Conspirator！——Offtoprisonwithhim！——Guillotinehim！——andbehindthese，acrowdofspectators，pell—mell，yelling，andgesticulating"likewildbeastspressedagainsteachotherinthesamecage，showingtheirteethandtryingtospringateachother。"Oneofthemostexcited，brandishinghissaberinordertostrikeanantagonist，stoppedonseeingme，andexclaimed，’There’sMalouet！’——
Theother，however，lessoccupiedwithmethanwithhisenemy，tookadvantageoftheopportunity，andwithablowofhisclub，knockedhimdown。"Malouethadacloseshave，inParisescapestakeplacebysuchaccidents。——Ifoneremainsinthecity，oneisbesetwithlugubriousfearsby，1。thehurryingstepofsquadsofmenineachstreet，leadingthesuspectedtoprisonorbeforethecommittee；
2。aroundeachprisonthecrowdsthathavecome"toseethedisasters"；
3。inthecourtoftheAbayethecryoftheauctioneersellingtheclothesofthedead；
4。therumblingofcartsonthepavementbearingaway1，300corpses；
5。thesongsofthewomenmountedaloftonthecarts，beatingtimeonthenakedbodies。[129]
Isthereamanwho，afteroneoftheseencounters，doesnotseehimselfinimaginationbeforethegreentableofthesectioncommittee，afterthis，inprisonwithsabersoverhishead，andtheninthecartinthemidstofthebloodypile？
Couragefaltersbeforeavisionlikethis。Allthejournalsapprove，palliate，orkeepsilent；nobodydaresofferresistance。[130]Propertyaswellaslivesbelongtowhoeverwantstotakethem。Atthebarriers，atthemarkets，ontheboulevardoftheTemple，thieves，deckedwiththetricolorribbon，stoppeopleastheypassalong，seizewhatevertheycarry，and，underthepretextthatjewelsshouldbedepositedonthealtarsofPatriotism，takepurses，watches，rings，andotherarticles，sorudelythatwomenwhoarenotquickenough，havethelobesoftheirearstorninunhookingtheirearrings[131]。
Others，installedinthecellarsoftheTuileries，sellthenation’swineandoilfortheirownprofit。Others，again，giventheirlibertyeightdaysbeforebythepeople，scentoutabiggerjobbyfindingtheirwayintotheGarde—meubleandstealingdiamondstothevalueofthirtymillions。[132]
Likeamanstruckontheheadwithamallet，Paris，felledtotheground，letsthingsgo；theauthorsofthemassacrehavefullyattainedtheirends。Thefactionhasfastholdofpower，andwillmaintainitshold。NeitherintheLegislativeAssemblynorintheConventionwilltheaimsoftheGirondinsbesuccessfulagainstitstenacioususurpation。Ithasprovedbyastrikingexamplethatitiscapableofanything，andboastsofit；itisstillarmed，itstandsthereeverpreparedandanonymousonitsmurderousbasis，withitsspeedymodesofoperation，itsowngroupoffanaticalagentsandbravos，withMaillardandFournier，withitscannonanditspikes。Allthatdoesnotlivewithinitlivesonlythroughitsfavorfromdaytoday，throughitsgoodwill。Everybodyknowsthat。TheAssemblynolongerthinksofdislodgingpeoplewhomeetdecreesofexpulsionwithmassacre；itisnolongeraquestionofauditingtheiraccounts，orofkeepingthemwithintheconfinesofthelaw。Theirdictatorshipisnottobedisputed，andtheirpurificationcontinue。Fromfourtofivehundrednewprisoners，arrestedwithinelevendays，byorderofthemunicipality，bythesections，andbythisorthatindividualJacobin，arecrowdedintocellsstilldrippingwithblood，andthereportisspreadthat，onthe20thofSeptember，theprisonswillbeemptiedbyasecondmassacre。[133]——LettheConvention，ifitpleases，pompouslyinstallitselfassovereign，andgrindoutdecrees——itmakesnodifference；regularorirregular，thegovernmentstillmarchesoninthehandsofthosewhoholdthesword。[134]TheJacobins，throughsuddenterror，havemaintainedtheirillegalauthority；throughaprolongationofterrortheyaregoingtoestablishtheirlegalauthority。AforcedsuffrageisgoingtoputtheminofficeattheH？tel—de—ville，inthetribunals，intheNationalGuard，inthesections，andinthevariousadministrations，whiletheyhavealreadyelectedtotheConvention，Marat，Danton，Fabred’Eglantine，CamilleDesmoulins，Manuel，Billaud—Varennes，Panis，Sergent，Collotd’Herbois，Robespierre，Legendre，Osselin，Fréron，David，Robert，Lavicourterie，inshort，theinstigators，leadersandaccomplicesofthemassacre。[135]Nothingthatcouldforceorfalsifyvotingisomitted。[136]Inthefirstplacethepresenceofthepeopleisimposedontheelectoralassembly，and，tothisend，itistransferredtothelargehalloftheJacobinclub，underthepressureoftheJacobingalleries。Asasecondprecaution，everyopponentisexcludedfromvoting，everyConstitutionalist，everyformermemberofthemonarchicalclub，oftheFeuillants，andoftheSainte—Chapelleclub，oftheFeuillants，andoftheSainte—Chapelleclub，everysignerofthepetitionofthe20，000，orofthatofthe8，000，and，onthesectionsprotestingagainstthis，theirprotestisthrownoutonthegroundofitsbeingthefruitof"anintrigue。"
Finally，ateachballoting，eachelector’svoteiscalledout，whichensurestherightvotebeforehand，thewarningshehasreceivedbeingveryexplicit。[137]Onthe2ndofSeptember，duringthefirstmeetingoftheelectoralbody，heldatthebishop’spalace，theMarseillestroop，500yardsaway，cameandtookthetwenty—fourpriestsfromthetown—hall，and，ontheway，hackedthemtopiecesonthePont—Neuf。
ThroughouttheeveningandallnighttheagentsofthemunicipalitycarriedontheirworkattheAbbaye，attheCarmelites，andatLaForce，and，onthe3rdofSeptember，ontheelectoralassemblytransferringitselftotheJacobinclub，itpassedoverthePont—au—
Changebetweentworowsofcorpses，whichtheslaughterershadbroughttherefromtheChateletandtheConciergerieprisons。
Notes:
[1]’Thierry，sonofClovis，unwillingtotakepartinanexpeditionofhisbrothersintoBurgundy，wastoldbyhismen:"IfthouartunwillingtomarchintoBurgundywiththybrothers，wewillleavetheeandfollowtheminthyplace。"——Clotaire，anotherofhissons，disposedtomakepeacewiththeSaxons，"theangryFrancsrushuponhim，revilehim，andthreatentokillhimifhedeclinestoaccompanythem。Uponwhichheputshimselfattheirhead。"
[2]Socialconditionanddegreeofcultureareoftenindicatedorthographically。——GranierdeCassagnac，II……480。Bécard，commandingtheexpeditionwhichbroughtbacktheprisonersfromOrleans，signshimself:"Bécard，commandantcongointementavequeM。
Fourniergeneralle。"——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，4426。LetterofChemin，commissioneroftheGravillierssection，toSanterre，Aug。11，1792。"MoisCharlesChemincommissaire……faitpartàMonsieurSantairegénéraledelatroupeparisienequelenomméHingraycavaliersdelagendarmerisnationalle……medélarésqu’illesestestrouvésauxjourduis11aouxavecunehomeattachésàlacoursauxEquris；quilleluiavesdisquiere800homeapeupresdessidevantgardeduroyétestousprèsafondresureParispourdonairedusécouranauxrébelleetasigneravecmoilapresante。"
[3]Onthe19thofMarch，1871，ImetintheRuedeVarennesamanwithtwogunsonhisshoulderwhohadtakenpartinthepillageoftheEcoled’Etat—majorandwasonhiswayhome。Isaidtohim:"Butthisiscivilwar，andyouwillletthePrussiansinParis。"—"I’dratherhavethePrussiansthanThiers。ThiersisPrussianontheinside！"
[4]Today，115yearsafterthesewordswerewritten，wehaveseenothers，Lenin，Stalin，Hitler，PolPot，MaoTseTung，etcfollowingintheJacobin’sfootsteps。Nobles，Bourgeois，Jewsandotherundesirableshavebeenmethodicallyputaway。ThesheeplikemajoritydidnotreadTaineordidnotprofitfromhiswarningswhilemostofthegreattyrantslearnedfromhimorfromtheeventshedescribed（SR。）
[5]Moniteur，Nov。14，1792。
[6]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，4426。Letterofthepoliceadministrators，Aug。11。DeclarationofDelaunay，Aug。12。
