Notewhathemeansby—personalinsult[101]，howheintendstoavengehimselfbyreprisalsoftheworstkind，towhatexcesshecarrieshisinterference，howheentersthecabinetsofforeignsovereigns，forciblyenteringandbreaking，todriveouttheircouncilorsandcontroltheirmeetings:liketheRomansenatewithanAntiochusoraPrusias，likeanEnglishResidentwiththeKingofOudeorofLahore。
Withothersasathome，hecannothelpbutactasamaster。Theaspirationforuniversaldominionisinhisverynature；itmaybemodified，keptincheck，butnevercanitbecompletelystifled。"[102]
ItdeclaresitselfontheorganizationoftheConsulate。ItexplainswhythepeaceofAmienscouldnotlast；apartfromthediplomaticdiscussionsandbehindhisallegedgrievances，hischaracter，hisexactions，hisavowedplans，andtheuseheintendsmakingofhisforcesformtherealandtruecausesoftherupture。Incomprehensiblesometimeseveninexplicitterms，hetellstheEnglish:
ExpeltheBourbonsfromyourislandandclosethemouthsofyourjournalists。Ifthisisagainstyourconstitutionsomuchtheworseforit，orsomuchtheworseforyou。"Therearegeneralprinciplesofinternationallawtowhichthe（special）lawsofstatesmustgiveway。"[103]Changeyourfundamentallaws。Suppressthefreedomofthepressandtherightofasylumonyoursoil，thesameasIhavedone。
"Ihaveaverypooropinionofagovernmentwhichisnotstrongenoughtointerdictthingsobjectionabletoforeigngovernments。"[104]Astomine，myinterferencewithmyneighbors，mylateacquisitionsofterritory，thatdoesnotconcernyou:"IsupposethatyouwanttotalkaboutPiedmontandSwitzerland？Thesearetrifles"[105]"EuroperecognizesthatHolland，Italy，andSwitzerlandareatthedispositionofFrance。[106]Ontheotherhand，SpainsubmitstomeandthroughherIholdPortugal。Thus，fromAmsterdamtoBordeaux，fromLisbontoCadizandGenoa，fromLeghorntoNaplesandtoTarentum，Icancloseeveryporttoyou；notreatyofcommercebetweenus。AnytreatythatImightgranttoyouwouldbetrifling:foreachmillionofmerchandisethatyouwouldsendintoFranceamillionofFrenchmerchandisewouldbeexported；[107]inotherwords，youwouldbesubjecttoanopenorconcealedcontinentalblockade，whichwouldcauseyouasmuchdistressinpeaceasifyouwereatwar。"MyeyesareneverthelessfixedonEgypt；"sixthousandFrenchmenwouldnowsufficetore—conquerit"；[108]forcibly，orotherwise，Ishallreturnthere；opportunitieswillnotbelacking，andIshallbeonthewatchforthem；"soonerorlatershewillbelongtoFrance，eitherthroughthedissolutionoftheOttomanempire，orthroughsomearrangementwiththePorte。"[109]EvacuateMaltasothattheMediterraneanmaybecomeaFrenchlake；Imustruleonseaasonland，anddisposeoftheOrientasoftheOccident。Insum，"withmyFrance，Englandmustnaturallyendinbecomingsimplyanappendix:naturehasmadeheroneofourislands，thesameasOleronorCorsica。"[110]Naturally，withsuchaperspectivebeforethem，theEnglishkeepMaltaandrecommencethewar。Hehasanticipatedsuchanoccurrence，andhisresolutionistaken；ataglance，heperceivesandmeasuresthepaththiswillopentohim；withhisusualclear—sightednesshehascomprehended，andheannouncesthattheEnglishresistance"forceshimtoconquerEurope……"[111]—"TheFirstConsulisonlythirty—threeandhasthusfardestroyedonlythesecond—classgovernments。WhoknowshowmuchtimehewillrequiretoagainchangethefaceofEuropeandresurrecttheWesternRomanEmpire？"
