoneso。"Thebandgivesnoticethatitwillproceedinthesamefashionwithallthechateauxinthevicinity，andterrorprecedesorfollowsthem。"Nobodydareswrite，"M。Despretzsendsword；"Iattemptitattheriskofmylife。"——Noblesandprelatesbecomeobjectsofsuspicioneverywhere；villagecommitteesopentheirletters，andtheyhavetosuffertheirhousestobesearched。[33]Theyareforcedtoadoptthenewcockade:tobeagentleman，andnotwearit，istodeservehanging。AtMamers，inMaine，M。deBeauvoirrefusestowearit，andisatthepointofbeingputintothepilloryandfelled。NearLaF1èche，M。deBrissacisarrested，andamessageissenttoParistoknowifheshallbetakenthere，"orbebeheadedinthemeantime。"Twodeputiesofthenobles，MM。deMontessonanddeVassé
whohadcometoasktheconsentoftheirconstituentstotheirjoiningtheThird—Estate，arerecognizednearMans；theirhonorablescruplesandtheirpledgestotheconstituentsareconsideredofnoimportance，noreventhestepthattheyarenowtakingtofulfillthem；itsufficesthattheyvotedagainsttheThird—EstateatVersailles；thepopulacepursuesthemandbreaksuptheircarriages，andpillagestheirtrunks。——Woetothenobles，especiallyiftheyhavetakenanypartinlocalrule，andiftheyareopposedtopopularpanics！M。Cureau，deputy—mayorofMans，[34]hadissuedordersduringthefamine，and，havingretiredtohischateauofNouay，hadtoldthepeasantsthattheannouncementofthecomingofbrigandswasafalsealarm；hethoughtthatitwasnotnecessarytosoundthealarmbell，andallthatwasnecessarywasthattheyshouldremainquiet。Accordinglyheissetdownasbeinginleaguewiththebrigands，andbesidesthisheisamonopolist，andabuyerofstandingcrops。Thepeasantsleadhimoff；alongwithhisson—
in—law，M。deMontesson，totheneighboringvillage，wheretherearejudges。Ontheway"theydraggedtheirvictimsontheground，pummeledthem，trampledonthem，spitintheirfaces，andbesmearedthemwithfilth。"M。deMontessonisshot，whileM。Cureauiskilledbydegrees；acarpentercutsoffthetwoheadswithadouble—edgedax，andchildrenbearthemalongtothesoundofdrumsandviolins。
Meanwhile，thejudgesoftheplace，broughtbyforce，drawupanofficialreportstatingthefindingofthirtylouisandseveralbillsoftheBanqued’EscompteinthepocketsofM。deCureau，onthediscoveryofwhichashoutoftriumphissetup:thisevidenceprovesthattheyweregoingtobuyupthestandingwheat！——Suchisthecourseofpopularjustice。NowthattheThird—Estatehasbecomethenation，everymobthinksthatithastherighttopronouncesentences，whichitcarriesout，onlivesandonpossessions。
Theseexplosionsareisolatedinthewestern，centralandsouthernprovinces；theconflagration，however，isuniversalintheeast。Onastripofgroundfromthirtytofiftyleaguesbroad，extendingfromtheextremenorthdowntoProvence。Alsace，Franche—Comté，Burgundy，Maconnais，Beaujolais，Auvergne，Viennois，Dauphiny，thewholeofthisterritoryresemblesacontinuousminewhichexplodesatthesametime。ThefirstcolumnofflamewhichshootsupisonthefrontiersofAlsaceandFranche—Comté，inthevicinityofBelfortandVésoul，afeudaldistrict，inwhichthepeasant，over—
burdenedwithtaxes，bearstheheavieryokewithgreaterimpatience。
Aninstinctiveargumentisgoingoninhismindwithouthisknowingit。"ThegoodAssemblyandthegoodKingwantustobehappy，supposewehelpthem！TheysaythattheKinghasalreadyrelievedusofthetaxes，supposewerelieveourselvesofpayingrents！Downwiththenobles！Theyarenobetterthanthetax—collectors！"——Onthe16thofJuly，thechateauofSancy，belongingtothePrincessesdeBeaufremont，issacked，andonthe18ththoseofLure，Bithaine，andMolans。[35]Onthe29th，anaccidentwhichoccurswithsomefire—worksatapopularfestivalatthehouseofM。deMesmay，leadsthelowerclasstobelievethattheinvitationextendedtothemwasatrap，andthattherewasadesiretogetridofthembytreachery。[36]Seizedwithragetheysetfiretothechateau，andduringthefollowingweek[37]destroythreeabbeys，ruinelevenchateauxandpillageothers。"Allrecordsaredestroyed，theregistersandcourt—rollsarecarriedoff；andthedepositsviolated。"——Startingfromthisspot，"thehurricaneofinsurrection"stretchesoverthewholeofAlsacefromHuninguetoLandau。[38]Theinsurgentsdisplayplacards，signedLouis，statingthatforacertainlapseoftimetheyshallbepermittedtoexercisejusticethemselves，and，inSundgau，awell—dressedweaver，decoratedwithabluebelt，passesforaprince，theKing’ssecondson。TheybeginbyfallingontheJews，theirhereditaryleeches；
