Theirvoice，accordingly，seemstobethevoiceofthepeople；theircontrolisestablishedonthatofthelegalauthorities；theyhavetakentheleadthroughpersistentandirresistiblemisdeeds；theircrimesareconsecratedbyexemptionfrompunishment。
"Amongofficialsandagents，goodorbad，constitutedornotconstituted，thatalonegovernswhichisinviolable。Nowtheclub，foralongtime，hasbeentoomuchaccustomedtodomineering，toannoying，topersecuting，towreakingvengeance，foranylocaladministrationtoregarditinanyotherlightthanasinviolable。"[57]
Theyaccordinglygovernandtheirindirectinfluenceispromptlytransformedintodirectauthority。——Votingalone，oralmostalone，intheprimarymeetings，whicharedesertedorunderconstraint，theJacobinseasilychoosethemunicipalbodyandtheofficersoftheNationalGuard。[58]Afterthis，throughthemayor，whoistheirtoolortheiraccomplice，theyhavethelegalrighttolaunchorarresttheentirearmedforceandtheyavailthemselvesofit。——Twoobstaclesstillstandintheirway。Onetheonehand，howeverconciliatoryortimidtheDirectoryofthedistrictordepartmentmaybe，electedasitisbyelectorsoftheseconddegree，itusuallycontainsafairproportionofwell—informedmen，comfortablyoff，interestedinkeepingorder，andlessinclinedthanthemunicipalitytoputupwithgrossviolationsofthelaw。ConsequentlytheJacobinsdenounceittotheNationalAssemblyasanunpatrioticandanti—revolutionarycenterof"bourgeoisaristocracy。"Sometimes，asatBrest，[59]theyshamefullydisobeyorderswhichareperfectlylegalandproper，oftenrepeatedandstrictlyformal；afterward，stillmoreshamefully，theydemandoftheMinisterif，"placedinthecruelalternativeofgivingoffensetothehierarchyofpowers，orofleavingthecommonwealthindanger，theyoughttohesitate。"Sometimes，asatArras，theyimposethemselvesillegallyontheDirectoryinsessionandbrowbeatitsoinsolentlyastomakeitapointofhonorwiththelattertosolicititsownsuspension。[60]Sometimes，asaFigeac，theysummonanadministratortotheirbar，keephimstandingthree—quartersofanhour，seizehispapersandobligehim，forfearofsomethingworse，toleavethetown。[61]Sometimes，asatAuch，theyinvadetheDirectory’schambers，seizetheadministratorsbythethroat，poundthemwiththeirfistsandclubs，dragthepresidentbythehair，and，afteragooddealoftrouble，granthimhislife。[62]——Ontheotherhand，thegendarmerieandthetroopsbroughtforthesuppressionofriots，arealwaysinthewayofthosewhostiruptherioters。
Consequently，theyexpel，corruptand，especiallypurifythegendarmerietogetherwiththetroops。AtCahorstheydriveoutasergeantofthegendarmerie，"allegingthathekeepscompanywithnonebutaristocrats。"[63]AtToulouse，withoutmentioningthelieutenant—
colonel，whoselifetheythreatenbyanonymouslettersandobligetoleavethetown，theytransferthewholecorpstoanotherdistrictunderthepretensethat"itsprinciplesareadversetotheConstitution。"[64]AtAuch，andatRennes，throughtheinsubordinationwhichtheyprovokeamongthemen，theyexhortresignationsfromtheirofficers。AtPerpignan，bymeansofariotwhichtheyfoment，theyseize，beatanddragtoprison，thecommandantandstaffwhomtheyaccuse"ofwantingtobombardthetownwithfivepoundsofpowder。"[65]—Meanwhile，throughthejacquerie，whichtheyletloosefromtheDordognetoAveyron，fromCantaltothePyreneesandtheVar，underthepretenceofpunishingtherelativesofémigrésandtheabettorsofunswornpriests，theycreateanarmyoftheirownmadeupofrobbersandthedestitutewho，inanticipationoftheexploitsofthecomingrevolutionaryarmy，freelykill，burn，pillage，holdtoransomandpreyatlargeonthedefenselessflockofproprietorsofeveryclassanddegree。[66]
Inthisoperationeachclubhasitsneighborsforallies，offeringtothemorreceivingfromthemoffersofmenandmoney。ThatofCaentendersitsassistancetotheBayeuxassociationforexpellingunswornpriests，andtohelpthepatriotsoftheplace"toridthemselvesofthetyrannyoftheiradministrators。"[67]ThatofBesan？ondeclaresthethreeadministrativebodiesofStrasbourg"unworthyoftheconfidencewithwhichtheyhavebeenhonored，"andopenlyentersintoaleaguewithalltheclubsoftheUpperandLowerRhine，tosetfreeaJacobinarrestedasafomenterofinsurrections。[68]ThoseofthePuy—de—D？meandneighboringdepartmentsdeputetoandestablishatClermontacentralclubofdirectionandpropaganda。[69]ThoseoftheBouches—du—Rh？netreatwiththecommissionersofthedepartmentsofDr？me，Gard，andHérault，towatchtheSpanishfrontier，andsenddelegatesoftheirowntoseethestateofthefortificationsofFiguières。[70]——Thereisnorecoursetothecriminaltribunals。Infortydepartments，thesearenotyetinstalled，intheforty—threeothers，theyarecowed，silent，orlackmoneyandmentoenforcetheirdecisions。[71]
SuchisthefoundationoftheJacobinState，aconfederationoftwelvehundredoligarchies，whichmaneuvertheirproletariatclientsinobediencetothewordofcommanddispatchedfromParis。Itisacomplete，organized，activeState，withitscentralgovernment，itsactiveforce，itsofficialjournal，itsregularcorrespondence，itsdeclaredpolicy，itsestablishedauthority，anditsrepresentativeandlocalagents；thelatterareactualadministratorsalongsideofadministrationswhichareabolished，orathwartadministrationswhicharebroughtundersubjection。——Invaindothelatestministers，goodclerksandhonestmen，trytofulfilltheirduties；theirinjunctionsandremonstrancesareonlysomuchwastepaper。[72]Theyresignindespair，declaringthat，"inthisoverthrowofallorder，……inthepresentweaknessofthepublicforces，andinthedegradationoftheconstitutedauthorities，……itisimpossibleforthemtomaintainthelifeandenergyofthevastbody，themembersofwhichareparalyzed。"—
Whentherootsofatreearelaidbare，itiseasytocutitdown；
nowthattheJacobinshaveseveredthem，apushonthetrunksufficestobringthetreetotheground。
NOTES:
[1]DeLoménie，"LesMirabeaus，"I。11。（LetteroftheMarquisdeMirabeau）。
[2]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，7171，No。7915。ReportonthesituationinMarseilles，byMiollis，commissioneroftheDirectoryinthedepartment，yearV。Niv？se15。"AgoodmanystrangersfromFranceandItalyareattractedtherebythelustofgain，aloveofpleasure，thewantofwork，adesiretoescapefromtheeffectsofillconduct……Individualsofbothsexesandofeveryage，withnotiesofcountryorkindred，withnoprofession，noopinions，pressedbydailynecessitiesthataremultipliedbydebauchedhabit，seekingtoindulgethesewithouttoomucheffort，themeansforthisbeingformerlyfoundinthemanymanualoperationsofcommerce，goneastrayduringtheRevolutionand，subsequently，scaredofthedominantparty，accustomedunfortunatelyatthattimetoreceivingpayfortakingpartinpoliticalstrife，andnowreducedtolivingonalmostgratuitousdistributionsoffood，todealinginsmallwares，tothemenialoccupationswhichchancerarelypresents——inshort，toswindling。
SuchiswhattheobserverfindsinthatportionofthepopulationofMarseillesmostinsight；eagertoprofitbywhateveroccurs，easilywonover，activethroughitsnecessities，flockingeverywhere，andappearingverynumerous……ThepatriotEscalonhadtwentyrationsaday；Féri，thejournalist，hadsix；etc……Civilofficersanddistrictcommissionersstillbelong，forthemostpart，tothatclassofmenwhichtheRevolutionhadaccustomedtolivewithoutwork，tomakingthosewhosharedtheirprinciplesthebeneficiariesofthenation’sfavors，andfinally，toreceivingcontributionsfromgamblinghallsandbrothels。Thesecommissionersgivenoticetotheirprotégés，eventhecrooks，whenwarrantsagainstthemaretobeenforced。"
[3]Blanc—Gilly，"Réveild’alarmed’undéputédeMarseilles"（citedintheMemoirs"ofBarbaroux，40，41）。Blanc—Gillymusthavebeenacquaintedwiththesecharacters，inasmuchashemadeuseofthemintheAugustriot，1789，andforwhichhewasindicted。—Cf。Fabre"HistoiredeMarseilles，"II。422。
