theyarenotj……f……Come，followme，mymen，ontotheenemy！[45]—"Meanwhile，outsidethegate，someofthemunicipalofficersselectedbyPétionamongstthemostrevolutionarymembersofthecouncil，overcomeresistancebytheirspeechesandcommands。
　　’Afterall，"saysoneofthem，namedMouchet，"therightofpetitionissacred。"——"Openthegate！"shoutSergentandBoucher—René，"nobodyhasarighttoshutit。Everycitizenhasarighttogothroughit！"[46]Agunnerraisesthelatch，thegateopensandthecourtfillsinthewinklingofaneye；[47]thecrowdrushesunderthearchwayandupthegrandstairwaywithsuchimpetuositythatacannonbornealongbyhandreachesthethirdroomonthefirststorybeforeitstops。Thedoorscrackundertheblowsofaxesand，inthelargehalloftheOeildeB？uf，themultitudefindthemselvesfacetofacewiththeKing。
　　Insuchcircumstancestherepresentativesofpublicauthority，thedirectories，themunicipalities，themilitarychiefs，and，onthe6thofOctober，theKinghimself，haveallthusfaryielded；theyhaveeitheryieldedorperished。Santerre，certainoftheissue，preferredtotakenopartinthisaffair；heprudentlyholdsback，heshiesaway，andletsthecrowdpushhimintothecouncilchamber，wheretheQueen，theyoungDauphin，andtheladieshavetakenrefuge。[48]
　　There，withhistall，corpulentfigure，heformedasortofshieldtoforestalluselessandcompromisinginjuries。Inthemeantime，intheOeildeB？uf，heletsthingstaketheircourse；everythingwillbedoneinhisabsencethatoughttobedone，andinthisheseemstohavecalculatedjustly。——Ononeside，inawindowrecess，sitstheKingonabench，almostalone，whileinfrontofhim，asaguard，arefourorfiveoftheNationalGuards；ontheotherside，intheapartments，isanimmensecrowd，hourlyincreasingaccordingastherumoroftheirruptionspreadsinthevicinity，fifteenortwentythousandpersons，aprodigiousaccumulation，apell—melltraversedbyeddies，ahowlingseaofbodiescrushingeachother，andofwhichthesimplefluxandrefluxwouldflattenagainstthewallsobstaclestentimesasstrong，anuproarsufficienttoshatterthewindowpanes，"frightfulyells，"cursesandimprecations，"DownwithM。Veto！""LetVetogotothedevil！""Takebackthepatriotministers！""Heshallsign；wewon’tgoawaytillhedoes！"[49]——Foremostamongthemall，Legendre，moreresolutethanSanterre，declareshimselfthespokesmanandtrusteeofthepowersofthesovereignpeople:"Sir，"sayshetotheKing，who，hesees，makesagestureofsurprise，"yes，Sir，listentous；youaremadetolistentowhatwesay！Youareatraitor！Youhavealwaysdeceivedus；youdeceiveusnow！Butlookout，themeasureisfull；thepeoplearetiredofbeingplayedupon！"——"Sire，Sire，"exclaimsanotherfanatic，"Iaskyouinthenameofthehundredthousandbeingsaroundustorecallthepatriotministers……I
　　demandthesanctionofthedecreeagainstthepriestsandthetwentythousandmen。Eitherthesanctionoryoushalldie！"——Butlittleiswantingforthethreattobecarriedout。Thefirstcomersareonhand，"presentingpikes，"amongthem"abrigand，"witharustyswordbladeontheendofapole，"verysharp，"andwhopointsthisattheKing。Afterwardstheattemptatassassinationismanytimesrenewed，obstinately，bythreeorfourmadmendeterminedtokill，andwhomakesignsofsodoing，one，ashabby，raggedfellow，whokeepsuphisexcitementwith"thefoulestpropositions，"thesecondone，"aso—
　　calledconqueroroftheBastille，"formerlyporte—têteforFoulonandBerthier，andsincedrivenoutofthebattalion，thethird，amarket—
　　porter，who，"formorethananhour，"armedwithasaber，makesaterribleefforttomakehiswaytotheking。[50]——Nothingisdone。
　　Thekingremainsimpassibleundereverythreat。Hetakesthehandofagrenadierwhowishestoencouragehim，and，placingitonhisbreast，bidshim，"Seeifthatisthebeatingofaheartagitatedbyfear。"[51]ToLegendreandthezealotswhocalluponhimtosanction，hereplieswithouttheleastexcitement:
　　"IhaveneverdepartedfromtheConstitution……IwilldowhattheConstitutionrequiresmetodo……Itisyouwhobreakthelaw。"
　　——And，fornearlythreehours，remainingstanding，blockadedonhisbench，[52]hepersistsinthiswithoutshowingasignofweaknessorofanger。Thiscooldeportmentatlastproducesaneffect，theimpressionitmakesonthespectatorsnotbeingatallthatwhichtheyanticipated。Itisveryclearthatthepersonagebeforethemisnotthemonsterwhichhasbeendepictedtothem，asomber，imperioustyrant，thesavage，cunningCharlesIX。theyhadhissedonthestage。
　　Theyseeamansomewhatstout，withplacid，benevolentfeatures，whomtheywouldtake，withouthisbluesash，foranordinary，peaceablebourgeois。[53]Hisministers，nearby，threeorfourmeninblackcoats，gentlemenandrespectableemployees，arejustwhattheyseemtobe。Inanotherwindowrecessstandshissister，MadameElizabeth，withhersweetandinnocentface。Thispretendedtyrantisamanlikeothermen；hespeaksgently，hesaysthatthelawisonhisside，andnobodysaysthecontrary；perhapsheislesswrongthanheisthoughttobe。Ifhewouldonlybecomeapatriot！——Awomanintheroombrandishesaswordwithacockadeonitspoint；theKingmakesasignandtheswordishandedtohim，whichheraisesand，hurrahingwiththecrowd，criesout:VivelaNation！Thatisalreadyonegoodsign。A
　　redcapisshakenintheairattheendofapole。Someoneoffersittohimandheputsitonhishead；applauseburstsforth，andshoutsofVivelaNation！VivelaLiberte！andevenviveleRoi！
　　Fromthistimeforththegreatestdangerisover。Butitisnotthatthebesiegersabandonthesiege。"Hediddamnedwell，"theyexclaim，"toputthecapon，andifhehadn’twewouldhaveseenwhatwouldcomeofit。Anddamnit，ifhedoesnotsanctionthedecreeagainstthepriests，anddoitrightoff；wewillcomebackeveryday。Inthiswayweshalltirehimoutandmakehimafraidofus。——Butthedaywearson。Theheatisover—powering，thefatigueextreme，theKinglessdesertedandbetterprotected。Fiveorsixofthedeputies，threeofthemunicipalofficers，afewofficersoftheNationalGuard，havesucceededinmakingtheirwaytohim。Pétionhimself，mountedonasofa，haranguesthepeoplewithhisaccustomedflattery。[54]AtthesametimeSanterre，awareoftheopportunitybeinglost，assumestheattitudeofaliberator，andshoutsinhisroughvoice:"Ianswerfortheroyalfamily。Letmeseetoit。"AlineofNationalGuardsformsinfrontoftheKing，when，slowlyandwithdifficulty，urgedbythemayor，thecrowdmeltsaway，and，byeighto’clockintheevening，itisgone。
　　_
　　Notes:
　　[1]Moniteur，X。39andfollowingpages（sessionsofOct。5and6，1791）。SpeechesbyChabot，Couthon，Lequinio，andVergniaud。—MercuredeFrance，Oct。15。SpeechbyRobespierre，May17，1790。"Thekingisnotthenation’srepresentative，butitsclerk。—Cf。ErnestHamel，"ViedeRobespierre。"
　　[2]Moniteur，XIII。97（sessionofJuly6，1792）
　　[3]BuchezetRoux，XIII。61，Jan。28，1792。TheKinginhisusuallymildwaycallstheattentionoftheAssemblytotheusurpationitiscommitting。"Theformadoptedbyyouisopentoimportantobservations。Ishallnotextendtheseto—day；thegravityofthesituationdemandsthatIconcernmyselfmuchmorewithmaintainingharmonioussentimentsthanwithcontinuallydiscussingmyrights。"
　　[4]Sauzay，II。99。LetterofthedeputyVernereytotheDirectoryofDoubs:"TheDirectoryofthedepartmentmayalwaysactwiththegreatestseverityagainsttheseditious，and，apartfromthearticlerelatingtotheirpension，followthetrackmarkedoutinthedecree。
　　IftheexecutivedesirestoimpedetheoperationsoftheDirectory……thelatterhasitsrecourseintheNationalAssembly，whichinallprobabilitywillafforditashelteragainstministerialattacks。"——
　　Moniteur，XII。202（sessionofApril23）。ReportofRoland，MinisteroftheInterior。Alreadyatthisdateforty—twodepartmentshadexpelledorinternedtheunswornecclesiastics。
　　[5]Mercure—de—France，Feb。25。
　　[6]Moniteur，X。440（sessionofNov。22，1791）。AlettertoM。
　　Southon，DirectoroftheMintatParis，isread，"complainingofanarbitraryorder，thatoftheMinisteroftheInterior，toreporthimselfatPauonthe25thofthismonth，underpenaltyofdismissal。"