TosubjugatetheContinentinordertoformacoalitionagainstEngland，such，henceforth，arehismeans，whichareasviolentastheendinview，whilethemeans，liketheend，aregivenbyhischaracter。Tooimperiousandtooimpatienttowaitortomanageothers，heisincapableofyieldingtotheirwillexceptthroughconstraint，andhiscollaboratorsaretohimnothingmorethansubjectsunderthenameofallies。—Later，atSt。Helena，withhisindestructibleimaginativeenergyandpowerofillusion，heplaysonthepublicwithhishumanitarianillusions。[112]But，ashehimselfavows，theaccomplishmentofhisretrospectivedreamrequiredbeforehandtheentiresubmissionofallEurope；aliberalsovereignandpacificator，"acrownedWashington，yes，"heusedtosay，"butI
couldnotreasonablyattainthispoint，exceptthroughauniversaldictatorship，whichIaimedat。"[113]InvaindoescommonsensedemonstratetohimthatsuchanenterpriseinevitablyralliestheContinenttothesideofEngland，andthathismeansdiverthimfromtheend。InvainisitrepeatedlyrepresentedtohimthatheneedsonesuregreatallyontheContinent；[114]thattoobtainthishemustconciliateAustria；thathemustnotdrivehertodespair，butratherwinheroverandcompensateheronthesideoftheOrient；placeherinpermanentconflictwithRussia，andattachhertothenewFrenchEmpirebyacommunityofvitalinterests。Invaindoeshe，afterTilsit，makeabargainofthiskindwithRussia。Thisbargaincannothold，becauseinthisarrangementNapoleon，asusualwithhim，alwaysencroaching，threatening，andattacking，wantstoreduceAlexandertotheroleofasubordinateandadupe。[115]Noclear—sightedwitnesscandoubtthis。In1809，adiplomatwrites:"TheFrenchsystem，whichisnowtriumphant，isdirectedagainstthewholebodyofgreatstates，"[116]notaloneagainstEngland，Prussia，andAustria，butagainstRussia，againsteverypowercapableofmaintainingitsindependence；for，ifsheremainsindependent，shemaybecomehostile，andasaprecautionarystepNapoleoncrushesinheraprobableenemy。
Allthemoresobecausethiscourseonceentereduponhecannotstop；
atthesametimehischaracterandthesituationinwhichhehasplacedhimselfimpelshimonwhilehispasthurrieshimalongtohisfuture。[117]AtthemomentoftheruptureofthetreatyofAmiensheisalreadysostrongandsoaggressivethathisneighborsareobliged，fortheirownsecurity，toformanalliancewithEngland；thisleadshimtobreakdownalltheoldmonarchiesthatarestillintact，toconquerNaples，tomutilateAustriathefirsttime，todismemberandcutupPrussia，tomutilateAustriathesecondtime，tomanufacturekingdomsforhisbrothersatNaples，inHollandandinWestphalia。——
Atthissamedate，alltheportsofhisempireareclosedagainsttheEnglish，whichleadshimtocloseagainstthemalltheportsoftheContinent，toorganizeagainstthemthecontinentalblockade，toproclaimagainstthemanEuropeancrusade，topreventtheneutralityofsovereignslikethePope，oflukewarmsubalternslikehisbrotherLouis，ofdoubtfulcollaboratorsorinadequate，liketheBraganzasofPortugalandtheBourbonsofSpain，andthereforetogetholdofPortugal，Spain，thePontificalStates，andHolland，andnextoftheHanseatictownsandtheduchyofOldenburg，toextendingalongtheentirecoast，fromthemouthsoftheCattaroandTriestetoHamburgandDantzic，hiscordonofmilitarychiefs，prefects，andcustom—
