……Often，atSaint—Cloud，hekeepsthecounselorsofstatefromnineo’clockinthemorninguntilfiveintheevening，withfifteenminutes’intermission，andseemsnomorefatiguedatthecloseofthesessionthanwhenitbegan。"Duringthenightsessions"manyofthememberssuccumbthroughweariness，whiletheMinisterofWarfallsasleep"；hegivesthemashakeandwakesthemup，"Come，come，citizens，letusbestirourselves，itisonlytwoo’clockandwemustearnthemoneytheFrenchpeoplepayus。"ConsulorEmperor，[50]"hedemandsofeachministeranaccountofthesmallestdetails:Itisnotraretoseethemleavingthecouncilroomovercomewithfatigue，duetothelonginterrogatoriestowhichhehassubjectedthem；heappearsnottohavenoticed，andtalksabouttheday’sworksimplyasarelaxationwhichhasscarcelygivenhismindexercise。"Andwhatisworse，"itoftenhappensthatonreturninghometheyfindadozenofhislettersrequiringimmediateresponse，forwhichthewholenightscarcelysuffices。"Thequantityoffactsheisabletoretainandstoreaway，thequantityofideasheelaboratesandproduces，seemstosurpasshumancapacity，andthisinsatiable，inexhaustible，unmovablebrainthuskeepsonworkinguninterruptedlyforthirtyyears。Throughanotherresultofthesamementalorganization，Napoleon’sbrainisneverunproductive；that’stodayourgreatdanger。—Duringthepastthreehundredyearswehavemoreandmorelostsightoftheexactanddirectmeaningofthings。Subjecttotheconstraintsofaconservative，complex，andextendededucationalsystemwestudy*thesymbolsofobjectsratherthanontheobjectsthemselves；
*insteadofthegrounditself，amapofit；
*insteadofanimalsstrugglingforexistence，[51]nomenclaturesandclassifications，or，atbest，stuffedspecimensdisplayedinamuseum；
*insteadofpersonswhofeelandact，statistics，codes，histories，literatures，andphilosophies；
inshort，printedwords。Evenworse，abstractterms，whichfromcenturytocenturyhavebecomemoreabstractandthereforefurtherremovedfromexperience，moredifficulttounderstand，lessadaptableandmoredeceptive，especiallyinallthatrelatestohumanlifeandsociety。Here，duetothegrowthofgovernment，tothemultiplicationofservices，totheentanglementofinterests，theobject，indefinitelyenlargedandcomplex，noweludesourgrasp。Ourvague，incomplete，incorrectideaofitbadlycorrespondswithit，ordoesnotcorrespondatall。Inninemindsoutoften，orperhapsninety—
nineoutofahundred，itisbutlittlemorethanaword。Theothers，iftheydesiresomesignificantindicationofwhatsocietyactuallyisbeyondtheteachingsofbooks，requiretenorfifteenyearsofcloseobservationandstudytore—thinkthephraseswithwhichthesehavefilledtheirmemory，tointerpretthemanew，tomakecleartheirmeaning，togetatandverifytheirsense，tosubstituteforthemoreorlessemptyandindefinitetermthefullnessandprecisionofapersonalimpression。WehaveseenhowideasofSociety，State，Government，Sovereignty，Rights，Liberty，themostimportantofallideas，were，atthecloseoftheeighteenthcentury，curtailedandfalsified；how，inmostminds，simpleverbalreasoningcombinedthemtogetherindogmasandaxioms；whatanoffspringthesemetaphysicalsimulacragavebirthto，howmanylifelessandgrotesqueabortions，howmanymonstrousanddestructivechimeras。ThereisnoplaceforanyofthesefancifuldreamsinthemindofBonaparte；theycannotariseinit，norfindaccesstoit；hisaversiontotheunsubstantialphantomsofpoliticalabstractionextendsbeyonddisdain，eventodisgust。[52]Thatwhichwasthencalledideology，ishisparticularbugbear；heloathesitnotalonethroughcalculation，butstillmorethroughaninstinctivedemandforwhatisreal，asapracticalmanandstatesman，alwayskeepinginmind，likethegreatCatherine，"thatheisoperating，notonpaper，butonthehumanhide，whichisticklish。"
Everyideaentertainedbyhimhaditsorigininhispersonalobservation，andheusedhisownpersonalobservationstocontrolthem。
Ifbooksareusefultohimitistosuggestquestions，whichheneveranswersbutthroughhisownexperience。Hehasreadonlyalittle，andhastily；[53]hisclassicaleducationisrudimentary；inthewayofLatin，heremainedinthelowerclass。TheinstructionhegotattheMilitaryAcademyaswellasatBriennewasbelowmediocrity，while，afterBrienne，itisstatedthat"forthelanguagesandbelles—
lettres，hehadnotaste。"Nexttothis，theliteratureofeleganceandrefinement，thephilosophyoftheclosetanddrawing—room，withwhichhiscontemporariesareimbued，glidedoverhisintellectasoverahardrock。Nonebutmathematicaltruthsandpositivenotionsaboutgeographyandhistoryfoundtheirwayintohismindanddeeplyimpressedit。Everythingelse，aswithhispredecessorsofthefifteenthcentury，comestohimthroughtheoriginal，directactionofhisfacultiesincontactwithmenandthings，throughhispromptandsuretact，hisindefatigableandminuteattention，hisindefinitelyrepeatedandrectifieddivinationsduringlonghoursofsolitudeandsilence。Practice，andnotspeculation，isthesourceofhisinstruction，thesameaswithamechanicbroughtupamongstmachinery。
"ThereisnothingrelatingtowarfarethatIcannotmakemyself。Ifnobodyknowshowtomakegunpowder，Ido。Icanconstructgun—
carriages。Ifcannonmustbecast，Iwillseethatitisdoneproperly。Iftacticaldetailsmustbetaught，Iwillteachthem。"[54]
Thisiswhyheiscompetentrightfromthebeginning，generalintheartillery，major—general，diplomatist，financierandadministratorofallkinds。Thankstothisfertileapprenticeship，beginningwiththeConsulate，heshowsofficialsandveteranministerswhosendintheirreportstohimwhattodo。
"Iamamoreexperiencedadministratorthanthey，[55]whenonehasbeenobligedtoextractfromhisbrainsthewaysandmeanswithwhichtofeed，maintain，control，andmovewiththesamespiritandwilltwoorthreehundredthousandmen，alongdistancefromtheircountry，onehassoondiscoveredthesecretsofadministration。"
Ineachofthehumanmachineshebuildsandmanipulates，heperceivesrightawayalltheparts，eachinitsproperplaceandfunction，themotors，thetransmissions，thewheels，thecompositeaction，thespeedwhichensues，thefinalresult，thecompleteeffect，thenetproduct。
Neverishecontentwithasuperficialandsummaryinspection；hepenetratesintoobscurecornersandtothelowestdepths"throughthetechnicalprecisionofhisquestions，"withthelucidityofaspecialist，andinthisway，borrowinganexpressionfromthephilosophers，withhimtheconceptshouldbeadequatetoitspurpose。[56]
Hencehiseagernessfordetails，fortheseformthebodyandsubstanceoftheconcept；thehandthathasnotgraspedthese，orletsthemgo，retainsonlytheshell，anenvelope。Withrespecttothesehiscuriosityis"insatiable。"[57]Ineachministerialdepartmentheknowsmorethantheministers，andineachbureauheknowsasmuchastheclerks。"Onhistable[58]liereportsofthepositionsofhisforcesonlandandonwater。Hehasfurnishedtheplansofthese，andfreshonesareissuedeverymonth"；suchisthedailyreadinghelikesbest。
"Ihavemyreportsonpositionsalwaysathand；mymemoryforanAlexandrineisnotgood，butIneverforgetasyllableofmyreportsonpositions。Ishallfindtheminmyroomthisevening，andIshallnotgotobeduntilIhavereadthem。"
Healwaysknows"hisposition"onlandandatseabetterthanisknownintheWarandNavydepartments；bettereventhanhisstaff—officersthenumber，size，andqualitiesofhisshipsinoroutofport，thepresentandfuturestateofvesselsunderconstruction，thecompositionandstrengthoftheircrews，theformation，organization，staffofofficers，material，stations，andenlistments，pastandtocome，ofeacharmycorpsandofeachregiment。Itisthesameinthefinancialanddiplomaticservices，ineverybranchoftheadministration，laicorecclesiastical，inthephysicalorderandinthemoralorder。Histopographicalmemoryandhisgeographicalconceptionofcountries，places，ground，andobstaclesculminateinaninwardvisionwhichheevokesatwill，andwhich，yearsafterwards，revivesasfreshasonthefirstday。Hiscalculationofdistances，marches，andmaneuversissorigidamathematicaloperationthat，frequently，atadistanceoftwoorfourhundredleagues，[59]hismilitaryforesight，calculatedtwoorfourmonthsahead，turnsoutcorrect，almostonthedaynamed，andpreciselyonthespotdesignated。[60]Addtothisoneotherfaculty，andtherarestofall。