theysacktheirdwellings，dividetheirmoneyamongthemselves，andhuntthemdownlikesomanyfallow—deer。AtBalealone，itissaidthattwelvehundredoftheseunfortunatefugitivesarrivedwiththeirfamilies。——ThedistancebetweentheJewcreditorandtheChristianproprietorisnotgreat，andthisissooncleared。
Remiremontisonlysavedbyadetachmentofdragoons。EighthundredmenattackthechateauofUberbrünn。TheabbeyofNeubourgistakenbystorm。AtGuebwiller，onthe31stofJuly，fivehundredpeasants，subjectsoftheabbeyofMurbach，makeadescentontheabbot’spalaceandonthehouseofthecanons。Cupboards，chests，beds，windows，mirrors，frames，eventhetilesoftheroofandthehingesofthecasementsarehackedtopieces:"Theykindlefiresonthebeautifulinlaidfloorsoftheapartments，andthereburnupthelibraryandthetitle—deeds。"Theabbot’ssuperbcarriageissobrokenupthatnotawheelremainsentire。"Winestreamsthroughthecellars。Onecaskofsixteenhundredmeasuresishalflost；theplateandthelinenarecarriedoff。"——Societyisevidentlybeingoverthrown，whilewiththepower，propertyischanginghands。
Thesearetheirverywords。InFranche—Comte[39]theinhabitantsofeightcommunescomeanddeclaretotheBernardinsofGrace—DieuandofLieu—Croissant"that，beingoftheThird—Estate，itistimenowforthepeopletoruleoverabbotsandmonks，consideringthatthedominationofthelatterhaslastedtoolong，"andthereupontheycarryoffallthetitlestopropertyandtorentalsbelongingtotheabbeyintheircommune。InUpperDauphiny，duringthedestructionofM。deMurat’schateau，amannamedFerréolstruckthefurniturewithabigstick，exclaiming，"Hey，somuchforyou，Murat；youhavebeenmasteragoodwhile，nowit’sourturn！"[40]Thosewhoriflehouses，andsteallikehighwayrobbers，thinkthattheyaredefendingacause，andreplytothechallenge，"Whogoesthere？""WeareforthebrigandThird—Estate！"——Everywherethebeliefprevailsthattheyareclothedwithauthority，andtheyconductthemselveslikeaconqueringhordeundertheordersofanabsentgeneral。AtRemiremontandatLuxeuiltheyproduceanedict，statingthat"allthisbrigandage，pillage，anddestruction"ispermitted。InDauphiny，theleadersofthebandssaythattheypossesstheKing’sorders。InAuvergne，"theyfollowimperativeorders，beingadvisedthatsuchishisMajesty’swill。"Nowheredoweseethataninsurgentvillageexercisespersonalvengeanceagainstitslord。Ifthepeoplefireonthenoblestheyencounter，itisnotthroughpersonalhatred。Theyaredestroyingtheclass，anddonotpursueindividuals。Theydetestfeudalprivileges，holdersofcharters，thecursedparchmentsbyvirtueofwhichtheyaremadetopay，butnotthenoblemanwho，whenheresidesathome，isofhumaneintentions，compassionate，andevenoftenbeneficent。AtLuxeuil，theabbot，whoisforcedwithupliftedaxtosignarelinquishmentofhisseignorialrightsovertwenty—threeestates，hasdweltamongthemforforty—sixyears，andhasbeenwhollydevotedtothem。[41]
InthecantonofCrémieu，"wherethehavocisimmense，"allthenobles，writethemunicipalofficers，are"patriotsandbenevolent。"
InDauphiny，theengineers，magistrates，andprelates，whosechateauxaresacked，werethefirsttoespousethecauseofthepeopleandofpubliclibertiesagainsttheministers。InAuvergne，thepeasantsthemselves"manifestagooddealofrepugnancetoactinthiswayagainstsuchkindmasters。"Butitmustbedone；theonlyconcessionwhichcanbemadeinconsiderationofthekindnesswhichhadbeenextendedtothemis，nottoburnthechateauoftheladiesofVanes，whohadbeensocharitable；buttheyburnalltheirtitle—deeds，andtorturethebusinessagentatthreedifferenttimesbyfire，toforcehimtodeliveradocumentwhichhedoesnotpossess；theythenonlywithdrawhimfromthefirehalf—broiled，becausetheladies，ontheirknees，imploremercyforhim。Theyarelikethesoldiersonacampaignwhoexecuteorderswithdocility，forwhichnecessityistheonlyplea，andwho，withoutregardingthemselvesasbrigands，commitactsofbrigandage。