houses，asortofnetofwhichhedrawsthemeshestighterandtightereveryday，evenstiflingnotalonehishomeconsumer，buttheproducerandthemerchant。[118]—Andallthissometimesbyasimpledecree，withnootherallegedmotivethanhisinterest，hisconvenience，orhispleasure，[119]brusquelyandarbitrarily，inviolationofinternationallaw，humanity，andhospitality。Itwouldtakevolumestodescribehisabusesofpower，thetissueofbrutalitiesandknaveries，[120]theoppressionoftheallyanddespoilingofthevanquished，themilitarybrigandageexercisedoverpopulationsintimeofwar，andbythesystematicexactionspracticedonthemintimesofpeace。[121]
Accordingly，after1808，thesepopulationsriseagainsthim。Hehassodeeplyinjuredthemintheirinterests，andhurttheirfeelingstosuchanextent，[122]hehassotroddenthemdown，ransomed，andforcedthemintohisservice。Hehasdestroyed，apartfromFrenchlives，somanySpanish，Italian，Austrian，Prussian，Swiss，Bavarian，Saxon，andDutchlives，hehasslainsomanymenasenemies，hehasenlistedsuchnumbersathome，andslainsomanyunderhisownbannersasauxiliaries，thatnationsarestillmorehostiletohimthansovereigns。Unquestionably，nobodycanlivetogetherwithsuchacharacter；hisgeniusistoovast，toobaneful，andallthemorebecauseitissovast。Warwilllastaslongashereigns；itisinvaintoreducehim，toconfinehimathome，todrivehimbackwithintheancientfrontiersofFrance；nobarrierwillrestrainhim；notreatywillbindhim；peacewithhimwillneverbeotherthanatruce；
hewilluseitsimplytorecoverhimself，and，assoonashehasdonethis，hewillbeginagain；[123]heisinhisveryessenceanti—social。
ThemindofEuropeinthisrespectismadeupdefinitelyandunshakably。Onepettydetailaloneshowshowunanimousandprofoundthisconvictionwas。Onthe7thofMarchthenewsreachedViennathathehadescapedfromtheislandofElba，withoutitsbeingyetknownwherehewouldland。M。deMetternich[124]bringsthenewstotheEmperorofAustriabeforeeighto’clockinthemorning，whosaystohim，"LosenotimeinfindingtheKingofPrussiaandtheEmperorofRussia，andtellthemthatIamreadytoordermyarmytomarchatonceforFrance。"AtaquarterpasteightM。deMetternichiswiththeCzar，andathalf—pasteight，withtheKingofPrussia；bothofthemreplyinstantlyinthesamemanner。"Atnineo’clock，"saysM。deMetternich，"Iwasback。Atteno’clockaidsflewineverydirectioncountermandingarmyorders……Thuswaswardeclaredinlessthananhour。"
VI。FundamentalDefaultsofhisSystem。
Inwardprincipleofhisoutwarddeportment。—HesubordinatestheStatetohiminsteadofsubordinatinghimselftotheState。—Effectofthis。—Hisworkmerelyalife—interest。—Itisephemeral。—
Injurious。—Thenumberoflivesitcost。—ThemutilationofFrance。
—ViceofconstructioninhisEuropeanedifice。—AnalogousviceinhisFrenchedifice。
Otherheadsofstateshavesimilarlypassedtheirlivesindoingviolencetomankind；butitwasforsomethingthatwaslikelytolast，andforanationalinterest。Whattheydeemedthepublicgoodwasnotaphantomofthebrain，achimericalpoemduetoacapriceoftheimagination，topersonalpassions，totheirownpeculiarambitionandpride。Outsideofthemselvesandthecoinageoftheirbrainarealandsubstantialobjectofprimeimportanceexisted，namely，theState，thegreatbodyofsociety，thevastorganismwhichlastsindefinitelythroughthelongseriesofinterlinkedandresponsiblegenerations。
