[81]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，4394。Correspondenceoftheministersin1792and1793。ListspresentedbyRolandtotheconvention，onthepartofvariousdistrictsanddepartments，containingthenamesofpriestsdemandingpassportstogoabroad，thosewhohavegonewithoutpassports，andofsickoragedpriestsinthedepartmentasylums。
[82]AlbertBabeau，I。515—517。GuillondeMontléon，I。120。AtLyonsafterthe10thofAugusttheunswornconcealthemselves；themunicipalityoffersthempassports；manywhocomeforthemareincarcerated；othersreceiveapassportwithamarkonitwhichservesfortheirrecognitionontheroad，andwhichexcitesagainstthemthefuryofthevolunteers。"Amajorityofthesoldiersfilledtheairwiththeircriesof’Deathtokingsandpriests！’"——Sauzay，III。
ch。IX。，andespeciallyp。193:"M。Pescheu；whilerunningalongtheroadfromBelforttoPorentruy，isseenbyacaptainofthevolunteers，ridingalongthesameroadwithotherofficers；demandinghisgun，heaimedatM。Pescheurandshothim。"
[83]"HistoiredeChalons—sur—Marneetdesesmonuments，"byL。
Barbat，pp。420，425
[84]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3207。LetterofthedirectoryoftheC？ted’Or，Aug。28andSept。26。AddressoftheBeaunemunicipality，Sept。2。LetterofM。JeanSallier，Oct。9:"Allowmetoappealtoyouforjusticeandtointerestyourselfinbehalfofmybrother，myself，andfiveservants，whoonthe14thofSeptemberlast，attheorderofthemunicipalityofLaRoche—en—Bressy，wherewehavelivedforthreeyears，werearrestedbythenationalguardofSaulieu，and，firstimprisonedhereinthistown，wereonthe18thtransferredtoSemur，noreasonforourdetentionbeinggiven，andwherewehaveinvaindemandedatrialfromthedirectoryofthedistrict，whichbody，makingnoexaminationorinquiryintoourcase，sentusonthe25th，atgreatexpense，toDijon，wherethedepartmenthasimprisonedusagainwithout，asbefore，givinganyreasontherefore。"——Thedirectoryofthedepartmentwrites"thecommunesofthetownsandofthecountryarrestpersonssuspectedbythem，andinsteadofcaringforthesethemselves，sendthemtothedistrict"——Sucharbitraryimprisonmentmultiplytowardstheendof1792andearlyin1793。ThecommissariesoftheconventionarrestatSedan55personsinoneday:
atNancy，104inthreeweeks；atArras，morethan1，000intwomonths；
intheJura，4，000intwomonths。AtLons—le—Saulnierallthenobleswiththeirdomestics，atAixalltheinhabitantsofonequarterwithoutexceptionareputinprison。（DeSybel，II。305。）
[85]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3276。LettersoftheadministratorsoftheYonne，Aug。20and21。—Ibid。，F7，3255。Letterofthecommissary，Bonnemant，Sept。22。——Mortimer—Ternaux，III。338。——
Lavalette，"Mémoires，"I。100。
[86]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，255。LetterofthedistrictadministratorofRoanne，Aug。18。FourteenvolunteersofthecantonofNérondebetakethemselvestoChenevoux，amansionbelongingtoM。
Dulieu，asupposedémigré。Theyexact200francsfromthekeeperof’
thefundsofthehouseunderpenaltyofdeath，whichhegivesthem。——
Letterofthesame。Sept。1。"Everydayrepressivemeansarenon—
existent。Juges—de—paixbeforewhomcomplaintsaremadedarenotreportthem，nortrycitizenswhocausethemselvestobefeared。
Witnessesdarenotgivetestimonyforfearofbeingmaltreatedorpillagedbythecriminals。"——Letterofthesame，Aug。22。——
OfficialreportofthemunicipalityofCharlieu，Sept。9，onthedestructionofthelandregistrybooks。"Werepliedthatnothavingtheforcewithwhichtoopposethem，sincetheythemselvesweretheforce，wewouldabstain。"——Letterofanofficerofthegendarmerie，Sept。9，etc。
[87]"LettresautographesdeMadameRoland，"publishedbyMadameBancaldesIssarts，p。5（June2，1790）
[88]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3245。——LetterofthemayorandmunicipalofficersofLyons，Aug。2。——Letterofthedeputyprocureurofthecommune，Aug。29。——CopyofaletterbyDodieu，Aug。27。
（Rolandreplieswithconsternationandsaysthattheremustbeaprosecution。）——Officialreportofthe9thofSeptember，andletterofthemunicipality，Sept。11。——MemorandumoftheofficersoftheRoyal—Pologneregiment，Sept。7。——LetterofM。Perigny，father—in—
lawofoneoftheofficersslain，Sept。19。——Mortimer—Ternaux，III。
342。—GuillondeMontléon，I。124。—Balleyder，"HistoiredupeupledeLyon，"91。
[89]"ArchivesNationales，"LetterofDanton，Oct。3。
[90]Decius，Romanemperorfrom248to251famousforhavingpersecutedtheChristians。Hewasunabletotoleratetheirrefusaltojoinincommunalcorporatepaganobservances。Heinsistedthattheydosoandoncetheyhaddoneit，aCertificateofSacrifice（libellus），wasissued。（SR）。
[91]"EtudesurMadameRoland，"byDauban，82。LetterofMadameRolandtoBosc，July26，1798。"Youbusyyourselveswithamunicipalityandallowheadstoescapewhichwilldevisenewhorrors。
Youaremerechildren；yourenthusiasmismerelyastrawbonfire！IftheNationalAssemblydoesnottrytwoillustriousheadsinregularformorsomegenerousDéciusstrikethemdown，youarealllost。——"
Ibid。，，May17，1790:"Ourruraldistrictsaremuchdissatisfiedwiththedecreeonfeudalprivileges……Areformisnecessary，inwhichmorechateauxmustbeburnt。ItwouldnotbeaseriousevilweretherenotsomedangeroftheenemiesoftheRevolutionprofitingbythesediscontentstolessentheconfidenceofthepeopleintheNationalAssembly。"——Sept。27，1790。"Theworstpartyissuccessful；itisforgottenthatinsurrectionisthemostsacredofdutieswhenthecountryisindanger。"——Jan。24，1791。"Thewisemanshutshiseyestothegrievancesorweaknessesoftheprivateindividual；butthecitizenshouldshownomercy，eventohisfather，whenthepublicwelfareisatstake。"
[92]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3202。Reportofthecommissary，memberoftheCantaldirectory，Oct。24。Onthe16thofOctoberatChaudesaiguesthevolunteersbreakopenadoorandthenkilloneoftheircomradeswhoopposesthem，whomthecommissarytriestosave。
Themayoroftheplace，inuniform，leadsthemtothedwellingsofaristocrats，urgingthemontopillage；theyenteranumberofhousesbyforceandexactwine。ThenextdayatSaint—Urcizetheybreakintothehouseoftheformercuré，devastateorpillageit，and"sellhisfurnituretodifferentpersonsintheneighborhood。"ThesametreatmentisawardedtosieurVaissier，mayor，andtoladyLavalette；
theircellarsareforcedopen，barrelsofwinearetakentothepublicsquare，anddrinkingtakesplacefromthetap。Afterthis"thevolunteersgoinsquadsintotheneighboringparishesandcompeltheinhabitantstogivethemmoneyoreffects。"ThecommissaryandmunicipalofficersofSt。Urcizewhotriedtomediatewerenearlykilledandweresavedonlythroughtheeffortsofadetachmentofregularcavalry。AstotheJacobinmayorofChaudesaigues，itwasnaturalthatheshouldpreachpillage；onthesaleoftheeffectsofthenuns"hekeptallbiddersaway，andhadthingsknockeddowntohimforalmostnothing。"
[93]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3217。LetterorCastanet，anoldgendarme，N？mes，Aug。21。——LetterofM。Griolet，syndic—attorneyoftheGard，Sept。8:"Ibeg，sir，thatthislettermayheconsideredasconfidential；Iprayyoudonotcompromiseme。"——LetterofM。
Gilles，juge—de—paixatRocquemaure，Oct。31（withofficialreports）。
[94]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3227。LetterofthemunicipalofficersofTullins，Sept。8。
[95]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3190。LetterofDanton，Oct。9。——
MemorandumofM。CasimirAudiffret（withdocumentsinsupportofit）。
Hissonhadbeenlockedupbymistake，insteadofanotherAudiffret，belongingtotheComtat；hewasslashedwithasaberinprisonAug。25。
Reportofthesurgeon，Oct。17:"Thewoundedmanhastwogashesmoreonthehead，oneontheleftcheekandtherightlegisparalyzed；hehasbeensoroughlytreatedincarryinghimfromprisontoprisonastobringonanabscessonthewrist；ifheiskepttherehewillsoondie。"
[96]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。LetterofM。Amiel，presidentofthebureauofconciliation，Oct。28。——LetterofaninhabitantofAvignon，Oct。7。——Otherletterswithoutsignatures。——LetterofM。