Butherethesituationismoretragic，foritiswarinthemidstofpeace，awarofthebrutalandbarbaricmultitudeagainstthehighlycultivated，well—disposedandconfiding，whohadnotanticipatedanythingofthekind，whohadnotevendreamtofdefendingthemselves，andwhohadnoprotection。TheComtedeCourtivron，withhisfamily，wasstayingatthewatering—placeofLuxeuilwithhisuncle，theAbbéofClermont—Tonnerre，anoldmanofseventyyears。Onthe19thofJuly，fiftypeasantsfromFougerollebreakintoanddemolisheverythinginthehousesofanusherandacollectoroftheexcise。Thereuponthemayoroftheplaceintimatestothenoblesandmagistrateswhoaretakingthewaters，thattheyhadbetterleavethehouseintwenty—fourhours，as"hehadbeenadvisedofanintentiontoburnthehousesinwhichtheywerestaying，"andhedidnotwishtohaveLuxeuilexposedtothisdangeronaccountoftheirpresencethere。Thefollowingday，theguard，asobligingasthemayor，allowsthebandtoenterthetownandtoforcetheabbey:theusualeventsfollow，renunciationsareextorted，recordsandcellarsareransacked，plateandothereffectsarestolen。M。deCourtivronescapingwithhisuncleduringthenight，thealarmbellissoundedandtheyarepursued，andwithdifficultyobtainrefugeinPlombières。ThebourgeoisieofPlombières，however，forfearofcompromisingthemselves，obligethemtodepart。Ontheroadtwohundredinsurgentsthreatentokilltheirhorsesandtosmashtheircarriage，andtheyonlyfindsafetyatlastatPorentruy，outsideofFrance。Onhisreturn，M。deCourtivronisshotatbythebandwhichhasjustpillagedtheabbeyofLure，andtheyshoutoutathimashepasses，"Let’smassacrethenobles！"Meanwhile，thechateauofVauvilliers，towhichhissickwifehadbeencarried，isdevastatedfromtoptobottom；themobsearchforhereverywhere，andsheonlyescapesbyhidingherselfinahay—loft。BothareanxioustoflyintoBurgundy，butwordissentthemthatatDijon"thenoblesareblockadedbythepeople，"andthat，inthecountry，theythreatentosettheirhousesonfire。——
Thereisnoasylumtobehad，eitherintheirownhomesnorinthehomesofothers，norinplacesalongtheroads，fugitivesbeingstoppedinallthesmallvillagesandmarket—towns。InDauphiny[42]
"theAbbessofSt。PierredeLyon，oneofthenuns，M。dePerrotin，M。deBellegarde，theMarquisdelaTour—du—Pin，andtheChevalierdeMoidieu，arearrestedatChampierbythearmedpopulation，ledtotheC？teSaint—André，confinedinthetown—hall，whencetheysendtoGrenobleforassistance，"and，tohavethemreleased，theGrenobleCommitteeisobligedtosendcommissioners。Theironlyrefugeisinthelargecities，wheresomesemblanceofaprecariousorderexists，andintheranksoftheCityGuards，whichmarchfromLyons，Dijon，andGrenoble，tokeeptheinundationdown。Throughoutthecountryscatteredchateauxareswallowedupbythepopulartide，and，asthefeudalrightsareofteninplebeianhands，itinsensiblyrisesbeyonditsfirstoverflow。——Thereisnolimittoaninsurrectionagainstproperty。Thisoneextendsfromabbeysandchateauxtothe"housesofthebourgeoisie。"[43]Thegrudgeatfirstwasconfinedtotheholdersofcharters；nowitisextendedtoallwhopossessanything。Well—to—dofarmersandpriestsabandontheirparishesandflytothetowns。Travelersareputtoransom。Thieves，robbers，andreturnedconvicts，attheheadofarmedbands，seizewhatevertheycanlaytheirhandson。Cupiditybecomesinflamedbysuchexamples；ondomainswhicharedesertedandinastateofconfusion，wherethereisnothingtoindicateamaster’spresence，allseemstolapsetothefirstcomer。Asmallfarmeroftheneighborhoodhascarriedawaywineandreturnsthefollowingdayinsearchofhay。
AllthefurnitureofachateauinDauphinisremoved，eventothehingesofthedoors，byalargereinforcementofcarts。——"Itisthewarofthepooragainsttherich，"saysadeputy，"and，onthe3rdofAugust，theCommitteeonReportsdeclarestotheNationalAssembly"thatnokindofpropertyhasbeenspared。"InFranche—
Comté，"nearlyfortychateauxandseignorialmansionshavebeenpillagedorburnt。"[44]FromLancerstoGrayaboutthreeoutoffivechateauxaresacked。InDauphintwenty—sevenareburnedordestroyed；fiveinthesmalldistrictofViennese，and，besidesthese，allthemonasteries——nineatleastinAuvergne，seventy—
two，itissaid，inMaconnaisandBeaujolais，withoutcountingthoseofAlsace。Onthe31stofJuly，Lally—Tollendal，onenteringthetribune，hashishandsfulloflettersofdistress，withalistofthirty—sixchateauxburnt，demolished，orpillaged，inoneprovince，andthedetailsofstillworseviolenceagainstpersons:[45]
"inLanguedoc，M。deBarras，cuttopiecesinthepresenceofhiswifewhoisabouttobeconfined，andwhoisdeadinconsequence；inNormandy，aparalyticgentlemanleftonaburningpileandtakenofffromitwithhishandsburnt；inFranche—Comté，MadamedeBathillycompelled，withanaxoverherhead，togiveuphertitle—deedsandevenherestate；MadamedeListenayforcedtodothesame，withapitchforkatherneckandhertwodaughtersinaswoonatherfeet；
ComtedeMontjustin，withhiswife，havingapistolathisthroatforthreehours；andbothdraggedfromtheircarriagetobethrownintoapond，wheretheyaresavedbyapassingregimentofsoldiers；