Iftheydrewbloodfromthepassinggenerationitwasforthebenefitofcominggenerations，topreservethemfromcivilwarorfromforeigndomination。[125]Theyhaveactedgenerallylikeablesurgeons，ifnotthroughvirtue，atleastthroughdynasticsentimentandfamilytraditions；havingpracticedfromfathertoson，theyhadacquiredtheprofessionalconscience；theirfirstandonlyaimwasthesafetyandhealthoftheirpatient。Itisforthisreasonthattheyhavenotrecklesslyundertakenextravagant，bloody，andover—riskyoperations；
rarelyhavetheygivenwaytotemptationthroughadesiretodisplaytheirskill，throughtheneedofdazzlingandastonishingtheworld，throughthenovelty，keenness，andsuccessoftheirsawsandscalpels。
Theyfeltthatalongerandsuperiorexistencetotheirownwasimposeduponthem；theylookedbeyondthem—selvesasfarastheirsightwouldreach，andsotookmeasuresthattheStateafterthemmightdowithoutthem，liveonintact，remainindependent，vigorous，andrespectedathwartthevicissitudesofEuropeanconflictandtheuncertainproblemsofcominghistory。Such，undertheancientrégime，waswhatwerecalledreasonsofstate；thesehadprevailedinthecouncilsofprincesforeighthundredyears；alongwithunavoidablefailuresandaftertemporarydeviations，thesehadbecomeforthetimebeingandremainedthepreponderatingmotive。Undoubtedlytheyexcusedorauthorizedmanybreachesoffaith，manyoutrages，and，tocometotheword，manycrimes；but，inthepoliticalorderofthings，especiallyinthemanagementofexternalaffairs，theyfurnishedagoverningandasalutaryprinciple。Underitsconstantinfluencethirtymonarchshadlabored，anditisthusthat，provinceafterprovince，theyhadsolidlyandenduringlybuiltupFrance，bywaysandmeansbeyondthereachofindividualsbutavailabletotheheadsofStates。
Now，thisprincipleislackingwiththeirimprovisedsuccessor。Onthethroneasinthecamp，whethergeneral，consul，oremperor，heremainsthemilitaryadventurer，andcaresonlyforhisownadvancement。Owingtothegreatdefectintheeducationofbothconscienceandsentiments，insteadofsubordinatinghimselftotheState，hesubordinatestheStatetohim；hedoesnotlookbeyondhisownbriefphysicalexistencetothenationwhichistosurvivehim。
Consequently，hesacrificesthefuturetothepresent，andhisworkisnottobeenduring。Afterhimthedeluge！Littledoeshecarewhouttersthisterriblephrase；andworsestill，heearnestlywishes，fromthebottomofhisheartthateverybodyshouldutterit。
"Mybrother，"saidJoseph，in1803，[126]"desiresthatthenecessityofhisexistenceshouldbesostronglyfelt，andthebenefitofthisconsideredsogreat，thatnobodycouldlookbeyonditwithoutshuddering。Heknows，andbefeelsit，thathereignsthroughthisidearatherthanthroughforceorgratitude。Ifto—morrow，oronanyday，itcouldbesaid，’Hereisatranquil，establishedorderofthings，hereisaknownsuccessor；Bonapartemightdiewithoutfearofchangeordisturbance，’mybrotherwouldnolongerthinkhimselfsecure……Suchistheprinciplewhichgovernshim。"
Invaindoyearsglideby，neverdoeshethinkofputtingFranceinawaytosubsistwithouthim；onthecontrary，hejeopardizeslastingacquisitionsbyexaggeratedannexations，anditisevidentfromtheveryfirstdaythattheEmpirewillendwiththeEmperor。In1805，thefivepercentsbeingateightyfrancs，hisMinisteroftheFinances，Gaudin，observestohimthatthisisareasonablerate。[127]