　　Isnardsupportsthecharge:"M。Southon，"hesays，"ishereatworkonaverycircumstantialdenunciationoftheMinisteroftheInterior[Applausefromthegalleries。]Ifcitizenswhoarezealousenoughtomakewaronabusesaresentbacktotheirdepartmentsweshallneverhavedenunciations"[Theapplauseisrenewed。]—Ibid。，X，504
　　（sessionofNov。29）。SpeechbyIsnard:"Ourministersmustknowthatwearenotfullysatisfiedwiththeconductofeachofthem[repeatedapplause]；thathenceforththeymustsimplychoosebetweenpublicgratitudeandthevengeanceofthelaw，andthatourunderstandingofthewordresponsibilityisdeath。"[Theapplauseisrenewed。]——TheAssemblyordersthisspeechtobeprintedandsentintothedepartments。—Cf。XII，73，138，etc。
　　[7]Moniteur，XI。603。（SessionofMarch10。SpeechbyBrissot，tosecureadecreeofaccusationagainstM。Delessart，MinisterofForeignAffairs。）M。Delessartisa"perfidiousman，"forhavingstatedinadispatchthat"theConstitution，withthegreatmajorityofthenation，hasbecomeasortofreligionwhichisembracedwiththegreatestenthusiasm。"Brissotdenouncesthesetwoexpressionsasinadequateandanti—patriotic。—Ibid。，XII。438（sessionofMay20）。
　　SpeechbyGuadet:"Larivière，thejuge—de—paix，hasconvictedhimselfofthebasestandmostatrociousofpassions，inhavingdesiredtousurpthepowerwhichtheConstitutionhasplacedinthehandsoftheNationalAssembly。"——IdonotbelievethatLaubardemonthimselfcouldhavecomposedanythingequaltothesetwospeeches。——Cf。XII。
　　462（sessionofMay23）。SpeechbyBrissotandonebyGonsonnéontheAustriancommittee。Thefeeblenessandabsurdityoftheirargumentisincredible。
　　[8]AffairsoftheMinisterDuport—DutertreandoftheAmbassadortoVienna，M。deNoailles。
　　[9]MercuredeFrance，March10，1792。
　　[10]Moniteur，XI。607（sessionofMarch10）。
　　[11]Moniteur，XII。396（sessionofMay15）。Isnard’saddressistheground—planofRoland’sfamousletter。——Cf。passim，thesessionsoftheAssemblyduringtheGirondistministry，especiallythoseofMay19
　　and20，June5，etc。
　　[12]Dumouriez，"Mémoires，"bookIII。ch。VI。
　　[13]"Letterofayoungmechanician，"proposingtomakeaconstitutionalking，which，"bymeansofaspring，wouldreceivefromthehandsofthepresidentoftheAssemblyalistofministersdesignatedbythemajority"（1791）。
　　[14]Servan，whowasGirondistministerofwar，proposedtolet20000
　　fédérésorprovincialNationalguardsestablishthemselvesoutsideParis。（SR）。
　　[15]YouwillmeetthissinisterexpressionlateronwhentheGovernmentceasedkillinginFrancebutsimplysentundesirablesandimaginaryorrealopponentsoverseastodeath—camps。TransportationwasusedbyStalinandHitleronlytheirexterminationtookplaceintheirowncountriesnotoverseas。（SR）。
　　[16]Moniteur，XI。426（sessionofMay19）。SpeechbyLasource:"Couldnotthingsbesoarrangedastohaveaconsiderableforcenearenoughtothecapitaltoterrifyandkeepinactivethefactions，theintriguers，thetraitorswhoareplottingperfidiousplansinitsbosom，simultaneouslywiththemaneuversofoutsideenemies？"
　　[17]’MalletduPan，"Mémoires。"I。303。LetterofMalouet，June29:
　　"Thekingiscalmandperfectlyresigned。Onthe19thhewrotetohisconfessor:"Come，sir；neverhaveIhadsomuchneedofyourconsolations。Iamdonewithmen；Imustnowturnmyeyestoheaven。
　　Sadeventsareannouncedforto—morrow。Ishallhavecourage。’"——
　　"LettresdeCorayauProtopsaltedeSmyrne"（translatedbyM。deQueuxdeSaint—Hilaire，）145，May1st:"Thecourtisinperileverymoment。
　　DonotbesurprisedifIwriteyousomedaythathisunhappykingandhiswifeareassassinated。"。"
　　[18]RétifdelaBretonne，"NuitsdeParis，"VoLXVI。（analyzedbyLacroixin"BibliothèquedeRétifdelaBretonne"）。——RétifisthemaninPariswholivedthemostinthestreetsandhadthemostintercoursewiththelowclass。
　　[19]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3276。LetterfromtheDirectoryofClamecy，March27，andofficialreportofthecivilcommissioners，March31，1792，ontheriotoftheraftsmen。Tracu，theircaptain，armedwithacudgeltenfeetlong，compelledpeacefulpeopletomarchalongwithhim，threateningtoknockthemdown；hetriedtogettheheadofPeynier，theclerkoftheParisdealersinwood。"Ishallhaveagoodsupperto—night，"heexclaimed"（ortheheadofthatbastardPeynierisafatone，andI’llstickitinmyPot！"
　　[20]LettersofCoray，126。"Thispillaginghaslastedthreedays，Jan。22，23and24，andweexpectfromhourtohoursimilarriotsstillmoreterrible。"
　　[21]Mercier（"TableaudeParis"）hadalreadynoticedbeforetheRevolutionthishabitoftheParisianworkman，especiallyamongthelowestclassofworkmen。
　　[22]Mortimer—Ternaux，1。346（letterofJune21，1792）。
　　[23]BuchezetRoux，VIII。25（sessionoftheNationalAssembly，Nov。10，1790）。PetitionpresentedbyDantoninthenameoftheforty—
　　eightsectionsofParis。
　　[24]BuchezetRoux，XIV。268（May。1792）。ArticlebyRobespierreagainstthefêtedecreedinhonorofSimonneau，MayorofEtampes，assassinatedinariot:"Simonneauwasguiltybeforehebecameavictim。"
　　[25]HowcanoneforgetthatgreatseducerofthemassesHitler？Inhisbook"HitlerSpeaks"page208RauschningreportsHitlerassaying:
　　"Itistruethatthemassesareuncritical，butnotinthewaytheseidiotsofMarxistsandreactionariesimagine。Themasseshavetheircriticalfaculties，too，buttheyfunctiondifferentlyfromthoseoftheprivateindividual。Themassesarelikeananimaltheyobeysinstincts。Theydonotreachconclusionsbyreasoning。Mysuccessininitiatingthegreatestpeople’smovementofalltimeisduetomyneverhavingdoneanythinginviolationofthevitallawsandfeelingsofthemass。Thesefeelingsmaybeprimitive，buttheyhavetheresistanceandindestructibilityofnaturalqualities。Aonceintenselyfeltexperienceinthelifeofthemasses，likerationcardsandinflation，willneveragainbedrivenoutoftheirblood。Themasseshaveasimplesystemofthinkingandfeeling，andanythingthatcannotbefittedintoitdisturbsthem。ItisonlybecauseItaketheirvitallawsintoconsiderationthatIcanrulethem。"
　　[26]Moniteur，XII。254。—Accordingtotheroyalalmanacof1792
　　theParisnationalguardcomprises32，000men，dividedintosixtybattalions，towhichmustbeaddedthebattalionsofpikemen，spontaneouslyorganizedandcomposed，especiallyofthenon—activecitizens。—Cf。in"LesRévolutionsdeParis，"Prudhomme’sJournal，theengravingswhichrepresentthissortofprocession。
　　[27]BuchezetRoux，XV。122。DeclarationofLareynie，avolunteersoldierintheIleSaint—Louisbattalion。——TothosewhichhenamesI
　　addHuguenin，becauseonthe20thofJuneitwashisdutytoreadthepetitionoftherioters；alsoSaint—Huruge，becauseheledthemobwithSanterre。——AboutRossignol，Cf。Dauban，"LaDemagogieàParis，"
　　369（accordingtothemanuscriptmemoirsofMercierduRocher）。HereachesFontenayAug。21，1793，withtherepresentativeBourbotte，Momoro，commissary—general，threeadjutants，Moulins，Hasard，theex—
　　priest，Grammont，anex—actorandseveralprostitutes。"TheprettiestsharedherbedwithBourbotteandRossignol。"Theylodgeinamansiontowhichsealsareaffixed。"Thesealswerebroken，andjewelry，dresses，andfemaleapparelwereconfiscatedforthebenefitofthegeneralandhisfollowers。Therewasnothing，evendowntothecrockery，whichdidnotbecomethebootyoftheseself—styledrepublicans"
　　[28]MathondelaVarenne，"Histoireparticulièredesévénementsquionteulieuenjuin，juillet，ao？t，etseptembre，1792，"p。23。（HeknewSaint—Hurugepersonally。）Saint—HurugehadmarriedanactressatLyonsin1778。OnreturningtoParishelearnedthroughthepolicethathiswifewasatrollop，andhetreatedheraccordingly。Enraged，shelookedupSaint—Huruge’spastcareer，andfoundtwochargesagainsthim，onefortherobberyandassassinationofanalienmerchant，andtheotherforinfanticide；sheobtainedhisincarcerationbyalettre—de—cachet。HewasshutinCharentonfromJan。14，1781，toDecember，1784，whenhewastransferredtoanotherprisonandafterwardsexiledtohisestates，fromwhichhefledtoEngland。HereturnedtoFranceontheoutbreakoftheRevolution。