For，ifthingsturnoutasheforesawtheywould，itisbecause，aswithgreatchess—players，hehasaccuratelymeasurednotalonethemechanicalmovesofthepieces，butthecharacterandtalentofhisadversary，"soundedhisdraftofwater，"anddivinedhisprobablemistakes。Hehasaddedthecalculationofphysicalquantitiesandprobabilitiestothecalculationofmoralquantitiesandprobabilities，thusshowinghimselfasgreatapsychologistasheisanaccomplishedstrategist。Infact，noonehassurpassedhimintheartofjudgingtheconditionandmotivesofanindividualorofagroupofpeople，therealmotives，permanentortemporary，whichdriveorcurbmeningeneralorthisorthatmaninparticular，theincentivestobeemployed，thekindanddegreeofpressuretobeemployed。Thiscentralfacultyrulesalltheothers，andintheartofmasteringManhisgeniusisfoundsupreme。
III。HisacuteUnderstandingofOthers。
Hispsychologicalfacultyandwayofgettingatthethoughtandfeelingofothers。—Hisself—analysis。—Howheimaginesageneralsituationbyselectingaparticularcase，imaginingtheinvisibleinteriorbydeductingfromthevisibleexterior。—Originalityandsuperiorityofhisstyleanddiscourse。—Hisadaptationofthesetohishearersandtocircumstances。—Hisnotationandcalculationofserviceablemotives。
Nofacultyismorepreciousforapoliticalengineer；fortheforcesheactsuponareneverotherthanhumanpassions。Buthow，exceptthroughdivination，canthesepassions，whichgrowoutofthedeepestsentiments，bereached？How，savebyconjecture，canforcesbeestimatedwhichseemtodefyallmeasurement？Onthisdarkanduncertainground，whereonehastogropeone’sway，Napoleonmoveswithalmostabsolutecertainty；hemovespromptly。Firstofall，hestudieshimself；indeed，tofindone’swayintoanother’ssoulrequires，preliminarily，thatoneshoulddivedeepintoone’sown。[61]
"Ihavealwaysdelightedinanalysis，"saidhe，oneday，"andshouldI
everfallseriouslyinloveIwouldtakemysentimenttopieces。WhyandHowaresuchimportantquestionsonecannotputthemtoone’sselftoooften。"
"Itiscertain，"writesanobserver，"thathe，ofallmen，istheonewhohasmostmeditatedonthewhywhichcontrolshumanactions。"
Hismethod，thatoftheexperimentalsciences，consistsintestingeveryhypothesisordeductionbysomepositivefact，observedbyhimunderdefiniteconditions；aphysicalforcebeingascertainedandaccuratelymeasuredthroughthedeviationofaneedle，orthroughtheriseandfallofafluid，thisorthatinvisiblemoralforcecanlikewisebeascertainedandapproximatelymeasuredthroughsomeemotionalsign，somedecisivemanifestation，consistingofacertainword，tone，orgesture。Itisthesewords，tones，andgestureswhichhedwellson；hedetectsinwardsentimentsbytheoutwardexpression；
hefigurestohimselftheinternalbytheexternal，bysomefacialappearance，sometellingattitude，somebriefandtopicalscene，bysuchspecimenandshortcuts，sowellchosenanddetailedthattheyprovideasummaryoftheinnumerableseriesofanalogouscases。Inthisway，thevague，fleetingobjectissuddenlyarrested，broughttobear，andthengaugedandweighed，likesomeimpalpablegascollectedandkeptinagraduatedtransparentglasstube。—Accordingly，attheCouncilofState，whiletheothers，eitherjuristsoradministrators，seeabstractions，articlesofthelawandprecedents，heseespeopleastheyare—theFrenchman，theItalian，theGerman；thatofthepeasant，theworkman，thebourgeois，thenoble，thereturnedémigré，[62]thesoldier，theofficerandthefunctionary—everywheretheindividualmanasheis，themanwhoplows，manufactures，fights，marries，bringsforthchildren，toils，enjoyshimself，anddies。—
Nothingismorestrikingthanthecontrastbetweenthedull，graveargumentsadvancedbythewiseofficialeditor，andNapoleon’sownwordscaughtonthewing，atthemoment，vibratingandteemingwithillustrationsandimagery。[63]Aproposofdivorce，theprincipleofwhichhewishestomaintain:
"Consult，now，nationalmannersandcustoms。Adulteryisnophenomenon；itiscommonenough—uneaffairedecanapé……Theremustbesomecurbonwomenwhocommitadulteryfortrinkets，poetry，Apollo，andthemuses，etc。"
Butifdivorcebeallowedforincompatibilityoftemperyouunderminemarriage；thefragilityofthebondwillbeapparentthemomenttheobligationiscontracted；
"itisjustasifamansaidtohimself，’IamgoingtomarryuntilI
feeldifferent。’"
Nullityofmarriagemustnotbetoooftenallowed；onceamarriageismadeitisaseriousmattertoundoit。
"Supposethat，inmarryingmycousinjustarrivedfromtheIndies，I
wedanadventuress。Shebearsmechildren，andIthendiscoversheisnotmycousin—isthatmarriagevalid？Doesnotpublicmoralitydemandthatitshouldbesoconsidered？Therehasbeenamutualexchangeofhearts，oftranspiration。"
Ontherightofchildrentobesupportedandfedalthoughofage，hesays:
"Willyouallowafathertodriveagirloffifteenoutofhishouse？
Afatherworth60，000francsayearmightsaytohisson，’Youarestoutandfat；goandturnplowman。’Thechildrenofarichfather，orofoneingoodcircumstances，arealwaysentitledtothepaternalporridge。Strikeouttheirrighttobefed，andyoucompelchildrentomurdertheirparents。"
Astoadoption:
"Youregardthisaslaw—makersandnotasstatesmen。Itisnotacivilcontractnorajudicialcontract。Theanalysis（ofthejurist）
leadstoviciousresults。Manisgovernedbyimaginationonly；
withoutimaginationheisabrute。Itisnotforfivecentsaday，simplytodistinguishhimself，thatamanconsentstobekilled；ifyouwanttoelectrifyhimtouchhisheart。Anotary，whoispaidafeeoftwelvefrancsforhisservices，cannotdothat。Itrequiressomeotherprocess，alegislativeact。Adoption，whatisthat？Animitationbywhichsocietytriestocounterfeitnature。Itisanewkindofsacrament……Societyordainsthatthebonesandbloodofonebeingshallbechangedintothebonesandbloodofanother。Itisthegreatestofalllegalacts。Itgivesthesentimentsofasontoonewhoneverhadthem，andreciprocallythoseofaparent。Whereoughtthistooriginate？Fromonhigh，likeaclapofthunder！"
Allhisexpressionsarebrightflashesoneafteranother。[64]Nobody，sinceVoltaireandGaliani，haslaunchedforthsuchaprofusionofthem；onsociety，laws，government，FranceandtheFrench，somepenetrateandexplain，likethoseofMontesquieu，asifwithaflashoflightening。Hedoesnothammerthemoutlaboriously，buttheyburstforth，theoutpouringsofhisintellect，itsnatural，involuntary，constantaction。Andwhataddstotheirvalueisthat，outsideofcouncilsandprivateconversations，heabstainsfromthem，employingthemonlyintheserviceofthought；atothertimeshesubordinatesthemtotheendhehasinview，whichisalwaystheirpracticaleffect。Ordinarily，hewritesandspeaksinadifferentlanguage，inalanguagesuitedtohisaudience；hedispenseswiththeoddities，theirregularimprovisationsandimagination，theoutburstsofgeniusandinspiration。Heretainsandusesmerelythosewhichareintendedtoimpressthepersonagewhomhewishestodazzlewithagreatideaofhimself，suchasPiusVII。，ortheEmperorAlexander。
Inthiscase，hisconversationaltoneisthatofacaressing，expansive，amiablefamiliarity；heisthenbeforethefootlights，andwhenheactshecanplayallparts，tragedyorcomedy，withthesamelifeandspiritwhetherhefulminates，insinuates，orevenaffectssimplicity。Whenheiswithhisgenerals，ministers，andprincipalperformers，hefallsbackontheconcise，positive，technicalbusinessstyle；anyotherwouldbeharmful。Thekeenmindonlyrevealsitselfthroughthebrevityandimperiousstrengthandrudenessoftheaccent。