[4]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3197。CorrespondenceofMessrs。
Debourge，Gay，andLafitte，commissionerssenttoProvencetorestoreorderinaccordancewithanactoftheNationalAssembly。LetterofMay10，1791。LetterofMay10。1791，andpassim。
[5]MayorMartin，saysJuste，wasasortofPétion，weakandvain。——
Barbaroux，clerkofthemunicipality，istheprincipalopponentofM。
Lieutaud。—ThemunicipaldecreereferredtoisdatedSept。10，1790。
[6]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3197。Lettersofthreecommissioners，April13，17，18，andMay10，1791。
[7]Blanc—Gilly，"Réveild’Alarme。"Ibid。，"Everytimethatthenationalguardmarchedoutsidethecitywalls，thehordeofhomelessbrigandsneverfailedtocloseupintheirrearandcarrydevastationwherevertheywent。"
[8]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3197。Correspondenceofthethreecommissioners，letterofMay10，1791。"ThemunicipalityofMarseillesobeysonlythedecreesitpleases，andforeighteenmonthshasnotpaidacentintothecitytreasury。—ProclamationofApril13。—
LettersofApril13and18。
[9]"ArchivesNationales，"letterofthemunicipalofficersofMarseillestotheminister，June11，1791。——Theydemandtherecallofthethreecommissioners，oneoftheirargumentsbeingasfollows:
"InChina，everymandarinagainstwhompublicopinionisexcitedisdismissedfromhisplace；heisregardedasanignorantinstructor，whoisincapableofgainingtheloveofchildrenfortheirparent。"
[10]"ArchivesNationales，"letterofthecommissioners，May25，1791。
"Itisevident，onrecordingtheproceedingsatAixandMarseilles，thatonlytheaccusersandthejudgeswereguilty。"——Petitionoftheprisoners，Feb。1。"Themunicipality，indespairofourinnocenceandnotknowinghowtojustifyitsconduct，istryingtobuyupwitnesses。
Theysayopenlythatitisbettertosacrificeoneinnocentmanthandisgraceawholebody。SuchalethespeechesofthesieurRebecqui，leadingman，andofMadameElliou，wifeofamunicipalofficer，inthehouseofthesieurRousset。"
[11]LetterofM。Lieutaudtothecommissioners，May11and18，1791。
"IfIhavenotfallenundertheassassin’sdaggerIowemypreservationtoyourstrictordersandtothegoodbehaviorofthenationalguardandtheregulartroops……Atthehearingofthecasetoday，theprosecutoronthepartofthecommuneventuredtothreatenthecourtwithpopularopinionanditsavengingfury……Thepeople，stirredupagainstus，andbroughtthere，shouted，’LetusseizeLieutaudandtakehimtherebyforceandifhewillnotgoupthesteps，wewillcuthisheadoff！’Thehallleadingtothecourtroomandthestairwayswerefilledwithbarefootedvagabonds。"——LetterofCabrol，commanderofthenationalguard，andofthemunicipalofficerstothecommissioners，May21。Thatpicket—guardoffiftymenonthegreatsquare，isitnotratherthecauseofariotthanthemeansofpreventingone？Arequisitiontosendfournationalguardsinsidetheprison，toremaintheredayandnight，isitnotinsultingcitizensoldiers，whosefunctionitistoseethatthelawsaremaintained，andnottodojailduty？"
[12]LetterofM。d’Olivier，lieutenant—coloneloftheErnestregiment，May28。——Extractsfromthepapersofthesecretarytothemunicipality，May28（Barbarouxistheclerk）。—Letterofthecommissions，May29
[13]Letterofthecommissioners，June29。
[14]LetterofM。Laroque—Dourdan，navalcommanderatMarseilles，Oct。
18，1791。（inrelationtothedepartureoftheSwissregiment）。
[15]Theelectionsareheldonthe13thofNovember，1791。Martin，theformermayor，showedtimidity，andMouraillewaselectedinhisplace。
[16]"ArchivesNationales。"F73197。Letter（printed）oftheDirectorytotheMinisterofWar，Jan。4，1792。——LetterofthemunicipalityofMarseillestotheDirectory，Jan。4，andtheDirectory’sreply。—Barbaroux，"Mémoires，"19。——HereweseethepartplayedbyBarbarouxatMarseilles。GuadetplayedasimilarpartatBordeaux。ThisearlypoliticalperiodisessentialforacomprehensionoftheGirondists。
[17]"ArchivesNationales。"F7，3195。OfficialreportofthemunicipalityofAix（ontheeventsofFeb。26）。March1st。——LetterofM。Villardy，presidentofthedirectory，datedAvignon，March10。
（HebarelyescapedassassinationatAix。）——Ibid。，F7，3196。ReportofthedistrictadministratorsofArles，Feb。28（accordingtoprivatelettersfromAixandMarseilles）。—Barbaroux，"Mémoires"（collectionofBervilleandBarrière），106。（NarrativeofM。Watteville，majorintheErnestregiment。Ibid。，108（ReportfromM。deBarbentane，commandinggeneral）。Thesetwodocumentsshowtheliberalism，wantofvigor，andtheusualindecisionofthesuperiorauthorities，especiallythemilitaryauthorities—MercuredeFrance，March24，1792（lettersfromAix）。
[18]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。DispatchesofthenewDirectorytotheMinister，March24andApril4，1792。"SincethedepartureoftheDirectory，ouradministrativeassemblyiscomposedofonlysixmembers，notwithstandingourrepeatedsummonstoeverymemberoftheCouncil……OnlythreemembersoftheCouncilconsenttoactwithus；
thereasonisalackofpecuniarymeans。"ThenewDirectory，consequently，passesaresolutiontoindemnifymembersoftheCouncil。
This，indeed，iscontrarytoaroyalproclamationofJan。15；but"thisproclamationwaswrestedfromtheKing，onaccountofhisfirmfaith。Youmustbeawarethat，inafreenation，theinfluenceofacitizenonhisgovernmentmustnotbeestimatedbyhisfortune；suchaprincipleisfalse，anddestructiveofequalityofrights。WetrustthattheKingwillconsenttorevokehisproclamation。"
[19]Ib。，LettersofBorelly，vice—presidentoftheDirectory，totheMinister，April10，17，and30，1792。——Letterfromanotheradministrator，March10。"TheyabsolutelywantustomarchagainstArles，andtoforceustogivetheorder。—Ibid。，F7，3195。LettersfromAix，March12and16，addressedtoM。Verdet。
[20]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。LetteroftheadministratorsofthedepartmentCounciltotheMinister，March10，"TheCounciloftheadministrationissurprised，sir，atthefa1seimpressionsgivenyouofthecityofMarseilles；itshouldberegardedasthepatrioticbucklerofthedepartment……IfthepeopleofParisdidnotwaitfororderstodestroytheBastilleandbegintheRevolution，canyouwonderthatinthisfieryclimatetheimpatienceofgoodcitizensshouldmakethemanticipatelegalorders，andthattheycannotcomplywiththeslowformsofjusticewhentheirpersonalsafetyandthesafetyofthecountryisinperil？"
[21]"ArchivesNationales。"F7，3197。Dispatchesofthethreecommissioners，passim，andespeciallythoseofMay11，June10and19，1791（onaffairsinArles）。"Theproperty—ownerswerealongtimesubjecttooppression。Afewofthefactionsmaintainedareignofterroroverhonestfolks，whotrembledinsecret。"
22Ibid。，Dispatchofthecommissioners，June19:"OneoftheMintgangcausesnotestobepubliclydistributed（addressedtotheunsworn）inthesewords:’Ifyoudon’t"piss—off"youwillhavetodealwiththegangfromtheMint。’"
[23]"ArchivesNationales。"F7，3198。Narration（printed）ofwhatoccurredatArles，June9and10，1791。——DispatchofM。Ripert，royalcommissioner，Aug。5，1791。——F7，3197。Dispatchofthethreecommissioners，June19。"Sincethen，manyofthefarmlaborershavetakenthesameoath。Itisthisclassofcitizenswhichmosteagerlydesiresareturntoorder。"——Otherdispatchestothesameeffect，Oct。24and29，andDec。14，1791。——Cf。"TheFrenchRevolution，"I。
301，302。
[24]"ArchivesNationales。"F7，3196。DispatchofthemembersoftheDirectoryofArlesandthemunicipalofficerstotheMinister，March3，1792（withaprinteddiatribeoftheMarseillesmunicipality）
[25]Ibid。，F7，3198。Dispatchesoftheprocureur—syndicofthedepartmenttotheMinister，Aix，Sept。14，15，20，and23，1791。Theelectoralassemblydeclareditselfpermanent，theconstitutionalauthoritiesbeingfetteredandunrecognized。——DispatchofthemembersofthemilitarybureauandcorrespondencewiththeMinister，Arles，Sept。17，1791。
[26]Ibid。，DispatchofthecommandantoftheMarseillesdetachmenttotheDirectoryofthedepartment，Sept。22，1791:"Ifeelthatourproceedingsarenotexactlylegal，butIthoughtitprudenttoacquiesceinthegeneraldesireofthebattalion。"