[7]BuchezetRoux，XVII。59（sessionofAug。12）SpeechbyLeprieuratthebarofthehouse。
[8]BuchezetRoux，XVII。47。—Mortimer—Ternaux，III。31。SpeechbyRobespierreatthebaroftheAssemblyinthenameofthecommune，Aug。15。
[9]Brissot，inhisreportonRobespierre’spetition。—Thenamesoftheprincipaljudgeselectedshowitscharacter:Fouquier—Tinville，Osselin，Coffinhal。
[10]BuchezetRoux，XVII。91（Aug。17）。
[11]StatedbyPétioninhisspeech（Moniteur，Nov。10，1792）。
[12]BuchezetRoux，XVII。116（sessionofAug。23）。
[13]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。461。—Moore，I。273（Aug。31）。
[14]BuchezetRoux，XVII。267（articlebyPrudhommeinthe"RévolutionsdeParis"）。
[15]"LesRévolutionsdeParis，"Ibid。，"Anumberofsans—culottesweretherewiththeirpikes；butthesewerelargelyoutnumberedbythemultitudeofuniformsofthevariousbattalions。"——Moore，Aug，31:
"AtpresenttheinhabitantsofthefaubourgsSaint—AntoineandSaint—
MarceauareallthatisfeltofthesovereignpeopleinParis。"
[16]More，Aug。26。
[17]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。471。IndictmentagainstJean—Julien。——InreferringtoM。Mortimer—Ternauxwedosobecause，likeatruecritic，hecitesauthenticandfrequentlyunediteddocuments。
[18]RétifdelaBretonne，"lesNuitsdeParis，"11thnight，p。372。
[19]Moore，Sept。2。
[20]Moore，Sept。3。——BuchezetRoux，XVI。159（narrativebyTallien）。——OfficialreportofthePariscommune，Sept。4（inthecollectionofBarrièreandBerville，thevolumeentitled"MémoiressurlesjournéesdeSeptembre"）。Thecommuneadoptsandexpandsthefable，probablyinventedbyit。Prudhommewellsaysthatthestoryoftheprisonplot，soscandalouslycirculatedduringtheReignofTerror，appearsforthefirsttimeonthe2dofSeptember。Thesamereportwasspreadthroughtheruraldistricts。AtGennevilliers，apeasantwhilelamentingthemassacres，saidtoMalouet:"Itis，too，aterriblethingforthearistocratstowanttokillallthepeoplebyblowingupthecity"（Malouet，II。244）。
[21]Officialreportsofthecommune，Aug。11。
[22]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。446。ListofthesectioncommissionerssittingattheH？tel—de—ville，Aug。10，before9o’clockinthemorning。
[23]Officialreportsofthecommune，Aug。21。"Consideringthat，toensurepublicsafetyandliberty，thecouncil—generalofthecommunerequiredallthepowerdelegatedtoitbythepeople，atthetimeitwascompelledtoresumetheexerciseofitsrights，"sendsadeputationtotheNationalAssemblytoinsistthat"thenewdepartmentbeconverted，pureandsimple，intoatax—commissioners’office。"——
Mortimer—Ternaux，III。25。SpeechofRobespierreinthenameofthecommune:"Afterthepeoplehavesavedthecountry，afterdecreeingaNationalConventiontoreplaceyou，whatremainsforyoutodobuttogratifytheirwishes？……Thepeople，forcedtoseetoitsownsalvation，hasprovidedforthisthroughitsdelegates……Itisessentialthatthosechosenbyitselfforitsmagistratesshouldenjoytheplenarypowersbefittingthesovereign。"
[24]Officialreportsofthecommune，Aug。10。—Mortimer—Ternaux，III。155。LetteroftheMinisterServan，Aug。30。—Ibid。，149。——Ibid。，148。Thecommissiononsupplieshavingbeenbrokenupbythecommune，Roland，theMinisteroftheInterior，begstheAssemblytoactpromptly，for"hewillnolongerberesponsibleforthesuppliesofParis。"
[25]Officialreportsofthecommune，Aug。21。Aresolutionrequiringthat，ontrialsforlésé—nation，thosewhoappearforthedefendantsshouldbeprovidedwithacertificateoftheirintegrity，issuedbytheirassembledsection，andthattheinterviewsbetweenthemandtheaccusedbepublic。—Ibid。，Aug。17，aresolutiontosuspendtheexecutionofthetwoassassinsofmayorSimonneau，condemnedtodeathbythetribunalofSeine—et—Oise。
[26]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。11。DecreeofAug。11。
[27]Prudhomme，"RévolutionsdeParis"（numberforSep。22）……ReportbyRolandtotheNationalAssembly（Sept。16，at9o’clockinthemorning）。
[28]MadameRoland，"Mémoires，"II。414（Ed。BarrièreetBerville）。
ReportbyRolandOct。29。TheseizureinquestiontoolplaceAug。27。
[29]MémoirssurlesjournéesdeSeptembre"（Ed。BarrièreetBerville，pp。307—322）。Listofsumspaidbythetreasurerofthecommune。——
See，ontheprolongationofthisplundering，Roland’sreport，Oct。29，ofmoney，plate，andassignatstakenfromtheSenlisHospital（Sept。
13），theHoteldeCoignyemptied，andsaleoffurnitureintheHoteld’Egmont，etc。
[30]Officialreportsofthecommune，Aug。17and20。——Listofsumspaidbythetreasurerofthecommune，p。321。——Onthe28thofAugusta"Saint—RochinsilverisbroughttothebaroftheNationalAssembly。
[31]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。150，161，511。——ReportbyRoland，Oct。
29。P。414。
[32]Moniteur。514，542（sessionsofAug。23and26）。
[33]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。99（sessionsofAug。15and23）。"Procès—
verbauxdelaCommune，"Aug。18，aresolutiontoobtainalawauthorizingthecommune"tocollecttogetherwithwivesandchildrenoftheémigrésinplacesofsecurity，andtomakeuseoftheformerconventsforthispurpose。"
[34]Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Aug。12。—Ibid。，Aug。18。NotbeingabletofindM。Geoffrey，thejournalist，thecommune"passesaresolutionthatsealsbeaffixedtoMadameGeoffroy’sdomicileandthatshebeplacedinarrestuntilherhusbandappearstoreleaseher。"
[35]Procès—verbauxdelaCommune。"Aug。17and18。Anotherresolution，againdemandingoftheNationalAssemblyalistofthesignersforpublication。
[36]Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Aug。18，19，20。——Onthe20thofAugustthecommunesummonsbeforeitandexaminestheVenetianAmbassador。"Acitizenclaimstobeheardagainsttheambassador，andstatesthatseveralcarriageswentoutofParisinhisname。ThenameofthiscitizenisChevalier，ahorse—shoer’sassistant……TheCouncildecreesthathonorablementionbemadeoftheaffidavitsbroughtforwardintheaccusation。"OnthetoneoftheseexaminationsreadWeber（"Mémoires，"II。245），whonarrateshisown。
[37]BuchezetRoux，XVII。215。NarrationbyPeltier。——InspiteoftheordersoftheNationalAssemblytheaffairisrepeatedonthefollowingday，anditlastsfromthe19thtothe31stofAugust，intheevening。——Moore，Aug。31。Thestupid，sheep—likevanityofthebourgeoisenlistedasagendarmeforthesans—culottesisherewelldepicted。ThekeeperoftheH？telMeurice，whereMooreandLordLauderdaleputup，wasonguardandonthechasethenightbefore:"Hetalkedagooddealofthefatiguehehadundergone，andhintedalittleofthedangerstowhichhehadbeenexposedinthecourseofthissevereduty。Beingaskedifhehadbeensuccessfulinhissearchaftersuspectedpersons——’Yesmylord，infinitely；ourbattalionarrestedfourpriests。’HecouldnothavelookedmoreloftyifhehadtakentheDukeofBrunswick，"
[38]AccordingtoR？derer，thenumberarrestedamountedtofrom5，000
to6，000persons。
[39]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。147，148，Aug。28and29。—Ibid。，176。
OthersectionscomplainoftheCommunewithsomebitterness。——BuchezetRoux，XVII。358。——"Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Sept。1。"ThesectionoftheTemplesendsadeputationwhichdeclaresthatbyvirtueofadecreeoftheNationalAssemblyitwithdrawsitspowersentrustedtothecommissionerselectedbyittothecouncil—general。"
[40]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。154（sessionofAug。30）。
[41]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。171（sessionofAug。31）。——Ibid。，208。—
—Onthefollowingday，Sept。1，attheinstigationofDanton，ThuriotobtainsfromtheNationalAssemblyanambiguousdecreewhichseemstoallowthemembersofthecommunetokeeptheirplaces，provisionallyatleast，attheHotel—de—ville。