Forhisarmiesandthecommonrunofmen，hehashisproclamationsandbulletins，thatistosay，sonorousphrasescomposedforeffect，astatementoffactspurposelysimplifiedandfalsified，[65]inshort，anexcellenteffervescentwine，goodforexcitingenthusiasm，andanequallyexcellentnarcoticformaintainingcredulity，[66]asortofpopularmixturetobedistributedjustatthepropertime，andwhoseingredientsaresowellproportionedthatthepublicdrinksitwithdelight，andbecomesatonceintoxicated。—Hisstyleoneveryoccasion，whetheraffectedorspontaneous，showshiswonderfulknowledgeofthemassesandofindividuals；exceptintwoorthreecases，ononeexalteddomain，ofwhichhealwaysremainsignorant，hehaseverhitthemark，applyingtheappropriatelever，givingjustthepush，weight，anddegreeofimpulsionwhichbestaccomplisheshispurpose。Aseriesofbrief，accuratememoranda，correcteddaily，enableshimtoframeforhimselfasortofpsychologicaltabletwhereonhenotesdownandsumsup，inalmostnumericalvaluation，thementalandmoraldispositions，characters，faculties，passions，andaptitudes，thestrongorweakpoints，oftheinnumerablehumanbeings，nearorremote，onwhomheoperates。
IV。HisWonderfulMemory。
HisThreeAtlases。—Theirscaleandcompleteness。
Letustryforamomenttoshowtherangeandcontentsofthisintellect；wemayhavetogobacktoCaesartohisequal；but，forlackofdocuments，wehavenothingofCaesarbutgeneralfeatures—asummaryoutline。OfNapoleonwehave，besidestheperfectoutline，thefeaturesindetail。Readhiscorrespondence，daybyday，thenchapterbychapter；[67]forexample，in1806，afterthebattleofAusterlitz，or，stillbetter，in1809，afterhisreturnfromSpain，uptothepeaceofVienna；whateverourtechnicalshortcomingsmaybe，weshallfindthathismind，initscomprehensivenessandamplitude，largelysurpassesallknownorevencredibleproportions。
Hehasmentallywithinhimthreeprincipalatlases，alwaysathand，eachcomposedof"abouttwentynote—books，"eachdistinctandeachregularlypostedup。—
1。Thefirstoneismilitary，formingavastcollectionoftopographicalchartsasminuteasthoseofangeneralstaff，withdetailedplansofeverystronghold，alsospecificindicationsandthelocaldistributionofallforcesonseaandonland—crews，regiments，batteries，arsenals，storehouses，presentandfutureresourcesinsuppliesofmen，horses，vehicles，arms，munitions，food，andclothing。
2。Thesecond，whichiscivil，resemblestheheavy，thickvolumespublishedeveryyear，inwhichwenowreadthestateofthebudget，andcomprehend，first，theinnumerableitemsofordinaryandextraordinaryreceiptandexpenditure，internaltaxes，foreigncontributions，theproductsofthedomainsinFranceandoutofFrance，thefiscalservices，pensions，publicworks，andtherest；
next，alladministrativestatistics，thehierarchyoffunctionsandoffunctionaries，senators，deputies，ministers，prefects，bishops，professors，judges，andthoseundertheirorders，eachwhereheresides，withhisrank，jurisdiction，andsalary。
3。Thethirdisavastbiographicalandmoraldictionary，inwhich，asinthepigeon—holesoftheChiefofPolice，eachnotablepersonageandlocalgroup，eachprofessionalorsocialbody，andeveneachpopulation，hasitslabel，alongwithabriefnoteonitssituation，needs，andantecedents，and，therefore，itsdemonstratedcharacter，eventualdisposition，andprobableconduct。Eachlabel，card，orstripofpaperhasitssummary；allthesepartialsummaries，methodicallyclassified，terminateintotals，andthetotalsofthethreeatlases，combinedtogether，thusfurnishtheirpossessorwithanestimateofhisdisposableforces。
Now，in1809，howeverfulltheseatlases，theyareclearlyimprintedonNapoleon’smindheknowsnotonlythetotalandthepartialsummaries，butalsotheslightestdetails；hereadsthemreadilyandateveryhour；hecomprehendsinamass，andinallparticulars，thevariousnationshegovernsdirectly，orthroughsomeoneelse；thatistosay，60，000，000men，thedifferentcountrieshehasconqueredoroverrun，consistingof70，000squareleagues[68]。Atfirst，FranceincreasedbytheadditionofBelgiumandPiedmont；nextSpain，fromwhichheisjustreturned，andwherehehasplacedhisbrotherJoseph；
southernItaly，where，afterJoseph，hehasplacedMurat；centralItaly，whereheoccupiesRome；northernItaly，whereEugèneishisdelegate；DalmatiaandIstria，whichhehasjoinedtohisempire；
Austria，whichheinvadesforthesecondtime；theConfederationoftheRhine，whichhehasmadeandwhichhedirects；WestphaliaandHolland，wherehisbrothersareonlyhislieutenants；Prussia，whichhehassubduedandmutilatedandwhichheoppresses，andthestrongholdsofwhichhestillretains；and，addalastmentaltableau，thatwhichrepresentsthenorthernseas，theAtlanticandtheMediterranean，allthefleetsofthecontinentatseaandinportfromDantzictoFlessingenandBayonne，fromCadiztoToulonandGa？ta，fromTarentumtoVenice，Corfu，andConstantinople。[69]—Onthepsychologicalandmoralatlas，besidesaprimitivegapwhichhewillneverfillup，becausethisisacharacteristictrait，therearesomeestimateswhicharewrong，especiallywithregardtothePopeandtoCatholicconscience。InlikemannerheratestheenergyofnationalsentimentinSpainandGermanytoolow。HeratestoohighhisownprestigeinFranceandinthecountriesannexedtoher，thebalanceofconfidenceandzealonwhichhemayrely。Buttheseerrorsarerathertheproductofhiswillthanofhisintelligence，herecognizesthematintervals；ifhehasillusionsitisbecausehefabricatesthem；
lefttohimselfhisgoodsensewouldrestinfallible，itisonlyhispassionswhichblurredthelucidityofhisintellect。—Astotheothertwoatlases，thetopographicalandthemilitary，theyareascompleteandasexactasever；Nomatterhowmuchtherealitiestheycontainwillswellanddailybecomeevermorecomplex，theycontinuetocorrespondtoitintheirfullnessandprecision，traitfortrait。
V。HisImaginationanditsExcesses。
Hisconstructiveimagination。—Hisprojectsanddreams。—
Manifestationofthemasterfacultyanditsexcesses。
Butthismultitudeofinformationandobservationsformonlythesmallestportionofthementalpopulationswarminginthisimmensebrain；for，onhisideaofthereal，germinateandswarmhisconceptsofthepossible；withouttheseconceptstherewouldbenowaytohandleandtransformthings，andthathedidhandleandtransformthemweallknow。Beforeacting，hehasdecidedonhisplan，andifthisplanisadopted，itisoneamongseveralothers，[70]afterexamining，comparing，andgivingitthepreference；hehasaccordinglythoughtoveralltheothers。Behindeachcombinationadoptedbyhimwedetectthosehehasrejected；therearedozensofthembehindeachofhisdecisions，eachmaneuvereffected，eachtreatysigned，eachdecreepromulgated，eachorderissued，andIventuretosay，behindalmosteveryimprovisedactionorwordspoken。Forcalculationentersintoeverythinghedoes，evenintohisapparentexpansiveness，alsointohisoutburstswheninearnest；ifhegiveswaytothese，itisonpurpose，foreseeingtheeffect，withaviewtointimidateortodazzle。Heturnseverythinginothersaswellasinhimselftoaccount—hispassion，hisvehemence，hisweaknesses，histalkativeness，heexploitsitallfortheadvancementoftheedificeheisconstructing。[71]Certainlyamonghisdiversefaculties，howevergreat，thatoftheconstructiveimaginationisthemostpowerful。Attheverybeginningwefeelitsheatandboilingintensitybeneaththecoolnessandrigidityofhistechnicalandpositiveinstructions。