[27]"ArchivesNationales。"OfficialreportofthemunicipalofficersofArlesontheinsurrectionoftheMintband，Sept。2，1791。——
DispatchofRipert，royalcommissioner，Oct。2and8。——LetterofM。
d’Antonelle，totheFriendsoftheConstitution，Sept。22。"Icannotbelieveinthecounter—orderswithwhichwearethreatened。Suchadecisioninthepresentcrisiswouldbetooinhumananddangerous。Ourco—workers，whohavehadthecouragetodevotethemselvestothenewlaw，wouldbedeprivedoftheirbreadandshelter……Theking’sproclamationhasalltheappearanceofhavingbeenhastilyprepared。
andeverysignofhavingbeensecuredunawares。"
[28]DeDampmartin（aneye—witness），II。60—70。——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。——DispatchofthetwodelegatedcommissionerstotheMinister，Nimes，March25，1792。—LetterofM。WittgensteintotheDirectoryoftheBouche—du—Rh？ne，April4，1792。——ReplyandactpassedbytheDirectory，April5。——ReportofBertinandRebecquitotheadministratorsofthedepartment，April3。——Moniteur，XII。379。
ReportoftheMinisteroftheInteriortotheNationalAssembly，April4。
[29]Moniteur，XII。408（sessionofMay16）。PetitionofM。Fossin，deputyfromArles。——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。PetitionoftheArlesianstotheMinister，June28。——DespatchesofM。Lombard，provisionalroyalcommissioner，Arles，July6and10。"Neitherpersonsnorpropertyhavebeenrespectedforthreemonthsbythosewhowearthemaskofpatriotism。"
[30]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。LetterofM。Borelly，vice—
presidentoftheDirectory，totheMinister，Aix，April30，1792。"Thecoursepursuedbythesieur:BertinandRébecquiisthecauseofallthedisorderscommittedintheseunhappydistricts……Theirsoleobjectistolevycontributions，astheydidatAries，toenrichthemselvesandrendertheComtat—Venaissondesolate。"
[31]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。DepositionofoneofthekeepersofthesieurCoye，aproprietoratMouriez—les—Baux，April4。——
PetitionofPeyre，notaryatMaussane，April7。——StatementbyManson，aresidentofMouriez—les—Baux，March27。——PetitionofAndrieu，March30。—LetterofthemunicipalityofMaussane，April4:
"Theywatchforafavorableopportunitytodevastatepropertyandespeciallycountryvillas。"
[32]"ArchivesNationales，"ClaimofthenationalguardpresentedtothedistrictadministratorsofTarasconbythenationalguardofChateau—Renard，April6。——PetitionofJuliatd’Eyguières，districtadministratorofTarascon，April2（inrelationtoarequisitionof30，000francsbyCamo？nonthecommuneofEyguières）。——LetterofM。
Borelly，April30。"BertinandRébecquihaveopenlyprotectedtheinfamousCamo？n，andhavesethimfree。"—Moniteur，XII。408。
PetitionofM。Fossin，deputyfromArles。
[33]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。DispatchofM。Mérard，royalcommissioneratthedistrictcourtofApt，Apt，March15，1792（withofficialreportoftheAptmunicipalityanddebatesofthedistrict，March13）。——LetterofM。Guillebert，syndic—attorneyofthedistrictMarch5……（Hehasfled。）——DispatchesofthedistrictDirectory，March23and28。"Itmustnotbesupposedforamomentthateitherthecourtorthejuge—de—paixwilltaketheleastnoticeofthiscircumstance。Onestepinthisdirectionwould，inaweek，bring10，000menonourhands。"
[34]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。LetterofthedistrictDirectoryofApt，March28。"Onthe26thofMarch600armedmen，belongingtothecommunesofApt，Viens，Rustrel，etc。betookthemselvestoSt。—Martin—de—Castillonand，underthepretenseofrestoringorder，taxedtheinhabitants，lodgingandfeedingthemselvesattheircharge"——Theexpeditionsextendeventotheneighboringdepartments，oneofthemMarch23，goingtoSault，nearForcalquier，intheUpper—Alps。
[35]Ib。，F7，3195。OnthedemandofanumberofpetitioningsoldierswhowenttoAriesonthe22dofMarch，1792，thedepartmentadministrationpassesanact（September，1793）grantingthemeachforty—fivefrancsindemnity。Thereare1，916ofthem，whichmakes86，200francs"assessedonthegoodsandpropertyofindividualsfortheauthors，abettors，andthoseguiltyofthedisturbancesoccasionedbythepartyofChiffonistsinthecommuneofArles。"ThemunicipalityofAriesdesignatesfifty—oneindividuals，whopaythe86，200livres，plus2，785francsexchange，and300francsforthecostofsojournanddelays。——Petitionoftheransomed，Nov。21，1792。
[36]Ib。，F7，3165。OfficialreportoftheDirectoryontheeventswhichoccurredinAix，April27，28，and29，1792。
[37]Michelet，"HistoiredelaRévolutionFran？aise，"III。56
（accordingtothenarrativesofagedpeasants）。——MercuredeFrance，April30，1791（letterfromaninhabitantoftheComtat）。——Allpublicduesputtogether（octroisandinterestonthedebt）didnotgobeyond800，000francsfor126，684inhabitants。Onthecontrary，unitedwithFrance，itwouldpay3，793，000francs。——André，"HistoiredelaRévolutionAvignonaise，"I。61。——TheComtatpossessedrepresentativeinstitutions，anarmedgeneralassembly，composedofthreebishops，theelectedrepresentativeofthenobility，andthirteenconsulsoftheleadingtowns。——MercuredeFrance，Oct。15，1791（letterfromaninhabitantoftheComtat）。——TherewerenobodiesofmilitiaintheComtat；theprivilegesofnobleswereoflittleaccount。Nobodyhadtheexclusiverighttohuntorfish，whilepeoplewithoutpropertycouldowngunsandhuntanywhere。
[38]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3272。LetterofM。PeletdelaLozère，prefectofVaucluse；totheMinister，yearVIII。Germinal30。—Ibid。，DXXIV。3。LetterofM。Mulot，oneofthemediatingcommissioners，totheMinister，Oct。10，1791。"Whatacountryyouhavesentmeto！Itisthelandofduplicity。Italianismhasstruckitsrootsdeephere，andIfearthattheyareveryhardy。"
[39]ThedetailsoftheseoccurrencesmaybefoundinAndréandinSoulier，"HistoiredelaRévolutionAvignonaise。"Themurderoftheirsevenprincipalopponents，gentlemen，priestsandartisans，tookplaceJune11，1790。——"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIV。3。Thestarting—pointoftheriotsisthehostilityoftheJansenistCamus，deputytotheConstituentAssembly。Severalletters，thefirstfromApril，1790，maybefoundinthisfile，addressedtohimfromtheleadingJacobinsofAvignon，Mainvielle，Raphel，Richard，andtherest，andamongothersthefollowing（3uly，1790）:"Donotabandonyourwork，weentreatyou。
You，sir，werethefirsttoinspireuswithadesiretobefreeandtodemandourrighttounitewithagenerousnation，fromwhichwehavebeenseveredbyfraud。"——Astothepoliticalmeansandenticements，thesearealwaysthesame。Cf。，forinstance，thisletterofaprotégé，inAvignon，ofCamus，addressedtohimJuly13，1791:"IhavejustobtainedfromthecommunetheuseofaroominsidethePalace，whereIcancarryonmytavernbusiness……Myfortuneisbasedonyourkindness……whatadistancebetweenyouandmyself！"
[40]"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIV。3。ReportontheeventsofOct。10，1791。——Ibid。，F7，3197。LetterofthethreecommissionerstothemunicipalityofAvignon，April21，andtotheMinister，May14，1791。
"ThedeputiesofOrangecertifythattherewereatleast500FrenchdesertersintheAvignonarmy。"——Inthesamereports，May21andJune8:"Itisnottobeadmittedthatenrolledbrigandsshouldestablishinasmallterritory，surroundedbyFranceonallsides，themostdangerousschoolofbrigandagethateverdisgracedorpreyeduponthishumanspecies。"——LetterofM。Villardy，presidentoftheDirectoryoftheBouches—du—Rh？neMay21。"MorethantwomillionsofthenationalpropertyisexposedtopillageandtotaldestructionbythenewMandrinswhodevastatethisunfortunatecountry。"——LetterofMéglé，recruitingsergeantoftheLaMarkregiment，arrestedalongwithtwoofhiscomrades。"ThecorpsofMandrinswhicharrestedussetusatliberty……Wewerearrestedbecausewerefusedtojointhem，andonourrefusalweweredailythreatenedwiththegallows。"