　　[29]Withrespecttoconnivance，Cf。Mortimer—Ternaux，I。132andthefollowingpages。—MalletduPan，"Mémoires，"I。300。LetteroftheAbbédePradt，June21，1795。"Theinsurrectionhadbeenannouncedforseveraldays……Theeveningbefore，150deputiessomanyJacobins，haddinedattheirgreattableintheChamps—Elysées，anddistributedpresentsofwineandfood。"
　　[30]Moniteur，XII。642（sessionofJune12，1792，narrativeofM。
　　Delfaux，deputy）。—TheexecutionofDamienswaswitnessedbyParisiansstillliving，while"CharlesIX。，，"byMarieChénier，wasatthistimethemostpopulartragedy。——TheFrenchpeople，"saysM。
　　Ferières（I。35），"wentawayfromitsrepresentationeagerforvengeanceandtormentedwithathirstforblood。Attheendofthefourthactalugubriousbellannouncesthemomentofthemassacre，andtheaudience，drawinginitsbreathsighingandgroaning，furiouslyexclaimssilence！silence！asiffearingthatthesoundofthisdeath—
　　knellhadnotstirredthehearttoitsverydepths。"——"RévolutionsdeParis，"numberforJune23，1792。"Thespeakers，underfullsail，distributedtheirpartsamongstthemselves，"oneagainstthestaffs，anotheragainstpriests，anotheragainstjudges，department，andtheministers，andespeciallytheking。"Somethereare，andweagreeinthiswiththesieurDelfaux，whopassthemeasureandadvisemurderthroughgestures，eyes，andspeech。"
　　[31]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。133。——Thereisthesamecalculationandthesamework—shopinthefaubourgSaints—Marcel（reportofSaint—
　　Prix，commandantoftheVal—de—Gracebattalion）。"MindsremainedtranquiluntilaclubwasopenedatthePorteSaint—Marcel；nowtheyareallexcitedanddivided。Thisdub，whichisincontactwiththatofSanterre，urgescitizenstogoarmedto—morrow（June20）totheNationalAssemblyandtotheking’sPalace，notwithstandingtheactsoftheconstitutedauthorities。"
　　[32]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。136。Thisprogramisfirstpresentedtothecouncil—generalofthecommunebyLazowskiandnineothers（June16）。
　　Thecouncil—generalrejectsitandreferstothelaw。"Thepetitioners，onlearningthisdecision，loudlydeclarethatitshallnotpreventthemfromassemblinginarms"（BuchezetRoux，XV。120，officialreportbyM。Borie）。——Thebibliographyofdocumentsrelatingtothe20thofJuneisgivenbyMortimer—Ternaux，I。397andfollowingpages。TheprincipaldocumentsarefoundinMortimer—
　　Ternaux，in"L’HistoireParlementaire"ofBuchezetRoux，andintheRevueRétrospective。
　　[33]"CorrespondancedeMirabeauetM。delaMarck，"III。319。LetteroftheCountdeMontmorin，June21，1792。"TheParisbanditsnotbeingsufficient，theyhaveinvitedintheseoftheneighboringvillages。"
　　[34]ReportsofthemunicipalofficersPerron（7o’clockinthemorning），Sergent（8o’clock），Mouchet，Gujard，andThomas（9
　　o’clock）。
　　[35]ReportofSaintPrix，commandantoftheVal—de—Gracebattalion（10o’clockInthemorning）。——ReportofAlexandre，commandingtheSaint—Marcelbattalion。"Thewholebattalionwasbynomeansreadytomarch。"——OfficialreportoftheMontreuilsection。Bonneau，thecommanderconcludestomarchonlyunderprotestandtoavoidspillingblood。
　　[36]DepositionofLareyrnie，avolunteersoldieroftheIleSaint—
　　Louisbattalion。
　　[37]DepositionofM。Witinghof，lieutenant—general。——
　　"CorrespondenceofMirabeauandM。delaMarck。"LetterofM。deMontmorin，June21。"Attwoo’clockthegatheringamountedto8，000or10，000persons。"
　　[38]Moniteur，XII。717。"Whatamisfortuneforthefreemenwhohavetransferredtheirpowerstoyou，tofindthemselvesreducedtothecruelnecessityofdippingtheirhandsinthebloodofconspirators！"
　　etc。——Thecharacteroftheleadersisapparentintheirstyle。Theincompetentcopyistwhodrewuptheaddressdidnotevenknowthemeaningofwords。"Thepeoplesowillsit，anditsheadisofmoreaccountthanthatofcrowneddespots。Thatheadisthegenealogicaltreeofthenation，andbeforethatrobustheadthefeeblereedmustbend！"Hehasalreadyrecitedthefableof"TheOakandtheBulrush，"
　　andheknowsthenamesofDemosthenes，Cicero，andCatiline。Itseemstobethecompositionofaschoolmasterturnedpublicletterwriter，atapennyapage。
　　[39]Hua，"Mémoires，"134。
　　[40]Moniteur，XII。718。
　　[41]"Chroniquedescinquantejours，"byR？derer，syndic—attorneyofthedepartment。
　　[42]Hua，134。——Bourrienne，"Mémoires，"I。49。（HewaswithBonaparteinarestaurant，rueSaint—Honoré，nearthePalais—Royal。）
　　"Ongoingoutwesawatroopcomingfromthedirectionofthemarket，whichBonaparteestimatedatfrom5，000to6，000men，allinragsandarmedintheoddestmanner，yellingandshoutingthegrossestprovocations，andturningtowardstheTuileries。Itwascertainlythevilestandmostabjectlotthatcouldbefoundinthefaubourgs。’Letusfollowthatrabble，’saidBonapartetome。"Theyascendtheterraceontheriverbank。"Icouldnoteasilydescribethesurpriseandindignationwhichthesescenesexcitedinhim。Hedidnotlikesomuchweaknessandforbearance。’Checoglione！heexclaimedinaloudtone。
　　’Howcouldtheyletthoserascalsin？Fourorfivehundredofthemoughttohavebeensweptoffwithcannon，andtherestwouldstillberunning！’"
　　[43]"Chroniquedescinquantejours，"byR？derer。—DepositionofLareynie。
　　[44]DepositionofLareynie。
　　[45]ReportofSaint—Prix。
　　[46]ReportbyMouchet。——DepositionofLareynie。（TheinterferenceofSergentandBoucher—Réneiscontested，butRaedererthinksitveryprobable。）
　　[47]M。Pinon，incommandofthe5thlegion，andM。Vannot，commandingabattalion，triedtoshuttheirongateofthearchway，butaredrivenbackandtold:"Youwantthousandstoperish，doyou，tosaveoneman？"ThissignificantexpressionisheardoverandoveragainduringtheRevolution，anditexplainsthesuccessoftheinsurrections。——Alexandre，incommandoftheSaint—Marcelbattalion，saysinhisreport:"Whymakearesistancewhichcanbeofnousefulnesstothepublic，onewhichmayevencompromiseitagreatdealmore？……"
　　[48]DepositionofLareynie。TheattitudeofSanterreishereclearlydefined。Atthefootofthestaircaseinthecourtheisstoppedbyagroupofcitizens，whothreaten"tomakehimresponsibleforanyharmdone，"andtellhim:"Youalonearetheauthorofthisunconstitutionalassemblage；itisyoualonewhohaveledawaytheseworthypeople。Youarearascal！"—"ThetoneofthesehonestcitizensinaddressingthesieurSanterremadehimturnpale。But，encouragedbyaglancefromthesieurLegendre，heresortedtoahypocriticalsubterfuge，andaddressingthetroop，hesaid:’Gentlemen，drawupareport，officiallystatingthatIrefusetoentertheking’sapartments。’Theonlyanswerthecrowdmade，accustomedtodiviningwhatSanterremeant，wastohustlethegroupofhonestcitizensoutoftheway。
　　[49]Depositionsoffourofthenationalguard，Lecrosnier，Gossé，Bidault，andGuiboult。——ReportsofAcloqueanddeLachesnaye，commandingofficersofthelegion。——"Chroniquedescinquantejours，"
　　byR？derer。—Ibid。p。65:"Ihavetostatethat，duringtheConvention，thebutcherLegendredeclaredtoBoissyd’Anglas，fromwhomIhadit，thattheplanwastokilltheking。"——Prudhomme，"CrimesdelaRévolution，"III。43。"Thekingwastobeassassinated。
　　Weheardcitizensallinragssaythatitwasapity；helookslikeagoodsortofabastard。"
　　[50]MadameCampan，"Mémoires，"II。212。"M。Vannot，commanderofthebattalion，hadturnedasideaweaponaimedattheking。OneofthegrenadiersoftheFilles—Saint—Thomaswardedoffablowwithasword，aimedinthesamedirectionwiththesameintention。"
　　[51]DeclarationofLachesnaye，incommandofthelegion。—Moniteur，XII。719（eveningsessionofJune20）。SpeechofM。Alos，aneye—
　　witness。（Thekingdoesthistwice，usingaboutthesamewords，thefirsttimeimmediatelyontheirruptionofthecrowd，andthesecondtimeprobablyafterVergniaud’sharangue。）DeclarationofLachesnaye，incommandofthelegion。—Moniteur，XII。719（eveningsessionofJune20）。SpeechofM。Alos，aneye—witness。（Thekingdoesthistwice，usingaboutthesamewords，thefirsttimeimmediatelyontheirruptionofthecrowd，andthesecondtimeprobablyafterVergniaud’sharangue。）