"Nocomplaintcannowbemade，sincethesefundsareanannuityonYourMajesty’slife。"—"Whatdoyoumeanbythat？"—"ImeanthattheEmpirehasbecomesogreatastobeungovernablewithoutyou。"—"Ifmysuccessorisafoolsomuchtheworseforhim！"—"Yes，butsomuchtheworseforFrance！"Twoyearslater，M。deMetternich，bywayofapoliticalsummingup，expresseshisgeneralopinion:"ItisremarkablethatNapoleon，constantlydisturbingandmodifyingtherelationsofallEurope，hasnotyettakenasinglesteptowardensuringthemaintenanceofhissuccessors。"[128]In1809，addsthesamediplomat:[129]"Hisdeathwillbethesignalforanewandfrightfulupheaval；somanydividedelementsalltendtocombine。Deposedsovereignswillberecalledbyformersubjects；newprinceswillhavenewcrownstodefend。Averitablecivilwarwillrageforhalfacenturyoverthevastempireofthecontinentthedaywhenthearmsofironwhichheldthereinsareturnedintodust。"In1811，"everybodyisconvinced[130]thatonthedisappearanceofNapoleon，themasterinwhosehandsallpowerisconcentrated，thefirstinevitableconsequencewillbearevolution。"Athome，inFrance，atthissamedate，hisownservitorsbegintocomprehendthathisempireisnotmerelyalife—interestandwillnotlastafterheisgone，butthattheEmpireisephemeralandwillnotlastduringhislife；forheisconstantlyraisinghisedificehigherandhigher，whileallthathisbuildinggainsinelevationitlosesinstability。"TheEmperoriscrazy，"saidDecreestoMarmont，[131]"completelycrazy。Hewillruinusall，numerousasweare，andallwillendinsomefrightfulcatastrophe。"Ineffect，heispushingFranceontotheabyss，forciblyandbydeceivingher，throughabreachoftrustwhichwillfully，andbyhisfault，growsworseandworsejustashisowninterests，ashecomprehendsthese，divergefromthoseofthepublicfromyeartoyear。
AtthetreatyofLunevilleandbeforetheruptureofthepeaceofAmiens，[132]thisvariancewasalreadyconsiderable。ItbecomesmanifestatthetreatyofPresbourgandstillmoreevidentatthetreatyofTilsit。Itisglaringin1808，afterthedepositionoftheSpanishBourbons；itbecomesscandalousandmonstrousin1812，whenthewarwithRussiatookplace。NapoleonhimselfadmitsthatthiswarisagainsttheinterestsofFranceandyetheundertakesit。[133]
Later，atSt。Helena，hefallsintoameltingmoodover"theFrenchpeoplewhomhelovedsodearly。"[134]Thetruthis，helovesitasariderloveshishorse；ashemakesitrearandpranceandshowoffitspaces，whenheflattersandcaressesit；itisnotfortheadvantageoftheanimalbutforhisownpurposes，onaccountofitsusefulnesstohim；tobespurredonuntilexhausted，tojumpditchesgrowingwiderandwider，andleapfencesgrowinghigherandhigher；oneditchmore，andstillanotherfence，thelastobstaclewhichseemstobethelast，succeededbyothers，while，inanyevent，thehorseremainsforciblyandforever，whatitalreadyis，namely，abeastofburdenandbrokendown。—For，onthisRussianexpedition，insteadoffrightfuldisasters，letusimagineabrilliantsuccess，avictoryatSmolenskequaltothatofFriedland，atreatyofMoscowmoreadvantageousthanthatofTilsit，andtheCzarbroughttoheel。AsaresulttheCzarisprobablystrangledordethroned，apatrioticinsurrectionwilltakeplaceinRussiaasinSpain，twolastingwars，atthetwoextremitiesoftheContinent，againstreligiousfanaticism，moreirreconcilablethanpositiveinterests，andagainstascatteredbarbarismmoreindomitablethanaconcentratedcivilization。