Gilles，juge—de—paix，Jan。23，1793。
[97]Fabre，"HistoiredeMarseilles，"II。478andfollowingpages。——
"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。LetteroftheMinisterofJustice，M。
deJoly（withsupportingdocuments），Aug。6。——OfficialreportsoftheMarseillesmunicipality，July21，22，23。——OfficialreportofthemunicipalityofAix，Aug。24。——Letterofthesyndic—attorneyofthedepartment（withaletterofthemunicipalityofAubagne），Sept。
22，etc。，inwhichM。Jourdan，aministerialofficer，isaccusedof"aristocracy。"Aguardisassignedtohim。Aboutmidnighttheguardisovercome，heiscarriedoff，andthenkilledinspiteoftheentreatiesofhiswifeandson。Theletterofthemunicipalityendswiththefollowing:"Theirlamentationspiercedourhearts。But，alas，whocanresisttheFrenchpeoplewhenaroused？Weremain，gentlemen，verycordiallyyours，themunicipalofficersofAubagne。"
[98]Thisstageofrevolutionseemstobesoughtafterbythesecretcommunistrevolutionariesarrangingforthebreak—upofformerlypowerfulindependentstatessuchasGermany，Yougoslavia，Indiaetc。
（SR）。
[99]Moniteur，XIII。560。ActpassedbytheadministratorsoftheBouches—du—Rh？ne，Aug。3，"forbiddingspecialcollectorsfromhenceforthpayingtaxeswiththenationaltreasury。"—Ibid。，744。A
reportbyRoland。ThedepartmentofVar，havingcalledameetingofcommissariesatAvignontoprovideforthedefenseoftheseregions，theMinistersays:"Thisstep，subversiveofallgovernment，nullifiesthegeneralregulationsoftheexecutivepower。"——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。DeliberationofthethreeadministrativebodiesassembledatMarseilles，Nov。5，1792。——PetitionofAnselme，acitizenofAvignon，residinginParis，Dec。14。—ReportoftheSaint—
Rémyaffair，etc。
[100]"ArchivesNationales，"CII。I。32。OfficialReportoftheElectoralAssemblyofBouches—du—Rh？ne，Sept。4。"Todefraytheexpensesofthisexpenditurethesyndic—attorneyofthedistrictofTarasconisauthorizedtodrawuponthefundsofpublicregistryandvendorofrevenuestamps，andinadditiontheretoonthecollectorofdirecttaxation。Theexpensesofthisexpeditionwillbebornebytheanti—revolutionaryagitatorswhohavemadeitnecessary。Alist，therefore，istobedrawnupandsenttotheNationalAssembly。Thecommissionerswillbeempoweredtosuspendthedistrictadministrations，municipalofficers，andgenerallyallpublicfunctionarieswho，throughincivismorimproperconduct，shallhaveendangeredthepublicweal。Theymayevenarrestthemaswellassuspectedcitizens。Theywillseethatthelawregardingthedisarmingofsuspectedcitizensandthebanishmentofpriestsbefaithfullyexecuted。"—Ibid。，F7，3195。LetterofTruchement，commissaryofthedepartment，Nov。15。——MemorandumofthecommunityofEyguièresandletterofthemunicipalityofEyguières，Sept。13。——LetterofM。
Jaubert，secretaryoftheSalonpopularclub，Oct。22:"ThedepartmentofBouches—du—Rh？nehasforamonthpastbeenravagedbycommissions……Thedespotismofoneisabolished，andwenowstaggerunderthemuchmoreburdensomeyokeofacrowdofdespots。"——SituationofthedepartmentinSeptemberandOctober，1792（withsupportingdocuments）。
[101]Barbaroux，"Mémoires，"89。
[102]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3196。——LettersandpetitionofcitizendeSades，Nov。，1792，Feb。17，1793，andVentose8，yearIII。:
"TowardsthemiddleofSept。，1792（oldstyle），someMarseillesbrigandsbrokeintoahouseofminenearApt。Notcontentwithcarryingawaysixloadsoffurniture……theybrokethemirrorsandwood—work。"Thedamageisestimatedat80，000francs。ReportoftheexecutivecouncilaccordingtotheofficialstatementofthemunicipalityofCoste。Onthe27thofSeptemberMontbrion，commissioneroftheadministrationoftheBouche—du—Rh？ne，sendstwomessengerstofetchthefurnituretoApt。OnreachingAptMontbrionandhiscolleagueBergierhavethevehiclesunloaded，puttingthemostvaluableeffectsononecart，whichtheyappropriatetothemselves，anddriveawaywithittosomedistanceoutofsight，payingthedriveroutoftheirownpockets:"NodoubtwhateverexistsastotheknaveryofMontbrionandBergier；administratorsandcommissionersoftheadministrationofthedepartment。"——DeSades，theauthorof"Justine，"pleadshiswell—knowncivismandtheultra—revolutionarypetitionsdrawnupbyhiminthenameofthesectionofthePikes。
[103]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3272。Readinthisfiletheentirecorrespondenceofthedirectoryandthepublicprosecutor。
[104]DeliberationofthecommuneofToulon。July28andfollowingdays。——Thatofthethreeadministrativebodies，Sep。10——
Lauvergne，"HistoiredudepartmentduVar，"104—137。
[105]"Mémoires"ofChancelierPasquier。Vol。I。p。106。LibrariePlon，Paris1893—PasquierandhiswifestoppedinPicardy，broughttoParisbyamemberofthecommune，asmall，bandy—leggedfellowformerlyachair—letterinhisparishchurch，imbuedwiththedoctrinesofthedayandadeterminedleveler。AtthevillageofSarallestheypassedthehouseofM。deLivry，arichmanenjoyinganincomeof50，000francs，andtheloverofSaunier，anopera—dancer。
"Heisagoodfellow，"exclaimsPasquier’sbandy—leggedguardian:"wehavejustmadehintmarry。Lookhere，wesaidtohim，itistimethattoputastoptothatbehavior！Downwithprejudice！Marquisesanddancersoughttomarryeachother。Hemadeherhiswife，anditiswellhedid；otherwisehewouldhavebeendoneforalongtimeago，orcagedbehindtheLuxembourgwalls。"—Elsewhere，onpassingachateaubeingdemolished，theformerchair—letterquotesRousseau:"Foreverychateauthatfalls，twentycottagesriseinitsplace。"Hismindwasstoredwithsimilarphrasesandtirades，utteredbyhimastheoccasionwarranted。ThismanmaybeconsideredasanexcellentspecimenoftheaverageJacobin。
[106]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，207。LetteroftheadministratorsoftheC？ted’OrtotheMinister，Oct。6，1792。
[107]"ArchivesNationales"F7，3195。LetteroftheadministratorsoftheBouche—du—Rh？ne，Oct29，andtheMinister’sansweronthemargin。
[108]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3249。LetteroftheadministratorsoftheOrne，Sept。7，andtheMinister’sreplynotedonthemargin。
[109]"ArchivesNationales，"F’，3，249。CorrespondencewiththemunicipalityofSaint—Firmin（Oise）。LetterofRoland，Dec。3:"Ihavereadtheletteraddressedtomeonthe25thofthepastmonth，andI
cannotconcealfromyouthepainitgivesmetofindinitprinciplessodestructiveofallthetiesofsubordinationexistingbetweenconstitutedauthorities，principlessoerroneousthatshouldthecommunesadoptthemeveryformofgovernmentwouldbeimpossibleandallsocietybrokenup。CanthecommuneofSaint—Firmin，indeed，havepersuadeditselfthatitissovereign，astheletterstates？andhavethecitizenscomposingitforgottenthatthesovereignistheentirenation，andnottheforty—fourthousandthpartofit？thatSaint—
Firminissimplyafractionofit，contributingitssharetoendowingthedeputiesoftheNationalConvention，theadministratorsofdepartmentsanddistrictswiththepowerofactingforthegreatestadvantageofthecommune，butwhich，themomentitelectsitsownadministratorsandagents，cannolongerrevokethepowersithasbestowed，withoutatotalsubversionoforder？etc。"——Allthedocumentsbelongingtothisaffairoughttobequoted；thereisnothingmoreinstructiveorludicrous，andespeciallythestyleofthesecretary—clerkofSaint—Firmin:"WeconjureyoutorememberthattheadministratorsofthedistrictofSenlisstrivetoplaythepartofthesirenswhosoughttoenchantUlysses。"
[110]LetterofthecentralbureauoftheRouensections，Aug。30。
[111]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3195。LetterofthethreeadministrativebodiesandcommissariesofthesectionsofMarseilles，Nov。15，1792。LetteroftheelectorsofBouches—du—Rh？ne，Nov。28。——
（Formsofpolitenessareomittedattheendoftheseletters，andnodoubtpurposely。）Rolandreplies（Dec。31）:"WhilefullyadmiringthecivismofthebraveMarseillespeople，……donotfullyagreewithyouontheexerciseofpopularSovereignty。"HeendsbystatingthatalltheirletterswithreplieshavebeentransmittedtothedeputiesoftheBouches—du—Rh？ne，andthatthelatterareinaccordwithhimandwillarrangematters。