BarondeMontjustin，oneofthetwenty—twopopularnoblemen，suspendedforanhourinawell，listeningtoadiscussionwhetherheshallbedroppeddownorwhetherheshoulddieinsomeotherway；
theChevalierd’Ambly，tornfromhischateauanddraggednakedintothevillage，placedonadung—heapafterhavinghiseyebrowsandallhishairpulledout，whilethecrowdkeptondancingaroundhim。"
Inthemidstofadisintegratedsociety，underthesemblanceonlyofagovernment，itismanifestthataninvasionisunderway，aninvasionofbarbarianswhichwillcompletebyterrorthatwhichithasbegunbyviolence，andwhich，liketheinvasionsoftheNormansinthetenthandeleventhcenturies，endsintheconquestanddispossessionofanentireclass。InvaintheNationalGuardandtheothertroopsthatremainloyalsucceedinstemmingthefirsttorrent；invaindoestheAssemblyhollowoutabedforitandstrivetobankitinbyfixedboundaries。Thedecreesofthe4thofAugustandtheregulationswhichfollowarebutsomanyspiders’
websstretchedacrossatorrent。Thepeasants，moreover，puttingtheirowninterpretationonthedecrees，convertthenewlawsintoauthorityforcontinuingintheircourseorbeginningoveragain。
Nomorerents，howeverlegitimate，howeverlegal！
"Yesterday，"[46]writesagentlemanofAuvergne，wewerenotifiedthatthefruit—tithe（percières）wouldnolongerbepaid，andthattheexampleofotherprovinceswasonlybeingfollowedwhichnolonger，evenbyroyalorder，paytithes。"InFranche—Comté"numerouscommunitiesaresatisfiedthattheynolongeroweanythingeithertotheKingortotheirlords……Thevillagesdivideamongstthemselvesthefieldsandwoodsbelongingtothenobles。"——
Itmustbenotedthatcharter—holdingandfeudaltitlesarestillintactinthree—fourthsofFrance，thatitistheinterestofthepeasanttoensuretheirdisappearance，andthatheisalwaysarmed。
Tosecureanewoutbreakofjacqueries，itisonlynecessarythatcentralcontrol，alreadythrownintodisorder，shouldbewithdrawn。
ThisistheworkofVersaillesandofParis；andthere，atParisaswellasatVersailles，some，throughlackofforesightandinfatuation，andothers，throughblindnessandindecision——thelatterthroughweaknessandtheformerthroughviolence——allarelaboringtoaccomplishit。
_
Notes:
[1]Dusaulx，374。"Iremarkedthatiftherewereafewamongthepeopleatthattimewhodaredcommitcrime，therewereseveralwhowishedit，andthateveryoneenduredit。"——"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIX，3。（LetterofthemunicipalauthoritiesofCrémieu，Dauphiny，November3，1789。）"Thecaretakentoleadthemfirsttothecellarsandtointoxicatethem，canalonegiveaconceptionoftheincredibleexcessesofragetowhichtheygavethemselvesupinthesackingandburningofthechateaux。"
[2]MercuredeFrance，January4，1792。（"Revuepolitiquedel’année1791，"byMalletduPan。）
[3]AlbertBabeau，I。206。（LetterofthedeputyCamuzetdeBelombre，August22，1789。）Theexecutivepowerisabsolutelygoneto—day。"——GouverneurMorris，letterofJuly31，1789:"Thiscountryisnowasnearinastateofanarchyasitispossibleforacommunitytobewithoutbreakingup。"
[4]"ArchivesNationales，"H。1453。LetterofM。Amelot，July24th；H。784，ofM。deLangeron，October16thand18th。——KK。
1105。correspondenceofM。deThiard，October7thand30th，September4th。——Floquet，VII。527，555。—Guadet，"HistoiredesGirondins"（July29，1789）。
[5]M。deRochambeau，"Mémoires，"I。353（July18th）。—Sauzay，"HistoiredelaPersécutionRévolutionnairedansleDépartementdeDoubs，"I。128（July19th。）——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3253。
（LetterofthedeputiesoftheprovincialcommissionofAlsace，September8th。）D。XXIX。I。noteofM。deLatour—du—Pin，October28，1789。—LetterofM。deLangeron，September3rd；ofBreitman，garde—marteau，ValSaint—Amarin（UpperAlsace），July26th。
[6]LéoncedeLavergne，197。（LetteroftheintermediatecommissionofPoitou，thelastmonthin1789。）——Cf。Brissot（Lepatriotefran？ais，August，1789）。"Generalinsubordinationprevailsintheprovincesbecausetherestraintsofexecutivepowerarenolongerfelt。Whatwerebutlatelytheguaranteesofthatpower？Theintendants，tribunals，andthearmy。Theintendantsaregone，thetribunalsaresilent，andthearmyisagainsttheexecutivepowerandonthesideofthepeople。Libertyisnotanourishmentforunpreparedstomachs。"
[7]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。（Letteroftheclergy，consuls，présidial—councillorsandprincipalmerchantsofPuy—en—