[41]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。379（noteonJourdan，byFaure，deputy）。——
Barbaroux，"Mémoires"（Ed。Dauban），392。"AfterthedeathofPatrixageneralhadtobeelected。Nobodywantedtheplaceinanarmythathadjustshownsogreatalackofdiscipline。Jourdanaroseanddeclaredthatasfarashewasconcerned，hewasreadytoaccepttheposition。
Noreplywasmade。Henominatedhimself，andaskedthesoldiersiftheywantedhimforgeneral。Adrunkardislikelytopleaseotherdrunkards；theyapplaudedhim，andhewasthusproclaimed。"
[42]AfterafamousbrigandinDauphiny，namedMandrin。—TR。[Mandrin，（Louis）（Saintétienne—de—Saint—Geoirs，Isère，1724—Valence，1755）。Frenchsmugglerwho，after1750，wasactiveoveranenormousterritorywiththesupportofthepopulation；hunteddownbythearmy，caught，condemnedtodeathtobebrokenaliveonthewheel。SeealsoTaine’sexplanationinAncientRégimepage356app。（SR）。]
[43]Cf。André，passim，andSoulier，passim。—MercuredeFrance，June4，1791。——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3197。LetterofMadamedeGabrielli，March14，1791。（HerhouseispillagedJan。10，andsheandhermaidescapebytheroof。）——ReportofthemunicipalofficersofTarascon，May22。"Thetroopwhichhasenteredthedistrictpillageseverythingitcanlayitshandson。"——Letterofthesyndic—attorneyofOrange，May22。"LastWednesday，alittlegirltenyearsofage，onherwayfromChateauneuftoCourtheson，wasviolatedbyoneonofthem，andthepoorchildisalmostdead。"——DispatchofthethreecommissionerstotheMinister，May21。"Itisnowfullyprovedbymenwhoareperfectlyreliablethatthepretendedpatriots，saidtohaveactedsogloriouslyatSarrians，arecannibalsequallyexecratedbothatAvignonandCarpentras。"
[44]"ArchivesNationales，"letteroftheDirectoryoftheBouches—du—
Rh？ne，May21，1791。——DeliberationsoftheAvignonmunicipality，associatedwiththenotablesandthemilitarycommittee，May15:"Theenormousexpenseattendingthepayandfoodforthedetachments……forcedcontributions……Whatismostrevoltingisthatthosewhoarechargedwiththedutyarbitrarilytaxtheinhabitants，accordingastheyarcdeemedbadorgoodpatriots……Themunicipality，themilitarycommittee，andthecluboftheFriendsoftheConstitutiondaredtomakeaprotest；theproscriptionagainstthemistheirrewardfortheirattachmenttotheFrenchconstitution。
[45]LetterofM。Boulet，formerlyphysicianintheFrenchmilitaryhospitalsandmemberoftheelectoralassembly，May21。
[46]"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIv。16—23，No。3。Narrativeofwhattookplaceyesterday，August21，inthetownofAvignon。——Lettersbythemayor，Richard，andtwoothers，Aug。21。——LettertothepresidentoftheNationalAssembly，Aug。22（withfivesignatures，inthenameof200familiesthathadtakenrefugeintheIledelaBartelasse）。
[47]"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIV。3。——LetterofM。Laverne，forM。
Canonge，keeperoftheMont—de—Piété。（TheelectoralassemblyofVaucluseandthejuge—de—paixhadforbiddenhimtogivethisboxintoanyotherhands。）——LettersofM。Mulot，mediatingcommissioner，GentillylesSorgues，Oct。14，15，16，1791。——LetterofM。Laverne，mayor，andthemunicipalofficers，Avignon，Jan。6，1792。——StatementofeventsoccurringatAvignon，Oct。16，17，and18（withoutasignature，butwrittenatonceonthespot）。——OfficialrapportoftheprovisionaladministratorsofAvignon，Oct。16。——CertifiedcopyofthenoticefoundpostedinAvignonindifferentplacesthisday，Oct。16（probablywrittenbyoneofthewomenofthelowerclassandshowingwhatthepopularfeelingwas）。——AletterwrittentoM。
Mulot，Oct。13’alreadycontainsthisphrase:"Finally，eveniftheydelaystoppingtheirrobberiesandpillage，miseryandthemiserablewillstillremain"——TestimonyofJosephSauton，achasseurinthepaidguardofAvignon，Oct。17（aneye—witnessofwhatpassedattheCordeliers）。
[48]André。II。62。DepositionoflaRatapiole。——DeathofthegirlAymeandofMesdamesNieletCrouzet。——DeDampmartin，II。2。
[49]"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIV，3。ReportontheeventsofOct。
16:"Twoswornpriestswerekilled，whichprovesthatacounter—
revolutionhadnothingtodowithit，……Sixofthemunicipalofficerswereassassinated。Theyhadbeenelectedaccordingtothetermsofthedecree；theywerethefruitofthepopularwillattheoutbreakoftheRevolution；theywereaccordinglypatriots。"——
BuchezetRoux，XII。420。——OfficialreportoftheCommuneofAvignon，ontheeventsofOct。16。
[50]"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIV。3。DispatchofthecivilCommissionersdeputizedbyFrance（Messrs。Beauregard，Lecesne，andChampion）totheMinisterJan。8，1792。（Alongandadmirableletter，inwhichthedifferencebetweenthetwopartiesisexhibited，supportedbyfacts，inrefutationofthecalumniesofDuprat。Theoppressedpartyiscomposednotofroyalists，butofConstitutionalists。）
[51]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3177。Dispatchesofthethreecommissioners，April27，May4，18，and21。
[52]Threehundredandthirty—fivewitnessestestifiedduringthetrial。——DeDampmartin，I。266。EntryoftheFrencharmyintoAvignon，Nov。16，1791:"Allwhowererich，exceptaverysmallnumber，hadtakenflightorperished。Thebesthouseswereallemptyorclosed。"—
—ElectionsforanewmunicipalitywereheldNov。26，1791。Outof2，287activecitizensMayorLevieuxdeLaverneobtains2，227votes，whilethemunicipalofficerlowestonthelist1，800。AllareConstitutionalistsandconservatives。
[53]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。OfficialreportofAugierandFabre，administratorsoftheBouches—du—Rh？ne，Avignon，May11，1792。
——Moniteur，XII。313。ReportoftheMinisterofJustice，May5。——
XII。324。PetitionoffortyinhabitantsofAvignon，May7。——XII334。
OfficialreportofPinet，commissioneroftheDr？me，senttoAvignon。
——XII。354ReportofM。Chassaignacandotherpapers，May10。——XI。
741Letterofthecivilcommissioners，alsooftheAvignonmunicipality，March23。
[54]"TheFrenchRevolution，"vol。I。pp。344—352，onthesixthjacquerie，everywheremanagedbytheJacobins。Twoorthreetraitsshowitsspiritandcourseofaction。（"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3202。LetteroftheDirectoryofthedistrictofAurillac，March27，1792，withofficialreports。）"Onthe20thofMarch，aboutfortybrigands，callingthemselvespatriotsandfriendsoftheconstitution，forcehonestandworthybutverypoorcitizensinnineortenofthehousesofCapelle—Viscamptogivethemmoney，generallyfivefrancseachperson，andsometimesten，twenty，andfortyfrancs。"OthersteardownorpillagethechateauxofRouesque，Rode，Marcolès，andVitracanddragthemunicipalofficersalongwiththem。"We，themayorandmunicipalofficersoftheparishofVitrac，heldameetingyesterday，March22，followingtheexampleofourneighboringparishesontheoccasionofthedemolitionofthechateaux。WemarchedattheheadofournationalguardandthatofSalvetattothesaidchateaux。Webeganbyhoistingthenationalflagandtodemolish……ThenationalguardofBoisset，eatinganddrinkingwithoutstint，enteredthechateauandbehavedinthemostbrutalmanner；forwhatevertheyfoundintheirway，whetherclocks，mirrors，doors，closets，andfinallydocuments，allweremadewaywith。Theyevensentofffortyofthementoapatrioticvillageinthevicinity。Theyforcedtheinmatesofeveryhousetogivethemmoney，andthosewhorefusedwerethreatenedwithdeath。"BesidesthisthenationalguardofBoissetcarriedoffthefurnitureofthechateau。——ThereissomethingburlesqueintheconflictsofthemunicipalitieswiththeJacobinexpeditions（letterofthemunicipalofficersofCottinestotheDirectoryofSt。Louis，March26）。"Weareverygladtoinformyouthatthereisacrowdinourparish，amongstwhicharemanybelongingtoneighboringparishes；
andthattheyhavevisitedthehouseofsieurTossyandasumofmoneyofwhichwedonotknowtheamountisdemanded，andthattheywillnotleavewithoutthatsumsothattheycamhavesomethingtoliveon，thesepeoplebeingassembledsolelytomaintaintheconstitutionandgivegreateréclattothelaw。"