CHAPTERIII。
I。
ThesecondstageoftheJacobinconquest。——Theimportanceandmultitudeofvacantoffices。
ThesecondstageoftheJacobinconquestwill，[1]afterAugust10thandduringthenextthreemonths，extendandmultiplyallvacanciesfromthetoptothebottomofthehierarchy，forthepurposeoffillingthemwiththeirownmen。——Inthefirstplace，thefaction（theparty）installsrepresentativesonthesummitsofpublicauthoritywhichrepresentitselfalone，sevenhundredandforty—nineomnipotentdeputies，inaConventionwhich，curbedneitherbycollateralpowersnorbyapreviouslyestablishedconstitution，disposesatpleasureoftheproperty，thelivesandtheconsciencesofallFrenchpeople。——Then，throughthisbarelyinstalledconvention，itdecreesthecompleterenewal[2]ofalladministrativeandjudicialbodies，councilsanddirectoriesofdepartments，councilsandcommunalmunicipalities，civil，criminalandcommercialtribunals，justicesandtheirassistantsinthelowercourts，deputiesofthejustices，nationalcommissariesofthecivilcourts，withsecretariesandbailiffsbelongingtothevarioustribunalsandadministrations。[3]
Theobligationofhavingpracticedasalawyerisabolishedbythesamestroke，sothatthefirstcomer，ifhebelongstotheclub（party）maybecomeajudgewithoutknowinghowtowrite，andevenwithoutbeingabletoread。[4]——JustbeforethisthestaffoftheNationalGuard，inalltownsabovefiftythousandsouls，andafterwardsinallthetownsonthefrontier，hasagainpassedthroughtheelectoralsieve。[5]Inlikemanner，theofficersofthegendarmerieatParisandthroughoutFranceoncemoreundergoanelectionbytheirmen。Finally，allpost—mastersandpost—officecomptrollershavetosubmittoelection。——Evenbetter，beloworalongsidetheelectedofficials，thisadministrativepurgeconcernsallnon—electivefunctionariesandemployees，nomatterhowinsignificanttheirservice，howeverfeebleandindirecttheirofficemaybeconnectedwithpoliticalmatters。Thisisbecausetaxreceiversandassessors，directorsandotheragentsofriversandforests，engineers，notaries，attorneys，clerksandscribesbelongingtotheadministrativebranch，areallsubjecttodismissaliftheydonotobtainacertificateofcivismfromtheirmunicipality。AtTroyes，outoffifteennotaries，itisrefusedtofour，[6]whichleavesfourplacestobefilledbytheirJacobinclerks。AtParis，[7]"allhonestfolks，allclerkswhoareeducated，"aredrivenoutofthenavyoffices；thewardepartmentisgettingtobe"adenwhereeverybodyondutywearsaredcap，whereallthee—and—thoueachother，eventheMinister，wherefourhundredemployees，amongwhichareanumberofwomen，showoffinthedirtiestdress，affectthecoolestcynicism，donothing，andstealonallsides。"——Underthedenunciationoftheclubs，thebroomisappliedevenatthebottomofthehierarchicalscale，eventosecretariesofvillagecouncils，tomessengersandcall—boysinthetowns，tojail—keepersanddoor—keepers，tobeadlesandsextons，toforesters，field—custodians，andothersofthisclass。[8]Allthesepersonsmustbe，orappeartobe，Jacobin；
otherwise，theirplaceslipsawayfromthem，forthereisalwayssomeonetocovetit，applyforitandtakeit。——Outsideofemployeesthesweepingoperationreachesthesuppliersandcontractors；evenheretherearethefaithfultobeprovidedfor，andnowhereisthebaitsoimportant。TheState，eveninordinarytimes，isalwaysthelargestofconsumers，and，atthismoment，itisexpendingmonthly，merelyonthewar，twohundredmillionsextra。Whatfishmaybecaughtinsuchdisturbedwaters！[9]——AlltheselucrativeordersaswellasalltheseremuneratedpositionsareatthedispositionoftheJacobins，andtheyseizetheopportunity；theyarethelawfulowner，whocomeshomeafteralongabsenceandgivesorwithdrawshiscustomasthepleases，whilehemakesacleansweepinhisownhousehold。——
Theadministrativeandjudicialservicesalonenumber1，300，000
places，allthoseinthetreasurydepartment，inthatofpublicworks，inthatofpubliceducation，andintheChurch；allpostsintheNationalGuardandinthearmy，fromthatofcommander—in—chiefdowntoadrummer；thewholeofthecentralorlocalpower，withthevastpatronageflowingfromthis。Neverhadsuchrichspoilsbeenmadeavailabletothegeneralpublicinonego。Lotswillbedrawn，apparently，byvote；butitisevidentthattheJacobinshavenointentionofsurrenderingtheirpreytothehazardsofafreeballot；
theymeantokeepitthewaytheygotit；byforce，andwillleavenostoneunturnedtocontroltheelections。
II。
Theelections。——Theyoungandthepoorinvitedtotheballot—box。——
DangeroftheConservativesifcandidates。——Theirchiefsabsentthemselves。——Proportionofabsenteesattheprimaryassemblies。
Theybeginbypavingtheirway。[10]Anewdecreehasatoncesuppressedthefeebleandlastlegalrequirementforimpartiality，integrityandcompetenceoftheelectorandtheeligiblecandidate。Nomorediscriminationbetweenactiveandpassivecitizens；nolongeranydifferencebetweenpolltaxofanelectorofthefirstdegreeandthatoftheseconddegree:noelectoralpolltaxqualificationwhatever。AllFrenchmen，exceptdomestics，ofwhomtheyaredistrustful，supposingthemundertheiremployer’sinfluence，mayvoteattheprimaryassemblies，andnotlongerattheageoftwenty—five，butattwenty—one，whichbringstothepollsthetwomostrevolutionarygroups，ontheonehandtheyoung，andontheotherthepoor，thelatteringreatnumbersinthesetimesofunemployment，dearthandpoverty，amountinginalltotwomillionsandahalf，and，perhaps，threemillionsofnewelectors。—AtBesan？onthenumberoftheregisteredvotersisdoubled。[11]——ThusaretheusualclientsoftheJacobinsadmittedwithintheelectoralboundaries，fromwhichtheyhadhithertobeenexcluded，[12]and，toensuretheircoming，theirleadersdecidethateveryelectorobligedtotravel"shallreceivetwentysousmileage，"besides"threefrancsperdiemduringhisstay。"[13]
Whileattractingtheirsupporterstheydrovetheiradversariesaway。
Thepoliticalbanditry，throughwhichtheydominateandterrifyFrance，hasalreadytakencareofthat。Manyarbitraryarrestsandunpunishedmurdersareawarningtoallcandidateswhodonotbelongtotheirparty；andIdonotspeakabouttothenoblesorfriendsoftheancientregimethathavefledorareinprison，buttheConstitutionalistsandtheFeuillants。Anyelectoralenterpriseontheirpartwouldbemadness，almostasuicide。Accordingly，noneofthemcallattentiontothemselves。Ifanyoutrageousmoderate，likeDuranddeMaillane，appearsonalist，itisbecausetherevolutionarieshaveadoptedhimwithoutknowinghim，andbecauseheswearsthathehatesroyalty。[14]Theothers，morehonest，donotwanttodonthepopularliveryandresorttoclubpatronage，sotheycarefullystayaway；theyknowtoowellthattodootherwisewouldmarktheirheadsforpikesandtheirhomesforpillage。Attheverymomentofdepositingthevotethedomainsofseveraldeputiesaresackedsimplybecause，"onthecomparativelistsofsevencallsbyname，"senttothedepartmentsfromParisbytheJacobins，theirnamesarefoundontheright。[15]——ThroughanexcessofprecautiontheConstitutionalistsoftheLegislativebodyarekeptatthecapital，theirpassportsbeingrefusedtothemtopreventthemfromreturningintotheprovincesandobtainingvotesbypubliclystatingthetruthinrelationtotherecentrevolution。——Inthesameway，allconservativejournalsaresuppressed，reducedtosilence，orcompelledtobecometurncoats。——Now，whenonehasneitherthepossibilitytospeakupnoracandidatewhichmightbecomeone’srepresentative，ofwhatuseisittovote？Andespecially，sincetheprimaryassembliesareplacesofdisorderandviolence，[16]patriotsalone，inmanyplaces，beingadmitted，[17]aconservativebeing"insultedandoverwhelmedwithnumbers，"and，ifheuttersanopinion，exposedtodanger，also，ifheremainssilent，incurringtheriskofdenunciations，threats，andblows。Tokeepinthebackground，remainonthesidelines，avoidbeingseen，andtostrivetobeforgotten，istheruleunderapasha，andespeciallywhenthispashaisamob。Hencetheabsenteeismofthemajority；aroundtheballot—boxthereisanenormousvoid。AtParis，intheelectionofmayorandmunicipalofficers，theballotingofOctober，NovemberandDecembercollecttogetheronly14，000outof160，000registeredvoters，later10，000，and，lateragain，only7，000。[18]AtBesan？on，7，000。registeredvotersresultinlessthan600；thereisthesameproportioninothertowns，asforexample，inTroyes。Inlikemanner，intheruralcantons，eastofDoubsandwestofLoire—Inférieure，butone—tenthoftheelectorsdareexercisetheirrighttovote。[19]Theelectoralsourceissoexhausted，sooftendisturbed，andsostoppedupastobealmostdry:intheseprimaryassemblieswhich，directlyorindirectly，delegateallpublicpowers，andwhich，intheexpressionofthecommonwill，shouldbefull，therearelackingsixmillionsthreehundredthousandselectorsoutofsevenmillions。[20]