　　[52]Theengravinginthe"RévolutionsdeParis"representshimseated，andseparatedfromthecrowdbyanemptyspace；thatisafalsehoodoftheparty……
　　[53]Thequeenproducesthesameimpression。Prudhomme，inhisjournal，callsher"theAustrianpanther，"whichwordwellexpressestheideaofherinthefaubourgs。Aprostitutestopsbeforeherandbestowsonheravolleyofcurses。Thereplyofthequeenis:"HaveI
　　everdoneyouanywrong？""No；butitisyouwhodosomuchharmtothenation。"Youhavebeendeceived，"repliesthequeen。"ImarriedtheKingofFrance。Iamthemotherofthedauphin。IamaFrenchwoman。Ishallneveragainseemyowncountry。IshallneverbeeitherhappyormiserableanywherebutinFrance。WhenyoulovedmeIwashappythen。"Theprostituteburstintotears。"Ah。Madame，forgiveme！
　　Ididnotknowyou。Iseethatyouhavebeenverygood。"Santerre，however，wishingtoputanendtothisemotion，criesout:"Thegirlisdrunk"—（MadameCampan，II。214。—ReportbyMandat，anofficerofthelegion。）
　　[54]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。213。"Citizens，youhavejustlegallymadeknownyourwilltothehereditaryrepresentativeofthenation；youhavedonethiswiththedignity，withthemajestyofafreepeople！
　　Thereisnodoubtthatyourdemandswillbereiteratedbytheeighty—
　　threedepartments，whilethekingcannotrefrainfromacquiescinginthemanifestwillofthepeople……Retirenow，……andifyouremainanylonger，donotgiveoccasiontoanythingwhichmayincriminateyourworthyintentions。"
　　CHAPTERVI。TheBirthoftheTerribleParisCommune。
　　I。
　　IndignationoftheConstitutionalists。——Causeoftheirweakness。—
　　TheGirondinsrenewtheattack。——Theirdoubleplan。
　　Astheblowhasmissedthetarget，itmustberepeated。Thisisthemoreurgent，inasmuchasthefactionhasthrownoffthemaskand"honestpeople"[1]onallsidesbecomeindignantatseeingtheConstitutionsubjecttothearbitrarinessofthelowestclass。Nearlyallthehigheradministrativebodies，seventy—fiveofthedepartmentdirectories，[2]giveintheiradhesiontoLafayette’sletter，orrespondbysupportingtheproclamation，sonobleandsomoderate，inwhichtheKing，recountingtheviolencedonetohim，maintainshislegalrightswithmournful，inflexiblegentleness。Manyofthetowns，largeandsmall，thankhimforhisfirmness，theaddressesbeingsignedby"thenotablesoftheplace，"[3]chevaliersofSt。Louis，formerofficials，judgesanddistrict—administrators，physicians，notaries，lawyers，recorders，post—masters，manufacturers，merchants，peoplewhoaresettleddown，inshortthemostprominentandthemostrespectedmen。AtParis，asimilarpetition，drawnupbytwoformerConstituents，contains247pagesofsignaturesattestedby99
　　notaries。[4]Eveninthecouncil—generalofthecommuneamajorityisinfavorofpubliclycensuringthemayorPétion，thesyndic—attorneyManuel，andthepoliceadministratorsPanis，Sergent，Viguer，andPerron。[5]OntheeveningofJune20th，thedepartmentcouncilordersaninvestigation；itfollowsthisup；iturgesiton；itprovesbyauthenticdocumentsthewillfulinaction，thehypocriticalconnivance，thedouble—dealingofthesyndic—attorneyandthemayor；[6]itsuspendsbothfromtheirfunctions，andcitesthembeforethecourtsaswellasSanterreandhisaccomplices。Lafayette，finally，addingtotheweightofhisopiniontheinfluenceofhispresence，appearsatthebaroftheNationalAssemblyanddemands"effectual"measuresagainsttheusurpationsoftheJacobinsect，insistingthattheinstigatorsoftheriotofthe20thofJunebepunished"asguiltyoflése—nation。"Asalastandstillmoresignificantsymptom，hisproceedingsareapprovedofintheAssemblybyamajorityofmorethanonehundredvotes。[7]
　　Allthismustandwillbecrushedout。ForonthesideoftheConstitutionalists，whatevertheymaybe，whetherKing，deputies，ministers，generals，administrators，notablesornational—guards，thewilltoactevaporatesinwords；andthereasonis，theyarecivilizedbeings，longaccustomedtothewaysofaregularcommunity，interestedfromfathertosoninkeepingthelaw，disconcertedatthethoughtofconsequences，upsetbymultifacetedideas，unabletocomprehendthat，inthestateofnaturetowhichFrancehasreverted，butoneideaisofanyaccount，thatofthemanwho，inacceptingadeclaredwar，meetstheoffensivewiththeoffensive，loadshisgun，descendsintothestreetandcontendswiththesavagedestroyersofhumansociety。—
　　—NobodycomestothesupportofLafayette，whoalonehasthecouragetotakethelead；aboutonehundredmenmusterattherendezvousnamedbyhimintheChamps—élysées。TheyagreetomarchtotheJacobinclubthefollowingdayandcloseit，providedthenumberisincreasedtothreehundred；butthenextdayonlythirtyturnup。LafayettecandonomorethanleaveParisandwritealettercontaininganotherprotest。——Protestations，appealstotheConstitution，tothelaw，topublicinterest，tocommonsense，well—reasonedarguments；thissidewillneverresorttoanythingelsethanspeechesandpaperwork；and，inthecomingconflictwordswillbeofnouse。——Imagineaquarrelbetweentwomen，oneablypresentinghiscaseandtheotherindulginginlittlemorethaninvective；thelatter，havingencounteredanenormousmastiffonhisroad，hascaressedhim，enticedhim，andledhimalongwithhimasanauxiliary。Tothemastiff，cleverargumentationisonlysomuchunmeaningsound；withhiseagereyesfixedonhistemporarymasterheawaitsonlyhissignaltospringontheadversarieshepointsout。Onthe20thofJunehehasalmoststrangledoneofthem，andcoveredhimwithhisslaver。Onthe21st，[8]heisreadytospringagain。Hecontinuestogrowlforfiftydays，atfirstsullenlyandthenwithterrificenergy。Onthe25thofJune，July14and27，August3and5，heagainmakesaspringandiskeptbackonlywithgreatdifficulty。[9]Alreadyononeoccasion，July29th，hisfangsarewetwithhumangore。[10]——AteachturnoftheparliamentarydebatethedefenselessConstitutionalistsbeholdsthoseopenjawsbeforehim；itisnotsurprisingthathethrowstothisdog，orallowstobethrowntohim，allthedecreesdemandedbytheGirondistsasaboneforhimtognawon。——SureoftheirstrengththeGirondistsrenewtheattack，andtheplanoftheircampaignseemstobeskillfullyprepared。TheyarequitewillingtoretaintheKingonhisthrone，butontheconditionthatheshallbeamerepuppet；
　　thatheshallrecallthepatriotministers，allowthemtoappointtheDauphin’stutor，andthatLafayetteshallberemoved；[11]otherwisetheAssemblywillpasstheactofde—thronementandseizetheexecutivepower。SuchisthedefilewithtwoissuesinwhichtheyhaveplacedtheAssemblyandtheKing。IftheKingbalksatleavingbythefirstdoor，theAssembly，equallynonplused，willleavethroughthesecond；ineithercase，astheall—powerfulministersofthesubmissiveKingorasexecutivedelegatesofthesubmissiveAssembly，theGirondistswillbecomethemastersofFrance。
　　II。
　　PressureontheKing。——PétionandManualbroughttotheH？tel—de—
　　ville。——TheMinistryobligedtoresign。——JacobinagitationagainsttheKing。——PressureontheAssembly。——PetitionoftheParisCommune。——Threatsofthepetitionersandofthegalleries。——
　　SessionofAugust8th。—Girondiststrategyfoiledintwoways。
　　WiththisinmindtheybeginbyattackingtheKing，andtrytomakehimyieldthroughfear。——TheyremovethesuspensionpronouncedagainstPétionandManuel，andrestorethembothtotheirplacesintheH？tel—de—ville。TheywillfromnowonrulePariswithoutrestrictionorsupervision；fortheDirectoryofthedepartmenthasresigned，andnosuperiorauthorityexiststopreventthemfromcallinguponorgivingordersastheypleasetothearmedforces；theyareexemptfromallsubordination，aswellasfromallcontrol。