[42]"Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Sept。1。
[43]"Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Sept。1。"Itisresolvedthatwhatevereffectsfellintothehandsofthecitizenswhofoughtforlibertyandequalityonthe10thofAugustshallremainintheirpossession；M。Tallien，secretary—general，isthereforeauthorizedtoreturnagoldwatchtoM。Lecomte，agendarme。"
[44]Fourcircumstances，simultaneousandinfullagreementwitheachother，indicatethisdate:
1。Onthe23dofAugustthecouncil—generalresolves"thatatribuneshallbearrangedinthechamberforajournalist（M。Marat），whosedutyitshallbetoconductajournalgivingtheactspassedandwhatgoesoninthecommune"（"Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Aug。23）
2。Onthesameday，"onthemotionofamemberwithaviewtoseparatetheprisonersoflése—nationfromthoseofthenurse’shospitalandothersofthesamestampinthedifferentprisons，thecouncilhasadoptedthismeasure"（GranierdeCassagnac，II。100）。
3。Thesamedaythecommuneapplaudsthedeputiesofasection，which"inwarmterms"denouncebeforeitthetardinessofjusticeanddeclaretoitthatthepeoplewill"immolate"theprisonersintheirprisons（Moniteur，Nov。10，1793，NarrativeofPétion）。
ThesamedayitsendsadeputationtotheAssemblytoorderatransferoftheOrleansprisonerstoParis（BuchezetRoux，XVII。116）。Thenextday，inspiteoftheprohibitionsoftheAssembly，ItsendsFournierandhisbandtoOrleans（Mortimer—Ternaux，III。364），andeachknowsbeforehandthatFournieriscommissionedtokillthemontheway。（Balleydier，"HistoirepolitiqueetmilitairedupeopledeLyon，"I。79。LetterofLaussel，datedatParis，Aug。28）:"OurvolunteersareatOrleansforthepasttwoorthreedaystobringtheanti—revolutionaryprisonershere，whoaretreatedtoowellthere。"OnthedayofFournier’sdeparture（Aug。24）MooreobservesinthePalaisRoyalandattheTuileries"agreaternumberthanusualofstump—
speakersofthepopulace，hiredforthepurposeofinspiringthepeoplewithahorrorofmonarchy。"
[45]Moniteur，Sept。25，1792，speechbyMaratintheConvention。
[46]Seehistwojournals，"L’Amidupeople"andthe"JournaldelaRépublicFran？aise，"especiallyforJulyandOctober1792。——ThenumberforAugust16isheaded:"Developmentofthevileplotofthecourttodestroyallpatriotswithfireandsword。"——ThatofAugust19:"TheinfamousconscriptFathersoftheCircus，betrayingthepeopleandtryingtodelaytheconvictionoftraitorsuntilMottié
arrives，ismarchingwithhisarmyonParistodestroyallpatriots！"
——ThatofAug。21:"TherottersoftheAssembly，theperfidiousaccomplicesofMottiéarrangingforflight……TheconscriptFathers，theassassinsofpatriotsatNancy，theChampdeMarsandintheTuileries，etc。"——Allthiswasyelledoutdailyeverymorningbythosewhohawkedthesejournalsthroughthestreets。
[47]AmiduPeuple，Aug。19and21。
[48]"LettresautographsdeMadameRoland，"publishedbyMadameBancaldesIssarts，Sept。9。"Dantonleadsall；Robespierreishispuppet；
Maratholdshistorchanddagger。"
[49]MadameRoland"Mémoires，"II。19（notebyRoland）。—Ibid。，21，23，24。Mongesays:"Dantonwantstohaveitso；ifIrefusehewilldenouncemetotheCommuneandattheCordeliers，andhavemehung。"
Fournier’scommissiontoOrleanswasallinorder，Rolandprobablyhavingsigneditunawares，likethoseofthecommissionerssentintothedepartmentsbytheexecutivecouncil（Cf。Mortimer—Ternaux，III。
368。）
[50]Thepersonwhogivesmethefollowinghaditfromtheking，LouisPhilippe，thenanofficerinKellerman’scorps:
OntheeveningofthebattleofValmytheyoungofficerissenttoParistocarrythenews。Onhisarrival（Sept。22or23。1792）helearnsthatheisremovedfromhispostandappointedgovernorofStrasbourg。HegoestoServan’shouse，MinisterofWar，andatfirsttheyrefusetolethimin。Servanisunwellandinbed，withtheministersinhisroom。Theyoungmanstatesthathecomesfromthearmyandisthebearerofdispatches。Heisadmitted，andfinds，indeed，Servaninbedwithvariouspersonagesaroundhim，andheannouncesthevictory。——Theyquestionhimandhegivesthedetails。
——Hethencomplainsofhavingbeendisplaced，and，statingthatheistooyoungtocommandwithanyauthorityatStrasbourg，requeststohereinstatedwiththearmyinthefield。"Impossible，"repliesServan；
"yourplaceisgiventoanother。"Thereupononeofthepersonagespresent，withapeculiarvisageandaroughvoice，takeshimasideandsaystohim:"Servanisafool！Comeandseemeto—morrowandIwillarrangethematter。""Whoareyou？""IamDanton，theMinisterofJustice。"——ThenextdayhecallsonDanton，whotellshim:"Itisallright；youshallhaveyourpostback——notunderKellerman，however，butunderDumouriez；areyoucontent？"Theyoungman，delighted，thankshim。Dantonresumes:"Letmegiveyouonepieceofadvicebeforeyougo:Youhavetalentandwillsucceed。Butgetridofonefault。Youtalktoomuch。YouhavebeeninParistwenty—fourhours，andalreadyyouhaverepeatedlycriticizedtheaffairofSeptember。Iknowthis；Ihavebeeninformedofit""Butthatwasamassacre；howcanonehelpcallingithorrible？""Ididit，"repliesDanton，"TheParisiansareallsomanyj———f———。Ariverofbloodhadtoflowbetweenthemandtheémigrés……Youaretooyoungtounderstandthesematters。Returntothearmy；itistheonlyplacenowadaysforayoungmanlikeyouandofyourrank。Youhaveafuturebeforeyou；butmindthis——keepyourmouthshut！"
[51]Hua，167……Narrativebyhisguest，thephysicianLambry，anintimatefriendofDantonultra—fanaticalandmemberofacommitteeinwhichthequestioncameupwhetherthemembersofthe"Right"shouldlikewisebeputoutoftheway。"Dantonhadenergeticallyrepelledthissanguinaryproposal。’Everybodyknows，’hesaid，’thatIdonotshrinkfromacriminalactwhennecessary；butIdisdaintocommitauselessone。"’
[52]Mortimer—Ternaux，Iv。437。Dantonexclaims，inrelationtothehot—headedcommissionerssentbyhimintothedepartment:"Eh！damnit，doyousupposethatwewouldsendyouyoungladies？"
[53]PhilippedeSégur，"Mémoires，"I。12。Danton，inaconversationwithhisfather，afewweeksafterthe2ndofSeptember。
[54]Seeabove，narrativeoftheking，louisPhilippe。
[55]BuchezetRoux，xvii。347。ThewordsofDantonintheNationalAssembly，Sept。2ndalittlebeforetwoo’clock，justasthetocsinandcannongavethesignalofalarmagreedupon。Alreadyonthe31stofAugust，Tailien，hisfaithfulally，hadtoldtheNationalAssembly:
"Wehavearrestedthepriestswhomakesomuchtrouble。Theyareinconfinementinacertaindomicile，andinafewdaysthesoiloflibertywillbepurgedoftheirpresence。"
[56]Meillan，"Mémoires，"325（Ed。BarrièreetBerville）。SpeechbyFabred’EglantineattheJacobinClub，sentaroundamongtheaffiliatedclubs，May1，1793。
[57]Robinet，"ProcèsdesDantonistes，"39，45（wordsofDantoninthecommitteeongeneraldefense）。—MadameRoland，2Mémoires，"II。
30。Onthe2ndofSeptemberGrandpréorderedtoreporttotheMinisteroftheInterioronthestateoftheprisons，waitsforDantonasheleavesthecouncilandtellshimhisfears。"Danton，irritatedbythedescription，exclaimsinhisbellowingway，suitinghiswordtotheaction。’Idon’tgiveadamnabouttheprisoners！Letthemtakecareofthemselves！Andheproceededoninanangrymood。Thistookplaceinthesecondante—room，inthepresenceoftwentypersons。"—
Arnault，II。101。AboutthetimeoftheSeptembermassacres"Danton，inthepresenceofoneofmyfriends，repliedtosomeonethaturgedhimtousehisauthorityinstoppingthespillingofblood:’Isn’tittimeforthepeopletotaketheirrevenge？’"
[58]Prudhomme，"CrimesdelaRévolution，"iv。90。Onthe2ndofSeptember，atthealarmgivenbythetocsinandcannon，PrudhommecallsonDantonathishouseforinformation。Dantongiveshimtheagreedstoryandadds:"Thepeople，whoarenowarousedandknowwhattodo，wanttoadministerjusticethemselvesonthenastyimprisonedpersons。——CamilleDesmoulinsenters:"Lookhere，"saysDanton，"Prudhommehascometoaskwhatisgoingtobedone？"——"Didn’tyoutellhimthattheinnocentwouldnotbeconfoundedwiththeguilty？