Velay，September16，1789。）——H。1453。（letteroftheIntendantorAlen？on，July18th）。"Imustnotleaveyouinignoranceofthemultipliedoutbreakswehaveinallpartsofmyjurisdiction。Theimpunitywithwhichtheyflatterthemselves，becausethejudgesareafraidofirritatingthepeoplebyexamplesofseverity，onlyemboldensthem。Mischief—makers，confoundedwithhonestfolks，spreadfalsereportsaboutparticularpersonswhomtheyaccuseofconcealinggrain，orofnotbelongingtotheThird—Estate，and，underthispretext，theypillagetheirhouses，takingwhatevertheycanfind，theownersonlyavoidingdeathbyflight。"
[8]Abodyofmagistratesformingoneofthelowertribunals。—[Tr。]
[9]"ArchivesNationales，"H。942。（ObservationsofM。deBallainvilliers，October30，1789。）
[10]"ArchivesNationales，"D，XXIX。1。LetterofthemunicipalassemblyofLouviers，theendofAugust，1789。—LetterofthecommunalassemblyofSaint—Bris（bailiwickofAuxerre），September25th。—LetterofthemunicipalofficersofRicey—Haut，nearBar—
sur—Seine，August25th；oftheChevalierd’Allouville，September8th。
[11]"ArchivesNationales，"D，XXIX。I。LetterofM。Briand—
Delessart（Angoulême，August1st）。——OfM。Bret，Lieutenant—
GeneraloftheprovostshipofMardogne，September5th。——OftheChevalierdeCastellas（Auvergue），September15th（relatingtothenightbetweenthe2ndand3rdofAugust）。—MadameCampan，II。
65。
[12]ArthurYoung，"VoyagesinFrance，"July24thand31st，August13thand19th。
[13]DeBouillé，108。—"ArchivesNationales，"KK。1105。
CorrespondenceofM。deThiard，September20，1789（aproposofonehundredgunsgiventothetownofSaint—Brieuc）。"Theyarenotoftheslightestuse，butthispassionforarmsisatemporaryepidemicwhichmustbeallowedtosubsideofitself。Peoplearedeterminedtobelieveinbrigandsandinenemies，whereasneitherexist。"——
September25th，"Vanityaloneimpelsthem，andtheprideofhavingcannonistheirsolemotive。"
[14]"ArchivesNationales，"H。1453。LettersofM。Amelot，July17thand24th。"Severalwealthyprivatepersonsofthetown（Auxonne）havebeenputtoransombythisband，ofwhichthelargestportionconsistsofruffians。"—LetterofninecultivatorsofBreteuil（Picardy）July23rd（theirgranarieswerepillageduptothelastgrainthepreviousevening）。"Theythreatentopillageourcropsandsetourbarnsonfireassoonastheyarefull。M。
Tassard，thenotary，hasbeenvisitedinhishousebythepopulace，andhislifehasbeenthreatened。"LetterofMoreau，ProcureurduRoiattheSenechal’sCourtatBar—le—Duc，September15，1789，D，XXIX，1。"Onthe27thofJulythepeopleroseandmostcruellyassassinatedamerchanttradinginwheat。Onthe27thand28thhishouseandthatofanotherweresacked，"etc。
[15]ChronicleofDominickSchmutz（"Revued’Alsace，"V。III。3rdseries。Thesearehisownexpressions:Gesindel，Lumpen—gesindel。
——DeRochambeau，"Mémoires，"I。353。—ArthurYoung（aneye—
witness），July21st。——OfDampmartin（eye—witness），I。105。M。
deRochambeaushowstheusualindecisionandwantofvigor:whilstthemobarepillaginghousesandthrowingthingsoutofthewindows，hepassesinfrontofhisregiments（8，000men）drawnupforaction，andsays，"Myfriends，mygoodfriends，youseewhatisgoingon。
Howhorrible！Alas！theseareyourpapers，yourtitlesandthoseofyourparents。"Thesoldierssmileatthissentimentalprattle。
[16]Dumouriez（aneye—witness），bookIII。ch。3。—Thetrialwasbegunandjudgmentgivenbytwelvelawyersandanassessor，whomthepeople，inarms，hadthemselvesappointed。——Hippeau，IV。
382。
[17]ArchivesNationales，"F73248。（Letterofthemayor，M。
PoussiaudedeThierri，September11th。）
[18]Floquet，VII。551。
[19]DeGoncourt，"LaSociétéfran？aisependantlaRévolution，"37。
[20]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。1。LetteroftheofficersofthebailiwickofD？le，August24th。—SauzayI。128。
[21]ThereisasimilaroccurrenceatStrasbourg，afewdaysafterthesackingofthetown—hall。Themunicipalityhavinggiveneachmanofthegarrisontwentysous，thesoldiersabandontheirpost，settheprisonersfreeatthePont—Couvert，feastpubliclyinthestreetswiththewomentakenoutofthepenitentiary，andforceinnkeepersandthekeepersofdrinking—placestogiveuptheirprovisions。Theshopsareallclosed，and，fortwenty—fourhours，theofficersarenotobeyed。（DeDampmartin，I。105。）
[22]AlbertBabeau，I。187—273。——Moniteur，II。379。（Extractfromtheprovost’sverdictofNovember27，1789。）
[23]Moniteur，ibid。Picard，theprincipalmurderer，confessed"thathehadmadehimsufferagreatdeal；thatthesaidsieurHuezdidnotdieuntiltheycameneartheChaudronInn；thatheneverthelessintendedtomakehimsuffermorebystabbinghimintheneckatthecornerofeachstreet，（and）bycontrivingitsothathemightdoitoften，aslongastherewaslifeinhim；thatthedayonwhichM。Huezdiedyieldedhimtenfrancs，togetherwiththeneck—