III。
Compositionandtoneofthesecondaryassemblies。—Exclusionof"Feuillant"electors。—Pressureonotherelectors。—Personselectedbytheconservativesobligedtoresign。—ElectionsbytheCatholicscanceled。—SecessionoftheJacobinminorities。—Theelectionoftheirmenmadevalid。—Publicopinionnotinaccordwithofficialselections。
Throughthisanticipatedpurgetheassembliesofthefirstdegreefindthemselves，forthemostpart，Jacobin；consequentlytheelectorsoftheseconddegree，appointedbythem，areforthemostpart，Jacobin；
inmanydepartments，theirassemblybecomesthemostanarchical，themostturbulent，andthemostusurpingofalltheclubs。Herethereisonlyshouting，denunciations，oath—taking，incendiarymotions，cheeringwhichcarryallquestions，furiousspeechesbyParisiancommissaries，bydelegatesfromthelocalclub，bypassingFederates，andbyfemalewretchesdemandingarms。[21]ThePas—de—Calaisassemblagesetsfreeandapplaudsawomanimprisonedforhavingbeatenadruminamob。TheParisassemblyfraternizeswiththeVersaillesslaughterersandtheassassinsofthemayorofEtampes。TheassemblyoftheBouches—du—Rh？negivesacertificateovirtuetoJourdan，theGlacièremurderer。TheassemblyofSeine—et—MarneapplaudstheproposaltocastacannonwhichmightcontaintheheadofLouisXVI。
foracannon—balltobefiredattheenemy。——Itisnotsurprisingthatanelectoralbodywithoutself—respectshouldrespectnothing，andpracticeself—mutilationunderthepretextofpurification。[22]
Theobjectofthedespoticmajoritywastoreignatonce，withoutanycontest，onitsownauthority，andtoexpelalloffensiveelectors。AtParis，intheAisne，inHaute—Loire，inIlle—et—Vilaine，inMaine—et—
Loire，itexcludesasunworthythemembersofoldFeuillantsandmonarchicalclubs，andthesignersofConstitutionalistprotests。InHéraultitcancelstheelectionsinthecantonofServian，becausetheelectedmen，itsays，are"madaristocrats。"InOrneitdrivesawayanoldConstituent，GoupildePréfeln，becausehevotedfortherevision，also，hisson—in—law，becauseheishisson—in—law。IntheBouches—
du—Rh？ne，wherethecantonofSeignon，bymistakeorthroughroutine，swore"tomaintaintheconstitutionofthekingdom，"itsetsasidetheseretrogradeelectedrepresentatives，commencesproceedingsagainstthe"crimecommitted，"andsendstroopsagainstNovesbecausetheNoveselector，ajusticewhoisdenouncedandinperil，hasescapedfromtheelectoralden。——Afterthepurificationofpersonsitproceedstothepurificationofsentiments。AtParis，andinatleastninedepartments，[23]andincontemptofthelaw，issuppressesthesecretballot，thelastrefugeoftimidconservatives，andimposesoneachelectoraverbalpublicvote，loudandclear，onhisnamebeingcalled；thatistosay，ifhedoesnotvoteasheoughtto，herisksthegallows。[24]Nothingcouldmoresurelyconverthesitationandindecisionintogoodsense，while，inmanyaplace，stillmorepowerfulmachineryisviolentlyopposedtotheelections。AtParistheelectionsarecarriedoninthemidstofatrocities，underthepikesofthebutchers，andconductedbytheirinstigators。AtMeauxandatRheimstheelectorsinsessionwerewithinhearingofthescreechesofthemurderedpriests。AtRheimsthebutchersthemselvesorderedtheelectoralassemblytoelecttheircandidates，Drouet，thefamouspost—
master，andArmonville，atipsywool—carder，uponwhichone—halfoftheassemblywithdrew，whilethetwocandidatesoftheassassinsareelected。AtLyons，twodaysafterthemassacre，theJacobincommanderwritestotheMinister:"Yesterday’scatastropheputsthearistocratstoflight，andensuresusthemajorityinLyons。"[25]Fromuniversalsuffragethussubjectedtosomuchsifting，submittedtosuchheavypressure，heatedandrefinedintherevolutionaryalembic，thosewhocontrolitobtainalltheywant，aconcentratedextract，thequintessenceoftheJacobinspirit。
Andyet，shouldthisextractnotseemtothemsufficientlystrong，wherevertheyaresovereign，theythrowitawayandbeginoveragain。
AtParis，[26]bymeansofapurifyingandsurplusballot，thenewCounciloftheCommuneundertakestheexpulsionofitslukewarmmembers，whiled’Ormesson，themayorelectofthemoderates，isassailedwithsomanythreatsthat，onthevergeofhisinstallation，heresigns。AtLyons，[27]anothermoderate，Nivière—Chol，twiceelected，and，by9，000outof11，000votes，istwicecompelledtoabandonhisplace；afterhim，Gilibert，thephysician，who，supportedbythesamevoters，isabouttoobtainthemajority，isseizedsuddenlyandcastintoprison；eveninprison，heiselected；theclubbistsconfinehimtheremorerigidly，anddonotlethimoutevenafterextortinghisresignation。——Elsewhereintheruralcantons，forexample，inFranche—Comté，[28]anumberofelectionsarecanceledwhenthepersonelectedhappenstobeaCatholic。TheJacobinminorityfrequentlysecede，meetinatavern，electtheirmayororjusticeofthepeace，andthevalidityofhiselectionissecuredbecauseheisapatriot；somuchtheworseforthatofthemajority，whosemorenumerousvotesarenullbecausegivenby"fanatics。"——Theresponseofuniversalsuffragethusappealedtocannotbeotherthanthatwhichisframedforit。Indisputablefactsaretoshowtowhatextentthisresponseiscompulsiveorperverted，whatadistancethereisbetweenanofficialchoiceandpublicopinion，howtheelectionsgiveacontrarymeaningtopopularsentiment。ThedepartmentsofDeux—Sèvres，Maine—et—Loire，laVendée，Loire—Infèrieure，Morbihan，andFinistère，sendonlyanti—CatholicrepublicanstotheConvention，whilethesesamedepartmentsaretobecometheinexhaustiblenurseryofthegreatcatholicandroyalistinsurrection。ThreeregicidesoutoffourdeputiesrepresentLozère，where，sixmonthslater，thirtythousandpeasantsaretomarchundertheRoyalwhitebanner。SixregicidesoutofninedeputiesrepresentlaVendée，whichisgoingtorisefromoneendofittotheotherinthenameoftheKing。[29]
IV。
CompositionoftheNationalConvention。—NumberofMontagnardsatthestart。—OpinionsandsentimentsofthedeputiesofthePlain。—TheGironde。—AscendancyoftheGirondinsintheConvention。—Theirintellectualcharacter。—Theirprinciples。—TheplanoftheirConstitution。—Theirfanaticism。—Theirsincerity，cultureandtastes。—HowtheydifferfrompureJacobins。—Howtheycomprehendpopularsovereignty。—Theirstipulationswithregardtotheinitiativeofindividualsandofgroups。—Weaknessofphilosophicthoughtandofparliamentaryauthorityintimesofanarchy。
Howevervigoroustheelectoralpressuremayhavebeen，thevotingmachinehasnotprovidedtheexpectedresults。Attheopeningofthesession，outof749deputies，onlyaboutfifty[30]arefoundtoapproveoftheCommune，nearlyalloftheelectedinplaceswhere，asatRheimsandParis，terrorhastheelectorbythethroat，"undertheclubs，axes，daggers，andbludgeonsofthebutchers。"[31]Butwherethephysicalimpressionsofmurderhavenotbeensotangibleandimpressive，somesenseofdecencyhaspreventedtooglaringelections。
Theinclinationtovoteforwell—knownnamescouldnotwhollybearrested；seventy—sevenformermembersoftheConstituentAssembly，andonehundredandeighty—sixofthepreviousLegislativeAssemblyentertheConvention，andthepracticalknowledgewhichmanyofthesehaveofgovernmentbusinesshasgiventhemsomeinsights。Inshort，theconsciencesofsixhundredandfiftydeputiesareonlyinpartperverted。