"WhenIplanabattle，"saidhetoRoederer，"nomanismorespinelessthanIam。Ioverexaggeratetomyselfallthedangersandalltheevilsthatarepossibleunderthecircumstances。Iaminastateoftrulypainfulagitation。Butthisdoesnotpreventmefromappearingquitecomposedtopeoplearoundme；Iamlikeawomangivingbirthtoachild。[72]
Passionately，inthethroesofthecreator，heisthusabsorbedwithhiscomingcreation；healreadyanticipatesandenjoyslivinginhisimaginaryedifice。"General，"saidMadamedeClermont—Tonnerretohim，oneday，"youarebuildingbehindascaffoldingwhichyouwilltakedownwhenyouhavedonewithit。""Yes，Madame，that’sit，"
repliedBonaparte；"youareright。Iamalwayslivingtwoyearsinadvance。"[73]Hisresponsecamewith"incrediblevivacity，"asifasuddeninspiration，thatofasoulstirredinitsinnermostfiber。—
Hereaswell，thepower，thespeed，fertility，play，andabundanceofhisthoughtseemunlimited。Whathehasaccomplishedisastonishing，butwhathehasundertakenismoreso；andwhateverhemayhaveundertakenisfarsurpassedbywhathehasimagined。Howevervigoroushispracticalfaculty，hispoeticalfacultyisstronger；itiseventoovigorousforastatesman；itsgrandeurisexaggeratedintoenormity，anditsenormitydegeneratesintomadness。InItaly，afterthe18thofFructidor，hesaidtoBourrienne:
"Europeisamolehill；neverhavetherebeengreatempiresandgreatrevolutions，exceptintheOrient，withits600，000，000
inhabitants。"[74]
ThefollowingyearatSaint—Jeand’Acre，ontheeveofthelastassault，headded"IfIsucceedIshallfindinthetownthepasha’streasureandarmsfor300，000men。IstirupandarmallSyria……ImarchonDamascusandAleppo；asIadvanceinthecountrymyarmywillincreasewiththediscontented。Iproclaimtothepeopletheabolitionofslavery，andofthetyrannicalgovernmentofthepashas。IreachConstantinoplewitharmedmasses。IoverthrowtheTurkishEmpire；I
foundintheEastanewandgrandempire，whichfixesmyplacewithposterity，andperhapsIreturntoParisbythewayofAdrianople，orbyVienna，afterhavingannihilatedthehouseofAustria。"[75]
Becomeconsul，andthenemperor，heoftenreferredtothishappyperiod，when，"ridoftherestraintsofatroublesomecivilization，"
hecouldimagineatwillandconstructatpleasure。[76]
"Icreatedareligion；IsawmyselfontheroadtoAsia，mountedonanelephant，withaturbanonmyhead，andinmyhandanewKoran，whichIcomposedtosuitmyself。"
ConfinedtoEurope，hethinks，after1804，thathewillreorganizeCharlemagne’sempire。
"TheFrenchEmpirewillbecomethemothercountryofothersovereignties……ImeanthateverykinginEuropeshallbuildagrandpalaceatParisforhisownuse；onthecoronationoftheEmperoroftheFrenchthesekingswillcomeandoccupyit；theywillgracethisimposingceremonywiththeirpresence，andhonoritwiththeirsalutations。"[77]ThePopewillcome；hecametothefirstone；
hemustnecessarilyreturntoParis，andfixhimselftherepermanently。WherecouldtheHolySeebebetteroffthaninthenewcapitalofChristianity，underNapoleon，heirtoCharlemagne，andtemporalsovereignoftheSovereignPontiff？Throughthetemporaltheemperorwillcontrolthespiritual，[78]andthroughthePope，consciences。"
InNovember，1811，unusuallyexcited，hesaystoDePradt:
"InfiveyearsIshallbemasteroftheworld；onlyRussiawillremain，butIwillcrushher。[79]……PariswillextendouttoSt。Cloud。"
TorenderParisthephysicalcapitalofEuropeis，throughhisownconfession，"oneofhisconstantdreams。"
"Attimes，"hesays，[80]"Iwouldliketoseeheracityoftwo，three，fourmillionsofinhabitants，somethingfabulous，colossal，unknowndowntoourday，anditspublicestablishmentsadequatetoitspopulation……Archimedesproposedtolifttheworldifhecouldbeallowedtoplacehislever；formyself，IwouldhavechangeditwhereverIcouldhavebeenallowedtoexercisemyenergy，perseverance，andbudgets。"
Atallevents，hebelievesso；forhoweverloftyandbadlysupportedthenextstoryofhisstructuremaybe，hehasalwaysreadyanewstory，loftierandmoreunsteady，toputaboveit。Afewmonthsbeforelaunchinghimself，withallEuropeathisback，againstRussia，hesaidtoNarbonne:[81]
"Afterall，mydearsir，thislongroadistheroadtoIndia。
AlexanderstartedasfaroffasMoscowtoreachtheGanges；thishasoccurredtomesinceSt。Jeand’Acre……ToreachEnglandto—
dayIneedtheextremityofEurope，fromwhichtotakeAsiaintherear……SupposeMoscowtaken，Russiasubdued，theczarreconciled，ordeadthroughsomecourtconspiracy，perhapsanotheranddependentthrone，andtellmewhetheritisnotpossibleforaFrencharmy，withitsauxiliaries，settingoutfromTiflis，togetasfarastheGanges，whereitneedsonlyathrustoftheFrenchswordtobringdownthewholeofthatgrandcommercialscaffoldingthroughoutIndia。
Itwouldbethemostgiganticexpedition，Iadmit，butpracticableinthenineteenthcentury。ThroughitFrance，atonestroke，wouldsecuretheindependenceoftheWestandthefreedomoftheseas。"
Whileutteringthishiseyesshonewithstrangebrilliancy，andheaccumulatessubjects，weighingobstacles，means，andchances:theinspirationisunderfullheadway，andhegiveshimselfuptoit。Themasterfacultyfindsitselfsuddenlyfree，andittakesflight；theartist，[82]lockedupinpolitics，hasescapedfromhissheath；heiscreatingoutoftheidealandtheimpossible。Wetakehimforwhatheis，aposthumousbrotherofDanteandMichaelAngelo。Intheclearoutlinesofhisvision，intheintensity，coherency，andinwardlogicofhisdreams，intheprofundityofhismeditations，inthesuperhumangrandeurofhisconceptions，heis，indeed，theirfellowandtheirequal。Hisgeniusisofthesamestatureandthesamestructure；heisoneofthethreesovereignmindsoftheItalianRenaissance。Only，whilethefirsttwooperatedonpaperandonmarble，thelatteroperatesonthelivingbeing，onthesensitiveandsufferingfleshofhumanity。
_
Notes:
[1]ReformsintroducedbyNapoleonafterhiscoupd’état9Nov。1799。
（SR。）
[2]Themainauthorityis，ofcourse，the"correspondancedel’EmpereurNapoléonI。，"inthirty—two—volumes。Thiscorrespondance，"
unfortunately，isstillincomplete，while，afterthesixthvolume，itmustnotbeforgottenthatmuchofithasbeenpurposelystrickenout。
"Ingeneral，"saytheeditors（XVI。，p。4），"wehavebeengovernedsimplybythisplainrule，thatwewererequiredtopublishonlywhattheEmperorhimselfwouldhavegiventothepublichadhesurvivedhimself，and，anticipatingtheverdictoftime，exposedtoposterityhisownpersonalityandsystem。"—Thesavantwhohasthemostcarefullyexaminedthiscorrespondence，entireintheFrencharchives，estimatesthatitcomprisesabout80，000pieces，ofwhich30，000havebeenpublishedinthecollectionreferredto；passagesin20，000oftheothershavebeenstrickenoutonaccountofpreviouspublication，andabout30，000more，throughconsiderationsofproprietyorpolicy。
Forexample，butlittlemorethanone—halfofthelettersfromNapoleontoBigotdePréameneuonecclesiasticalmattershavebeenpublished；manyoftheseomittedletters，allimportantandcharacteristic，maybefoundin"L’égliseromaineetlePremierEmpire，"byM。d’Haussonville。Theabove—mentionedsavantestimatesthenumberofimportantlettersnotyetpublishedat2，000。
[3]"MémorialdeSainteHéléne，"byLasCasas（May29，1816）。———"InCorsica，Paoli，onahorsebackexcursion，explainedthepositionstohim，theplaceswherelibertyfoundresistanceortriumphed。
EstimatingthecharacterofNapoleonbywhathesawofitthroughpersonalobservation，Paolisaidtohim，"Oh，Napoleon，thereisnothingmoderninyou，youbelongwhollytoPlutarch！"——Antonomarchi，"Mémoires，"Oct。25，1819。Thesameaccount，slightlydifferent，istheregiven:"Oh。Napoleon，"saidPaolitome，"youdonotbelongtothiscentury；youtalklikeoneofPlutarch’scharacters。Courage，youwilltakeflightyet！"