Atbest，aEuropeanempiresecretlyminedbyEuropeanresistance；anexteriorFranceforciblysuperposedontheenslavedContinent；[135]FrenchresidentsandcommandersatSt。PetersburgandRigaasatDantzic，Hamburg，Amsterdam，Lisbon，Barcelona，andTrieste。Everyable—bodiedFrenchmanthatcanbeemployedfromCadiztoMoscowinmaintainingandadministeringtheconquest。Alltheable—bodiedyouthannuallyseizedbytheconscription，and，iftheyhaveescapedthis，seizedagainbydecrees。[136]Theentiremalepopulationthusdevotedtoworksofconstraint，nothingelseinprospectforeitherthecultivatedortheuncultivated，nomilitaryorcivilcareerotherthanaprolongedguardduty，threatenedandthreatening，assoldier，customs—inspector，orgendarme，asprefect，sub—prefect，orcommissionerofpolice，thatistosay，assubalternhenchmanandbullyrestrainingsubjectsandraisingcontributions，confiscatingandburningmerchandise，seizinggrumblers，andmakingtherefractorytoethemark。[137]In1810，onehundredandsixtythousandoftherefractorywerealreadycondemnedbyname，and，moreover，penaltieswereimposedontheirfamiliestotheamountofonehundredandseventymillionsoffrancsIn1811and1812
therovingcolumnswhichtrackedfugitivesgatheredsixtythousandofthem，anddrovethemalongthecoastfromtheAdourtotheNiemen；onreachingthefrontier，theywereen—rolledinthegrandarmy；buttheydeserttheveryfirstmonth，theyandtheirchainedcompanions，attherateoffourorfivethousandaday。[138]ShouldEnglandbeconquered，garrisonswouldhavetobemaintainedthere，andofsoldiersequallyzealous。SuchisthedarkfuturewhichthissystemopenstotheFrench，evenwiththebestofgoodluck。Itturnsoutthattheluckisbad，andattheendof1812thegrandarmyisfreezinginthesnow；
Napoleon’shorsehaslethimtumble。Fortunately，theanimalhassimplyfoundered；"HisMajesty’shealthwasneverbetter"；[139]
nothinghashappenedtotherider；hegetsuponhislegs，andwhatconcernshimatthismomentisnotthesufferingsofhisbroken—downsteed，buthisownmishap；hisreputationasahorsemaniscompromised；theeffectonthepublic，thehootingoftheaudience，iswhattroubleshim，thecomedyofaperilousleap，announcedwithsuchaflourishoftrumpetsandendinginsuchadisgracefulfall。OnreachingWarsaw[140]hesaystohimself，tentimesover:
"Thereisonlyastepfromthesublimetotheridiculous。"
Thefollowingyear，atDresden，heexposesstillmorefoolishly，openly，andnakedlyhismasterpassion，themotiveswhichdeterminehim，theimmensityandferocityofhispitilesspride。
"Whatdotheywantofme？"saidhetoM。deMetternich。[141]"Dotheywantmetodishonormyself？Never！Icandie，butneverwillI
yieldaninchofterritory！Yoursovereigns，borntothethrone，maybebeatentwentytimesoverandyetreturntotheircapitals:Icannotdothis，becauseIamaparvenusoldier。MydominationwillnotsurvivethedaywhenIshallhaveceasedtobestrong，and，consequently，feared。"
Ineffect，hisdespotisminFranceisfoundedonhisEuropeanomnipotence；ifhedoesnotremainmasteroftheContinent，"hemustsettlewiththecorpslégislatif。[142]Ratherthandescendtoaninferiorposition，ratherthanbeaconstitutionalmonarch，controlledbyparliamentarychambers，heplaysdoubleorquits，andwillrisklosingeverything。
"Ihaveseenyoursoldiers，"saysMetternichtohim，"theyarechildren。Whenthisarmyofboysisgone，whatwillyoudothen？"