Theyareall，unquestionably，decidedrepublicans，enemiesoftradition，apostlesofreason，andtrainedindeductivepolitics；
onlyontheseconditionscouldtheybeelected。EverycandidateissupposedtopossesstheJacobinfaith，or，atleast，torecitetherevolutionarycreed。TheConvention，consequently，atitsopeningsessionvotesunanimously，withcheersandenthusiasm，theabolitionofroyalty，andthreemonthslateritpronounces，byalargemajority，LouisXVI。，"guiltyofconspiringagainstthelibertyofthenation，andofassaultsonthegeneralwelfareoftheState。"[32]
Nevertheless，socialhabitudesstillsubsistunderpoliticalprejudices。Amanwhoisborninandlivesforalongtimeinanoldcommunity，is，throughthisalone，markedwithitsimprint；thecustomstowhichheconformshavecrystallizedinhimintheshapeofsentiments:ifitiswell—regulatedandcivilized，hehasinvoluntarilyarrivedatrespectforpropertyandforhumanlife，and，inmostcharacters，thisrespecthastakenverydeeproot。Atheory，evenifadopted，doesnotwhollysucceedindestroyingthisrespect；
onlyinrareinstancesisitsuccessful，whenitencounterscoarseanddefectivenatures；totakefullhold，itisnecessarythatitshouldfallonthescatteredinheritorsofformerdestructiveappetites，onthosehopelesslydegeneratesoulsinwhichthepassionsofananteriordateareslumbering；thenonlydoesitsmalevolencefullyappear，foritrousestheferociousorplunderinginstinctsofthebarbarian，theraider，theinquisitor，andthepasha。Onthecontrary，withthegreatestnumber，dowhatitwill，integrityandhumanityalwaysremainpowerfulmotives。Nearlyalltheselegislators，whooriginateinthemiddleclass，areatbottom，irrespectiveofamomentarydelusion，whattheyalwayshavebeenuptonow，advocates，attorneys，merchants，priests，orphysiciansoftheancientregime，andwhattheywillbecomelateron，docileadministratorsorzealousfunctionariesofNapoleon’sempire，[33]thatistosay，ordinarycivilizedpersonsbelongingtotheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies，sufficientlyhonestinprivatelifetohaveadesiretobeequallysoinpubliclife。——Hencetheirhorrorofanarchy，ofMarat，[34]andoftheSeptemberbutchersandrobbers。Threedaysaftertheirassemblingtogethertheyvote，"almostunanimously，"thepreparationofalaw"againsttheinstigatorsofmurderandassassination。""Almostunanimously，"theydesiretoraiseaguard，recruitedinthe83
departments，againstthearmedbandsofParisandtheCommune。
Pétitioniselectedastheirfirstpresidentby"almostthetotalityofsuffrages。"Rolandwhohasjustreadhisreporttothem，isgreetedwiththe"loudest"applausefromnearlythe"entire"Assembly。Inshorttheyarefortheidealrepublicagainstactualbrigands。Thisaccountsfortheirrangingthemselvesaroundthoseuprightandsinceredeputies，who，inthetwoprecedingAssembliesoralongsideofthem，weretheablestdefendersofbothprinciplesandhumanity，aroundBuzot，Lanjuinais，Pétition，andRabaut—Saint—Etienne；aroundBrissot，Vergniaud，Guadet，Gensonné，Isnard，andCondorcet；aroundRoland，Louvet，Barbaroux，andthefivehundreddeputiesofthe"Plain，"[35]
marchinginonebodyundertheleadershipofthe180Girondistswhonowformthe"Right。"[36]
Theselatter，amongtherepublicans，arethemostsincereandhavethemostfaith；fortheyhavelongbeensuch，aftermuchthought，studyandasamatterofprinciple。Nearlyallofthemarewell—readeducatedmen，reasoners，philosophers，disciplesofDiderotorofRousseau，satisfiedthatabsolutetruthhadbeenrevealedbytheirmasters，thoroughlyimbuedwiththeEncyclopédie[37]ortheContratSocial，thesameasthePuritansformerlywerewiththeBible。[38]Attheagewhenthemindismaturing，andfondlyclingstogeneralideas，[39]theyembracedthetheoryandaimedatareconstructionofsocietyaccordingtoabstractprinciples。Theyhaveaccordinglysettoworkaspurelogicians，rigorouslyapplyingthesuperficialandfalsesystemofanalysistheninvogue。[40]Theyhaveformedforthemselvesanideaofmaningeneral，thesameinalltimesandages，anextractorminimumofman；theyhaveponderedoverseveralthousandsoformillionsoftheseabstractmortals，erectedtheirimaginarywillsintoprimordialrights，anddrawnupinanticipationthechimericalcontractwhichistoregulatetheirimpossibleunion。Therearetobenomoreprivileges，nomoreheredity，noqualificationsofanykind；
allaretobeelectors，alleligibleandallofequalmembersofthesovereignty；allpowersaretobeofshortdate，andconferredthroughelection；theremustbebutoneassembly，electedandentirelyrenewedannually，oneexecutivecouncilelectedandone—halfrenewedannually，anationaltreasury—boardelectedandone—thirdrenewedannually；alllocaladministrationsandtribunalsmustbeelected；areferendumtothepeople，theelectoralbodyendowedwiththeinitiative，aconstantappealtothesovereignty，which，alwaysconsultedandalwaysactive，willmanifestitswillnotalonebythechoiceofitsmandatoriesbut，again，through"thecensure"whichitwillapplytothelaws——suchistheConstitutiontheyforgeforthemselves。[41]"TheEnglishConstitution，"saysCondorcet，"ismadefortherich，thatofAmericaforcitizenswell—off；theFrenchConstitutionshouldbemadeforallmen。"—Itis，forthisreason，theonlylegitimateone；everyinstitutionthatdeviatesfromitisopposedtonaturalrightsand，therefore，fitonlytobeputdown。—ThisiswhattheGirondistshavedoneduringtheLegislativesessions；weknowhowthey，armedwiththeillusions[42]oftheirnewphilosophyandtriumphingthrougharigid，rashandhastyreason，have*persecutedCatholicconsciences，*violatedfeudalproperty，*encroachedonthelegalauthorityoftheKing，*persecutedtheremainsoftheancientregime，*toleratedcrimescommittedbythecrowds，*evenplungedFranceintoanEuropeanwar，*armedeventhepaupers，*causedtheoverthrowofallgovernment。—
AsfarashisUtopiaisconcerned，theGirondistisasectarian，andheknowsnoscruples。
*Littledoeshecarethatnineoutoftenelectorsdonotvote:heregardshimselfastheauthorizedrepresentativeofallten。
*LittledoeshecarewhetherthegreatmajorityofFrenchmenfavortheConstitutionof1791；itishisbusinesstoimposeonthemhisown。
*Littledoeshecarewhetherhisformeropponents，King，émigrés，unswornecclesiastics，arehonorablemenoratleastexcusable；hewilllaunchagainstthemeveryrigorouslegalproceeding，transportation，confiscation，civildeathandphysicaldeath。[43]
Inhisowneyesheisthejusticiary，andhisinvestitureisbestoweduponhimbyeternalright。Thereisnohumaninfatuationsopernicioustomanasthatofabsoluteright；nothingisbettercalculatedforthedestructioninhimofthehereditaryaccumulationofmoralconceptions。——Withinthenarrowboundsoftheircreed，however，theGirondinsaresincereandconsistent。Theyaremastersoftheirformulae；theyknowhowtodeduceconsequencesfromthem；theybelieveinthemthesameasasurveyorinhistheorems，andatheologianinthearticlesofhisfaith；theyareanxioustoapplythem，todeviseaconstitution，toestablisharegulargovernment，toemergefromabarbarousstate，toputanendtofightinginthestreet，topillaging，tomurders，totheswayofbrutalforceandofnakedarms。