[55]MercuredeFrance，numbersforJan。1and14，1792（articlesbyMalletduPan）。—"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3185，3186。LetterofthepresidentofthedistrictofLaon（Aisne）totheMinister，Feb。8，1792:"Withrespecttothenoblesandpriests，anymentionofthemastryingtosowdiscordamongusindicatesadesiretospreadfear。Alltheyaskistranquilityandtheregularpaymentoftheirpensions。"——
DeDampmartin，II。63（ontheevacuationofArles，April，1792）。OntheillegalapproachoftheMarseillesarmy，M。deDampmartin，militarycommander，orderstheArlesianstoriseinabody。Nobodycomesforward。Wiveshideawaytheirhusbands’gunsinthenight。Onlyonehundredvolunteersarefoundtoactwiththeregulartroops。
[56]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3224。SpeechofM。Saint—Amans，vice—presidentoftheDirectoryofLot—et—Garonne，tothemayorofTonneins，April20andtheletterofthesyndic—attorney—generaltoM。
Roland，minister，April22:"AccordingtotheprinciplesofthemayorofTonneins，allresistancetohimisaristocratic，hisdoctrinebeingthatallproperty—ownersarearistocrats。Youcanreadilyperceive，sir，thatheisnotoneofthem。"——Dubois，formerlyaBenedictineandnowaProtestantminister。——ActoftheDirectoryagainstthemunicipalityofTonneins，April13。ThelatterappealstotheLegislativeAssembly。Themayorandoneofthemunicipalcounselorsappearinitsname（May19）atthebaroftheAssembly。
[57]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3198。LetterofM。Debourges，oneofthethreecommissionerssentbytheNationalAssemblyandtheking，Nov。2，1791（aproposoftheMarseillesclub）。"ThisclubhasquiterecentlyobtainedfromtheDirectoryofthedepartment，onthemostcontemptibleallegation，anorderrequiringofM。deCoincy，lieutenant—generalatToulon，tosendtheadmirableErnestregimentoutofMarseilles，andM。deCoincyhasyielded。"
[58]Forinstance（GuillondeMontléon，"Mémoirespourservirà
l’histoiredeLyon，"I。109），thegeneralincommandofthenationalguardofthislargetownin1792isJuillard，apoorsilk—weaverofthefaubourgoftheGrandeC？te，aformersoldier。
[59]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3215，affairofPlabennec（verycurious，showingthetyrannicalspiritoftheJacobinsandthegooddispositionatbottomoftheCatholicpeasantry）——ThecommuneofBrestdispatchesagainstthatofPlabennec400men，withtwocannonandcommissionerschosenbytheclub。——Manydocuments，amongthem:
Petitionof150activecitizensofBrest，May16，1791。Deliberationsofthecouncil—generalandcommuneofBrest，May17。LetteroftheDirectoryofthedistrict，May17（veryeloquent）。DeliberationsofthemunicipalityofPlabennec，May20。LetterofthemunicipalityofBresttotheminister，May21。DeliberationsofthedepartmentDirectory，June13。
[60]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。376（sessionoftheDirectoryofthePas—
du—Calais，July4，1792）。Thepetition，signedby127inhabitantsofArras，ispresentedtotheDirectorybyRobespierretheyoungerandGeoffroy。Theadministratorsaretreatedasimpostors，conspirators，etc。，whilethepresident，listeningtotheserefinements，saystohiscolleagues:"Gentlemen，letussitdown；wecanattendtoinsultssittingaswellasstanding。"
[61]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3223。LetterofM。Valéry，syndic—
attorneyofthedepartment，April4，1792。
[62]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3220。ExtractfromthedeliberationsofthedepartmentDirectoryandlettertotheking，Jan。28，1792。——
LetterofM。Lafiteau，presidentoftheDirectory，Jan。30。（Themobiscomposedoffromfivetosixhundredpersons。Thepresidentiswoundedontheforeheadbyasword—cutandobligedtoleavethetown。）
Feb。20，followingthis，adeputyofthedepartmentdenouncestheDirectoryasunpatriotic。
[63]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3223。LetterofM。deRiolle，colonelofthegendarmerie，Jan。19，1792。——"OnehundredmembersoftheclubFriendsofLiberty"comeandrequestthebrigadier’sdischarge。Onthefollowingday，afterameetingofthesameclub，"fourhundredpersonsmovetothebarrackstosendofforexterminatethebrigadier。"
[64]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3219。LetterofM。Sainfal，Toulouse，March4，1792。——LetterofthedepartmentDirectory，March14。
[65]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3229。LetterofM。deNarbonne，minister，tohiscolleagueM。Cahier，Feb。3，1792。——"ThemunicipalityofAuchhaspersuadedtheunder—officersandsoldiersofthe1stbattalionthattheirchiefsweremakingpreparationtowithdraw。"——ThesamewiththemunicipalityandcluboftheNavarreins。"Alltheofficersexceptthreehavebeenobligedtoleaveandsendintheirresignations。"—F7，3225。Thesametothesame，March8。——ThemunicipalityofRennesordersthearrestofCol。deSavignac，andfourotherofficers。MercuredeFrance，Feb。18，1792。
DeDampmartin，I。230；II。70（affairsofLandau，Lauterbourg，andAvignon）。
[66]"’TheFrenchRevolution，"I。344andfollowingpages。Manyotherfactscouldbeaddedtothosecitedinthisvolume。—"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3219。LetterofM。Neil，administratorofHaute—
Garonne，Feb。27，1792。"TheconstitutionalpriestsandtheclubofthecantonofMontestrucsuggestedtotheinhabitantsthatalltheabettorsofunswornpriestsandofaristocratsshouldbeputtoransomandlaidundercontribution。"—Cf。7，3193，（Aveyron），F7，3271
（Tarn），etc。
[67]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3200。Letterofthesyndic—attorneyofBayeux，May14，1792，andletteroftheBayeuxDirectory，May21。"Thedubsshouldbeschoolsofpatriotism；theyhavebecometheterrorofit。Ifthisscandalousstruggleagainstthelawandlegitimateauthoritydoesnotsoonceaseliberty，aconstitution，andsafeguardsfortheFrenchpeoplewillnolongerexist"
[68]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3253。Letter，oftheDirectoryoftheBas—Rhin，April26，1792，andofDietrich，MayorofStrasbourg，May8。
（TheStrasbourgclubhadpubliclyinvitedthecitizenstotakeuparms，"tovigorouslypursuepriestsandadministrators。"）——LetteroftheBesan？onclubtoM。Dietrich，May3。"Iftheconstitutiondependedonthepatriotismortheperfidyofafewmagistratesinonedepartment，likethatoftheBas—Rhin，forinstance，wemightpayyousomeattention，andallthefreemenoftheempirewouldthenstooptocrushyou。"——ThereforetheJacobinclubsoftheUpperandLowerRhinesendthreedeputiestotheParisclub。
[69]Moniteur，XII。558，May19，1792。"LetteraddressedthroughpatrioticjournaliststoallclubsoftheFriendsoftheConstitutionbythepatrioticcentralsociety，formedatClermont—Ferrand。"（thereisthesamecentralizationbetweenLyonsandBordeaux。）
[70]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3198。ReportofCommissionersBertinandRebecqui，April3，1792。——Cf。Dumouriez，bookII。ch。V。TheclubatNanteswantstosendcommissionerstoinspectthefoundriesoftheIled’Indrette。
[71]Moniteur，X。420。ReportofM。Cahier，MinisteroftheInterior，Feb。18，1792。"Inallthedepartmentsfreedomofworshiphasbeenmoreorlessviolated……Thosewhoholdpowerarecitedbeforethetribunalsofthepeopleastheirenemies。"——OntheradicalandincreasingpowerlessnessoftheKingandhisministers，Cf。Moniteur，XI。11（Dec。31，1791）。——LetteroftheMinisterofFinances。——XII。
200（April23，1792），reportoftheMinisteroftheInterior。——XIII。
53（July4，1792），letteroftheMinisterofJustice。
[72]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。369。LetteroftheDirectoryoftheBasses—
Pyrénées，June25，1792。——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3200。LetteroftheDirectoryofCalvadostotheMinisteroftheInterior，Aug。3。"Wearenotagentsofthekingorhisministers。"—Moniteur，XIII。103。