buckleofM。Hues，foundonhimwhenhewasarrestedinhisflight。"
[24]MercuredeFrance，，September26，1789。LettersoftheofficersoftheBourbonregimentandofmembersofthegeneralcommitteeofCaen。—Floquet，VII。545。
[25]"ArchivesNationales，"H。1453。—Ibid。D。XXIX。I。
NoteofM。delaTour—du—Pin，October28th。
[26]Decree，February5，1789，enforcedMay1stfollowing。
[27]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。LetterofthecountdeMontausier，August8th，withnotesbyM。Paulian，directoroftheexcise（anadmirableletter，modestandliberal，andendingbydemandingapardonforpeopleledastray）。——H。1453。LetteroftheattorneyoftheelectiondistrictofFalaise，July17th，etc。—
—Moniteur，I。303，387，505（sessionsofAugust7thand27thandofSeptember23rd）。"Theroyalrevenuesarediminishingsteadily。"
——BuchezandRoux，III。219（sessionofOctober24，1789）。
DiscourseofadeputationfromAnjou:"Sixtythousandmenarearmed；
thebarriershavebeendestroyed，theclerks’horseshavebeensoldbyauction；theemployeeshavebeentoldtowithdrawfromtheprovincewithineightdays。Theinhabitantshavedeclaredthattheywillnotpaytaxessolongasthesalt—taxexists。
[28]"ArchivesNationales，"F73253（LetterofSeptember8，1789）。
[29]ArthurYoung，September30th。"ItisbeingsaidthateveryrustyguninProvenceisatwork，killingallsortsofbirds；theshothasfallenfiveorsixtimesinmychaiseandaboutmyears。"—
—Beugnot，I。142。—"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。LetteroftheChevalierd’Allonville，September8，1789（NearBar—sur—
Aube）。"ThepeasantsgoinarmedbandsintothewoodsbelongingtotheAbbeyofTrois—Fontaines，whichtheycutdown。TheysawuptheoaksandtransportthemonwagonstoPont—Saint—Dizier，wheretheysellthem。Inotherplacestheyfishinthepondsandbreaktheembankments。"
[30]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。1。LetteroftheassessorofthepoliceofSaint—Flour，October3，1789。Onthe31stofJuly，arumorisspreadthatthebrigandsarecoming。Onthe1stofAugustthepeasantsarmthemselves。"Theyamusethemselvesbydrinking，awaitingthearrivalofthebrigands；theexcitementincreasestosuchanextentastomakethembelievethatM。leComted’EspinchalhadarrivedindisguisetheeveningbeforeatMassiac，thathewastheauthorofthetroublesdisturbingtheprovinceatthistime，andthathewasconcealedinhischateau。"Onthestrengthofthisshotsarefiredintothewindows，andtherearesearches，etc。
[31]"ArchivesNationales，"D，XXIX，I，LetterofEtienneFermier，Naveinne，September18th（itispossiblethattheauthor，forthesakeofcaution，tookafictitiousname）。—ThemanuscriptcorrespondenceofM。Boullé，deputyofPontivy，tohisconstituents，isatypeofthisdeclamatoryandincendiarywriting。—Letteroftheconsuls，priests，andmerchantsofPuy—en—Velay，September16th。
—"TheAncientRégime，"p。396。
[32]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。1。LetterofM。Despretz—
Montpezat，aformerartilleryofficer，July24th（withseveralothersignatures）。OnthesamedaythealarmbellissoundedInfiftyvillagesontherumorspreadingthat7，000brigands，EnglishandBreton，wereinvadingthecountry。
[33]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。LetterofBriand—
Delessart，August1st（domiciliaryvisitstotheCarmelitesofAngoulêmewhereitispretendedthatMme。dePolignachasjustarrived。—Beugnot，I。140。——ArthurYoung，July20th，etc。—
BuchezandRoux，IV。166。LetterofMamers，July24th；ofMans，July26th。
[34]Montjoie，ch。LXXII，p。93（accordingtoactsoflegalprocedure）。TherewasasoldierinthebandwhohadservedunderM。
deMontessonandwhowantedtoavengehimselfforthepunishmentshehadundergoneintheregiment。
[35]MercuredeFrance，August20th（LetterfromVésoul，August13th）。
[36]M。deMemmayprovedhisinnocencelateron，andwasrehabilitatedbyapublicdecisionaftertwoyears’proceedings（sessionofJune4，1791；MercureofJune11th）。
[37]JournaldesDébatsetDécrets，I。258。（LetterofthemunicipalityofVésoul，July22nd。——DiscourseofM。deToulougeon，July29th。）
[38]DeRochambeau，"Mémoires，"I。353。——"ArchivesNationales，"
F7，3253。（LetterofM。deRochamheau，August4th。）——ChronicleofSchmutz（ibid。），p。284。"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。
（LetterofMme。Ferrette，ofRemiremont，August9th。）
[39]Sauzay，I。180。（Lettersofmonks，July22ndand26th。）