Thedisorder，mover，sorepugnanttothemaslogiciansisstillmorerepugnanttothemascultivated，polishedmen。Theyhaveasenseofwhatisproper，[44]ofbecomingways，andtheirtastesareevenrefined。Theyarenotfamiliarwith，nordotheydesiretoimitate，therudemannersofDanton，hiscoarselanguage，hisoaths，andhislowassociationswiththepeople。Theyhavenot，likeRobespierre，gonetolodgewithamasterjoiner，tolivehimandeatwithhisfamily。UnlikePache，MinisterofWar，nooneamongthem"feelshonored"by"goingdowntodinewithhisporter，"andbysendinghisdaughterstotheclubtogiveafraternalkisstodrunkenJacobins。[45]AtMadameRoland’shousethereisasalon，althoughitisstiffandpedantic；Barbarouxsendversestoamarchioness，who，afterthe2ndofJune，elopeswithhimtoCaen。[46]Condorcethaslivedinhighsociety，whilehiswife，aformercanoness，possessthecharms，therepose，theinstruction，andtheeleganceofanaccomplishedwoman。Menofthisstampcannotendureclosealongsideofthemtheineptandgrossdictatorshipofanarmedrabble。Inprovidingforthepublictreasurytheyrequireregulartaxesandnottyrannicalconfiscations。[47]Torepressthemalevolenttheypropose"punishmentandnotbanishment。"[48]InallStatetrialstheyopposeirregularcourts，andstrivetomaintainforthoseunderindictmentsomeoftheusualsafeguards。[49]OndeclaringtheKingguiltytheyhesitateinpronouncingthesentenceofdeath，andtrytolightentheirresponsibilitybyappealingtothepeople。Theline"lawsandnotblood，"wasalinewhich，causingastirinaplayoftheday，presentedinanutshelltheirpoliticalideas。And，naturally，thelaw，especiallyRepublicanlaw，isthelawofall；onceenacted，nobody，nocitizen，nocity，noparty，canrefusetoobeyitwithoutbeingcriminal。Itismonstrousthatonecityshouldarrogatetoitselftheprivilegeofrulingthenation；Paris，likeotherdepartments，shouldbereducedtoitson—eighty—thirdproportionofinfluence。Itismonstrousthat，inacapitalof700，000souls，fiveorsixthousandradicalJacobinsshouldoppressthesectionsandaloneelecttheircandidates；inthesectionsandatthepolls，allcitizens，atleastallrepublicans，shouldenjoyanequalandfreevote。Itismonstrousthattheprincipleofpopularsovereigntyshouldbeusedtocoverupattacksagainstpopularsovereignty，that，underthepretenseofsavingtheState，thefirstthatcomesalongmaykillwhomhepleases，that，onthepretextthattheyareresistingoppression，eachmobshouldhavethe"Right"toputthegovernmentdown。——Hence，thismilitant"Right"mustbepacified，enclosedwithinlegalboundaries，andsubjectedtoafixedprocess。[50]Shouldanyindividualdesirealaw，areformorapublicmeasure，lethimstatehisonpaperoverhisownsignatureandthatoffiftyothercitizensofthesameprimaryassembly；thenthepropositionmustbesubmittedtohisownprimaryassembly；thenincaseitobtainsamajority，totheprimaryassembliesofhisarrondissement；then，incaseofamajority，totheprimaryassembliesofhisdepartment；then，incaseofamajority，toalltheprimaryassembliesofthenation，sothatafterasecondverdictofthesameassembliestwiceconsulted，theLegislativebody，yieldingtothemajorityofprimarysuffrages，maydissolveandanewLegislativebody，inwhichalloldmembersshallbedeclaredineligible，takeitsplace。——Thisisthefinalexpressionandthemasteridea，ofthetheory。Condorcet，itsableconstructor，hasoutdonehimself。Impossibletodesignonpaperamoreingeniousorcomplicatedmechanism。TheGirondists，intheclosingarticleofthisfaultlessconstitution，believethattheyhavediscoveredawaytomuzzlethebeastandallowthesovereignpeopletofullyasserttheirrights。
Asif，withsomekindofconstitutionandespeciallywiththisone，onecouldmuzzlethebeast！Asifitwasinthemoodtocranetheneckallowingthemtoputthemuzzleon！Robespierre，onbehalfoftheJacobins，counterswithaclauseradicallyopposedtotheonedraftedbyCondorcet[51]:
"Tosubmit’therighttoresistoppression’tolegalformalitiesistheultimaterefinementoftyranny……Whenagovernmentviolatesthepeople’srights，ageneralinsurrectionofthepeople，aswellasportionsofthepeople，isthemostsacredofduties。"
Politicalorthodoxy，closereasoning，andoratoricaltalentare，however，noweaponagainstthisever—mutteringinsurrection。
"Ourphilosophers，"saysagoodobserver，[52]"wanttoattaintheirendsbypersuasion；whichisequivalenttosayingthatbattlesmaybewonbyeloquence，finespeeches，andplansofconstitution。Verysoon，accordingtothem，……ifwillsufficetocarrycompletecopiesofMacchiavelli，RousseauandMontesquieuintobattleinsteadofcannon，itneveroccurringtothemthattheseauthors，liketheirworks，neverwere，andneverwillbe，anythingbutfoolswhenputupagainstacut—throatprovidedwithagoodsword。"
Theparliamentarylandscapehasfallenaway；thingshavereturnedtoastateofnature，thatis，toastateofwar，andoneisnolongerconcernedwithdebatebutwithbruteforce。Tobeintheright，toconvincetheconvention，toobtainmajorities，topassdecrees，wouldbeappropriateinordinarytimes，underagovernmentprovidedwithanarmedforceandaregularadministration，bywhich，fromthesummitsofpublicauthority，thedecreesofamajoritydescendthroughsubmissivefunctionariestoasympatheticandobedientpopulation。
But，intimesofanarchy，andaboveall，inthedenoftheCommune，inParis，suchasthe10thofAugustandthe2ndofSeptembermadeit，allthisisofnoaccount。
V。TheJacobinsformingalonetheSovereignPeople。
OpinioninParis。——Themajorityofthepopulationconstitutional。——
Thenewrégimeunpopular。——Scarcityandhighcostoffood。—
Catholiccustomsobstructed。—Universalandincreasingdiscontent。——
AversionorindifferencetotheGirondins。——Politicalresignationofthemajority。——Moderncustomsincompatiblewithpuredemocracy。——
Menofpropertyandincome，manufacturersandtradesmen，keepaloof。—
—Dissension，timidity，andfeeblenessoftheConservatives。——TheJacobinsaloneformthesovereignpeople。
Anditisofnoaccountbecause，firstofall，inthisgreatcityofParistheGirondistsareisolated，andhavenogroupofzealouspartisanstodependupon。For，ifthelargemajorityisopposedtotheiradversaries，thatisnotintheirfavor，ithavingsecretly，atheart，remained"Constitutionalists。"[53]"IwouldmakemyselfmasterofParis，"saysaprofessionalobserver，"intendayswithoutstrikingablowifIhadbutsixthousandmen，andoneofLafayette’sstable—
boystocommandthem。"Lafayette，indeed，sincethedepartureorconcealmentoftheroyalists，representstheold，fixed，andinnermostopinionofthecapital。ParissubmitstotheGirondistsaswellastotheMontagnardsasusurpers；themassofthepublicregardsthemwithill—will，andnotonlythebourgeoisie，butlikewisethemajorityofthepeopleloathetheestablishedgovernment。
Workisscarceandfoodisdear；brandyhastripledinprice；onlyfourhundredoxenarebroughtinatthePoissymarketinsteadofsevenoreightthousand；thebutchersdeclarethattherewillbenomeatinParisnextweekexceptforthesick。[54]Toobtainasmallrationofbreaditisnecessarytowaitfiveorsixhoursinalineatthebaker’sshops，and，[55]asiscustomary，workmenandhousekeepersimputeallthistothegovernment。Thisgovernment，whichsopoorlyprovidesforitsneeds，offendsthemyetmoreintheirdeepestfeelings，inthehabitsmostdeartothem，intheirfaithandworship。
Thecommonpeople，evenatParis，isstillatthistimeveryreligious，muchmoresothanatthepresentday。WhenthepriestbearingtheHostpassesalongthestreet，thecrowd"gathersfromallsides，men，women，andchildren，youngandold，andfallontheirkneesinworship。"[56]ThedayonwhichtherelicsofsaintLeuareborneinprocessionthroughtheRueSt。Martin，"everybodykneels；I
didnotseeaman，"saysacarefulobserver，"thatdidnottakeoffhishat。Attheguard—houseoftheMauconseilsection，theentirecompanypresentedarms。"Atthesametimethe"citoyennesaroundthemarketstalkedwitheachothertoknowiftherewasanywayofdeckinghouseswithtapestry。"[57]ThefollowingweektheycompeltherevolutionarycommitteeofSaint—Eustache[58]toauthorizeanotherprocession，andagaineachonekneels:"everybodyapprovedoftheceremony，noone，thatIheardof；makinganyobjection。Thisisastrikingpicture……Isawrepentance，Isawtheparalleleachisforcedtodrawbetweentheactualstateofthingsandtheformerone。
Isawwhataprivationthepeoplehadtoendureinthelossofthatwhich，formerly，wasthemostimposingofallchurchceremonies。
Peopleofallranksandagesweredeeplyaffectedandhumble，andmanyhadtearsintheireyes。"Now，inthisrespect，theGirondists，byvirtueofbeingphilosophers，aremoreiconoclastic，moreintolerantthananyone，andthereisnoreasonforpreferringthemtotheiradversaries。Atbottom，thegovernmentinstalledbytherecentelectoralcomedy，forthemajorportionoftheParisians，hasnoauthoritybutthefactofitsexistence；peopleputupwithitbecausethereisnoother，fullyrecognizingitsworthlessness；[59]itisagovernmentofstrangers，ofinterlopers，ofbunglers，ofcantankerous，weakandviolentpersons。TheConventionhasnoholdeitheronthepeopleoronthebourgeoisclass，andinproportionasitglidesmorerapidlydowntherevolutionaryhill，itbreaksonebyonethetieswithwhichitisstillconnectedtotheundecided。