DeclarationofM。deJoly，minister，inthenameofhiscolleagues（sessionofJuly10，1792）。
CHAPTERV。PARIS。
I。
PressureoftheAssemblyontheKing。——Hisvetorenderedvoidoreluded。——Hisministersinsultedanddrivenaway。——TheusurpationsofhisGirondistministry。——Heremovesthem。—Riotsbeingprepared。
PREVIOUStothisthetreewassoshakenastobealreadytotteringatitsbase。——ReducedastheKing’sprerogativeis，theJacobinsstillcontinuetocontestit，deprivinghimofevenitsshadow。AttheopeningsessiontheyrefusetohimthetitlesofSireandMajesty；tothemheisnot，inthesenseoftheconstitution，ahereditaryrepresentativeoftheFrenchpeople，but"ahighfunctionary，"thatistosay，amereemployee，fortunateenoughtositinanequallygoodchairalongsideofthepresidentoftheAssembly，whomtheystyle"presidentofthenation。"[1]TheAssembly，intheireyes，issolesovereign，"whiletheotherpowers，"saysCondorcet，"canactlegitimatelyonlywhenspeciallyauthorizedbyapositivelaw；[2]theAssemblymaydoanythingthatisnotformallyprohibitedtoitbythelaw，"’inotherwords，interprettheconstitution，thenchangeit，takeittopieces，anddoawaywithit。Consequently，indefianceoftheconstitution，ittakesuponitselftheinitiationofwar，and，onrareoccasions，ontheKingusinghisveto，itsetsthisaside，orallowsittobesetaside。[3]Invainherejects，ashehasalegalrighttodo，thedecreeswhichsanctionthepersecutionofunswornecclesiastics，whichconfiscatethepropertyoftheémigrés，andwhichestablishacamparoundParis。AtthesuggestionoftheJacobindeputies，[4]theunswornecclesiasticsareinterned，expelled，orimprisonedbythemunicipalitiesandDirectories；theestatesandmansionsoftheémigrésandoftheirrelativesareabandonedwithoutresistancetothejacqueries；thecamparoundParisisreplacedbythesummoningoftheFederatestoParis。Inshort，themonarch’ssanctioniseludedordispensedwith。——Astohisministers，"theyaremerelyclerksoftheLegislativeBodydeckedwitharoyalleash。"[5]Infullsessiontheyaremaltreated，reviled，grosslyinsulted，notmerelyaslackeysofbadcharacter，butasknowncriminals。Theyareinterrogatedatthebarofthehouse，forbiddentoleaveParisbeforetheiraccountsareexamined；theirpapersareoverhauled；theirmostguardedexpressionsandmostmeritoriousactsareheldtobecriminal；denunciationsagainstthemareprovoked；
theirsubordinatesareincitedtorebelagainstthem；[6]committeestowatchthemandcalumniatethemareappointed；theperspectiveofascaffoldisplacedbeforethemineveryrelation，actsorthreatsofaccusationbeingpassedagainstthem，aswellasagainsttheiragents，ontheshallowestpretexts，accompaniedwithsuchmiserablequibbling，[7]andsuchanevidentfalsificationoffactsandtextsthattheAssembly，forcedbytheevidence，twicereversesitshastydecision，anddeclaresthoseinnocentwhomithadcondemnedtheeveningbefore。[8]Nothingisofanyavail，neithertheirstrictfulfillmentofthelaw，theirsubmissiontothecommitteesoftheAssembly，northeirhumbleattitudebeforetheAssemblyitself；"theyarecarefulnowtotreatitpolitelyandavoidthegalleys。"[9]——Butthisdoesnotsuffice。TheymustbecomeJacobins；otherwisethehighcourtofOrleanswillbeforthemasforM。Delessart，theante—roomtotheprisonandtheguillotine。"Terroranddismay，"saysVergniaud，pointingwithhisfingertotheTuileries，"haveoftenissuedinthenameofdespotisminancienttimesfromthatfamouspalace；letthemto—daygobacktoitinthenameoflaw。"[10]
EvenwithaJacobinMinister，terroranddismayarepermanent。
Roland，Clavières，andServannotonlydonotshieldtheKing，buttheygivehimup，and，undertheirpatronageandwiththeirconnivance，heismorevictimized，moreharassed，andmorevilifiedthaneverbefore。TheirpartisansintheAssemblytaketurnsinslanderinghim，whileIsnardproposesagainsthimamostinsolentaddress。[11]Shoutsofdeathareutteredinfrontofhispalace。AnabbéorsoldierisunmercifullybeatenanddraggedintotheTuileriesbasin。OneofthegunnersoftheGuardrevilesthequeenlikeafishwoman，andexclaimstoher，"HowgladIshouldbetoclapyourheadontheendofmybayonet！"[12]TheysupposedthattheKingisbroughttoheelunderthisdoublepressureoftheLegislativeBodyandthestreet；theyrelyonhisaccustomeddocility，oratleast，onhisprovenlethargy；theythinkthattheyhaveconvertedhimintowhatCondorcetoncedemanded，asignaturemachine。[13]Consequently，withoutnotifyinghim，justasifthethronewerevacant，Servan，onhisownauthority，proposestotheAssemblythecampoutsideParis。[14]Roland，forhispart，readstohimatafullmeetingofthecouncilanarrogant，pedagogicalremonstrance，scrutinizinghissentiments，informinghimofhisduties，callinguponhimtoacceptthenew"religion，"tosanctionthedecreeagainstunswornecclesiastics，thatistosay，tocondemntobeggary，imprisonment，andtransportation[15]70，000priestsandnunsguiltyoforthodoxy，andauthorizethecamparoundParis，whichmeans，toputhisthrone，hisperson，andhisfamilyatthemercyof20，000madmen，chosenbytheclubsandotherassemblagesexpresslytodohimharm；[16]inshort，todiscardatoncehisconscienceandhiscommonsense。——
Strangeenough，theroyalwillthistimeremainsstaunch；notonlydoestheKingrefuse，buthedismisseshisministers。Somuchtheworseforhim，forsignhemust，costwhatitwill；ifheinsistsonremainingathwarttheirpath，theywillmarchoverhim。——Notbecauseheisdangerous，andthinksofabandoninghislegalimmobility。Uptothe10thofAugust，throughadreadofaction，andnottokindleacivilwar，herejectsallplansleadingtoanopenrupture。Uptotheverylastdayheresignshimselfevenwhenhispersonalsafetyandthatofhisfamilyisatstake，toconstitutionallawandpubliccommonsense。BeforedismissingRolandandServan，hedesirestofurnishsomestrikingproofofhispacificintentionsbysanctioningthedissolutionofhisguardanddisarminghimselfnotonlyforattackbutfordefense；henceforthhesitsathomeandawaitstheinsurrectionwithwhichheisdailymenaced；heresignshimselftoeverything，exceptdrawinghissword；hisattitudeisthatofaChristianintheamphitheatre。[17]——ThepropositionofacampoutsideParis，however，drawsoutaprotestfrom8，000ParisNationalGuards。LafayettedenouncestotheAssemblytheusurpationsoftheJacobins；thefactionseesthatitsreignisthreatenedbythisreawakeningandunionofthefriendsoforder。Ablowmustbestruck。
Thishasbeeninpreparationforamonthpast，andtorenewthedaysofOctober5thand6th，thematerialsarenotlacking。
II。
ThefloatingandpoorpopulationofParis。——Dispositionoftheworkers。——Effectofpovertyandwantofwork。——EffectofJacobinpreaching。——Therevolutionaryarmy。—Qualityofitsrecruits——
Itsfirstreview。——Itsactualeffectiveforce。
Parisalwayshasitsinterloping，floatingpopulation。Ahundredthousandoftheneedy，one—thirdofthesefromthedepartments，"beggarsbyrace，"thosewhomRétifdelaBretonnehadalreadyseenpasshisdoor，RuedeBièvre，onthe13thofJuly，1789，ontheirwaytojointheirfellowsonthesuburbofSt。Antoine，[18]alongwiththem"thosefrightfulraftsmen，"pilotsanddock—hands，bornandbroughtupintheforestsoftheNièvreandtheYonne，veritablesavagesaccustomedtowieldingthepickandtheax，behavinglikecannibalswhentheopportunityoffers，[19]andwhowillbefoundforemostintherankswhentheSeptemberdayscome。Alongsidethesestridetheirfemalecompanions"barge—womenwho，embitteredbytoil，liveforthemomentonly，"andwho，threemonthsearlier，pillagedthegrocer—shops。[20]Allthis"isafrightfulcrowdwhich，everytimeitstirs，seemstodeclarethatthelastdayoftherichandwell—to—dohascome；tomorrowitisourturn，to—morrowweshallsleeponeiderdown。"——Stillmorealarmingistheattitudeofthesteadyworkmen，especiallyinthesuburbs。Andfirstofall，ifbreadisnotasexpensiveasonthe5thofOctober，themiseryisworse。Theproductionofarticlesofluxuryhasbeenatastandstillforthreeyears，andtheunemployedartisanhasconsumedhissmallsavings。