Atthesewords，whichtouchhisheart，hegrowspale，hisfeaturescontract，andhisrageovercomeshim；likeawoundedmanwhohasmadeafalsestepandexposeshimself，hesaysviolentlytoMetternich:
"YouarenotasoldierYoudonotknowtheimpulsesofasoldier’sbreast！Ihavegrownuponthebattle—field，andamanlikemedoesnotgiveadamnforthelivesofamillionmen！"[143]
Hisimperialpipe—dreamshasdevouredmanymore。Between1804and1815hehashadslaughtered1，700，000Frenchmen，bornwithintheboundariesofancientFrance，[144]towhichmustbeadded，probably，2，000，000menbornoutsideoftheselimits，andslainforhim，underthetitleofallies，orslainbyhimunderthetitleofenemies。Allthatthepoor，enthusiastic，andcredulousGaulshavegainedbyentrustingtheirpublicwelfaretohimistwoinvasions；allthathebequeathstothemasarewardfortheirdevotion，afterthisprodigiouswasteoftheirbloodandthebloodofothers，isaFranceshornoffifteendepartmentsacquiredbytherepublic，deprivedofSavoy，oftheleftbankoftheRhineandofBelgium，despoiledofthenortheastanglebywhichitcompleteditsboundaries，fortifieditsmostvulnerablepoint，and，usingthewordsofVauban，"madeitsfieldsquare，"separatedfrom4，000，000newFrenchmenwhichithadassimilatedaftertwentyyearsoflifeincommon，and，worsestill，thrownbackwithinthefrontiersof1789，alone，diminishedinthemidstofitsaggrandizedneighbors，suspectedbyallEurope，andlastinglysurroundedbyathreateningcircleofdistrustandrancor。
SuchisthepoliticalworkofNapoleon，theworkofegoismservedbygenius。InhisEuropeanstructureasinhisFrenchstructurethissovereignegoismhasintroducedaviceofconstruction。ThisfundamentalviceismanifestattheoutsetintheEuropeanedifice，and，attheexpirationoffifteenyears，itbringsaboutasuddendownfall:intheFrenchedificeitisequallyseriousbutnotsoapparent；onlyattheendofhalfacentury，orevenawholecentury，isittobemadeclearlyvisible；butitsgradualandsloweffectswillbeequallyperniciousandtheyarenolesssure。
Notes:
[1]Seemy"PhilosophyofArt"fortextsandfacts，PartII。，ch。VI。
—Otheranalogies，whicharetoolongfordevelopmenthere，maybefound，especiallyinallthatconcernstheimaginationandlove。"Hewasdisposedtoacceptthemarvelous，presentiments，andevencertainmysteriouscommunicationsbetweenbeings……Ihaveseenhimexcitedbytherustlingofthewind，speakenthusiasticallyoftheroarofthesea，andsometimesinclinedtobelieveinnocturnalapparitions；inshort，leaningtocertainsuperstitions。"（MadamedeRémusat，I。，102，andIII。，164。）—Meneval（III。，114）noteshis"crossinghimselfinvoluntarilyontheoccurrenceofsomegreatdanger，onthediscoveryofsomeimportantfact。"Duringtheconsulate，intheevening，inacircleofladies，hesometimesimprovisedanddeclaimedtragic"tales，"Italianfashion，quiteworthyofthestory—tellersoftheXVthandXVIthcenturies。（Bourrienne，VI。，387，givesoneofhisimprovisations。Cf。MadamedeRémusat，I。，102。）—Astolove，hisletterstoJosephineduringtheItaliancampaignformoneofthebestexamplesofItalianpassionand"inmostpiquantcontrastwiththetemperateandgracefuleleganceofhispredecessorM。deBeauharnais。"（MadamedeRémusat，I。，143）。—Hisotheramours，simplyphysical，aretoodifficulttodealwith；Ihavegatheredsomedetailsorallyonthissubjectwhicharealmostfromfirsthandsandperfectlyauthentic。Itissufficienttociteonetextalreadypublished:"AccordingtoJosephine，hehadnomoralprinciplewhatever；didhenotseducehissistersoneaftertheother？