[40]"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。（LetterofM。deBergeron，attorneytotheprésidialofValence，August28th，withthedetailsoftheverdictstated。）OfficialreportofthemilitiaofLyons，senttothepresidentoftheNationalAssembly，August10th。（ExpeditiontoSerrière，inDauphiny，July31st。）
[41]LetteroftheCountofCourtivron，deputysubstitute（aneye—
witness）。——"ArchivesNationales，"D。XXIX。I。LetterofthemunicipalofficersofCrémieu（Dauphiny），November3rd。LetteroftheVicomtedeCarbonnière（Auvergne），August3rd。——ArthurYoung，July30th（Dijon）says，aproposofanoblefamilywhichescapedalmostnakedfromitsburningchateau，"theywereesteemedbytheneighbors；theirvirtuesoughttohavecommandedtheloveofthepoor，forwhoseresentmenttherewasnocause。"
[42]"ArchivesNationales，"XXIX。I。（LetterofthecommissionoftheStatesofDauphiny，July31st。）
[43]"DésastresduMaconnais，"byPuthoddelaMaison—Rouge（August，1789）。"RavagesduMaconnais。"——ArthurYoung，July27th。—
BuchezandRoux，IV。215，214。——MercuredeFrance，September12，1789。（LetterbyavolunteerofOrleans。）"Onthe15thofAugust，eighty—eightruffians，callingthemselvesreapers，presentthemselvesatBascon，inBeauce，and，thenextday，atachateauintheneighborhood，wheretheydemandwithinanhourtheheadofthesonofthelordofthemanor，M。Tassin，whocanonlyredeemhimselfbyacontributionof1，600livresandthepillagingofhiscellars。
[44]LetteroftheCountdeCourtivron。—ArthurYoung，July31st。
—BuchezandRoux，II。243。—MercuredeFrance，August15，1789
（sittingofthe8th，discourseofadeputyfromDauphiné。）——
Mermet，"HistoiredelaVilledeVienne，"445——"ArchivesNationales，"ibid。（LetterofthecommissionoftheStatesofDauphiny，July31st。）——"Thelistofburntordevastatedchateauxisimmense。"Thecommitteealreadycitessixteenofthem。——
PuthoddelaMaison—Rouge，ibid。:"Werealldevastatedplacestobementioned，itwouldbenecessarytocitethewholeprovince"
（LetterfromMacon）。"Theyhavenotthelessdestroyedmostofthechateauxandbourgeoisdwellings，eitherburningthemandorelsetearingthemdown。"
[45]Lally—Tollendal，"SecondLettertomyConstituents，"104。
[46]Doniol，"LaRévolutionetlaFéodalité，"p。60（afewdaysafterthe4thofAugust）。—"ArchivesNationales，"H。784。LettersofM。deLangeron，militarycommanderatBesan？on，October16thand18th。——Ibid。，D。XXIX。I。Letterofthesame，September3rd。——ArthurYoung（inProvence，atthehouseofBarondelaTour—
d’Aignes）。"ThebaronisanenormoussuffererbytheRevolution；agreatextentofcountrywhichbelongedinabsoluterighttohisancestors，hasbeengrantedforquit—rents，ceus，andotherfeudalpayments，sothatthereisnocomparisonbetweenthelandsretainedandthosethusgrantedbyhisfamily……ThesolidpaymentswhichtheAssemblyhavedeclaredtoberedeemableareeveryhourfallingtonothing，withoutashadowofrecompense……Thesituationofthenobilityinthiscountryispitiable；theyareunderapprehensionsthatnothingwillbeleftthem，butsimplysuchhousesasthemoballowstostandunburned；thatthesmallfarmerswillretaintheirfarmswithoutpayingthelandlordhishalfoftheproduce；andthat，incaseofsucharefusal，thereisactuallyneitherlawnorauthorityinthecountrytopreventit。Thischateau，splendideveninruins，withthefortuneandlivesoftheowners，isatthemercyofanarmedrabble。"
CHAPTERIV。PARIS。
I。
Paris。——Powerlessnessanddiscordsoftheauthorities。——Thepeople，king。
THEpowerlessness，indeed，oftheheadsoftheGovernment，andthelackofdisciplineamongallitssubordinates，aremuchgreaterinthecapitalthanintheprovinces。——Parispossessesamayor，Bailly；but"fromthefirstday，andintheeasiestmannerpossible，"[1]hismunicipalcouncil，thatistosay，"theassemblyoftherepresentativesofthecommune，hasaccustomeditselftocarryonthegovernmentalone，overlookinghimentirely。"Thereisacentraladministration，themunicipalcouncil，presidedoverbythemayor；but，"atthistime，authorityiseverywhereexceptwherethepreponderatingauthorityshouldbe；thedistrictshavedelegateditandatthesametimeretainedit；"eachofthemactsasifitwerealoneandsupreme。——Therearesecondarypowers，thedistrict—
committees，eachwithitspresident，itsclerk，itsoffices，andcommissioners；butthemobsofthestreetmarchonwithoutawaitingtheirorders；whilethepeople，shoutingundertheir"windows，imposetheirwillonthem；——inshort，saysBaillyagain，"everybodyknewhowtocommand，butnobodyknewhowtoobey。"