InareignofeightmonthstheConventionhasalienatedpublicopinionentirely。"Almostallwhohavepropertyofanykindareconservative，"[60]andalltheconservativesareagainstit。"ThegendarmeshereopenlyspeakupagainsttheRevolution，evenuptotherevolutionarytribunal，whosejudgmentstheyloudlycondemn。Alltheoldsoldiersdetesttheactualorderofthings。"[61]——Thevolunteers"whocomebackfromthearmyappearangryatputtingtheKingtodeath，andonthataccounttheywouldflayalltheJacobins。"[62]——
NopartyintheConventionescapesthisuniversaldisaffectionandgrowingaversion。"IfthequestionofguillotiningthemembersoftheConventioncouldbeputtoanopenvote，itwouldbecarriedagainstthembyamajorityofnineteen—twentieths，"[63]which，infact，isabouttheproportionofelectorswho，throughfrightordisgust，keepawayfromthepolls。Letthe"Right"orthe"Left"oftheConventionbevictorsorvanquished，thatisamatterwhichconcernsthem；thepublicatlargedoesnotenterintothediscussionsofitsconquerors，andnolongercaresforeitherGirondeor"Mountain。"Itsoldgrievancesalwaysrevive"againsttheVergniauds，Guadets"andcompany；[64]itdoesnotlikethem，andhasnoconfidenceinthem，andwillletthembecrushedwithouthelpingthem。TheinfuriatesmayexpeltheThirty—Two，iftheychoose，andputthemunderlockandkey。
"Thereisnothingthearistocracy（meaningbythis，ownersofproperty，merchants，bankers，therich，andthewell—to—do），desiresomuchastoseethemguillotined。"[65]’Eventheinferioraristocracy（meaningpettytradesmenandhead—workmen）takenomoreinterestintheirfatethaniftheyweresomanyescapedwildbeasts……
againcaughtandputintheircages。"[66]"Guadet，Pétion，Brissot，wouldnotfindthirtypersonsinPariswhowouldtaketheirpart，oreventakethefirststeptosavethem。"[67]
Apartfromallthis，itmakeslittledifferencewhetherthemajorityhasanypreferences；itssympathies，ifithasany，willneverbeotherthanplatonic。Itnolongercountsforanythingineithercamp，ithaswithdrawnfromthebattle—field，itisnowsimplythestakesoftheconflict，thepreyandthebootyofthewinner。For，unableorunwillingtocomplywiththepoliticalsystemimposedonit，itisself—condemnedtoutterpowerlessness。Thissystemisthedirectgovernmentofthepeoplebythepeople，withallthatensues，permanenceofthesectionassemblies，clubdebatesinpublic，uproarinthegalleries，motionsintheopenair，mobsandmanifestationsinthestreets；nothingislessattractiveandmoreimpracticabletocivilizedandbusypeople。Inourmoderncommunities，work，thefamily，andsocialintercourseabsorbnearlyallourtime；hence，suchasystemsuitsonlytheidleandroughoutcastswhofeelathomethere；theothersrefusetoenteranenvironmentexpresslysetupforsingles，orphans，unskilledpersons，livinginlodgings，foul—mouthed，lackingthesenseofsmell，withagiftofthegab，robustarms，toughhide，solidhaunches，expertinhustling，andwithwhomblowsreplacearguments。[68]——AftertheSeptembermassacres，andontheopeningofthebarriers，anumberofproprietorsandpersonslivingontheirincomes，notalonethesuspectedbutthosewhothoughttheymightbecomeso，escapedfromParis，and，duringthefollowingmonths，theemigrationincreasesalongwiththedanger。TowardsDecemberrumorhasitthatlistshavebeenmadeupofformerFeuillants；"weareassuredthatduringthepasteightdaysmorethanfourteenthousandpersonshaveleftthecapital。"[69]AccordingtothereportoftheMinisterhimself；[70]"manywhoareindependentinfortuneandpositionabandonacitywheretherenewalofproscriptionistalkedofdaily。"——"
Grassgrowsinthefineststreets，"writesadeputy，"whilethesilenceofthegravereignsintheThéba？des（isolatedvillas）ofthefaubourgSaint—Germain。"——Astotheconservativeswhoremain，theyconfinethemselvestoprivatelife，fromwhichitfollowsthat，inthepoliticalbalance，thosepresentareofnomoreaccountthantheabsentees。AtthemunicipalelectionsinOctober，November，andDecember，outof160，000registeredvoters，thereareatfirst144，000，then150，000，andfinally153，000whostayawayfromthepolls；these，certainly，andforamuchbetterreason，donotshowthemselvesattheassembliesoftheirsections。Commonly，outofthreeorfourthousandcitizens，onlyfiftyorsixtyattend；oneofthese，calledageneralassembly，whichsignifiesthewillofthepeopletotheConvention，iscomposedoftwenty—fivevoters。[71]Accordingly，whatwouldasensibleman，afriendoforder，dointhesedensoffanatics？Hestaysathome，asonstormydays；heletstheshowerofwordsspenditself，notcaringtobespatteredinthegutterofnonsensewhichcarriesoffthefilthofthisdistrict。
Ifheleaveshishouseatallhegoesoutforawalk，thesameasinoldtimes，toindulgethetasteshehadundertheoldrégime，thoseofatalkative，curiouson—lookerandfriendlystroller，ofaParisiansafeinhiswellruntown。"Yesterdayevening，"writesamanwhofeelsthecomingReignofTerror，"ItookmystandinthemiddleoftherightalleyoftheChamps—Elysées；[72]itwasthrongedwith——whodoyouthink？Wouldyoubelieveit，withmoderates，aristocrats，ownersofproperty，andveryprettywomen，elegantlydressed，seekingthecaressesofthebalmyspringbreeze！Itwasacharmingsight。Allweregayandsmiling。Iwastheonlyonethatwasnotso……I
withdrewhastily，and，onpassingthroughtheTuileriesgarden，IsawarepetitionofwhatIhadseenbefore，fortythousandwealthypeoplescatteredhereandthere，almostasmanyasPariscontains。"——Theseareevidentlythesheepreadyfortheslaughter—house。Theynolongerthinkofdefense，theyhaveabandonedtheirpoststothesans—
culottes，"theyrefuseallcivilandmilitaryfunctions，"[73]theyavoiddoingdutyintheNationalGuardandinsteadpaytheirsubstitutes。Inshort，theywithdrawfromagamewhich，in1789，theydesiredtoplaywithoutunderstandingit，andinwhich，sincetheendof1791，theyhavealwaysburnttheirfingers。Thecardsmaybehandedovertoothers，especiallyasthecardsaredirtyandtheplayersflingthemineachothers’faces；asforthemselvestheyarespectators，theyhavenootherambitions。——"Leavethemtheiroldenjoyments，[74]leavethemthepleasureofgoingandcomingthroughoutthekingdom；butdonotforcethemtotakepartinthewar。Subjectthemtotheheaviesttaxationandtheywillnotcomplain；nobodywillevenknowthattheyexist，whilethemostseriousquestionthatdisturbsthemintheirthoughtfuldaysis，canoneamuseone’sselfasmuchunderarepublicanformofgovernmentasundertheancientrégime？"Theyhope，perhaps，toescapeundercoverofinoffensiveneutrality。Isitlikelythatthevictor，whoeverheis，willregardpeopleasenemieswhoareresignedtohisrulebefore—hand？"A
dandy[75]alongsideofmeremarked，yesterdaymorning，’Theywillnottakemyarmsaway，forIneverhadany。’Alas，’Irepliedtohim，’don’tmakeaboastofit，foryoumayfindfortythousandsimpletonsinParisthatwouldsaythesamething，and，indeed，itisnotatalltothecreditofParis。’"——Suchistheblindnessorself—complacencyofthecitydwellerwho，havingalwayslivedunderagoodpolice，isunwillingtochangehishabits，andisnotawarethatthetimehascomeforhimtoturnfightingmaninhisturn。
Themanufacturers，themerchantsandthemanlivingonhisincomeareevenlessdisposedthantheindependentgentleman，togiveuphisprivateaffairsforpublicaffairs。Hisbusinesswillnotwaitforhim，hebeingconfinedtohisoffice，storeorcounting—room。Forexample，"thewine—dealers[76]arenearlyallaristocratsinthesenseofthiswordatthisperiod，"but"neverweretheirsalessogreatasduringtheinsurrectionsofthepeopleandinrevolutionarydays。"
Hencetheimpossibilityofobtainingtheirservicesinthosedays。
"Theyareseenontheirpremisesveryactive，withthreeorfouroftheirassistants，"andturnadeafeartoeveryappeal。"Howcanweleavewhencustomissogood？Peoplemusthavetheirwantssupplied。
WhowillattendtothemifIandthewaitersshouldgoaway？"——