AllthosethataredemandedbytheirSectionswillbegivenup。"——
Onthe4th，Desmoulinscallsattheofficeofthejournalandsaystotheeditors:"Well，everythinghasgoneoffinthemostperfectorder。
Thepeopleevensetfreeagoodmanyaristocratsagainstwhomtherewasnodirectproof。Itrustthatyouwillstateallthisexactly，becausetheJournaldesRévolutionsisthecompassofpublicopinion。"
[59]Prudhomme，"CrimesdelaRévolution，"IV。123。AccordingtothestatementsofThéophileMandar，vice—presidentofasection，witnessandactorinthescene；heauthorizesPrudhommetomentionhisname。—
—Afterwards，inthenextroom，MandarproposestoPétionandRobespierretoattendtheAssemblythenextdayandprotestagainstthemassacre；ifnecessary，theAssemblymayappointadirectorforoneday。"Takecarenottodothat，"repliedRobespierre；"Brissotwouldbethedictator。"——Pétionsaysnothing。"Theministerswereinperfectagreementtoletthemassacrescontinue。"
[60]MadameRoland，II。37。——"AngersetledépartmentdeMaine—et—
Loirede1787à1830，"byBlordierLanglois。AppendedtothecircularwasaprintedaddressbearingthetitleofCompterenduaupeuplesouverain，"countersignedbytheMinisterofJusticeandwiththeMinister’ssealonthepackage，"andaddressedtotheJacobinClubsofthedepartments，thatthey，too，mightpreachmassacre。
[61]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。391，398。——WarnedbyAlquier，presidentofthecriminalcourtofVersailles，ofthedangertowhichtheOrleansprisonerswereexposed，Dantonreplied:"Whatisthattoyou？Thataffairdoesnotconcernyou。Mindyourownbusiness，anddonotmeddlewiththingsoutsideofit！"——"But，Monsieur，thelawsaysthatprisonersmustbeprotected。"——"Whatdoyoucare？Someamongthemaregreatcriminals，andnobodyknowsyethowthepeoplewillregardthemandhowfartheirindignationwillcarrythem。"
Alquierwishedtopursuethematter，butDantonturnedhisbackonhim[62]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。217
[63]MadameRoland，"Lettresautographes，etc。，"Sept。5，1792。"WearehereundertheknivesofMaratandRobespierre。ThesefellowsarestrivingtoexcitethepeopleandturnthemagainsttheNationalAssemblyandthecouncil。TheyhaveorganizedaStarChamberandtheyhaveasmallarmyunderpay，aidedbywhattheyfoundorstoleinthepalaceandelsewhere，orbysuppliespurchasedbyDanton，whoisunderhandedlythechieftainofthishorde。"——Dusaulx，"Mémoires，"
441。"Onthefollowingday（Sept。3）Iwenttoseeoneofthemostestimatedpersonalitiesatthisepoch。’Youknow，’saidItohim，’whatisgoingon？’——’Verywell；butkeepquiet；itwillsoonbeover。Alittlemorebloodisstillnecessary。’——Isawotherswhoexplainedthemselvesmuchmoredefinitely。"——Mortimer—Ternaux，II。
445。
[64]MadameRoland，"Lettresautographes，etc。，"Sept。5，1792。"WearehereundertheknivesofMaratandRobespierre。ThesefellowsarestrivingtoexcitethepeopleandturnthemagainsttheNationalAssemblyandthecouncil。TheyhaveorganizedaStarChamberandtheyhaveasmallarmyunderpay，aidedbywhattheyfoundorstoleinthepalaceandelsewhere，orbysuppliespurchasedbyDanton，whoisunderhandedlythechieftainofthishorde。"——Dusaulx，"Mémoires，"
441。"Onthefollowingday（Sept。3）Iwenttoseeoneofthemostestimatedpersonalitiesatthisepoch。’Youknow，’saidItohim，’whatisgoingon？’——’Verywell；butkeepquiet；itwillsoonbeover。Alittlemorebloodisstillnecessary。’——Isawotherswhoexplainedthemselvesmuchmoredefinitely。"——Mortimer—Ternaux，II。
445。
[65]MadamedeSta？l，"ConsidérationssurlaRévolutionFran？aise，"
3rdpart，ch。X。
[66]Prudhomme，"LesRévolutionsdeParis"（numberforSept。22）。Atoneofthelastsessionsofthecommune"M。PanisspokeofMaratasofaprophet，anotherSiméonStylite。’Marat，’saidhe，’remainedsixweekssittingononethighinadungeon。’"—Barbaroux，64。
[67]Weber，II。348。Collotdwellsatlength，"incool—bloodedgaiety，"onthemurderofMadamedeLamballeandontheabominationstowhichhercorpsewassubjected。"Headded，withasighofregret，thatifhehadbeenconsultedhewouldhavehadtheheadofMadamedeLamballeservedinacovereddishforthequeen’ssupper。"
[68]OnthepartplayedbyRobespierreandhispresenceconstantlyattheCommuneseeGranierdeCassagnac，II。55。——Mortimer—Ternaux，III。205。SpeechbyRobespierreatthecommune，Sept。1:"Noonedaresnamethetraitors。Well，Igivetheirnamesforthesafetyofthepeople:IdenouncethelibertycideBrissot，theGirondistfactionists，therascallycommissionoftheTwenty—OneintheNationalAssembly；I
denouncethemforhavingsoldFrancetoBrunswick，andforhavingtakeninadvancetherewardfortheirdastardlyact。"Onthe2ndofSeptemberherepeatshisdenunciation，andconsequentlyonthatdaywarrantsareissuedbythecommitteeofsupervisionagainstthirtydeputiesandagainstBrissotandRoland（Mortimer—Ternaux，III。216，247）。
[69]"Procès—verbauxdelaCommune，"Aug。30。—Mortimer—Ternaux，III。
217（resolutionsofthesectionsPoissonnièreandLuxembourg）。——
GranierdeCassagnac，II。104（adhesionofthesectionsMauconseil，Louvre，andQuinze—Vingt）。
[70]GranierdeCassagnac，II。156。
[71]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。265。——GranierdeCassagnac，XII。402。
（Theotherfivejudgeswerealsomembersofthecommune。）
[72]GranierdeCassagnac，II。313。RegisteroftheGeneralAssemblyofthesans—culottes，section，Sept。2。——"MémoiressurlesjournéesdeSeptembre，"151（declarationofJourdan）。
[73]"MémoiressurlesjournéesdeSeptembre，"narrativeofAbbé
Sicard，111。
[74]BuchezetRoux，XVIII。109，178。（"Lavéritetoutentière，"byMéhée，Jr。）—NarrativeofAbbéSicard，132，134。
[75]GranierdeCassagnac，II。92，93。—OnthepresenceandcomplicityofSanterre。Ibid，89—99。
[76]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。277and299（Sept。3）。—GranierdeCassagnac，II。257。AcommissaryofthesectionoftheQuatre—Nationsstatesinhisreportthat"thesectionauthorizedthemtopayexpensesoutoftheaffair。"—DeclarationofJourdan，151。—Lavalette，"Mémoires，"I。91。Theinitiativeofthecommuneisfurtherprovedbythefollowingdetail:"Towardsfiveo’clock（Sept。2）cityofficialsonhorseback，carryingaflag，rodethroughthestreetscrying:’Toarms！Toarms！’Theyadded:’Theenemyiscoming；youarealllost；
thecitywillbeburntandgivenuptopillage。Havenofearofthetraitorsorconspiratorsbehindyourbacks。Theyareinthehandsofthepatriots，andbeforeyouleavethethunderboltofnationaljusticewillfallonthem！"—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。105。LetterofChevalierSaint—Dizier，memberofthefirstcommitteeofsupervision，Sept。10。
"Marat，Duplain，Fréron，etc。，generallydonomoreintheirsupervisionofthingsthanwreakprivatevengeance……Maratstatesopenlythat40，000headsmuststillbeknockedofftoensurethesuccessoftherevolution。"
[77]BuchezetRoux，XVIII。146。"MaRésurrection，"byMathondelaVarenne。"Theeveningbeforehalf—intoxicatedwomensaidpubliclyontheFeuillantsterrace:’To—morrowisthedaywhentheirsoulswillbeturnedinsideoutintheprisons。"
[78]"MémoiressurlesjournéesdeSeptembre。Monagonie，"byJourniacdeSaint—Méard。——MadamedelaFausse—Landry，72。The29thofAugustsheobtainedpermissiontojoinheruncleinprison:"M。SergentandotherstoldmethatIwasactingimprudently；thattheprisonswerenotsafe。"
[79]GranierdeCassagnac，——II。27。AccordingtoRochMarcandiertheirnumber"didnotexceed300。"AccordingtoLouvettherewere"200，andperhapsnotthatnumber。"AccordingtoBrissot，themassacreswerecommittedbyabout"ahundredunknownbrigands。"——