[4]DeSégur，"HistoireetMémoires，"I。，150。（NarrativebyPontécoulant，memberofthecommitteeinthewar，June，1795。）"Boissyd’AnglastoldhimthathehadseentheeveningbeforealittleItalian，pale，slender，andpuny，butsingularlyaudaciousinhisviewsandinthevigorofhisexpressions。—Thenextday，BonapartecallsonPontécou1ant，"Attituderigidthroughamorbidpride，poorexterior，longvisage，hollowandbronzed……Heisjustfromthearmyandtalkslikeonewhoknowswhatheistalkingabout。"
[5]Coston，"BiographiedespremièresannéesdeNapoléonBuonaparte，"
2vols。（1840），passim。—Yung，"BonaparteetsonTemps，"I。，300，302。（Piècesgénéalogiques。）—KingJoseph，"Mémoires，"I。，109，111。
（OnthevariousbranchesanddistinguishedmenoftheBonapartefamily。）—MiotdeMelito，"Mémoires，"II。，30。（DocumentsontheBonapartefamily，collectedonthespotbytheauthorin1801。）
[6]"Mémorial，"May6，1816。—MiotdeMelito，II。，30。（OntheBonapartesofSanMiniato）:"ThelastoffshootofthisbranchwasacanonthenstilllivinginthissametownofSanMiniato，andvisitedbyBonaparteintheyearIV，whenhecametoFlorence。"
[7]"Correspondancedel’EmpereurNapoléonI。"（LetterofBonaparte，Sept。29，1797，inrelationtoItaly）:"ApeopleatbottominimicaltotheFrenchthroughtheprejudices，character，andcustomsofcenturies。"
[8]MiotdeMelito，I。，126，（1796）:"Florence，fortwocenturiesandahalf，hadlostthatantiqueenergywhich，inthestormytimesoftheRepublic，distinguishedthiscity。Indolencewasthedominantspiritofallclasses……AlmosteverywhereIsawonlymenlulledtorestbythecharmsofthemostexquisiteclimate，occupiedsolelywiththedetailsofamonotonousexistence，andtranquillyvegetatingunderitsbeneficentsky。"—（OnMilan，in1796，cf。Stendhal，introductiontothe"ChartreusedeParme。"）
[9]"MiotdeMelito，I。，131:"HavingjustleftoneofthemostcivilizedcitiesinItaly，itwasnotwithoutsomeemotionthatI
foundmyselfsuddenlytransportedtoacountry（Corsica）which，initssavageaspect，itsruggedmountains，anditsinhabitantsuniformlydressedincoarsebrowncloth，contrastedsostronglywiththerichandsmilinglandscapeofTuscany，andwiththecomfort，Ishouldalmostsayelegance，ofcostumewornbythehappycultivatorsofthatfertilesoil。"
[10]MiotdeMelito，II。，30:"OfanotveryimportantfamilyofSartène。"—II。，143。（OnthecantonofSartèneandtheVendettasof1796）。—Coston，I。，4:"ThefamilyofMadameLaetitia，sprungfromthecountsofCotalto，cameoriginallyfromItaly。"
[11]Hisfather，CharlesBonaparte，weakandevenfrivolous，"toofondofpleasuretocareabouthischildren，"andtoseetohisaffairs，tolerablylearnedandanindifferentheadofafamily，diedattheageofthirty—nineofacancerinthestomach，whichseemstobetheonlybequesthemadetohissonNapoleon。—Hismother，onthecontrary，serious，authoritative，thetrueheadofafamily，was，saidNapoleon，"hardinheraffectionsshepunishedandrewardedwithoutdistinction，goodorbad；shemadeusallfeelit。"—Onbecomingheadofthehousehold，"shewastooparsimonious—evenridiculouslyso。
Thiswasduetoexcessofforesightonherpart；shehadknownwant，andherterriblesufferingswereneveroutofhermind……
Paolihadtriedpersuasionwithherbeforeresortingtoforce……Madamerepliedheroically，asaCorneliawouldhavedone……
From12to15，000peasantspoureddownfromthemountainsofAjaccio；
ourhousewaspillagedandburnt，ourvinesdestroyed，andourflocks……Inotherrespects，thiswoman，fromwhomitwouldhavebeensodifficulttoextractfivefrancs，wouldhavegivenupeverythingtosecuremyreturnfromElba，andafterWaterloosheofferedmeallshepossessedtorestoremyaffairs。"（"Mémorial，"May29，1816，and"Mémoiresd’Antonomarchi，"Nov。18，1819。—OntheideasandwaysofBonaparte’smother，readher"Conversation"in"JournaletMémoires，"vol。IV。，byStanislasGirardin。）Duchessed’Abrantès，"
Mémoires，"II。，318，369。"Avariciousoutofallreasonexceptonafewgraveoccasions……Noknowledgewhateveroftheusagesofsociety……veryignorant，notaloneofourliterature，butofherown。"—Stendhal，"ViedeNapoleon":"ThecharacterofhersonistobeexplainedbytheperfectlyItaliancharacterofMadameLaetitia。"
[12]TheFrenchconquestiseffectedbyarmedforcebetweenJuly30，1768，andMay22，1769。TheBonapartefamilysubmittedMay23，1769，andNapoleonwasbornonthefollowing15thofAugust。
[13]Antonomarchi，"Mémoires，"October4，1819。"Mémorial，"May29，1816。
[14]MiotdeMelito，II。，33:"ThedayIarrivedatBocognanotwomenlosttheirlivesthroughprivatevengeance。Abouteightyearsbeforethisoneoftheinhabitantsofthecantonhadkilledaneighbor，thefatheroftwochildren……Onreachingtheageofsixteenorseventeenyearsthesechildrenleftthecountryinordertodogthestepsofthemurderer，whokeptonthewatch，notdaringtogofarfromhisvillage……Findinghimplayingcardsunderatree，theyfiredatandkilledhim，andbesidesthisaccidentallyshotanothermanwhowasasleepafewpacesoff。Therelativesonbothsidespronouncedtheactjustifiableandaccordingtorule。"Ibid。，I。，143:"OnreachingBastiafromAjacciothetwoprincipalfamiliesoftheplace，thePeraldiandtheVisuldi，firedateachother，indisputingoverthehonorofentertainingme。
[15]Bourrienne，"Mémoires，"I。，18，19。
[16]DeSégur，"HistoireetMémoires，"I，，74。
[17]Yung，I。，195。（LetterofBonapartetoPaoli，June12，1789）；
I。，250（LetterofBonapartetoButtafuoco，January231790）。
[18]Yung，I。，107（LetterofNapoleontohisfather，Sept。12，1784）；I。，163（LetterofNapoleontoAbbéRaynal，July，1786）；I。，197（LetterofNapoleontoPaoli，June12，1789）。ThethreelettersonthehistoryofCorsicaarededicatedtoAbbéRaynalinaletterofJune24，1790，andmaybefoundinYung，I。，434。
[19]Readespeciallyhisessay"OntheTruthsandSentimentsmostimportanttoinculcateonMenfortheirWelfare"（asubjectproposedbytheAcademyofLyonsin1790）。Someboldmendrivenbygenius……Perfectiongrowsoutofreasonasfruitoutofatree……
Reason’seyesguardmanfromtheprecipiceofthepassions……
ThespectacleofthestrengthofvirtuewaswhattheLacedaemoniansprincipallyfelt……Mustmenthenbeluckyinthemeansbywhichtheyareledontohappiness？……Myrights（toproperty）arerenewedalongwithmytranspiration，circulateinmyblood，arewrittenonmynerves，onmyheart……Proclaimtotherich—yourwealthisyourmisfortune，withdrawnwithinthelatitudeofyoursenses……Lettheenemiesofnatureatthyvoicekeepsilenceandswallowtheirrabidserpents’tongues……
Thewretchedshunthesocietyofmen，thetapestryofgayetyturnstomourning……Such，gentlemen，aretheSentimentswhich，inanimalrelations，mankindshouldhavetaughtitforitswelfare。"
[20]Yung，I。，252（LettertoButtafuoco）。"Drippingwiththebloodofhisbrethren，sulliedbyeveryspeciesofcrime，hepresentshimselfwithconfidenceunderhisvestofageneral，thesolerewardofhiscriminalities。"—I。，192（LettertotheCorsicanIntendant，April2，1879）。"Cultivationiswhatruinsus"—Seevariousmanuscriptletters，copiedbyYung，forinnumerableandgrossmistakesinFrench。—MiotdeMelito，I。，84（July，1796）。"Hespokecurtlyand，atthistime，veryincorrectly。"—MadamedeRémusat，I。，104。
"Whateverlanguagehespokeitneverseemedfamiliartohim；heappearedtoforcehimselfinexpressinghisideas。"—NotesparleComteChaptal（unpublished），councillorofstateandafterwardsministeroftheinteriorundertheConsulate:"Atthistime，Bonapartedidnotblushattheslightknowledgeofadministrativedetailswhichhepossessed；heaskedagoodmanyquestionsanddemandeddefinitionsandthemeaningofthecommonestwordsinuse。Asitveryoftenhappenedwithhimnottoclearlycomprehendwordswhichheheardforthefirsttime，healwaysrepeatedtheseafterwardsasheunderstoodthem；forexample，heconstantlyusedsectionforsession，armisticeforamnesty，fulminatingpointforculminatingpoint，rentesvoyagèresfor’rentesviagères，’etc。"
[21]DeSégur，I。，174