　　BeholdtheKingofFranceingoodhands，inthoseofthemenwho，onthe20thofJune，refusedtonuzzlethepopularbrute，declaringthatithaddonewell，thatithadrightonitsside，andthatitmaybeginagain。Accordingtothem，thepalaceofthemonarchbelongstothepublic；peoplemayenteritastheywouldacoffee—house；inanyevent，asthemunicipalityisoccupiedwithothermatters，itcannotbeexpectedtokeeppeopleout。"IstherenothingelsetoguardinParisbuttheTuileriesandtheKing？"[12]——AnothermaneuverconsistsinrenderingtheKing’sinstrumentspowerless。Honorableandinoffensiveasthenewministersmaybe，theyneverappearintheAssemblywithoutbeinghootedatinthetribunes。Isnard，pointingwithhisfingertotheprincipalone，exclaims:"Thatisatraitor！"[13]Everypopularoutburstisimputedtothemasacrime，whileGuadetdeclaresthat，"asroyalcounselors，theyareanswerableforanydisturbances"thatthedoublevetomightproduce。[14]Notonlydoesthefactiondeclarethemguiltyoftheviolenceprovokedbyitself，but，again，itdemandstheirlivesforthemurderswhichitcommits。"Francemustknow，"saysVergniaud，"thathereafterministersaretoanswerwiththeirheadsforanydisordersofwhichreligionisthepretext。"——"ThebloodjustspiltatBordeaux，"saysDucos，"maybelaidatthedooroftheexecutivepower。"[15]LaSourceproposesto"punishwithdeath，"notalonetheministerwhoisnotpromptinorderingtheexecutionofadecree，but，again，theclerkswhodonotfulfilltheminister’sinstructions。Alwaysdeathoneveryoccasion，andforeveryonewhoisnotofthesect。Underthisconstantterror，theministersresigninabody，andtheKingisrequiredatoncetoappointothers；meanwhile，toincreasethedangeroftheirposition，theAssemblydecreesthathereaftertheyshall"beanswerableforeachother。"ItisevidentthattheyareaimingattheKingoverhisminister’sshoulders，whiletheGirondistsleavenothingunturnedtorendergovernmenttohimimpossible。TheKing，again，signsthisnewdecree；hedeclinestoprotest；tothepersecutionheisforcedtoundergoheopposesnothingbutsilence，sometimesasimple，frank，good—heartedexpression，[16]somekindly，touchingcomplaining，whichseemslikeasuppressedmoan。[17]Butdogmaticobstinacyandimpatientambitionarewillfullydeaftothemostsorrowfulstrains！
　　Hissinceritypassesforanewfalse—hood。Vergniaud，Brissot，Torné，Condorcet，inthetribune，chargehimwithtreachery，demandfromtheAssemblytherightofsuspendinghim，[18]andgivethesignaltotheirJacobinauxiliaries。——Attheinvitationoftheparentclub，theprovincialbranchesbestirthemselves，whileallotherinstrumentsofagitationbelongingtotherevolutionarymachinearelikewiseputinmotion，——gatheringsonthepublicsquares，homicidalannouncementsonthewalls，incendiaryresolutionsintheclubs，shoutinginthetribunes，insultingaddressesandseditiousdeputationsatthebaroftheNationalAssembly。[19]Aftertheworkingofthissystemforamonth，theGirondistsregardtheKingassubdued，and，onthe26thofJuly，Guadet，andthenBrissot，inthetribune，maketheirlastadvancestohim，andissuethefinalsummons。[20]Aprofounddelusion！Herefuses，thesameasonthe20thofJune:"Girondistministers，Never！"
　　Sincehebarsoneofthetwodoors，theywillpassoutattheother，and，iftheGirondistscannotrulethroughhim，theywillrulewithouthim。Pétion，inthenameoftheCommune，appearspersonallyandproposesanewplan，demandingthedethronement。"Thisimportantmeasureoncepassed，"[21]hesays，"theconfidenceofthenationintheactualdynastybeingverydoubtful，wedemandthatabodyofministers，jointlyresponsible，appointedbytheNationalAssembly，but，astheconstitutionallawprovides，outsideofitself，electedbytheopenvoteoffreemen，beprovisionallyentrustedwiththeexecutivepower。"Throughthisopenvotethesuffragewillbeeasilycontrolled。Thisisbutonemoredecreeextorted，likesomanyothers，themajorityforalongtimehavingbeensubjecttothesamepressureastheKing。"Ifyourefusetorespondtoourwishes，"asaplacardofthe23rdofJunehadalreadyinformedthem，"ourhandsarelifted，andweshallstrikealltraitorswherevertheycanbefound，evenamongstyourselves。"[22]——"Courtfavorites，"saysapetitionofAugust6，"haveseatsinyourmidst。Lettheirinviolabilityperishifthenationalwillmustalwaystamelysubmittothatlethalpower！"——IntheAssemblytheyellsfromthegalleriesarefrightful；thevoicesofthosewhospeakagainstdethronementareoverpowered；sogreatarethehooting，thespeakersaredrivenoutofthetribune。[23]Sometimesthe"Right"abandonsthediscussionandleavesthechamber。TheinsolenceofthegalleriesgoessofarthatfrequentlyalmosttheentireAssemblymurmurswhiletheyapplaud；themajority，inshort，loudlyexpressesangeratitsbondage。[24]——Letitbecareful！Inthetribunesandattheapproachestotheedifice，standtheFederates，menwhohaveatightgrip。Theywillforceittovotethedecisivemeasure，theaccusationofLafayette，thedecreeunderwhichthearmedchampionoftheKingandtheConstitutionmustfall。TheGirondists，tomakesureofit，exactacallofthehouse；inthiswaythenamesareannouncedandprinted，thusdesignatingtothepopulacetheopponentsofthemeasure，sothatnoneofthemaresureofgettingtotheirhomessafeandsound。——Lafayette，however，aliberal，ademocrat，andaroyalist，asdevotedtotheRevolutionastotheLaw，isjusttheman，who，throughhislimitedmentalgrasp，hisdisconnectedpoliticalconceptions，andthenoblenessofhiscontradictorysentiments，bestrepresentsthepresentopinionoftheAssembly，aswellasthatofFrance。[25]Moreover，hispopularity，hiscourage，andhisarmyarethelastrefuge。Themajorityfeelsthatingivinghimuptheythemselvesaregivenup，and，byavoteof400to224，itacquitshim。——Onthisside，again，thestrategyoftheGirondistsisfounderroneous。Powerslipsawayfromthemthesecondtime。NeithertheKingnortheAssemblyhaveconsentedtorestoreittothem，whiletheycannolongerleaveitsuspendedintheair，ordeferituntilabetteropportunity，andkeeptheirJacobinacolyteswaiting。Thefeebleleashrestrainingtherevolutionarydogbreaksintheirhands；thedogisfreeandinthestreetIII。
　　TheGirondinshaveworkedforthebenefitoftheJacobins。——Thearmedforcesentawayordisorganized。——TheFederatessummoned。——
　　BrestandMarseillessendmen。——Publicsessionsofadministrativebodies。——Permanenceofadministrativebodiesandofthesections。—
　　—Effectofthesetwomeasures。——ThecentralbureauoftheH？tel—
　　de—ville。——OriginandformationoftherevolutionaryCommune。
　　Neverwasbetterworkdoneforanother。Everymeasurereliedonbythemforgettingpowerback，servesonlytoplaceitinthehandsofthemob。——Ontheonehand，throughaseriesoflegislativeactsandmunicipalordinances，theyhavesetasideordisbandedthearmy，alonecapableofrepressingorintimidatingit。Onthe29thofMaytheydismissedtheking’sguard。Onthe15thofJulytheyorderedawayfromParisallregulartroops。Onthe16thofJuly，[26]theyselect"fortheformationofabodyofinfantry—gendarmerie，theformerFrench—
　　guardsmenwhoservedintheRevolutionabouttheepochofthe1stdayofJune，1789，theofficers，under—officers，gunners，andsoldierswhogatheredaroundtheflagoflibertyafterthe12thofJulyofthatyear，"thatistosay，abodyofrecognizedinsurgentsanddeserters。
　　Onthe6thofJuly，inalltownsof50，000soulsandover，theystrikedowntheNationalGuardbydischargingitsstaff，"anaristocraticcorporation，"saysapetition，[27]"asortofmodernfeudalitycomposedoftraitors，whoseemtohaveformedaplanfordirectingpublicopinionastheyplease。"EarlyinAugust，[28]theystrikeintotheheartoftheNationalGuardbysuppressingspecialcompanies，grenadiers，andchasseurs，recruitedamongstwell—to—do—people，thegenuineelite，strippedofitsuniform，reducedtoequality，lostinthemass，andnow，moreover，findingits’ranksdegradedbyamixtureofinterlopers，federates，andmenarmedwithpikes。Finally，tocompletethepell—mell，theyorderthatthepalaceguardbehereaftercomposeddailyofcitizenstakenfromthesixtybattalions，[29]sothatthechiefsmaynolongerknowtheirmennorthementheirchiefs；