Pétion，atLaForce（Ibid。，75），onSeptember6，findsonlyaboutadozenexecutioners。AccordingtoMadameRoland（II。35），"therewerenotfifteenattheAbbaye。"LavalettethefirstdayfindsonlyaboutfiftykillersattheLaForceprison。
[80]MathondelaVarenne，ibid。，137。
[81]BuchezetRoux，XVII。183（sessionoftheJacobinClub，Aug。27）。
SpeechbyafederatefromTarn。—Mortimer—Ternaux，III。126。
[82]Sicard，80。——Méhée，187。——Weber，II。279。——Cf。，inJourniacdeSaint—Méard，hisconversationwithaProven？al。——RétifdelaBretonne，"LesNuitsdeParis，"375。"About2o’clockinthemorning（Sept。3）Iheardatroopofcannibalspassingundermywindow，noneofwhomappearedtohavetheParisianaccent；theywereallstrangers。"
[83]GranierdeCassagnac，II。164，502。——Mortimer—Ternaux，III。
530。——Maillard’sassessorsattheAbbayewereawatchmakerlivingintheRueChildebert，afruit—dealerintheRueMazarine，akeeperofapublichouseintheRueduFour—Saint—Germain，ajourneymanhatterintheRueSainte—Marguerite，andtwootherswhoseoccupationisnotmentioned。——OnthecompositionofthetribunalatLaForce，Cf。
JourniacdeSaint—Méard，120，andWeber，II。261。
[84]GranierdeCassagnac，II。507（onDamiens），513（onL’empereur）。
——Meillan，388（onLaforetandhiswife，old—clothesdealersontheQuaiduLouvre，whoonthe31stofMayprepareforasecondblow，andcalculatethistimeonhavingfortheirsharethepillagingoffiftyhouses）。
[85]Sicard，98
[86]DeFerrières（Ed。BervilleetBarrière），III。486。——RétifdelaBretonne，381。AttheendoftheRuedesBalletsaprisonerhadjustbeenkilled，whilethenextoneslippedthroughtherailingandescaped。"Amannotbelongingtothebutchers，butoneofthosethoughtlessmachinesofwhichtherearesomany，interposedhispikeandstoppedhim……Thepoorfellowwasarrestedbyhispursuersandmassacred。Thepikemancoollysaidtous:’Icouldn’tknowtheywantedtokillhim。’"
[87]GranierdeCassagnac，II。511。
[88]ThejudgesandslaughterersattheAbbaye，discoveredinthetrialoftheyearIV。，almostalllivedintheneighborhood，intheruesDauphine，deNevers，Guégénaud，deBussy，Childebert，Taranne，del’Ego？t，duVieuxColombier，del’Echaudé—Saint—Benoit，duFour—Saint—
Germain，etc。
[89]Sicard，86，87，101。——Jourdan，123。"Thepresidentofthecommitteeofsupervisionrepliedtomethatthesewereveryhonestpersons；thatonthepreviouseveningortheeveningbeforethat，oneofthem，inashirtandwoodenshoes，presentedhimselfbeforetheircommitteeallcoveredwithblood，bringingwithhiminhishattwenty—
fivelouisingold，whichhehadfoundonthepersonofamanhehadkilled。"——Anotherinstanceofprobitymaybefoundinthe"Procès—
verbauxduconseil—généraldelaCommunedeVersailles，"367，371。——
Onthefollowingday，Sept。3，robberiescommenceandgoonincreasing。
[90]Méhée，179。"’WouldyoubelievethatIhaveearnedonlytwenty—
fourfrancs？’saidabaker’sboyarmedwithaclub。’Ikilledmorethanfortyformyshare。’"
[91]GranierdeCassagnac。II。153。——Cf。Ibid。，202—209，detailsonthemealsoftheworkmenandonthemoredelicaterepastofMaillardandhisassistants。
[92]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。175—176。—GranierdeCassagnac。II。84。—
—Jourdan，222。——Méhée，179。"Atmidnighttheycamebackswearing，cursing，andfoamingwithrage，threateningtocutthethroatsofthecommitteeinabodyiftheywerenotinstantlypaid。"
[93]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。320。SpeechbyPétiononthechargespreferredagainstRobespierre。
[94]MathondelaVarenne，156。——JourniacdeSaint—Méard，129。—
Moore，267。
[95]JourniacdeSaint—Méard，115。
[96]Weber，II。265。——JourniacdeSaint—Méard，129。——MathondelaVarenne，155。
[97]Moore，267。——Cf。Malouet，II。240。Malouet，ontheeveningofSept。1，wasathissister—in—law’s；thereisadomiciliaryvisitatmidnight；shefaintsonhearingthepatrolmountthestairs。"I
beggedthemnottoenterthedrawing—room，soasnottodisturbthepoorsufferer。Thesightofawomaninaswoonandpleasinginappearanceaffectedthem，andtheyatoncewithdrew，leavingmealonewithher。"——Beaulieu，"Essais，"I。108。（RegardingthetwoAbbayebutchershemeetsinthehouseofJourniac—de—Saint—Méard，andwhochatwithhimwhileissuinghimwithasafe—conduct）:"Whatstruckmewastodetectgeneroussentimentsthroughtheirferocity，thoseofmendeterminedtoprotectanyonewhosecausetheyadopted。"
[98]Weber，II。265，348。
[99]Sicard，101。Billaud—Varennes，addressingtheslaughterers。—
Ibid。75。"Greaterpower，"repliedamemberofthecommitteeofsupervision，"whatareyouthinkingof？Togiveyougreaterpowerwouldbelimitingthoseyouhavealready。Haveyouforgottenthatyouaresovereigns？Thatthesovereigntyofthepeopleisconfidedtoyou，andthatyouarenowinfullexerciseofit？"
[100]Méhée，171。
[101]Sicard，81。AtthebeginningtheMarseillesmenthemselveswereaversetostrikingthedisarmed，andexclaimedtothecrowd:"Here，takeourswordsandpikesandkillthemonsters！"
[102]MacbethbyShakespeare:"Ihavesuppedfullwithhorrors。"
[103]Observechildrendrowningadogorkillingasnake。Tenacityoflifeirritatesthem，asifitwerearebellionagainsttheirdespotism，theeffectofwhichistorenderthemonlythemoreviolentagainsttheirvictim。
[104]Onemayrecalltomindtheeffectofbull—fights，alsotheirresistiblefascinationwhichSaint—Augustinexperiencedonfirsthearingthedeath—cryofagladiatorintheamphitheater。
[105]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。131。TrialoftheSeptemberactors；thejudge’ssummingup。"Thethirdandforty—sixthwitnessesstatedthattheysawMonneuse（memberofthecommune）gotoandcomefromlaForce，expresshisdelightatthosesadeventsthathadjustoccurred，actingveryimmorallyinrelationthereto，addingthattherewasviolinplayinginhispresence，andthathiscolleaguedanced。"—
Sicard，88。
[106]Sicard，87，91。Thisexpressionbyawine—merchant，whowantsthecustomofthemurderers。—GranierdeCassagnac，II。197—200。Theoriginalbillsforwine，straw，andlightshavebeenfound。
[107]Sicard，91。—MatondelaVarenne，150。
[108]MathondelaVarenne，154。Amanfromthesuburbssaidtohim（Mathonisanadvocate）:
"Allright，MonsieurFine—skin；Ishalltreatmyselftoaglassofyourblood[109]RétifdelaBretonne，"LesNuitsdeParis，"9thnight，p。388。
"Shescreamedhorribly，whilstthebrigandsamusedthemselveswiththeirdisgracefulacts。Herbodyevenafterdeathwasnotexempt。
Thesepeoplehadheardthatshehadbeenbeautiful。"
[110]Prudhomme，"LesRévolutionsdeParis，"numberforSept。8，1792。
"Thepeoplesubjectedtheflower—girlofthePalais—Royaltothelawofretaliation。"—GranierdeCassagnac，II。329。Accordingtothebulletinoftherevolutionarytribunal，numberforSept。3。——
Mortimer—Ternaux，III。291。Depositionofthecaretaker’sofficeoftheConciergerieprison。——BuchezetRoux，XVII。198。"Histoiredeshommesdeproi，"byRochMarcandier。
[111]Mortimer—TernauxIII，257。TrialoftheSeptembermurderers；
depositionofRoussel。—Ib。，628。
[112]DepositionofthewomanMillet，ibid。，63。——Weber，II。350。—
—RochMarcandier，197，198。—RétifdelaBretonne，381。
[113]DepositionofthewomanMillet，ibid。，63。——Weber，II。350。—
—RochMarcandier，197，198。—RétifdelaBretonne，381。
[114]OnthismechanicalandmurderousactionCf:Dusaulx，"Mémoires，"
440。Headdressesthebystandersinfavoroftheprisoners，and，affectedbyhiswords，theyholdouttheirhandstohim。"Butbeforethistheexecutionershadstruckmeonthecheekswiththepointsoftheirpikes，fromwhichhungpiecesofflesh。Otherswantedtocutoffmyhead，whichwouldhavebeendoneiftwogendarmeshadnotkeptthemback。"
[115]Jourdan，219。
[116]Méhée，179。
[117]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。558。ThesameideaisfoundamongthefederatesandParisianscomposingthecompanyoftheEgalité，whichbroughttheOrleansprisonerstoVersaillesandthenmurderedthem。