Thereareothercausesoftheirweakness。AllgradesintheNationalGuardandallplacesinthemunicipalityhavingbeengivenuptotheJacobinextremists，theyhavenochiefs:theGirondistsareincapableofrallyingthem，whileGarat，theMinister，isunwillingtoemploythem。Moreover，theyaredividedamongstthemselves，noonehavinganyconfidenceintheother，"itbeingnecessarytochainthemtogethertohaveanythingaccomplished。"[77]Besidesthis，theremembranceofSeptemberweighsupontheirspiritslikeanightmare。——Allthisconvertspeopleintoatimidflock，readytoscamperattheslightestalarm。"IntheContratSocialsection，"saysanofficeroftheNationalGuard，"one—thirdofthosewhoareabletodefendthesectionareoffinthecountry；anotherthirdarehidingawayintheirhouses，andtheotherthirddarenotdoanything。"[78]"If，outoffiftythousandmoderates，youcancollecttogetherthreethousand，Ishallbeverymuchastonished。Andif；outofthesethreethousand，fivehundredonlyarefoundtoagree，andhavecourageenoughtoexpresstheiropinion，Ishallbestillmoreastonished。Thelatter，forinstance，mustexpecttobeSeptemberized！"[79]Thistheyknow，andhencetheykeepsilentandbendbeneaththeyoke。"What，indeed，wouldthemajorityofthesectionsdowhenitisdemonstratedthatadozenravingmaniacsattheheadofasans—culottessectionputstheotherforty—sevensectionsofParistoflight？"——Throughthisdesertionofthestateandthemselves，theysurrenderinadvance，and，inthisgreatcity，asformerlyinancientAthensandRome，weseealongsideofanimmensepopulationofsubjectswithoutanyrights，asmalldespoticoligarchyinitselfcomposingthesovereignpeople。[80]
VI。
Compositionoftheparty。——Itsnumbersandqualitydecline。——TheUnderlings。——Idleanddissipatedworkmen。——Thesuburbanrabble。——
Banditsandblackguards。——Prostitutes。——TheSeptemberactors。
Notthatthisminorityhasbeenontheincreasesincethe10thofAugust，quitethereverse。——Onthe19thofNovember，1792，itscandidatefortheofficeofMayorofParis，Lhuillier，obtainsonly4，896votes。[81]Onthe18thofJune，1793，itscandidateforthecommandoftheNationalGuard，Henriot，willsecurebut4，573votes；
toensurehiselectionitwillbenecessarytocanceltheelectiontwice，imposetheopenvote，andrelievevotersfromshowingtheirsectiontickets，whichwillpermitthetrustytovotesuccessivelyinotherquartersandapparentlydoubletheirnumberbyallowingeachtovotetwoorthreetimes。[82]Puttingalltogether，therearenotsixthousandJacobinsinParis，allofthemsans—culottesandpartisansofthe"Mountain。"[83]Ordinarily，inasectionassembly，theynumber"tenorfifteen，"atmost"thirtyorforty，""organizedintoapermanenttyrannicalboard。"……"Therestlistenandraisetheirhandsmechanically。"……"ThreeorfourhundredVisionaries，whosedevotionisasfrankasitisstupid，andtwoorthreehundredmoretowhomtheresultofthelastrevolutiondidnotbringtheplacesandhonorstheytooevidentlyreliedon，"formtheentirestaffoftheparty；"thesearetheclamorersofthesectionsandofthegroups，theonlyoneswhohaveclearlydeclaredthemselvesagainstorder，theapostlesofanewsedition，scathedorruinedmenwhoneeddisturbancetokeepalive，"whileunderthesecomesthetrainofMarat，vilewomen，worthlesswretches，and"paidshoutersatthreefrancsaday。"[84]
Tothismustbeaddedthatthequalityofthefactiousisstillmorereducedthantheirnumber。Plentyofhonestmen，smalltradesmen，winedealers，cook—shopkeepers，clerks，who，onthe10thofAugust，wereagainsttheCourt，arenowagainsttheCommune。[85]TheSeptemberaffair，probably，disgustedthem，andtheywerenotdisposedtorecommencethemassacres。AworkmannamedGonchon，forexample，theusualspokesmanofthefaubourgSaintAntoine，anuprightman，sincereanddisinterested，supportsRoland，and，verysoon，atLyons，seeinghowthingsarewithhisowneyes，heistoloyallyendorsetherevoltofthemoderatesagainsttheMaratists。[86]"Therespectableclassofthearts，saysobservers，"isgraduallyleavingthefactiontojointhesaneparty。"[87]"Nowthatwater—carriers，portersandthelikestormtheloudestinthesections，itisplaintoalleyesthatthegangreneofdisgusthasreachedthefruit—sellers，tailors，shoe—
makers，barowners，"andothersofthatclass。[88]——Towardstheend，"butchersofbothclasses，highandlow，arearistocratized。"——
Inthesameway，"thewomeninthemarkets，exceptafewwhoarepaidandwhosehusbandsareJacobins，curseandswear，fume，fretandstorm。""Thismorning，"saysamerchant，"fourorfiveofthemwerehere；theynolongerinsistonbeingcalledcitoyennes；theydeclarethatthey"spitontherepublic。"[89]—Theonlyremainingpatriotfemalesarefromthelowestofthelowclass，theharpieswhopillageshopsasmuchthroughenvyasthroughnecessity，"boat—women，embitteredbyhardlabor，[90]……jealousofthegrocer’swife，betterdressedthanherself，asthelatterwasofthewivesoftheattorneyandcounselor，asthesewereofthoseofthefinancierandnoble。Thewomanofthepeoplethinksshecannotdotoomuchtolowerthegrocer’swifetoherownlevel。"
Thusreducedtoitsdregsthroughthewithdrawalofitstolerablyhonestrecruits，thefactionnowcomprisesnonebutthescumofthepopulace，first，"subordinateworkmenwholookuponthedownfalloftheiremployerswithacertainsatisfaction，"then，thesmallretailers，theold—clothesdealers，plasterers，"thosewhooffersecond—handcoatsforsaleonthefringesofthemarket，fourth—ratecookswho，atthecemeteryoftheInnocents，sellmeatandbeansunderumbrellatops，"[91]next，domesticshighlypleasedwithnowbeingmastersoftheirmasters，kitchenhelpers，grooms，lackeys，janitors，everyspeciesofvalet，who，incontemptofthelaw，votedattheelections[92]andattheJacobinclubformagroupof"sillypeople"
satisfied"thattheywereuniversalgeographersbecausetheyhadriddenpostonceortwice，"andthattheywerepoliticians"becausetheyhadread’TheFourSonsofAymon。’"[93]——But，inthismud，spoutingandspreadingaroundinbroaddaylight，itistheordinaryscumofgreatcitieswhichformsthegrossestflux，theoutcastsofeverytradeandprofession，dissipatedworkmenofallkinds，theirregularandmaraudingtroopsofthesocialarmy，theclasswhich，"dischargedfromLaPitié，runthroughacareerofdisorderandendinBicêtre。"[94]"FromLaPitiétoBicêtre"isawellknownpopularadage。Menofthisstamparewithoutanyprinciplewhatever。Iftheyhavefiftyfrancstheyliveonfifty，andiftheyhaveonlyfivetheyliveonfive；spendingeverything，theyarealwaysoutofpocketandsavenothing。ThisistheclassthattooktheBastille，[95]gotupthe10thofAugust，etc。ItisthesameclasswhichfilledthegalleriesintheAssemblywithallsortsofcharacters，fillingupthegroups，"
and，duringallthistimeitneverdidastrokeofwork。Consequently，"awifewhoownsawatch，ear—rings，finger—rings，anyjewels，firsttakesthemtothepawnbrokerswheretheyendupbeingsold。Atthisperiodmanyofthesepeopleowethebutcher，thebaker，thewine—
dealer，etc。；nobodytruststhemanymore。Theyhaveceasedtolovetheirwives，andtheirchildrencryforfood，whilethefatherisattheJacobincluborattheTuileries。Manyofthemhaveabandonedtheirpositionandtrade，"while，eitherthrough"indolence"orconsciousness"oftheirincapacity，"……"theywouldwithakindofsadnessseethistradecomebacktolife。"Thatofapoliticalgossip，ofapaidclaqueur，ismoreagreeable，andsuchistheopinionofalltheidlers，summonedbythebugletoworkonthecampsaroundParis。—
—Here，[96]eightthousandmenarepaidfortysousaday"todonothing"；"theworkmencomealongateight，nineandteno’clockinthemorning。Iftheyremainafterroll—call……theymerelytrundleaboutafewwheelbarrowloadsofdirt。Othersplaycardsallday，andmostofthemleaveatthreeorfouro’clock，afterdinner。Onaskingtheinspectorsaboutthistheyreplythattheyarenotstrongenoughtoenforcediscipline，andarenotdisposedtohavetheirthroatsslit。"Whereupon，ontheConventiondecreeingpiece—work，thepretendedworkersfallbackontheirequality，reminditthattheyhadrisenonthe10thofAugust，andwishtomassacrethecommissioners。
Itisnotuntilthe2ndofNovemberthattheyarefinallydismissedwithanallowanceofthreesousperleaguemileageforthoseofthedepartments。Enough，however，remaininParistoincreaseimmeasurablythetroopofdroneswhich，accustomedtoconsumingthestoreofhoney，thinktheyhavearighttobepaidbythepublicforbuzzingaroundtheState。