　　sothatnoonemayplaceconfidenceinhischief，inhissubordinate，inhisneighbor，orinhimself；sothatallthestonesofthehumandikemaybeloosenedbeforehand，andthebarriercrumbleatthefirstonslaught。——Ontheotherhand，theyhavetakencaretoprovidetheinsurrectionwithafightingarmyandanadvancedguard。Byanotherseriesoflegislativeactsandmunicipalordinances，theyauthorizetheassemblageoftheFederatesatParis；theyallowthempayandmilitarylodgings；[30]theyallowthemtoorganizeunderacentralcommitteesittingattheJacobinclub，andtotaketheirinstructionsfromthatclub。Ofthesenew—comers，two—thirds，genuinesoldiersandtruepatriots，setoutforthecampatSoissonsandforthefrontier；
　　one—thirdofthem，however，remainatParis，[31]perhaps2，000，theriotersandpoliticians，who，feasted，entertained，indoctrinated，andeachlodgedwithaJacobin，becomemoreJacobinthantheirhosts，andincorporatethemselveswiththerevolutionarybattalions，soastoservethegoodcausewiththeirguns。[32]——Twosquads，latecomers，remainseparate，andareonlythemoreformidable；botharedispatchedbythetownsonthesea—costinwhich，fourmonthsbeforethis，"twenty—onecapitalactsofinsurrectionhadoccurred，allunpunished，andseveralundersentenceofthemaritimejury。"[33]Thefirst，numbering300men，comesfromBrest，*wherethemunicipality，asinfatuatedasthoseofMarseillesandAvignon，engagesinarmedexpeditionsagainstitsneighbors；wherepopularmurderistolerated；
　　*whereM。delaJailleisnearlykilled；
　　*wheretheheadofM。delaPatryisborneonapike；
　　*whereveteranrioterscomposethecrewsofthefleet，*where"workerspaidbytheState，clerks，masters，non—commissionofficers，convertedintoagitators，politicalstump—speakers，movers，andcriticsoftheadministration，"askonlytobegivenrolestoperformonamoreconspicuousstage。
　　Thesecondtroop，summonedfromMarseillesbytheGirondins，Rebecqui，andBarbaroux，[34]comprises516men，intrepid，ferociousadventurers，fromeverywhere，eitherMarseillesorabroad，Savoyards，Italians，Spaniards，drivenoutoftheircountry，almostallofthevilestclass，orgainingalivelihoodbyinfamouspursuits，"hit—menandtheirhenchmenofevilhaunts，"usedtoblood，quicktostrike，goodcut—throats，pickedmenoutofthebandsthathadmarchedonAix，Arles，andAvignon，thefrothofthatfrothwhich，forthreeyears，intheComtatandintheBouches—du—Rh？ne，boiledovertheuselessbarriersofthelaw。——TheverydaytheyreachParistheyshowwhattheycando。[35]WelcomedwithgreatpompbytheJacobinsandbySanterre，theyareconducted，forapurpose，totheChamps—Elysées，intoatavern，neartherestaurantinwhichthegrenadiersoftheFillesSt。Thomas，bankers，brokers，leadingmen，well—knownfortheirattachmenttoamonarchicalconstitution，weredininginabody，asannouncedseveraldaysinadvance。ThemobwhichhadformedaconvoyfortheMarseillesbattalion，gathersbeforetherestaurant，shouts，throwsmud，andthenletsflyavolleyofstones；thegrenadiersdrawtheirsabers。Forthwithashoutisheardjustinfrontofthem，ànouslesMarseillais！uponwhichthegangjumpoutofthewindowswithtruesouthernagility，clamberacrosstheditches，falluponthegrenadierswiththeirswords，killoneandwoundfifteen。——Nodébutcouldbemorebrilliant。Thepartyatlastpossessesmenofaction；[36]andtheymustbekeptwithinreach！Menwhodosuchgoodwork，andsoexpeditiously，mustbewellpostedneartheTuileries。Themayor，consequently，onthenightofthe8thofAugust，withoutinformingthecommandinggeneral，solelyonhisownauthority，ordersthemtoleavetheirbarracksintheRueBlancheandtakeuptheirquarters，withtheirarmsandcannon，inthebarracksbelongingtotheCordeliers。[37]
　　SuchisthemilitaryforceinthehandsoftheJacobinmasses；nothingremainsbuttoplacethecivilpowerintheirhandsalso，and，asthefirstgiftofthiskindwasmadetothembytheGirondins，theywillnotfailtomakethemthesecondone。——Onthe1stofJuly，theydecreethatthesessionsofadministrativebodiesshouldthenceforthbepublic；thisissubmittingmunicipalities，district，anddepartmentcouncils，aswellastheNationalAssemblyitself，totheclamor，theoutrages，themenaces，theruleoftheiraudiences，whichinthesebodiesasintheNationalAssembly，willalwaysbeJacobin。[38]Onthe11thofJuly，ondeclaringthecountryindanger，[39]theyrenderthesessionspermanent，firstoftheadministrativebodies，andnextoftheforty—eightsectionsofParis，whichisasurrenderoftheadministrativebodiesandtheforty—eightsectionsofParistotheJacobinminority，whichminority，throughitszealandbeingeverpresent，knowshowtoconvertitselfintoamajority。——Letustracetheconsequencesofthis，andseetheselectionwhichisthuseffectedbythedoubledecree。Thosewhoattendthesemeetings，dayandnight，arenotthesteady，busypeople。Inthefirstplace，theyaretoobusyintheirowncounting—rooms，shopsandfactoriestolosesomuchtime。Inthenextplace，theyaretoosensible，todocile，andtoohonesttogoandlorditovertheirmagistratesintheH？tel—de—
　　ville，orregardthemselvesintheirvarioussectionsasthesovereignpeople。Moreover，theyaredisgustedwithallthisbawling。Lastly，thestreetsofParis，especiallyatnight，arenotsafe；owingtosomuchoutdoorpolitics，thereisagreatincreaseofcaningandofknockingdown。Accordingly，foralongtime，theydonotattendattheclubs，noraretheyseeninthegalleriesoftheNationalAssembly；
　　norwilltheybeseenagainatthesessionsofthemunicipality，noratthemeetingsofthesections。——Nothing，ontheotherhand，ismoreattractivetotheidletipplersofthecafés，tobar—roomoracles，loungers，andtalkers，livinginfurnishedrooms，[40]totheparasitesandrefractoryofthesocialarmy，toallwhohaveleftthesocialstructuresandunabletogetbackagain，whowanttotearthingstopieces，and，forlackofaprivatecareer，establishoneforthemselvesinpublic。Permanentsessions，evenatnight，arenottoolongeitherforthem，orforlazyFederates，fordisorderedintellects，andforthesmalltroopofgenuinefanatics。Heretheyareeitherperformersorclaqueurs，anuproarnotbeingoffensivetothem，becausetheycreateit。Theyrelieveeachother，soastobealwaysonhandinsufficientnumber，orcompensateforadeficiencybyusurpationsandbrutality。ThesectionoftheThéatre—Fran？ais，forinstance，incontemptofthelaw，removesthedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassivecitizens，bygrantingtoallresidentsinitscircumscriptiontherighttobepresentatitsmeetingsandtherighttovote。Othersections[41]admittotheirsittingsallwell—disposedspectators，allwomen，children，andthenomads，allagitators，andtheagitated，who，asattheNationalAssembly，applaudorhootatthewordofcommand。Inthesectionsnotdisposedtobeatthemercyofananonymouspublic，thesameherdoffranticcharactersmakearacketatthedoors，andinsulttheelectorswhopassthroughthem。——Thankstothisitinerantthrongofco—operatingintruders，theJacobinextremistsrulethesectionsthesameastheAssembly；inthesectionsasintheAssembly，theydriveawayorsilencethemoderates，andwhenthehallbecomeshalfemptyordumb，theirmotionispassed。Hawkedaboutinthevicinity，themotionisevencarriedoff；inafewdaysitmakesthetourofParis，andreturnstotheAssemblyasanauthenticandunanimousexpressionofpopularwill。[42]
　　Atpresent，toensuretheexecutionofthiscounterfeitwill，itrequiresacentralcommittee，andthroughamasterpieceofdelusion，Pétion，theGirondistmayor，istheonewhoundertakestolodge，sanction，andorganizethecommittee。Onthe17thdayofJuly，[43]heestablishesintheofficesbelongingtotheCommune，"acentralbureauofcorrespondencebetweenthesections。"Tothisadulyelectedcommissioneristobringtheactspassedbyhissectioneachday，andcarryawaythecorrespondingactsoftheremainingforty—sevensections。Naturally，theseelectedcommissionerswillholdmeetingsoftheirown，appointingapresidentandsecretary，andmakingofficialreportsoftheirproceedingsinthesameformasaveritablemunicipalcouncil。Astheyareelectedto—day，andwithaspecialmandate，itisnaturalthattheyshouldconsiderthemselvesmorelegitimatethanamunicipalcouncilelectedfourorfivemonthsbeforethem，andwithaveryuncertainmandate。InstalledinthetownhallofParis（H？tel—de—