Theyexplaintheirconductbysayingthatthey"hopedtoputanendtotheexcessiveexpendituretowhichtheFrenchempirewassubjectthroughtheprolongeddetentionofconspirators。"
[118]RétifdelaBretonne，388。
[119]Méhée，177。
[120]Prudhomme，"LesCrimesdelaRévolution。"III。272。
[121]RétifdelaBretonne，388。ThereweretwosortsofwomenattheSalpétrière，thosewhowerebandedandyounggirlsbroughtintheprison。Hencethetwoalternatives。
[122]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。295。Seelistofnames，ages，andoccupations。
[123]BarthélemyMaurice，"HistoirepolitiqueandanecdotiquedesprisonsdelaSeine，"329。
[124]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。295。Seelistofnames，ages，andoccupations。
[125]TheEncyclopedia"QUID"（ROBERTLAFONT，PARIS1998）advisesusthatthenumberofvictimskilledwith"coldsteelandclubs"etctotal1395persons。thetotalnumberofFrenchvictimsduetotheRevolutionisconsideredtobebetween600000and800000dead。（SR）
[126]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。399，592，602—606。—"Procès—verbaldes8，9，10Septembre，extraitdesregistresdelamunicipalitédeVersailles。"（Inthe"MémoiressurlesjournéesdeSeptembre"），p。358
andfollowingpages。—GranierdeCassagnac，II。483。Bonnet’sexploitatOrleans，pointedouttoFournier，Sept。I。Fournierreplies:"InGod’sname，Iamnottobeordered；whenthebloodybeggarshavehadtheirheadscutoffthetrialmaybeheldlater！"
[127]RochMarcandier，210。SpeechbyLazowskitothesectionofFinistère，fauborgSaint—Marceau。Lazowskihad，inaddition，setfreetheassassinsofthemayorofEtampes，andlaidtheirmanaclesonthebureautable。
[128]Malouet，II。243（Sept。2）。—Moniteur，XIII。48（sessionofSept。27，1792）。WeseeinthespeechofPanisthatanalogousscenestookplaceinthecommitteeofsupervision。"Imagineoursituation。Weweresurroundedbycitizensirritatedagainstthetreacheryofthecourt。Weweretold:’Hereisanaristocratwhoisgoingtofly；youmuststophim，oryouryourselvesaretraitors！’Pistolswerepointedatusandwefoundourselvesobligedtosignwarrants，notsomuchforourownsafetyasforthatofthepersonsdenounced。"
[129]GranierdeCassagnac，II。258。—Prudhomme，"LesCrimesdelaRévolution，"III。272。—Mortimer—Ternaux，III。631。—DeFerrière，III。391。—（TheexpressionquotedwasrecordedbyRétifdelaBretonne。）
[130]Thatishowtodoit，mustanyanarchistorhopefulrevolutionaryhavethought，uponreadingTaine’slividdescription。—
Butalso:"Donotletthebourgeoisreadthis，itmightscarethemandmakeourtaskmoredifficult。"（SR）。
[131]Moniteur，XIII。698，698（numbersforSept。15and16）。Ibid。，LetterofRoland，701；ofPétion，711。—BuchezetRoux，XVIII。33。
34。—Prudhomme’sjournalcontainsanengravingofthissubject（Sept。
14）—"AnEnglishmanadmittedtothebarofthehousedenouncestotheNationalAssemblyarobberycommittedinahouseoccupiedbyhimatChaillotbytwobailiffsandtheirsatellites。Therobberyconsistedoftwelvelouis，fiveguineas，fivethousandpoundsinassignats，andseveralotherobjects。"Thecourtsbeforewhichheappeareddidnotdaretakeuphiscase（BuchezetRoux，XVII。P。1，Sept。18）。
[132]BuchezetRoux，XVII。461。—Prudhomme，"LesRévolutionsdeParis，"numberforSept。22，1792。
[133]Moniteur，XIII。711（sessionofSept。16）。LetterofRolandtotheNationalAssembly。—BuchezetRoux，XVIII。42。——Moniteur，XIII。731（sessionofSept。17）。SpeechbyPétion:"Yesterdaytherewassometalkofagainvisitingtheprisons，andparticularlytheConciergerie。"
[134]PerhapsMaoreadthisandlatercoinedhisfamousslogan"thatallpoliticalpoweremanatesfromthebarrelsofguns。"（SR）。
[135]"ArchivesNationales，"II。58to76。OfficialreportsofthePariselectoralassembly。—Robespierreiselectedthetwelfth（Sept。
5），thenDantonandCollotd’Herbois（Sept。6）thenManuelandBillaud—Varennes（Sept。7），nextC。Desmoulins（Sept。8），Marat（Sept。
9）etc。—Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。35（actpassedbythecommuneattheinstigationofRobespierrefortheregulationofelectoraloperations）。—Louvet，"Mémoires。"Louvet，intheelectoralassemblyaskstobeheardonthecandidacyofMarat，butisunsuccessful。"OngoingoutIwassurroundedbythosemenwithbigclubsandsabersbywhomthefuturedictatorwasalwaysattended，Robespierre’sbody—
guard。Theythreatenedmeandtoldmeinveryconciseterms:’Beforelongyoushallhaveyourturn。Thisisthefreedomofthatassemblyinwhichonedeclaredhisvoteunderadaggerpointedathim。"’
[136]Inreadingthisallsocialistandcommunistsandotherpotentialmanipulatorsofdemocracywouldhavetakenandwillcontinuetotakenote。Oncethehiddencombinationcanmanagetoinvestallthedifferent，intheoryopponent，partieswiththeirownmen，aneternalcontrolbyahiddenmafiacannowtakeplace。（SR）。
[137]Suchproceduressetaprecedencefor200yearsof’guideddemocracy’inmanytradeunionsandelsewhere。（SR）。
CHAPTERII。
THEDEPARTMENTS。—THEEPEDEMICANDCONTAGIOUSCHARACTEROFTHE
REVOLUTIONARYDISEASE。
Inthedepartments，itisbyhundredsthatweenumeratedayslikethe20thofJune，August10，September2。Thebodyhasitsepidemic，itscontagiousdiseases；themindhasthesame；therevolutionarymaladyisoneofthem。Itappearsthroughoutthecountryatthesametime；
eachinfectedpointinfectsothers。Ineachcity，ineachborough，theclubisaCenterofinflammationwhichdisorganizesthesoundparts；
andtheexampleofeachdisorganizedCenterspreadsafarlikecontagiousfumes。[1]Everywherethesamefever，delirium，andconvulsionsmarkthepresenceofthesamevirus。ThatvirusistheJacobindogma。ByvirtueoftheJacobindogma，theft，usurpation，murder，takeontheguiseofpoliticalphilosophy，andthegravestcrimesagainstpersons，againstpublicorprivateproperty，becomelegitimate；fortheyaretheactsofthelegitimatesupremepower，thepowerthathasthepublicwelfareinitskeeping。
I。TheSovereigntyofthePeople……
ItsprincipleistheJacobindogmaofthesovereigntyofthepeople。—
—Thenewrightisofficiallyproclaimed。——Publicstatementofthenewrégime。——Itsobject，itsopponents，itsmethods。——ItsextensionfromParistotheprovinces。—
ThateachJacobinbandshouldbeinvestedwiththelocaldictatorshipinitsowncantonis，accordingtotheJacobins，anaturalright。ItbecomesthewrittenlawfromthedaythattheNationalAssemblydeclaresthecountryindanger。"Fromthatdate，"saystheirmostwidelyreadJournal，[2]andbythemerefactofthatdeclaration，"thepeopleofFranceareassembledandinsurgent。Theyhaverepossessedthemselvesofthesovereignpower。"Theirmagistrates，theirdeputies，allconstitutedauthorities，returntonothingness，theiressentialstate。Andyou，temporaryandrevocablerepresentatives，"youarenothingbutpresidingofficersforthepeople；youhavenothingtodobuttocollecttheirvotes，andtoannouncetheresultwhentheseshallhavebeencastwithduesolemnity。"——NoristhisthetheoryoftheJacobinsonly；itisalsoofficialtheory。TheNationalAssemblyapprovesoftheinsurrection，recognizestheCommune，keepsinthebackground，abdicatesasfaraspossible，andonlyremainsprovisionallyinofficeinorderthattheplacemaynotbeleftvacant。Itabstainsfromexercisingpower，eventoprovideitsownsuccessors；itmerely"invites"theFrenchpeopletoorganizeanationalconvention；itconfessesthatithas"norighttoputtheexerciseofsovereignpowerunderbindingrules"；itdoesnomorethan"indicatetocitizens"therulesfortheelections"towhichitinvitesthemtoconform。"[3]Meanwhileitissubjecttothewillofthesovereignpeople，thenso—called；itdaresnotresisttheircrimes；itinterfereswithassassinsonlybyentreaties。——Muchmore；