SincetheruinofSt。Domingoandthepillagingofgrocers’shopscolonialproductsaredear；thecarpenter，themason，thelocksmith，themarket—porter，nolongerhashisearlycupofcoffee，[21]whiletheygrumbleeverymorningatthethoughtoftheirpatriotismbeingrewardedbyanincreaseofdeprivation。
ButmorethanallthistheyarenowJacobins，andafternearlythreeyearsofpreaching，thedogmaofpopularsovereigntyhastakendeeprootintheiremptybrains。"Inthesegroups，"writesapolicecommissioner，"theConstitutionisheldtobeuselessandthepeoplealonearethelaw。ThecitizensofParisonthepublicsquarethinkthemselvesthepeople，populus，whatwecalltheuniversalityofcitizens。"[22]——Itisofnousetotellthemthat，alongsideofParis，thereisaFrance。Dantonhasshownthemthatthecapital"iscomposedofcitizensbelongingonewayoranothertotheeighty—threedepartments；thatishasabetterchancethananyotherplacetoappreciateministerialconduct；thatitisthefirstsentinelofthenation，"whichmakesthemconfidentofbeingright。[23]——Itisofnousetotellthemthattherearebetter—informedandmorecompetentauthoritiesthanthemselves。Robespierreassuresthemthat"inthematterofgeniusandpublic—spiritednessthepeopleareinfallible，whilsteveryoneelseissubjecttomistakes，"[24]andheretheyaresureoftheircapacity。——Intheirowneyestheyarethelegitimate，competentauthoritiesforallFrance，and，duringthreeyears，thesolethemetheircourtiersofthepress，tribune，andclub，viewitheachotherinrepeatingtothem，istheexpressionoftheDucdeVilleroytoLouisXIV。whenachild:"Lookmymaster，beholdthisgreatkingdom！Itisallforyou，itbelongstoyou，youareitsmaster！"——Undoubtedly，toswallowanddigestsuchgrossironypeoplemustbehalf—foolsorhalf—brutes；butitisexactlytheircapacityforself—deceptionwhichmakesthemdifferentfromthesensibleorpassivecrowdandcaststhemintoabandwhoseascendancyisirresistible。Convincedthatastreetmobisentitledtoabsoluteruleandthatthenationexpressesitssovereigntythroughitsgatherings，theyaloneassemblethestreetmobs，theyalone，byvirtueoftheirconceitandlackofjudgment，believethemselveskings。
Suchisthenewpowerwhich，intheearlymonthsoftheyear1792，startsupalongsideofthelegalpowers。ItisnotforeseenbytheConstitution；neverthelessitexistsanddeclaresitself；itisvisibleanditsrecruitscanbecounted。[25]Onthe29thofApril，withtheAssemblyconsenting，andcontrarytothelaw，threebattalionsfromthesuburbofSt。Antoine，about1500men，[26]marchinthreecolumnsintothehall，oneofwhichiscomposedoffusiliersandtheothertwoofpikemen，"theirpikesbeingfromeighttotenfeetlong，"offormidableaspectandofallsorts，"pikeswithlaurelleaves，pikeswithcloverleaves，pikesàcarlet，pikeswithturn—
spits，pikeswithhearts，pikeswithserpentstongues，pikeswithforks，pikeswithdaggers，pikeswiththreeprongs，pikeswithbattle—
axes，pikeswithclaws，pikeswithsickles，lance—pikescoveredwithironprongs。"OntheothersideoftheSeinethreebattalionsfromthesuburbofSt。Marcelarecomposedandarmedinthesamefashion。
Thisconstitutesakernelof3，000moreinotherquartersofParis。
AddtotheseineachofthesixtybattalionsoftheNationalguardthegunners，almostallofthemblacksmiths，locksmithsandhorse—shoers，alsothemajorityofthegendarmes，oldsoldiersdischargedforinsubordinationandnaturallyinclinedtorioting，inallanarmyofabout9，000men，notcountingtheusualaccompanimentofvagabondsandmerebandits；ignorantandeager，butmenwhodotheirwork，wellarmed，formedintocompanies，readytomarchandreadytostrike。
Alongsideofthetalkingauthoritieswehavetheveritableforcethatacts，foritistheonlyonewhichdoesact。AsformerlythepraetorianguardoftheCaesarsinRome，ortheTurkishguardsoftheCaliphsofBaghdad，itishenceforthmasterofthecapital，andthroughthecapital，oftheNation。
III。
Itsleaders。—Theircommittee。—。Methodsforarousingthecrowd。
Asthetroopsaresoaretheirleaders。Bullsmusthavedroverstoconductthem，onedegreesuperiortothebrutebutonlyonedegree，dressed，talkingandactinginaccordancewithhisoccupation，withoutdislikesorscruples，naturallyorwillfullyhardened，fertileinjockeyingandintheexpedientsoftheslaughterhouse，themselvesbelongingtothepeopleorpretendingtobelongtothem。SanterreisabreweroftheFaubourgSt。Antoine，commanderofthebattalionof"
EnfantsTrouvés，"tall，stoutandostentatious，withstentorianlungs，shakingthehandofeverybodyhemeetsinthestreet，andwhenathometreatingeverybodytoadrinkpaidforbytheDukeofOrleans。
Legendreisacholericbutcher，whoevenintheConventionmaintainshisbutcheringtraits。Therearethreeorfourforeignadventurers，experiencedinallkindsofdeadlyoperations，usingthesaberorthebayonetwithoutwarningpeopletogetoutoftheway。Rotonde，thefirstone，isanItalian，ateacherofEnglishandprofessionalrioter，who，convictedofmurderandrobbery，istoendhisdaysinPiedmontonthegallows。Thesecond，Lazowski，isaPole，aformerdandy，aconceitedfop，who，withSlavefacility，becomesthebarestofnakedsans—culottes；formerenjoyingasinecure，thensuddenlyturnedoutinthestreet，andshoutingintheclubsagainsthisprotectorswhoheseesputdown；heiselectedcaptainofthegunnersofthebattalionSt。Marcel，andistobeoneoftheSeptemberslaughterers。Hisdrawing—roomtemperament，however，isnotrigorousenoughforthepartheplaysinthestreets，andattheendofayearheistodie，consumedbyafeverandbybrandy。ThethirdisanotherchiefslaughtererattheSeptembermassacres。Fournier，knownastheAmerican，aformerplanter，whohasbroughtwithhimfromSt。Domingoacontemptforhumanlife；"withhislividandsinistercountenance，hismustache，histriplebeltofpistols，hiscoarselanguage，hisoaths，helookslikeapirate。"Bytheirsideweencounteralittlehump—backedlawyernamedCuirette—Verrières，anunceasingspeaker，who，onthe6thofOctober，1789，paradedthecityonalargewhitehorseandafterwardspleadedforMarat，whichtwoqualificationswithhisPunchfigure，fullyestablishhiminthepopularimagination；theruggedguys，moreover，whoholdnocturnalmeetingsatSanterre’sneededawriterandheprobablymettheirrequirements。—Thissecretsocietycancountonotherfaithfuls。"Brière，wine—dealer，Nicolas，asapperinthe’EnfantsTrouvés’battalion，Gonor，claimingtobeoneofthevictorsoftheBastille，"[27]Rossignol，anoldsoldierandafterwardsajourneyman—jeweler，who，afterpresidingatthemassacresofLaForce，istobecomeanimprovisedgeneralanddisplayhisincapacity，debauchery，andthieverythroughoutLaVendée。"Thereareyetmoreofthem，"Hugueninundoubtedly，aruinedex—lawyer，afterwardscarabineer，thenadeserter，nextabarrier—clerk，nowservingasspokesmanfortheFaubourgSt。HonoréandfinallypresidentoftheSeptembercommune；therewasalso，doubtless，St。HurugealiasPèreAdam，thegreatbarkerofthePalais—Royal，amarquisfallenintothegutter，drinkingwithanddressinglikeacommonporter，alwaysflourishinganenormousclubandfollowedbytheriffraff。[28]
——Thesearealltheleaders。TheJacobinsofthemunicipalityandoftheAssemblyconfinetheirsupportoftheenterprisetoconnivingatitandtogivingittheirencouragement。[29]Itisbetterfortheinsurrectiontoseemspontaneous。ThroughcautionorshynesstheGirondins，Pétion，ManualandDantonhimself，keepinthebackground—
—thereisnotreasonfortheircomingforward。——Therest，affiliatedwiththepeopleandlostinthecrowd，arebetterqualifiedtofabricatethestorywhichtheirflockwilllike。Thistale，adaptedtothecrowd’sintellectuallimits，formandactivity，isbothsimpleandsomber，suchaschildrenlike，orratheramelodramatakenfromanalienstageinwhichthegoodappearononeside，andthewickedontheotherwithanogreortyrantinthecenter，someinfamoustraitorwhoissuretobeunmaskedattheendofthepieceandpunishedaccordingtohisdeserts，thewholegrandiloquenttermsand，asafinale，windingupwithagrandchorus。Intherawbrainofanover—
excitedworkmanpoliticsfindtheirwayonlyintheshapeofrough—