　　ville），onlytwostepsfromthemunicipalcouncil，itisnaturalforthemtoattempttotakeitsplace；tosubstitutethemselvesforit，theyhaveonlytocrossovertotheothersideofacorridor。
　　IV。
　　VainattemptsoftheGirondinstoputitdown。——Jacobinalarm，theirenthusiasm，andtheirprogram。
　　Thus，hatchedbytheGirondins，doestheterribleCommuneofPariscomeintobeing，thatofAugust10th，September2nd1792andMay31st。
　　1793。Theviperhashardlyleftitsnestbeforeitbeginstohiss。A
　　fortnightbeforethe10thofAugust[44]itbeginstouncoil，andthewisestatesmenwhohavesodiligentlyshelteredandfedit，standaghastatitshideous，flattenedhead。Accordingly，theybackawayfromituptothelasthour，andstrivetopreventitfrombitingthem。PétionhimselfvisitsRobespierreonthe7thofAugust，inordertorepresenttohimtheperilsofaninsurrection，andtoallowtheAssemblytimeenoughtodiscussthequestionofdethronement。ThesamedayVerginaudandGuadetproposetotheKing，throughthemediumofThierry，hisvalet—de—chambre，that，untilpeaceisassured，thegovernmentbecarriedonunderaregency。Pétion，onthenightofAugust9—10，issuesapressingcirculartothesections，urgingthemtoremaintranquil。[45]
　　Butitistoolate。Fiftydaysofexcitementandalarmhaveworkeduptheaberrationsofmorbidimaginationsintoadelirium。——OnthesecondofAugust，acrowdofmenandwomenrushtothebaroftheAssembly，exclaiming，"Vengeance！Vengeance！ourbrethrenarebeingpoisoned！"[46]Thefactasascertainedisthis:atSoissons，wherethebreadofthesoldierywaspreparedinachurch，somefragmentsofbrokenglasswerefoundintheoven，onthestrengthofwhicharumorwasstartedthat170volunteershaddied，andthat700werelyinginthehospital。Aferociousinstinctmakesmenseetheiradversariesintheirownimageandthusjustifythemtotakethosemeasureswhichtheyimaginetheirenemieswouldhavetakenintheirplace。[47]——
　　ThecommitteeofJacobinleadersstatespositivelythattheCourtisabouttoattack，and，accordingly，hasdevised"notmerelysignsofthis，butofthemostunmistakableproof。"[48]——"ItistheTrojanhorse，"exclaimedPanis；"Wearelostifwedonotsucceedindisembowelingit……ThebombexplodesonthenightofAugust9—
　　10……Fifteenthousandaristocratsstandreadytoslaughterallpatriots。"Patriots，consequently，attributetothemselvestherighttoslaughteraristocrats。——LateinJune，intheMinimessection，"aFrenchguardsmanhadalreadydeterminedtokilltheKing，"iftheKingpersistedinhisveto。Whenthepresidentofthesectionwantedtoexpulsetheregicide，itwasthelatterwhowasretainedandthepresidentwasexpelled。[49]Onthe14thofJuly，thedayoftheFederationfestival，anotherpredecessorofLouvelandFieschi，providedwithacutlass，hadintroducedhimselfintothebattalionondutyatthepalace，forthesamepurpose；duringtheceremonythecrowdwarmedup，and，foramoment，theKingowedhislifetothefirmnessofhisescort。Onthe27thofJuly，inthegardenoftheTuileries，d’Espréménil，theoldConstituent[50]，beaten，slashed，andhisclothestorn，pursuedlikeastagacrossthePalaisRoyal，fallsbleedingsonamattressatthegatesoftheTreasury。[51]Onthe29thofJuly，whilstoneofLafayette’saides，M。BureaudePusy，isatthebarofthehouse，"theytrytohaveamotionpassedinthePalaisRoyaltoparadehisheadontheendofapike。"[52]——Atthislevelofrageandfear，thebrutalandtheexcitedcanwaitnolonger。Onthe4thofAugust，[53]theMauconseilsectiondeclares"totheAssembly，tothemunicipality，andtoallthecitizensofParis，thatitnolongerrecognizesLouisXVI。asKingoftheFrench"。Itspresident，theforemanofatailor’sshop，anditssecretary，employedintheleathermarket，supporttheirmanifestowiththreelinesofatragedyfloatingvaguelyintheirminds，[54]andnametheBoulevardMadeleineSt。HonoréasarendezvousonthefollowingSundayforallwell—disposedpersons。Onthe6thofAugust，Varlet，apost—officeclerk，makesknowntotheAssembly，inthenameofthepetitionersoftheChampdeMars，theprogramofthefaction:
　　1。thedethronementoftheKing，2。theindictment，arrest，andspeedycondemnationofLafayette，3。theimmediateconvokingoftheprimaryassemblies，4。universalsuffrage，5。thedischargeofallstaffofficers，6。therenewalofthedepartmentaldirectories，7。therecallofallambassadors，8。thesuppressionofdiplomacy，9。andareturntothestateofnature。
　　TheGirondinsmaynowdelay，negotiate，beataboutandargueasmuchastheyplease；theirhesitationhasnoothereffectthattoconsignthemintothebackground，asbeinglukewarmandtimid。Thankstothem，the（Jacobin）factionnowhasitsdeliberativeassemblies，itsexecutivepowers，itscentralseatofgovernment，itsenlarged，tried，andreadyarmy，and，forciblyorotherwise，itsprogramwillbecarriedout。
　　V。
　　EveningofAugust8。——SessionofAugust9。——MorningofAugust10。—Assemblypurged。——
　　TheAssemblymustfirstofallbemadetodeposetheKing。Severaltimesalready，[55]onthe26thofJulyandAugust4，clandestinemeetingshadbeenheldwherestrangersdecidedthefateofFrance，andgavethesignalforinsurrection。——Restrainedwithgreatdifficulty，theyconsented"tohavepatienceuntilAugust9，at11o’clockintheevening。"[56]OnthatdaythediscussionofthedethronementistotakeplaceintheAssembly，andcalculationsaremadeonafavorablevoteundersuchapositivethreat；itsreluctancemustyieldtothecertaintyofamilitaryoccupation——Onthe8thofAugust，however，theAssemblyrefuses，byamajorityoftwo—thirds，toindictthegreatenemy，Lafayette。ThedoubleamputationessentialforStatesecurity，mustthereforebeginwiththedestructionofthismajority。
　　ThemomentLafayette’sacquittalisannounced，thegalleries，usuallysovociferous，maintain"gloomysilence。"[57]Thewordofcommandforthemistokeepthemselvesinreserveforthestreets。OnebyonethedeputieswhovotedforLafayettearepointedouttothemobatthedoors，andashoutisraised，"therascals，theknaves，thetraitorslivingonthecivillist！Hangthem！Killthem！Putanendtothem！
　　Mud，mortar，plaster，stonesarethrownatthem，andtheyareseverelypummeled。M。Mézières，intheRueduDauphin，isseizedbythethroat，andawomanstrikesathim，whichheparries。IntheRueSt。
　　Honoré，anumberofmeninredcapssurroundM。Regnault—Beauceron，anddecideto"stringhimupatthelantern"；amaninhisjackethadalreadygrabbedhimfrombehindandraisedhimup，whenthegrenadiersofSainte—Opportunearriveintimetosethimfree。IntheRueSt。
　　Louis，M。Deuzy，repeatedlystruckonthebackwithstones，hasasabertwiceraisedoverhishead。InthePassagedesFeuillants，M。
　　Desboisispummeled，anda"snuff—box，hispocket—book，andcane"arestolenfromhim。InthelobbiesoftheAssembly，M。Girardinisonthepointofbeingassassinated。[58]Eightdeputiesbesidesthesearepursued，andtakerefugeintheguard—roomofthePalaisRoyal。A
　　Federateentersalongwiththem，and"there，hiseyessparklingwithrageandthumpingonthetablelikeamadman，"heexclaimstoM。
　　Dumolard，whoisthebestknown:""IfyouareunluckyenoughtoputyourfeetintheAssemblyagain，I’llcutoffyourheadwithmysword！"AstotheprincipaldefenderofLafayette，M。Vaublanc，heisassailedthreetimes，butheiswaryenoughnottoreturnhome；anumberofinfuriates，however，investhishouse，yellingoutthat"eightycitizensaretoperishbytheirhands，andheisoneofthefirst"；adozenofthegangascendtohisapartments，rummagethemineverycorner，makeanotherefforttofindhimintheadjoininghouses，and，notbeingabletosecurehim，trytofindhisfamily；heisnotifiedthat，ifhereturnstohishouse，hewillbemassacred。——Intheevening，ontheFeuillantsterrace，otherdeputiesaresubjectedtothesameoutrages；thegendarmerietriesinvaintoprotectthem，whilethe’commandantoftheNationalGuard，onleavinghispost，isattackedandcutdown。"[59]——Meanwhile，someoftheJacobinsinthelobbies"doomthemajorityoftheAssemblytodestruction"；oneoratordeclaresthat"thepeoplehavearighttoformlistsofproscription，"
　　andtheclubaccordinglydecidesonprintingandpublishingthenamesofallthedeputieswhoacquittedLafayette。——Neverwasphysicalconstraintdisplayedandappliedwithsuchopenshamelessness。[60]