[22]Cf。the"Mémoires"ofMarshalMarmont，I。，15，fortheordinarysentimentsoftheyoungnobility。"In1792Ihadasentimentforthepersonoftheking，difficulttodefine，ofwhichIrecoveredthetrace，andtosomeextentthepower，twenty—twoyearslater；asentimentofdevotionalmostreligiousincharacter，aninnaterespectasifduetoabeingofasuperiororder。ThewordKingthenpossessedamagic，aforce，whichnothinghadchangedinpureandhonestbreasts……Thisreligionofroyaltystillexistedinthemassofthenation，，andespeciallyamongstthewell—born，who，sufficientlyremotefrompower，wereratherstruckwithitsbrilliancythanwithitsimperfections……Thislovebecameasortofworship。"
[23]Bourrienne，"Mémoires，’I。27。—Ségur，I。445。In1795，atParis，Bonaparte，beingoutofmilitaryemployment，entersuponseveralcommercialspeculations，amongstwhichisabookstore，whichdoesnotsucceed。（StatedbySebastianiandmanyothers。）
[24]"Mémorial，"Aug。3，1816。
[25]Bourrienne，I。，171。（Originaltextofthe"SouperdeBeaucaire。"）
[26]Yung，II。，430，431。（WordsofCharlotteRobespierre。）Bonaparteasasouvenirofhisacquaintancewithher，grantedherapension，undertheconsulate，of3600francs。—Ibid。（LetterofTilly，chargéd’affairesatGenoa，toBuchot，commissionerofforeignaffairs。）Cf。inthe"Mémorial，"Napoleon’sfavorablejudgmentofRobespierre。
[27]Yung，II。，455。（LetterfromBonapartetoTilly，Aug。7，1794。）Ibid。，III。，120。（MemoirsofLucien。）"BarrastakescareofJosephine’sdowry，whichisthecommandofthearmyinItaly。"Ibid。，II。，477。（Gradingofgeneralofficers，notesbySchéreronBonaparte。）"Heknowsallaboutartillery，butisrathertooambitious，andtoointriguingforpromotion。"
[28]DeSégur，I。，162。—LaFayette，"Mémoires，"II。，215。
"Mémorial"（notedictatedbyNapoleon）。Hestatesthereasonsforandagainst，andadds，speakingofhimself:"Thesesentiments，twenty—fiveyearsofage，confidenceinhisstrength，hisdestiny，determinedhim。"Bourrienne，I。，51:"Itiscertainthathehasalwaysbemoanedthatday；hehasoftensaidtomethathewouldgiveyearsofhislifetoeffacethatpageofhishistory。"
[29]"Mémorial，"I。，Sept6，1815。"ItisonlyafterLodithattheideacametomethatImight，afterall，becomeadecisiveactoronourpoliticalstage。Thenthefirstsparkofloftyambitiongleamedout。"OnhisaimandconductintheItaliancampaignofSybel，"Histoiredel’EuropependantlaRévolutionFran？aise"（Dosquettranslation），vol。IV。，booksII。andIII。，especiallypp。182，199，334，335，406，420，475，489。
[30]Yung，III。，213。（LetterofM。deSucy，August4，1797。）
[31]Ibid。，III。，214。（Reportofd’EntraiguestoM。deMowikinoff，Sept。，1797。）"IftherewasanykinginFrancewhichwasnothimself，hewouldliketohavebeenhiscreator，withhisrightsattheendofhissword，thisswordnevertobepartedwith，sothathemightplungeitintheking’sbosomifheeverceasedtobesubmissivetohim。"—
MiotdeMelito，I。，154。（BonapartetoMontebello，beforeMiotandMelzi，June，1797。）Ibid，I。，184。（BonapartetoMiot，Nov。18，1797，atTurin。）
[32]D’Haussonville，"L’égliseRomaineetlaPremierEmpire，"I。，405。
（WordsofM。Cacault，signeroftheTreatyofTolentino，andFrenchSecretaryofLegationatRome，atthecommencementofnegotiationsfortheConcordat。）M。Cacautsaysthatheusedthisexpression，"AfterthescenesofTolentinoandofLeghorn，andthefrightofManfredini，andMatéithreatened，andsomanyothervivacities。"
[33]MadamedeSta？l，"ConsidérationssurlaRévolutionFran？aise，"
3rdpart，ch。XXVI。，and4thpart，ch。XVIII。
[34]PortraitofBonaparteinthe"CabinetdesEtampes，""drawnbyGuérin，engravedbyFiesinger，depositedintheNationalLibrary，Vendémiaire29，yearVII。"
[35]MadamedeRémusat，"Mémoires，"I。，104。—MiotdeMelito，I。，84。
[36]MadamedeSta？l，"Considerations，"etc。，3rdpart，ch。XXV。—
MadamedeRémusat，II。，77。
[37]Stendhal，"MémoiressurNapoléon，"narrationofAdmiralDecrès。
—Samenarrationinthe"Mémorial。"
[38]DeSégur，I。，193。
[39]Roederer，"Oeuvrescomplétes，"II。，560。（ConversationswithGeneralLasallein1809，andLasalle’sjudgmentonthedébutsofNapoleon）。
[40]AnotherinstanceofthiscommandinginfluenceisfoundinthecaseofGeneralVandamme，anoldrevolutionarysoldierstillmorebrutalandenergeticthanAugereau。In1815，VandammesaidtoMarshald’Ornano，oneday，onascendingthestaircaseoftheTuileriestogether:"Mydearfellow，thatdevilofaman（speakingoftheEmperor）fascinatesmeinawayIcannotaccountfor。I，whodon’tfeareitherGodorthedevil，whenIapproachhimItremblelikeachild。Hewouldmakemedashthroughtheeyeofaneedleintothefire！"（"LeGénéralVandamme，"byduCasse，II。，385）。
[41]Roederer，III。，356。（Napoleonhimselfsays，February11，1809）:
"I，military！Iamso，becauseIwasbornso；itismyhabit，myveryexistence。WhereverIhavebeenIhavealwayshadcommand。I
commandedattwenty—three，atthesiegeofToulon；IcommandedatParisinVendémiaire；IwonoverthesoldiersinItalythemomentI
presentedmyself。Iwasbornforthat。"
[42]Observethevariousfeaturesofthesamementalandmoralstructureamongdifferentmembersofthefamily。（Speakingofhisbrothersandsistersinthe"Memorial"Napoleonsays）:"Whatfamilyasnumerouspresentssuchasplendidgroup？"—"Souvenirs"，byPASQUIER
（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。Vol。I。p。400。（Thisauthor，ayoungmagistrateunderLouisXVI。，ahighfunctionaryundertheEmpire，animportantpoliticalpersonageundertherestorationandtheJulymonarchy，isprobablythebestinformedandmostjudiciousofeye—witnessesduringthefirsthalfofourcentury。）:"Theirvicesandvirtuessurpassordinaryproportionsandhaveaphysiognomyoftheirown。Butwhatespeciallydistinguishesthemisastubbornwill，andinflexibleresolution……Allpossessedtheinstinctoftheirgreatness。"
Theyreadilyaccepted"thehighestpositions；theyevengottobelievingthattheirelevationwasinevitable……NothingintheincrediblegoodfortuneofJosephastonishedhim；ofteninJanuary，1814，IheardhimsayoverandoveragainthatifhisbrotherhadnotmeddledwithhisaffairsafterthesecondentryintoMadrid，hewouldstillbeonthethroneofSpain。AstodeterminedobstinacywehaveonlytorefertotheresignationofLouis，theretirementofLucien，andtheresistancesofFesch；theyalonecouldstemthewillofNapoleonandsometimesbreakalancewithhim。—Passion，sensuality，thehabitofconsideringthemselvesoutsideofrules，andself—confidencecombinedwithtalent，superaboundamongthewomen，asinthefifteenthcentury。Elisa，inTuscany，hadavigorousbrain，washighspiritedandagenuinesovereign，notwithstandingthedisordersofherprivatelife，inwhichevenappearanceswerenotsufficientlymaintained。"CarolineatNaples，"withoutbeingmorescrupulousthanhersisters，"betterobservedtheproprieties；noneoftheotherssomuchresembledtheEmperor；"withher，alltastessuccumbedtoambition"；itwasshewhoadvisedandprevaileduponherhusband，Murat，todesertNapoleonin1814。AstoPauline，themostbeautifulwomanofherepoch，"nowife，sincethatoftheEmperorClaude，surpassedherintheuseshedaredmakeofhercharms；nothingcouldstopher，notevenamaladyattributedtothestrainofthislife—styleandforwhichwehavesooftenseenherborneinalitter。"
—Jerome，"inspiteoftheuncommonboldnessofhisdebaucheries，maintainedhisascendancyoverhiswifetothelast。"—Onthe"pressingeffortsandattempts"ofJosephonMariaLouisein1814，ChancelierPasquier，afterSavary’spapersandtheevidenceofM。deSaint—Aignan，givesextraordinarydetails。—"MessouvenirssurNapoléon，346，bythecountChaptal:"Everymemberofthisnumerousfamily（Jér？me，Louis，Joseph，theBonapartesisters）mountedthronesasiftheyhadrecoveredsomuchproperty。"
[43]Burkhardt，"DieRenaissanceinItalien，"passim。—Stendhal，"HistoiredelapeintureenItalie"（introduction），and"Rome，Naples，etFlorence，"passim。—"NotesparleComteChaptal":Whenthesenotesarepublished，manydetailswillbefoundintheminsupportofthejudgmentexpressedinthisandthefollowingchapters。ThepsychologyofNapoleonasheregivenislargelyconfirmedbythem。