itauthorizesthem，eitherbyministerialsignatureorcounter—
signature，tobegintheirworkelsewhere。RolandhassignedFournier’scommissiontoOrleans；DantonhassentthecircularofMaratoverallFrance。ToreconstructthedepartmentsthecouncilofministerssendsthemostinfuriatedmembersoftheCommuneandtheparty，Chaumette，Fréron，Westerman，Auduoin，Huguenin，Momoro，Couthon，Billaud—
Varennes，[4]andothersstillmoretaintedandbrutal，whopreachthepurestJacobindoctrine。"Theyannounceopenly[5]thatlawsnolongerexist；thatsincethepeoplearesovereign，everyoneismaster；thateachfractionofthenationcantakesuchmeasuresassuitit，inthenameofthecountry’ssafety；thattheyhavetherighttotaxcorn，toseizeitinthelaborer’sfields，tocutofftheheadsofthefarmerswhorefusetobringtheirgraintomarket。"AtLisieux，agrarianlawispreachedbyFufourandMomoro。AtDouai，otherpreachersfromParissaytothepopularclub，"Preparescaffolds；letthewallsofthecitybristlewithgallows，andhanguponthemeverymanwhodoesnotacceptouropinions。"——Nothingismorelogical，moreinconformitywiththeirprinciples。Thejournals，deducingtheirconsequences，explaintothepeopletheusetheyoughttomakeoftheirreconqueredsovereignty。[6]"Underthepresentcircumstances，communityofpropertyisthelaw；everythingbelongstoeverybody。"
Besides，"anequalizingoffortunesmustbebroughtabout，aleveling，whichshallabolishtheviciousprincipleofthedominationoftherichoverthepoor。"Thisreformisallthemorepressingbecause"thepeople，therealsovereignpeople，havenearlyasmanyenemiesasthereareproprietors，largemerchants，financiers，andwealthymen。
Inatimeofrevolution，wemustregardallmenwhohavemorethanenoughastheenemies，secretoravowed，ofpopulargovernment。"
Therefore，"letthepeopleofeachcommune，beforetheyquittheirhomes"forthearmy，"putallthosewhoaresuspectedofnotlovinglibertyinasecureplace，andunderthesafe—keepingofthelaw；letthembekeptshutupuntilwarisover；letthembeguardedwithpikes，"andleteachoneoftheirguardiansreceivethirtysousperday。
*Asforthepartisansofthefallengovernment，themembersoftheParisdirectory，"withRoedererandBlondelattheirhead，"
*asforthegeneralofficers，"withLafayetteandd’Affryattheirhead，"
*asfor"thecriticaldeputiesoftheConstituentAssembly，withBarnaveandLamethattheirhead，"
*asfortheFeuillantdeputiesoftheLegislativeAssembly，"withRamondandJaucourtattheirhead，"[7]
*asfor"allthosewhoconsentedtosoiltheirhandswiththeprofitsofthecivillist，"
*asfor"the40，000hiredassassinswhoweregatheredatthepalaceonthenightofAugust9—10，theyareall（saytheJacobins）furiousmonsters，whooughttobestrangledtothelastone。People！youhaverisentoyourfeet；standfirmuntilnotoneoftheseconspiratorsremainsalive。Yourhumanityrequiresyouforoncetoshowyourselvesinexorable。Striketerrortothewicked。Theproscriptionswhichweimposeonyouasaduty，arethesacredwrathofyourcountry。"
Thereisnomistakingthis；itisatocsinsoundingagainstallthepowersthatbe，againstallsocialsuperiority，againstpriestsandnobles，proprietors，capitalists，theleadersofbusinessandindustry；itissounding，inshort，againstthewholeéliteofFrance，whetherofoldorrecentorigin。TheJacobinsofParis，bytheirjournals，theirexamples，theirmissionaries，givethesignal；andintheprovincestheirkindredspirits，imbuedwiththesameprinciples，onlywaitthesummonstohurlthemselvesforward。
II。
Inseveraldepartmentsitestablishesitselfinadvance。AninstanceofthisintheVar。
Inmanydepartments[8]theyhaveforestalledthesummons。IntheVar，forexample，pillagesandproscriptionshavebegunwiththemonthofMay。Accordingtocustom，theyfirstseizeuponthecastlesandthemonasteries，althoughthesehavebecomenationalproperty，atonetimeallegingasareasonforthisthattheadministration"istooslowincarryingoutsentenceagainsttheémigrés，"andagain，that"thechateau，standingonaneminence，weighsupontheinhabitants。"[9]
ThereisscarcelyavillageinFrancethatdoesnotcontaintwoscorewretcheswhoarealwaysreadytolinetheirpockets，whichisjustthenumberofthieveswhothoroughlysackedthechateauofMontaroux，carryingoff"furniture，produce，clothing，eventhejugsandbottlesinthecellar。"TherearethesamedoingsbythesamebandatthechateauofTournon；thechateauofSalerneisburned，thatofFlagoseispulleddown；thecanalofCabrisisdestroyed；thentheconventofMontrieux，thechateauxofGrasse，ofCanet，ofRégusse，ofBrovaz，andmanyothers，alldevastated，andthedevastationsaremade"daily。"——Itisimpossibletosuppressthiscountrybrigandage。Thereigningdogma，weakeningauthorityinthemagistrates’hands，andtheclubs，"whichcoverthedepartment，"havespreadthefermentationofanarchyeverywhere。"Administrators，judges，municipalofficers，allwhoareinvestedwithanyauthority，andwhohavethecouragetouseitinforcingrespectforlaw，areonebyonedenouncedbypublicopinionasenemiesoftheconstitutionandofliberty；because，peoplesay，theytalkofnothingbutthelaw，asiftheydidnotknowthatthewillofthepeoplemakesthelaw，andthatwearethepeople。"[10]Thisistherealprinciple；here，asatParis，itinstantlybegetsitsconsequences。"Inmanyoftheseclubsnothingisdiscussedbuttheplunderingofestatesandcuttingofftheheadsofaristocrats。Andwhoaredesignatedbythisinfamoustitle？Inthecities，thegreattradersandrichproprietors；inthecountry，thosewhomwecallthebourgeois；everywhere，allpeaceablecitizens，thefriendsoforder，whowishtoenjoy，undertheshadowoftheprotectinglaw，theblessingsoftheConstitution。Suchwastherageoftheirdenunciationsthatinoneoftheseclubsagoodandbravepeasantwasdenouncedasanaristocrat；thewholeofhisaristocracyconsistinginhishavingsaidtothosewhoplunderedthechateauoftheirseigneur，alreadymentioned，thattheywouldnotenjoyinpeacethefruitsoftheircrime。"——HereistheJacobinprogrammeofParisinadvance，namely，thedivisionoftheFrenchintotwoclasses，thespoliationofone，thedespotismoftheother；thedestructionofthewell—to—do，orderlyandhonestunderthedictationofthosewhoarenotso。
Here，asinParis，theprogrammeiscarriedoutstepbystep。AtBeausset，nearToulon，amannamedVidal，captainoftheNationalGuard，"twicesetatlibertybyvirtueoftwoconsecutiveamnesties，"[11]punishesnotresistancemerely，butevenmurmurs，withdeath。Twooldmen，oneofthemanotary，theotheraturner，havingcomplainedofhimtothepublicprosecutor，thegeneralalarmisbeaten，agatheringofarmedmenisformedinthestreet，andthecomplainantsareclubbed，riddledwithballs，andtheirbodiesthrownintoapit。Manyoftheirfriendsarewounded，otherstaketoflight；
sevenhousesaresacked，andthemunicipality，"eitheroverawedorincomplicity，"makesnointerferenceuntilallisover。Thereisnowayofpursuingtheguiltyones；theforemanofthejury，whogoes，escortedbyathousandmen，toholdaninquest，cangetnotestimony。