　　Onthefollowingday，August9，armedmengatheraroundtheapproachestotheAssembly，andsabersareseeneveninthecorridors。[61]Thegalleries，moreimperiousthanever，cheer，andbreakoutinironicshoutsoftriumphandapprovaleverytimetheattacksofthepreviouseveningaredenouncedinthetribune。Thepresidentcallstheoffenderstoordermorethantwentytimes，buthisvoiceandhisbellaredrownedintheuproar。Itisimpossibletoexpressanopinion。
　　Mostoftherepresentativeswhoweremaltreatedtheeveningbefore，writethattheywillnotreturn，whileothers，whoarepresent，declarethattheywillnotvoteagain"iftheycannotbesecureoffreedomofconscienceintheirdeliberations。"Atthisutterance，whichexpressesthesecretsentimentof"nearlythewholeoftheAssembly，"[62]"allthemembersofthe’Right’，andmanyofthe’Left’arisesimultaneouslyandexclaim:’Yes，yes；wewilldebatenolongerunlesswearefree！"——Asusual，however，themajoritygivesawaythemomenteffectivemeasuresaretobeadopted；itsheartsinks，asitalwayshasdone，onbeingcalledupontoactinself—defense，whiletheseofficialdeclarations，oneontopoftheother，inhidingfromitthegravityofthedanger，sinkitdeeperinitsowntimidity。
　　Atthissamesessionthesyndic—attorneyofthedepartmentreportsthatthemobisready，that900armedmenhadjustenteredParis，thatthetocsinwouldberungatmidnight，andthatthemunicipalitytoleratesorfavorstheinsurrection。Atthissamesession，theMinisterofJusticegivesnoticethat"thelawsarepowerless，"andthatthegovernmentisnolongerresponsible。Atthissamesession，Pétion，themayor，almostavowinghiscomplicity，appearsatthebarofthehouse，anddeclarespositivelythathewillhavenothingtodowiththepublicforces，because"itwouldbearmingonebodyofcitizensagainstanother。"[63]——Everysupportisevidentlyknockedaway。Feelingthatitisabandoned，theNationalAssemblygivesup，and，asalastexpedient，andwithadegreeofweaknessorsimplicitywhichadmirablydepictsthelegislatorsoftheepoch，itadoptsaphilosophicaddresstothepeople，"instructingitwhattodointheexerciseofitssovereignty。"
　　Howthisisdone，itmayseethenextmorning。At7o’clock，aJacobindeputystopsinacabbeforethedooroftheFeuillantsclub；acrowdgathersaroundhim，andhegiveshisname，Delmas。ThecrowdunderstooditasDumas，awell—knownConstitutionalist，and，inarage，draghimoutofthevehicleandknockhimdown；hadnototherdeputiesrunupandgivenassurancesthathewasthepatriotDelmas，ofToulouse，insteadof"thetraitor，MathieuDumas，"hewasalostman。[64]Dumasmakesnoefforttoenter。HefindsonthePlaceVend？measecondandnotlessinstructivewarning。Somewretches，followedbytheusualrabble，carryaboutanumberofheadsonpikes，thoseprobablyofthejournalistSuleau，andthreeothers，massacredaquarterofanhourbefore；"boysquiteyoung，merechildren，playwiththeseheadsbytossingthemintheair，andcatchingthemontheendsoftheirsticks。"——Thereisnodoubtbutthatthedeputiesofthe"Right"andeventhe"Center，"woulddowelltogohomeandstaythere。Infact，theyarenolongerseenintheAssembly。[65]Intheafternoon，outofthe630membersstillpresenttheeveningbefore，346donotanswerthecall，whileaboutthirtyothers，hadeitherwithdrawnbeforethisorsentintheirresignations。[66]Thepurgingiscomplete，likethattowhichCromwell，in1648，subjectedtheLongParliament。HenceforththeLegislativebody，reducedto224JacobinsorGirondins，with60frightenedortractableneutrals，willobeytheordersofthestreetwithoutanydifficulty。Achangehascomeoverthespiritofthebodyaswellasoveritscomposition；itisnothingmorenowthanaservileinstrumentinthehandsoftheseditious，whohavemutilatedit，andwho，mastersofitthroughafirstmisdeed，aregoingtouseittolegalizeothercrimes。
　　VI。
　　NightsofAugust9and10。——Thesections。——CommissionersofthesectionsattheH？tel—de—ville。——TherevolutionaryCommuneissubstitutedforthelegalCommune。
　　Duringthenightofthe9thand10thofAugusttheirgovernmentformsitselfforaction，ithasbeensetupasitwillbehave，withviolenceandfraud。i——Invainhavetheyannoyedandworkedonthesectionsforthepastfortnight；theyarenotyetsubmissive，onlysixoutofforty—eightatthepresenthour，eleveno’clockatnight，beingfoundsufficientlyexcitedorpurgedtosendtheircommissionersforthwith，withfullpower，totheH？tel—de—ville。Theotherswillfollow，butthemajorityrestsinertorrecalcitrant。[67]——Itisnecessary，therefore，todeceiveorforcethismajority，and，tothisend，darkness，thelatehour，disorder，dreadofthecomingday，andtheuncertaintyofwhattodo，arepreciousauxiliaries。Inmanyofthesections，[68]themeetingsarealreadyadjournedordeserted；onlyafewmembersofthepermanentbureauintheroom，withafewmen，perhapsasleep，onthenearlyemptybenches。Anemissaryarrivesfromtheinsurgentsections，alongwithacompanyoftrustyfellowsbelongingtothequarter，andcriesout，Savethecountry！Thesleepersopentheireyes，stretchthemselves，raisetheirhands，andelectwhoeverisdesignated，sometimesstrangersandotherunknownindividuals，whowillbedisownedthecomingdayatafullmeetingofthesection。Thereisnoofficialreportdrawnup，noballoting，thecoursepursuedbeingthemostprompt。AttheArsenalsection，sixelectorspresentchoosethreeamongtheirownnumbertorepresent1，400activecitizens。Elsewhere，athrongofshrews，night—brawlersanddishonorablepersons，invadethepremises，chaseoutthebelieversinlawandorder，andwinallthedesiredappointments。[69]Othersectionsconsenttoelect，butwithoutconsentingtogivepowerofattorney。Severalmakeexpressreservations，stipulatingthattheirdelegatesshallactinconcertwiththelegalmunicipality，distrustingthefuturecommittee，anddeclaringinadvancethattheywillnotobeyit。Afewelecttheircommissionersonlytoobtaininformation，and，atthesametime，toshowthattheyintendearnestlytostopallrioting。[70]Finally，atleasttwentysectionsabstainfromordisapproveoftheproceedingsandsendnodelegates。——Nevermind，theycanbedispensedwith。Atthreeo’clockinthemorning，19
　　sections，and，atseveno’clock，24or25，[71]arerepresentedonewayoranotherattheTown—hall（H？tel—de—ville），andthisrepresentationformsacentralcommittee。Anyhow，thereisnothingtopreventseventyoreightysubordinateintriguersanddesperadoes，whohaveslippedinorpushedthrough，fromcallingthemselvesauthorizeddelegatesandministersplenipotentiaryoftheentireParispopulation，[72]andtooperateaccordingly。——ScarcelyaretheyinstalledunderthepresidencyofHuguenin，withTallienassecretary，whentheyissueasummonsfor"twenty—fivearmedmenfromeachsection，"fivehundredstrappinglads，toactasguardsandserveasanexecutiveforce。——
　　Againstabandofthisdescriptionthemunicipalcouncil，insessionintheoppositechamber，isfeebleenough。Moreover，themostmoderateandfirmestofitsmembers，sentawayonpurpose，areonmissionstotheAssembly，atthepalace，andindifferentquartersofParis，whileitsgalleriesarecrammedwithvillainouslookingmen，postedtheretocreateanuproar，itsdeliberationsbeingcarriedonundermenacesofdeath。——That’swhy，asthenightpasses，theequilibriumbetweenthetwoassemblages，onelegaltheotherillegal，facingeachotherlikethetwosidesofascale，disappears。Lassitude，fear，discouragement，desertion，increaseononeside，whilenumbers，audacity，forceandusurpationincreaseontheother。Atlength，thelatterwrestsfromtheformeralltheactsitneedstostarttheinsurrectionandrenderdefenseimpossible。Aboutsixo’clockinthemorningtheintrudingcommittee，inthenameofthepeople，endsthematterbysuspendingthelegitimatecouncil，whichitthenexpels，andtakespossessionofitschairs。
　　Thefirstactofthenewsovereignrulersindicatesatoncewhattheymeantodo。M。deMandat，incommandoftheNationalguard，summonedtotheH？tel—de—ville，hadcometoexplaintothecouncilwhatdispositionhehadmadeofhistroops，andwhatordershehadissued。