[44]Roederer，III，380（1802）。
[45]NapoleonusestheFrenchwordjustwhichmeansbothfair，justifiable，pertinent，correct，andinmusictrue。
[46]"Mémorial。"
[47]DePradt，"Histoiredel’Ambassadedanslagrande—duchédeVarsovieen1812，"preface，p。X，and5。
[48]Roederer，III。，544（February24，1809）。Cf。Meneval，"NapoléonetMarie—Louise，souvenirshistoriques，"I。，210—213。
[49]PeletdelaLozère，"OpinionsdeNapoléonauconseild’état，"
p。8。—Roederer，III。，380。
[50]Mollien，"Mémoires，"I。，379；II。，230。—Roederer，III。，434。"Heisattheheadofallthings。Hegoverns，administrates，negotiates，workseighteenhoursaday，withtheclearestandbestorganizedhead；
hehasgovernedmoreinthreeyearsthankingsinahundredyears。"—
Lavalette，"Mémoires，"II。，75。（ThewordsofNapoleon’ssecretaryonNapoleon’slaborinParis，afterLeipsic）"Heretiresateleven，butgetsupatthreeo’clockinthemorning，anduntiltheeveningthereisnotamomenthedoesnotdevotetowork。Itistimethisstopped，forhewillbeusedup，andmyselfbeforeheis。"—Gaudin，DucdeGa？te，"Mémoires，"III。（supplement），p。75。Accountofaneveninginwhich，fromeighto’clocktothreeinthemorning，NapoleonexamineswithGaudinhisgeneralbudget，duringsevenconsecutivehours，withoutstoppingaminute。—SirNeilCampbell，"NapoléonatFontainebleauandatElbe，"p。243。"JournaldeSirNeilCampbella’
l’iled’Elbe":Ineversawanyman，inanystationinlife，sopersonallyactiveandsopersistentinhisactivity。Heseemstotakepleasureinperpetualmotionandinseeingthosewhoaccompanyhimcompletelytiredout，whichfrequentlyhappenedinmycasewhenI
accompaniedhim……Yesterday，afterhavingbeenonhislegsfromeightinthemorningtothreeintheafternoon，visitingthefrigatesandtransports，eventogoingdowntothelowercompartmentsamongthehorses，herodeonhorsebackforthreehours，and，asheafterwardssaidtome，toresthimself。"
[51]Thestarting—pointofthegreatdiscoveriesofDarwinisthephysical，detaileddescriptionhemadeinhisstudyofanimalsandplants，asliving；duringthewholecourseoflife，throughsomanydifficultiesandsubjecttoafiercecompetition。Thisstudyiswhollylackingintheordinaryzoologistorbotanist，whosemindisbusyonlywithanatomicalpreparationsorcollectionsofplants。Ineveryscience，thedifficultyliesindescribinginanutshell，usingsignificantexamples，therealobject，justasitexistsbeforeus，anditstruehistory。ClaudeBernardonedayremarkedtome，"Weshallknowphysiologywhenweareabletofollowstepbystepamoleculeofcarbonorazoteinthebodyofadog，giveitshistory，anddescribeitspassagefromitsentrancetoitsexit。"
[52]Thibaudeau，"MémoiressurleConsulat，"204。（Aproposofthetribunate）:"Theyconsistofadozenorfifteenmetaphysicianswhooughttobeflungintothewater；theycrawlallovermelikevermin。
[53]MadamedeRémusat，I。，115:"Heisreallyignorant，havingreadverylittleandalwayshastily。"—Stendhal，"MémoiressurNapoleon":
"Hiseducationwasverydefective……Heknewnothingofthegreatprinciplesdiscoveredwithinthepastonehundredyears，"andjustthosewhichconcernmanorsociety。"Forexample，hehadnotreadMontesquieuasthiswriteroughttoberead，thatistosay，inawaytoacceptordecidedlyrejecteachofthethirty—onebooksofthe’Espritdeslois。’HehadnotthusreadBayle’sDictionarynortheEssayontheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmith。ThisignoranceoftheEmperor’swasnotperceptibleinconversation，andfirst，becauseheledinconversation，andnextbecausewithItalianfinessenoquestionputbyhim，orcarelesssuppositionthrownout，everbetrayedthatignorance。"—Bourrienne。I。，19，21:AtBrienne，"unfortunatelyforus，themonkstowhomtheeducationofyouthwasconfidedknewnothing，andweretoopoortopaygoodforeignteachers……Itisinconceivablehowanycapablemanevergraduatedfromthiseducationalinstitution。"—Yung，I。，125（NotesmadebyhimonBonaparte，whenhelefttheMilitaryAcademy）:"Veryfondoftheabstractsciences，indifferenttoothers，wellgroundedinmathematicsandgeography。"
[54]Roederer，III。，544（March6，1809），26，563（Jan。23，1811，andNov。12，1813）。
[55]Mollien，I。，348（ashorttimebeforetheruptureofthepeaceofAmiens），III。，16:"ItwasattheendofJanuary，1809，thathewantedafullreportofthefinancialsituationonthe31stofDecember，1808……Thisreportwastobereadyintwodays。"—III。，34:"A
completebalancesheetofthepublictreasuryforthefirstsixmonthsof1812wasunderNapoleon’seyesatWitebsk，the11thofAugust，elevendaysafterthecloseofthesefirstsixmonths。Whatistrulywonderfulis，thatamidstsomanydifferentoccupationsandpreoccupations……hecouldpreservesuchanaccuraterunoftheproceedingsandmethodsoftheadministrativebranchesaboutwhichhewantedtoknowatanymoment。Nobodyhadanyexcusefornotansweringhim，foreachwasquestionedinhisownterms；itisthatsingularaptitudeoftheheadoftheState，andthetechnicalprecisionofhisquestions，whichaloneexplainshowhecouldmaintainsucharemarkableensembleinanadministrativesystemofwhichthesmallestthreadscenteredinhimself。"
[56]200yearsafterthedeathofNapoleonSirAlfredAyerthuswritesin"LANGUAGE，TRUTHANDLOGIC":’Actually，weshallseethattheonlytesttowhichaformofscientificprocedurewhichsatisfiesthenecessaryconditionofself—consistencyissubject，isthetestofitssuccessinpractice。Weareentitledtohavefaithinourprocedurejustsolongasitdoestheworkitisdesignedtodo—thatis，enablesustopredictfutureexperience，andsotocontrolourenvironment。"
AndonthePurposeofInquiry:
’Thetraditionaldisputesofphilosophersare，forthemostpart，asunwarrantedastheyareunfruitful。Thesurestwaytoendthemistoestablishbeyondquestionwhatshouldbethepurposeandthemethodofphilosophicalinquiry。’（SR。）
[57]AnexpressionofMollien。
[58]Meneval，I。，210，213。—Roederer，III。，537，545（FebruaryandMarch，1889）:WordsofNapoleon:"Atthismomentitwasnearlymidnight。"—Ibid。，IV。，55（November，1809）。ReadtheadmirableexaminationofRoedererbyNapoleonontheKingdomofNaples。Hisqueriesformavastsystematicandconcisenetwork，embracingtheentiresubject，leavingnophysicalormoraldata，nousefulcircumstancenotseizedupon。—Ségur，II。，231:M。DeSégur，orderedtoinspecteverypartofthecoast—line，hadsentinhisreport:"’I
haveseenyourreports，’saidtheFirstConsultome，’andtheyareexact。Nevertheless，youforgotatOstentwocannonoutofthefour。’
—Andhepointedouttheplace，’aroadwaybehindthetown。’Iwentoutoverwhelmedwithastonishmentthatamongthousandsofcannondistributedamongthemountedbatteriesorlightartilleryonthecoast，twopiecesshouldnothaveescapedhisrecollection。"—
"Correspondance，"lettertoKingJoseph，August6，1806:"Theadmirableconditionofmyarmiesisduetothis，thatIgiveattentiontothemeverydayforanhourortwo，and，whenthemonthlyreportscomein，tothestateofmytroopsandfleets，allformingabouttwentylargevolumes。Ileaveeveryotheroccupationtoreadthemoverindetail，toseewhatdifferencethereisbetweenonemonthandanother。Itakemorepleasureinreadingthosethananyyounggirldoesinanovel。"—CadetdeGassicourt，"VoyageenAutriche"（1809）。
OnhisreviewsatSchoenbrunnandhisverificationofthecontentsofapontoon—wagon，takenasanexample。
[59]OneancientFrenchleagueequalsapp。4km。（SR。）