Themunicipalofficersfeigntohaveheardnothing，neitherthegeneralalarmnorthegunsfiredundertheirwindows。Theotherwitnessessaynotaword；buttheydeclare，sottovoce，thereasonfortheirsilence。Iftheyshouldtestify，"theywouldbesureofbeingkilledassoonasthetroopsshouldhavegoneaway。"Theforemanofthejuryishimselfmenaced；afterremainingthree—quartersofanhour，hefindsitprudenttoleavethecity。——AfterthistheclubsofBeaussetandoftheneighborhood，gaininghardihoodfromtheimpotenceofthelaw，breakoutintoincendiarypropositions:"Itisannouncedthatafterthetroopsretreat，nineteenhousesmorewillbesacked；itisproposedtobeheadallaristocrats，thatistosay，alltheland—ownersinthecountry。"Manyhavefled，buttheirflightdoesnotsatisfytheclubs。VidalordersthoseofBeaussetwhotookrefugeinToulontoreturnatonce；otherwisetheirhouseswillbedemolished，andthatveryday，infact，bywayofwarning，severalhousesinBeausset，amongthemthatofanotary，areeitherpulleddownorpillagedfromtoptobottom；alltheriff—raffofthetownareatwork，"half—drunkenmenandwomen，"and，astheirobjectistorobanddrink，theywouldliketobeginagainintheprincipaltownofthecanton。——Theclub，accordingly，hasdeclaredthat"ToulonwouldsoonseeanewSt。Bartholomew"；ithasalliesthere，andarrangementsaremade；eachclubinthesmalltownsofthevicinitywillfurnishmen，whileallwillmarchundertheleadershipoftheToulonclub。AtToulon，asatBeausset，themunicipalitywillletthingstaketheircourse，whiletheproceedingscomplainedofbythepublicprosecutorandthedistrictanddepartmentadministratorswillbeappliedtothem。TheymaysendreportstoParis，anddenouncepatriotstotheNationalAssemblyandtheKing，iftheychoose；theclubwillreplytotheirscribblingwithacts。Theirturniscoming。LanternsandsabersarealsofoundatToulon，andthefactionmurdersthembecausetheyhavelodgedcomplaintsagainstthemurderers。
III。
EachJacobinbandadictatorinitsownneighborhood。—Saint—Afriqueduringtheinterregnum。
Bywhatitdaredtodowhenthegovernmentstillstoodonitsfeetwemaywemayimaginewhatitwilldoduringtheinterregnum。Facts，then，asalways，furnishthebestpicture，and，toobtainaknowledgeofthenewsovereign，wemustfirstobservehimonalimitedstage。
Onthereceptionofthenewsofthe10thofAugust，theJacobinsofSaint—Afrique，asmalltownoftheAveyron，[12]likewiseundertooktosavethecountry，and，tothisend，liketheirfellowsinotherboroughsofthedistrict，theyorganizedthemselvesintoan"ExecutivePower。"Thisinstitutionisofanolddate，especiallyintheSouth；
ithadflourishedforeighteenmonthsfromLyonstoMontpellier，fromAgentoN？mes；butaftertheinterregnum，itsconditionisstillmoreflourishing；itconsistsofasecretsociety，theobjectofwhichistocarryoutpracticallythemotionsandinstructionsoftheclub。[13]
Ordinarily，theyworkatnight，wearingmasksorslouchedhats，withlonghairfallingovertheface。Alistoftheirnames，eachwithanumberoppositetoit，iskeptatthemeeting—placeofthesociety。A
triangularclub，deckedwitharedribbon，servesthembothasweaponandbadge；withthisclub，eachmember"maygoanywhere，"anddowhatseemsgoodtohim。AtSaint—Afriquetheynumberabouteighty，amongwhommustbecountedtherascalsformingtheseventhcompanyofTarn，stayinginthetown；theirenrollmentinthebandiseffectedbyconstantly"preachingpillagetothem，"andbyassuringthemthatthecontentsofthechateauxinthevicinitybelongtothem。[14]——Notthatthechateauxexciteanyfear；mostofthemareempty；neitherinSaint—Afriquenorintheenvironsdothemenoftheancientrégimeformaparty；formanymonthsorthodoxpriestsandthenobleshavehadtofly，andnowthewell—to—dopeopleareescaping。Thepopulation，however，isCatholic；manyoftheshop—keepers，artisans，andfarmersarediscontented，andtheobjectnowistomaketheselaggardskeepstep。——Inthefirstplace，theyorderwomenofeverycondition，work—girlsandservants，toattendmassperformedbythesworncuré，for，iftheydonot，theywillbemadeacquaintedwiththecudgel。——
Inthesecondplace，allthesuspectedaredisarmed；theyentertheirhousesduringthenightinforce，unexpectedly，and，besidestheirgun，carryofftheirprovisionsandmoney。Acertaingrocerwhopersistsinhislukewarmnessisvisitedasecondtime；sevenoreightmen，oneevening，breakopenhisdoorwithastickoftimber；hetakesrefugeonhisroof，daresnotdescenduntilthefollowingdayatdawn，andfindsthateverythinginhisstorehasbeeneitherstolenorbrokentopieces。[15]Inthethirdplace，thereis"punishmentoftheill—disposed。"Atnineo’clockintheeveningasquadknocksatthedoorofadistrustedshoemaker；itisopenedbyhisapprentice；sixoftheruffiansenter，andoneofthem，showingapaper，saystothepoorfellow:
"IcomeonthepartoftheExecutivePower，bywhichyouarecondemnedtoabeating。"
"Whatfor？"
"Ifyouhavenotdoneanythingwrong，youarethinkingaboutit。"[16]
Andsotheybeathiminthepresenceofhisfamily。Manyotherslikehimareseizedandunmercifullybeatenontheirownpremises。——Astotheexpensesoftheoperation，thesemustbedefrayedbythemalevolent。These，therefore，aretaxedaccordingtotheiroccupations；thisorthattannerordealerincattlehastopay36
francs；another，ahatter，72francs；otherwise"theywillbeattendedtothatverynightatnineo’clock。"Nobodyisexempt，ifheisnotoneoftheband。Pooroldmenwhohavenothingbutafive—francassignatarecompelledtogivethat；theytakefromthewifeofanunskilledlaborer，whosesavingsconsistofsevensousandahalf，thewholeofthis，exclaiming，"thatisgoodforthreemugsofwine。"[17]
Whenmoneyisnottobehad，theytakegoodsinkind；theymakeshortworkofcellars，bee—hives，clothes—presses，andpoultry—yards。Theyeat，drink，andbreak，givingthemselvesuptoitheartily，notonlyinthetown，butintheneighboringvillages。OnedetachmentgoestoBrusque，andproceedssovigorouslythatthemayorandsyndic—attorneyscamperoffacrossthefields，anddarenotreturnforacoupleofdays。[18]AtVersol，thedwellingofthesworncuré，andatLapeyre，thatoftheswornvicar，arebothsacked；themoneyisstolenandthecasksareemptied。InthehouseofthecuréofDouyre，"furniture，clothes，cabinets，andwindow—sashesaredestroyed"；theyfeastonhiswineandthecontentsofhiscupboard，throwawaywhattheycouldnotconsume，thengoinsearchofthecuréandhisbrother，aformerCarthusian，shoutingthat"theirheadsmustbecutoff；andsausage—
meatmadeoftherestoftheirbodies！"Someofthem，alittleshrewderthantheothers，lightonaprize；forexample，acertainBourguière，atrooperoftheline，seizedavineyardbelongingtoanoldlady，thewidowofaphysicianandformermayor；[19]hegatheredinitscrop，"publiclyinbroaddaylight，"forhisownbenefit，andwarnstheproprietressthathewillkillherifshemakesacomplaintagainsthim，and，assheprobablydoescomplainofhim，heobligesher，inthenameoftheExecutivePower，topayhimfiftycrownsdamages。——AstothecommonJacobingangsters，theirreward，besidesfoodanddrink，isperfectlicentiousness。Inallhousesinvadedateleveno’clockintheevening。Whilstthefatherflies，orthehusbandscreamsunderthecudgel，oneofthevillainsstationshimselfattheentrancewithadrawnsaberinhishands，andthewifeordaughterremainsatthemercyoftheothers；theyseizeherbytheneckandmaintaintheirhold。[20]Invaindoesshescreamforhelp。"NobodyinSaint—Afriquedaresgooutdoorsatnight"；nobodycomes，and，thefollowingday，thejuge—de—paixdaresnotreceivethecomplaint，because"heisafraidhimself。"——Accordingly，onthe23rdofSeptember，themunicipalofficersandthetown—clerk，whomadetheirrounds，werenearlybeatentodeathwithclubsandstones；onthe10thofOctoberanothermunicipalofficerwasleftfordead；afortnightbeforethis，alieutenantofvolunteers，M。Mazières，"tryingtodohisduty，wasassassinatedinhisbedbyhisownmen。"Naturally，nobodydareswhisperaword，and，aftertwomonthsofthisorderofthings，itmaybepresumedthatatthemunicipalelectionsofthe21stofOctober，theelectorswillbedocile。Inanyevent，asaprecaution，theirnotificationeightdaysbefore，accordingtolaw，isdispensedwith；asextraprecaution，theyareinformedthatiftheydonotvotefortheExecutivePower，theywillhavetodowiththetriangularcudgel。[21]Consequently，mostofthemabstain；inatownofover600activecitizens，40votesgiveamajority；BourgougnonandSarrus，thetwochiefsoftheExecutivePower，areelected，onemayor，andtheothersyndic—attorney，andhenceforththeauthoritytheyseizedbyforceisconferredonthembythelaw。