hewn，highly—coloredimagery，suchasisfurnishedbytheMarseillaise，theCarmagnole，andthe？aira。Therequisitemottoisadaptedtohisuse；throughthismisshapenmagnifyingglassthemostgraciousfigureappearsunderadiabolicalaspect。LouisXVI。isrepresentedhere"asamonsterusinghispowerandtreasuretoopposetheregenerationoftheFrench。AnewCharlesIX。，hedesirestobringonFrancedeathanddesolation。Begone，cruelman，yourcrimesmustend！Damienswaslessguiltythanthouart！HewaspunishedwiththemosthorribletortureforhavingtriedtoridFranceofamonster，whileyou，attemptingtwenty—fivemilliontimesmore，areallowedfullimmunity！[30]Letustrampleunderourfeetthissimulacraofroyalty！Trembletyrants，Sc？volasarestillamongstyou！"
Allthisispronounced，declaimedorrathershouted，publicly，infulldaylight，undertheKing’swindows，bystump—speakersmountedonchairs，whilesimilarprovocationsdailyflowfromthecommitteeinstalledinSanterre’sestablishment，nowintheshapeofdisplayspostedinthefaubourgs，nowinthatofpetitionscirculatedintheclubsandsections，nowthroughmotionswhicharegottenup"amongthegroupsintheTuileries，inthePalais—Royal，inthePlacedeGrèveandespeciallyonthePlacedelaBastille。"Afterthe2ndofJunetheleadersfoundedanewclubinthechurchofthe"EnfantsTrouvés"
thattheymighthavetheirspeciallaboratoryandthusdotheirworkonthespot。[31]LikePlato’sdemagogues，theyunderstandtheirbusiness。Theyhavediscoveredthecrieswhichmakethepopularanimaltakenote，whatoffenseoffendshim，whatcharmattractshim，andonwhatroadheshouldbemadetofollow。Oncedrawninandunderway，hewillmarchblindlyon，bornealongbyhisowninvoluntaryinspirationandcrushingwithhismassallthatheencountersonhispath。
IV。
The20thofJune。——Theprogramme。——Themuster。——TheprocessionbeforetheAssembly。——IrruptionintotheChateau。——TheKinginthepresenceofthepeople。
Thebaithasbeencarefullychosenandiswellpresented。IttakestheformofacelebrationoftheanniversaryoftheoathoftheTennis—
court。AtreeofLibertywillbeplantedontheterraceoftheFeuillantsand"petitionsrelatingtocircumstances"willbepresentedintheAssemblyandthentotheKing。Asaprecaution，andtoimposeontheill—disposed，thepetitionersprovidethemselveswitharmsandlinetheapproaches。[32]——Apopularprocessionisanattractivething，andtherearesomanyworkerswhodonotknowwhattodowiththeiremptyday！And，again，itissopleasanttoappearinapatrioticoperawhilemany，andespeciallywomenandchildren，wantverymuchtoseeMonsieurandMadameVeto。Thepeoplefromthesurroundingsuburbsareinvited，[33]thehomelessprowlersandbeggarswillcertainlyjointheparty，whilethenumerousbodyofParisianloafers，theloungersthatjoineveryspectaclecanbereliedon，andthecuriouswho，eveninourtime，gatherbyhundredsalongthequays，followingadogthathaschancedtotumbleintotheriver。Allthisformsabodywhich，withoutthinking，willfollowitshead。
Atfiveo’clockinthemorningonthe20thofJunegroupsarealreadyformedinthefaubourgsSt。AntoineandSt。Marcel，consistingofNationalGuards，pikemen，gunnerswiththeircannon，personsarmedwithsabersorclubs，andwomenandchildren。——Anotice，indeed，justpostedonthewalls，prohibitsanyassemblage，andthemunicipalofficersappearintheirscarvesandcommandorentreatthecrowdnottobreakthelaw。[34]But，inaworking—classbrain，ideasareastenaciousastheyareshort—lived。Peoplecountonacivicprocessionandgetupearlyinthemorningtoattendtoit；thecannonhavebeenhitchedup，themaypoletreeisputonwheelsandallisreadyfortheceremony，everybodytakesaholidayandnonearedisposedtoreturnhome。Besides，theyhaveonlygoodintentions。Theyknowthelawaswellasthecityofficials；theyare"armedsolelytohaveitobservedandrespected。"Finally，otherarmedpetitionershavealreadyfiledalongbeforetheNationalAssembly，and，asoneisasgoodasanother，"thelawbeingequalforall，"othersmustbeadmittedaswell。Inanyeventthey，too，willaskpermissionoftheNationalAssemblyandtheygoexpressly。Thisisthelastandthebestargumentofall，andtoprovetothecityofficialsthattheyhavenodesiretoengageinariot，theyrequestthemtojointheprocessionandmarchalongwiththem。
Meanwhile，timepasses。Inacrowdirritatedbydelay，themostimpatient，therudest，thosemostinclinedtocommitviolence，alwaysleadtherest。——Atthehead—quartersoftheVal—de—Grace[35]thepikemenseizethecannonanddragthemalong；theNationalGuardsletthingstaketheircourse；Saint—PrixandLeclerc，theofficersincommand，threatenedwithdeath，havenothingtodobuttoyieldwithaprotest。——ThereisthesamestateofthingsintheMontreuilsection；theresistanceoffouroutofsixofthebattalionofficersmerelyservedtogivefullpowertotheinstigatoroftheinsurrection，andhenceforthSanterrebecomesthesoleleaderoftheassembledcrowd。Abouthalf—pastelevenheleaveshisbrewery，and，followedbycannon，theflag，andthetruckwhichbearsthepoplartree，heplaceshimselfattheheadoftheprocession"consistingofaboutfifteenhundredpersonsincludingthebystanders。"[36]Likeasnowball，however，thetroopgrowsasitmarchesalonguntil，onreachingtheNationalAssembly，Santerrehasbehindhimfromseventoeightthousandpersons。[37]GuadetandVergniaudmovethatthepetitionersbeintroduced；theirspokesman，Huguenin，inabombasticandthreateningaddress，denouncestheministry，theKing，theaccusedatOrleans，thedeputiesofthe"Right，"demands"blood，"andinformstheAssemblythatthepeople"resolute"isreadytotakethelawintheirownhands。[38]Then，withdrumsbeatingandbandsplaying，thecrowddefilesformorethananhourthroughthechamberundertheeyesofSanterreandSaint—Huruge:hereandthereafewfilesoftheNationalGuardpassmingledwiththethrongandlostin"themovingforestofpikes"；alltherestispurerabble，"hideousfaces，"[39]
saysadeputy，onwhichpovertyandlooselivinghavelefttheirmarks，ragamuffins，men"withoutcoats，"intheirshirt—sleeves，armedinallsortsofways，withchiselsandshoe—knivesfastenedonsticks，onewithasawonapoletenfeetlong，womenandchildren，someofthembrandishingasaber。[40]Inthemiddleofthisprocession，anoldpairofbreeches[culottes]borneonapikewiththismotto:
ViventlesSans—Culottes！and，onapitch—fork，theheartofacalfwiththisinscription:C？urd’aristocrate，bothsignificantemblemsofthegrimhumortheimaginationsofrag—dealersorbutchersmightcomeupwithforapoliticalcarnival。——This，indeed，itis，theyhavebeendrinkingandmanyaredrunk。[41]Aparadeisnotenough，theywantalsotoamusethemselves:traversingthehalltheysing？airaanddanceintheintervals。TheyatthesametimeshowtheircivismbyshoutingVivelespatriotes！AbasleVeto！Theyfraternise，astheypassalong，withthegooddeputiesofthe"Left"；theyjeerthoseofthe"Right"andshaketheirfistsatthem；oneofthese，knownbyhistallstature，istoldthathisbusinesswillbesettledforhimthefirstopportunity。[42]ThusdotheyflaunttheircollaboratorstotheAssembly，everyonepreparedandwillingtoact，evenagainsttheAssemblyitself。——Andyet，withtheexceptionofaniron—railingpushedinbythecrowdandanirruptionontotheterraceofthe"Feuillants，"noactofviolencewascommitted。TheParispopulation，exceptwheninarage，israthervolubleandcuriousthanferocious；
besides，thusfar，noonehadofferedanyresistance。Thecrowdisnowsatedwithshoutingandparading；manyofthemyawnwithboredomandweariness；[43]atfouro’clocktheyhavestoodontheirlegsfortenortwelvehours。ThehumanstreamissuingfromtheAssemblyandemptyingitselfintotheCarrouselremainsstagnantthereandseemsreadytoreturntoitsusualchannels。——Thisisnotwhattheleadershadintended。Santerre，onarrivingwithSaint—Huruge，criesouttohismen，"Whydidn’tyouenterthechateau？Youmustgoin——thatiswhatwecameherefor。"[44]AlieutenantoftheVal—de—Gracegunnersshouts:"WehaveforcedopentheCarrousel，wemustforceopenthechateautoo！ThisisthefirsttimetheVal—de—Gracegunnersmarch——