[60]Bourrienne，II。，116；IV。，238:"Hehadnotagoodmemoryforpropernames，words，anddates，butitwasprodigiousforfactsandlocalities。Irememberthat，onthewayfromParistoToulon，hecalledmyattentiontotenplacessuitableforgivingbattle……Itwasasouvenirofhisyouthfultravels，andhedescribedtomethelayoftheground，designatingthepositionshewouldhavetakenevenbeforewewereonthespot。"March17，1800，puncturingacardwithapin，heshowsBourriennetheplacewhereheintendstobeatMélas，atSanJuliano。"FourmonthsafterthisIfoundmyselfatSanJulianowithhisportfolioanddispatches，and，thatveryevening，atTorre—di—Gafolo，aleagueoff，Iwrotethebulletinofthebattleunderhisdictation"（ofMarengo）。—DeSégur，II。，30（NarrativeofM。DarutoM。DeSégurAug。13，1805，attheheadquartersofLaManche，NapoleondictatestoM。DaruthecompleteplanofthecampaignagainstAustria）:"Orderofmarches，theirduration，placesofconvergenceormeetingofthecolumns，attacksinfullforce，thevariousmovementsandmistakesoftheenemy，all，inthisrapiddictation，wasforeseentwomonthsbeforehandandatadistanceoftwohundredleagues……Thebattle—field，thevictories，andeventheverydaysonwhichweweretoenterMunichandViennawerethenannouncedandwrittendownasitallturnedout……DarusawtheseoraclesfulfilledonthedesignateddaysuptoourentryintoMunich；iftherewereanydifferencesoftimeandnotofresultsbetweenMunichandVienna，theywereallinourfavor。"—M。deLaVallette，"Mémoires，"II。，p。35。（Hewaspostmaster—general）:"ItoftenhappenedtomethatIwasnotascertainashewasofdistancesandofmanydetailsinmyadministrationonwhichhewasabletosetmestraight。"—OnreturningfromthecampatBologna，Napoleonencountersasquadofsoldierswhohadgotlost，askswhatregimenttheybelongto，calculatesthedaytheyleft，theroadtheytook，whatdistancetheyshouldhavemarched。andthentellsthem，"Youwillfindyourbattalionatsuchahaltingplace。"—Atthistime，"thearmynumbered200，000men。"
[61]MadamedeRémusat，I。，103，268。
[62]Thibaudeau，p。25，I（ontheJacobinsurvivors）:"Theyarenothingbutcommonartisans，painters，etc。，withlivelyimaginations，alittlebetterinstructedthanthepeople，livingamongstthepeopleandexercisinginfluenceoverthem。"—MadamedeRémusat，I。，271（ontheroyalistparty）:"Itisveryeasytodeceivethatpartybecauseitsstarting—pointisnotwhatitis，butwhatitwouldliketohave。"
—I。，337:"TheBourbonswillneverseeanythingexceptthroughtheOeildeBoeuf。"—Thibaudeau，p。46:"Insurrectionsandemigrationsareskindiseases；terrorismisaninternalmalady。"Ibid。，75:"Whatnowkeepsthespiritofthearmyupistheideasoldiershavethattheyoccupytheplacesofformernobles。"
[63]Thibaudeau，pp。419to452。（Bothtextsaregiveninseparatecolumns。）Andpassim，forinstance，p。84，thefollowingportrayalofthedecadalsystemofworshipundertheRepublic:"Itwasimaginedthatcitizenscouldbegottogetherinchurches，tofreezewithcoldandhear，read，andstudylaws，inwhichtherewasalreadybutlittlefunforthosewhoexecutedthem。"Anotherexampleofthewayinwhichhisideasexpressedthemselvesthroughimagery（PeletdelaLozère，p。
242）:"IamnotsatisfiedwiththecustomsregulationsontheAlps。
Theyshownolife。Wedon’theartherattleofcrownpiecespouringintothepublictreasury。"ToappreciatethevividnessofNapoleon’sexpressionsandthoughtthereadermustconsult，especially，thefiveorsixlongconversations，notedontheveryeveningofthedaytheyoccurredbyRoederer；thetwoorthreeconversationslikewisenotedbyMiotdeMelito；thescenesnarratedbyBeugnot；thenotesofPeletdelaLozèreandbyStanislasdeGirardin，andnearlytheentirevolumebyThibaudeau。
[64]PeletdelaLozère，63，64。（OnthephysiologicaldifferencesbetweentheEnglishandtheFrench。）—MadamedeRémusat，I。，273，392:"You，Frenchmen，arenotinearnestaboutanything，except，perhaps，equality，andevenhereyouwouldgladlygivethisupifyouweresureofbeingtheforemost……Thehopeofadvancementintheworldshouldbecherishedbyeverybody……KeepyourvanityalwaysaliveTheseverityoftherepublicangovernmentwouldhaveworriedyoutodeath。WhatstartedtheRevolution？Vanity。Whatwillendit？Vanity，again。Libertyismerelyapretext。"—III。，153
"Libertyisthecravingofasmallandprivilegedclassbynature，withfacultiessuperiortothecommonrunofmen；thisclass，therefore，maybeputunderrestraintwithimpunity；equality，onthecontrary，catchesthemultitude。"—Thibaudeau，99:"WhatdoIcarefortheopinionsandcackleofthedrawing—room？Ineverheedit。I
payattentiononlytowhatrudepeasantssay。"Hisestimatesofcertainsituationsaremasterpiecesofpicturesqueconcision。"WhydidIstopandsignthepreliminariesofLeoben？BecauseIplayedvingt—et—unandwassatisfiedwithtwenty。"Hisinsightinto（dramatic）characteristhatofthemostsagaciouscritic。"The’Mahomet’ofVoltaireisneitheraprophetnoranArab，onlyanimpostorgraduatedoutoftheécolePolytechnique。"—"MadamedeGenlistriestodefinevirtueasifshewerethediscovererofit。"—
（OnMadamedeSta？l）:"Thiswomanteachespeopletothinkwhonevertooktoit，orhaveforgottenhow。"—（OnChateaubriand，oneofwhoserelationshadjustbeenshot）:"HewillwriteafewpatheticpagesandreadthemaloudinthefaubourgSaint—Germain；prettywomenwillshedtears，andthatwillconsolehim。"—（OnAbbéDelille）:"Heiswitinitsdotage。"—（OnPasquierandMolé）:"Imakethemostofone，andmadetheother。"—MadamedeRémusat，II。，389，391，394，399，402；III。，67。
[65]Bourrienne，II。，281，342:"Itpainedmetowriteofficialstatementsunderhisdictation，ofwhicheachwasanimposture。"Healwaysanswered:"Mydearsir，youareasimpleton—youunderstandnothing！"—MadamedeRémusat，II。，205，209。
[66]Seeespeciallythecampaignbulletinsfor1807，soinsultingtothekingandqueenofPrussia，but，owingtothatfact，sowellcalculatedtoexcitethecontemptuouslaughterandjeersofthesoldiers。
[67]In"LaCorrespondancedeNapoleon，"publishedinthirty—twovolumes，thelettersarearrangedunderdates。—Inhis’"CorrespondanceavecEugène，vice—roid’Italie，"theyarearrangedunderchapters；alsowithJoseph，KingofNaplesandafterwardsKingofSpain。Itiseasytoselectotherchaptersnotlessinstructive:
oneonforeignaffairs（letterstoM。deChampagny，MdeTalleyrand，andM。deBassano）；anotheronthefinances（letterstoM。GaudinandtoM。Mollien）；anotheronthenavy（letterstoAdmiralDecrès）；
anotheronmilitaryadministration（letterstoGeneralClarke）；
anotherontheaffairsoftheChurch（letterstoM。PortalisandtoM。
BigotdePréameneu）；anotheronthePolice（letterstoFouché），etc。
—Finally，bydividinganddistributinghislettersaccordingastheyrelatetothisorthatgrandenterprise，especiallytothisorthatmilitarycampaign，athirdclassificationcouldbemade。—Inthiswaywecanformaconceptofthevastnessofhispositiveknowledge，alsoofthescopeofhisintellectandtalents。Cf。especiallythefollowingletterstoPrinceEugène，JuneII，1806（onthesuppliesandexpensesoftheItalianarmy）；June1stand18th，1806（ontheoccupationofDalmatia，andonthemilitarysituation，offensiveanddefensive）。ToGen。Dejean，April28，1806（onthewarsupplies）；
June27，1806（onthefortificationsofPeschiera）July20，1806（onthefortificationsofWeselandofJuliers）。—"MessouvenirssurNapoleon"，p。353bytheCountChaptal:"Oneday，theEmperorsaidtomethathewouldliketoorganizeamilitaryschoolatFontainebleau；
hethenexplainedtometheprincipalfeaturesoftheestablishment，andorderedmetodrawupthenecessaryarticlesandbringthemtohimthenextday。Iworkedallnightandtheywerereadyattheappointedhour。Hereadthemoverandpronouncedthemcorrect，butnotcomplete。Hebademetakeaseatandthendictatedtomefortwoorthreehoursaplanwhichconsistedoffivehundredandseventeenarticles。Nothingmoreperfect，inmyopinion，everissuedfromaman’sbrain。—Atanothertime，theEmpressJosephinewastotakethewatersatAix—la—Chapelle，andtheEmperorsummonedme。’TheEmpress，’saidhe，’istoleaveto—morrowmorning。Sheisagood—
natured，easy—goingwomanandmusthaveherrouteandbehaviormarkedoutforher。Writeitdown。’Hethendictatedinstructionstomeontwenty—onelargesheetsofpaper，inwhicheverythingshewastosayandtodowasdesignated，eventhequestionsandrepliesshewastomaketotheauthoritiesontheway。"