"Imagine，"writesLoustalot[2]himself；"amanwhosefeet，hands，andlimbspossessedeachitsownintelligenceandwill，whoseonelegwouldwishtowalkwhentheotheronewantedtorest，whosethroatwouldclosewhenthestomachdemandedfood，whosemouthwouldsingwhentheeyelidswereweigheddownwithsleep；andyouwillhaveastrikingpictureoftheconditionofthingsinthecapital"
Thereare"sixtyRepublics"[3]inParis；eachdistrictisanindependent，isolatedpower，whichreceivesnoorderwithoutcriticizingit，alwaysindisagreementandofteninconflictwiththecentralauthorityorwiththeotherdistricts。Itreceivesdenunciations，ordersdomiciliaryvisits，sendsdeputationstotheNationalAssembly，passesresolutions，postsitsbills，notonlyinitsownquarterbutthroughoutthecity，andsometimesevenextendsitsjurisdictionoutsideofParis。Everythingcomeswithinitsprovince，andparticularlythatwhichoughtnottodoso。——Onthe18thofJuly，thedistrictofPetits—Augustins[4]"decreesinitsownnametheestablishmentofjusticesofthepeace，"underthetitleoftribunes，andproceedsatoncetoelectitsown，nominatingtheactorMolé。Onthe30th，thatoftheOratoireannulstheamnestywhichtherepresentativesofthecommuneintheH？tel—de—
Villehadgranted，andorderstwoofitsmemberstogotoadistanceofthirtyleaguestoarrestM。deBezenval。Onthe19thofAugust，thatofNazarethissuescommissionstoseizeandbringtoParisthearmsdepositedinstrongplaces。FromthebeginningeachassemblysenttotheArsenalinitsownname，and"obtainedasmanycartridgesandasmuchpowderasitdesired。"OthersclaimtherightofkeepingawatchfuleyeovertheH？tel—de—VilleandofreprimandingtheNationalAssembly。TheOratoiredecidesthattherepresentativesofthecommuneshallbeinvitedtodeliberateinpublic。Saint—NicholasdesChampsdeliberatesonthevetoandbegstheAssemblytosuspenditsvote。——Itisastrangespectacle，thatofthesevariousauthoritieseachcontradictinganddestroyingtheother。To—daytheH？tel—de—VilleappropriatesfiveloadsofclothwhichhavebeendispatchedbytheGovernment，andthedistrictofSaint—GervaisopposesthedecisionoftheH？tel—de—Ville。To—
morrowVersaillesinterceptsgraindestinedforParis，whileParisthreatens，ifitisnotrestored，tomarchonVersailles。Iomittheincidentsthatareridiculous:[5]anarchyinitsessenceisbothtragicandgrotesque，and，inthisuniversalbreakingupofthings，thecapital，likethekingdom，resemblesabear—gardenwhenitdoesnotresembleaBabel。
Butbehindallthesediscordantauthoritiestherealsovereign，whoisthemob，isverysoonapparent。——Onthe15thofJulyitundertakesthedemolitionoftheBastilleofitsownaccord，andthispopularactissanctioned；foritisnecessarythatappearancesshouldbekeptup；eventogiveordersaftertheblowisdealt，andtofollowwhenitisimpossibletolead。[6]Ashorttimeafterthisthecollectionoftheoctroiatthebarriersisorderedtoberesumed；fortyarmedindividuals，however，presentthemselvesintheirdistrictandsay，thatifguardsareplacedattheoctroistations，"theywillresistforcewithforce，andevenmakeuseoftheircannon。"——OnthefalserumorthatarmsareconcealedintheAbbeyofMontmartre，theabbess，MadamedeMontmorency，isaccusedoftreachery，andtwentythousandpersonsinvadethemonastery。——
ThecommanderoftheNationalGuardandthemayorareconstantlyexpectingariot；theyhardlydareabsentthemselvesadaytoattendtheKingfêteatVersailles。Assoonasthemultitudecanassembleinthestreets，anexplosionisimminent。"Onrainydays，"saysBailly，"Iwasquiteatmyease。"——ItisunderthisconstantpressurethattheGovernmentiscarriedon；andtheelectofthepeople，themostesteemedmagistrates，thosewhoareinbestrepute，areatthemercyofthethrongwhoclamorattheirdoors。InthedistrictofSt。Roch，[7]aftermanyuselessrefusals，theGeneralAssembly，notwithstandingallthereproachesofitsconscienceandtheresistanceofitsreason，isobligedtoopenlettersaddressedtoMonsieur，totheDukeofOrleans，andtotheMinistersofWar，ofForeignAffairs，andoftheMarine。Inthecommitteeonsubsistence，M。Serreau，whoisindispensableandwhoisconfirmedbyapublicproclamation，isdenounced，threatened，andconstrainedtoleaveParis。M。delaSalle，oneofthestrongestpatriotsamongthenobles，isonthepointofbeingmurderedforhavingsignedanorderforthetransportofgunpowder；[8]themultitude，inpursuitofhim，attacharopetotheneareststreet—lamp，ransacktheH？tel—
de—Ville，forceeverydoor，mountintothebelfry，andseekforthetraitorevenunderthecarpetofthebureauandbetweenthelegsoftheelectors，andareonlystayedintheircoursebythearrivaloftheNationalGuard。