"—"Iamnotamanlikeothermen，hesaidofhimself，"andmorallawsandthoseofproprietydonotapplytome。"（MadamedeRémusat，I。，204，206。）—Noteagain（II。，350）hisproposalstoCorvisart。—
Suchareeverywherethesentiments，customs，andmoralityofthegreatItalianpersonagesofabouttheyear1500。
[2]DePradt，"Histoiredel’ambassadedanslegrand—duchédeVarsovie，"p。96。"withtheEmperor，desirespringsoutofhisimagination；hisideabecomespassionthemomentitcomesintohishead。"
[3]Bourrienne，II。，298。—DeSégur，I。，426。
[4]Bodin，"Recherchessurl’Anjou，"II。，325。—"Souvenirsd’unnonagénaire，"byBesnard。—Sainte—Beuve，"CauseriesduLundi，"
articleonVolney。—MiotdeMelito，I。，297。HewantedtoadoptLouis’sson，andmakehimKingofItaly。Louisrefused，allegingthatthismarkedfavorwouldgivenewlifetothereportsspreadaboutatonetimeinrelationtothischild。"Thereupon，Napoleon，exasperated，"seizedPrinceLouisbythewaistandpushedhimviolentlyoutoftheroom。"—"Mémorial，"Oct。10，1816。NapoleonrelatesthatatthelastconferenceofCampo—Fermio，toputanendtotheresistanceoftheAustrianplenipotentiary，hesuddenlyarose，seizedasetofporcelainonastandnearhimanddashedittothefloor，exclaiming，"ThuswillIshatteryourmonarchybeforeamonthisover！"（Bourriennequestionsthisstory。）
[5]VarnhagenvonEnse，"AusgewahlteSchriften，"III。，77（PublicreceptionofJuly22，1810）。NapoleonfirstspeakstotheAustrianAmbassadorandnexttotheRussianAmbassadorwithaconstrainedair，forcinghimselftobepolite，inwhichhecannotpersist。"TreatingwithIdonotknowwhatunknownpersonage，heinterrogatedhim，reprimandedhim，threatenedhim，andkepthimforasufficientlylongtimeinastateofpainfuldismay。Thosewhostoodnearbyandwhocouldnothelpfeelingadismayed，statedlaterthattherehadbeennothingtoprovokesuchfury，thattheEmperorhadonlysoughtanopportunitytoventhisill—humor；thathediditpurposelyonsomepoordevilsoastoinspirefearinothersandtoputdowninadvanceanytendencytoopposition。Cf。Beugnot，"Mémoires，"I。，380，386，387。—ThismixtureofangerandcalculationlikewiseexplainshisconductatSainteHelenawithSirHudsonLowe，hisunbridleddiatribesandinsultsbestowedonthegovernorlikesomanyslapsintheface。
（W。Forsyth，"HistoryoftheCaptivityofNapoleonatSaintHelena，fromthelettersandjournalsofSirHudsonLowe，"III。，306。）
[6]MadamedeRémusat，II。，46。
[7]"LesCahiersdeCoignat。"191。"AtPosen，already，Isawhimmounthishorseinsuchafuryastolandontheothersideandthengivehisgroomacutofthewhip。"
[8]MadamedeRémusat，I。，222。
[9]EspeciallythelettersaddressedtoCardinalConsalviandtothePréfetofMontenotte（IamindebtedtoM。d’Haussonvilleforthisinformation）。—Besides，heislavishofthesameexpressionsinconversation。OnatourthroughNormandy，hesendsforthebishopofSéezandthuspubliclyaddresseshim:"Insteadofmergingtheparties，youdistinguishbetweenconstitutionalistsandnon—constitutionalists。
Miserablefool！Youareapoorsubject，—handinyourresignationatonce！"—Tothegrand—vicarshesays，"Whichofyougovernsyourbishop—whoisatbestafool？"—AsM。Legalloisispointedouttohim，whohadoflatebeenabsent。"Fuck，wherewereyouthen？""Withmyfamily。""Withabishopwhoismerelyadamnedfool，whyareyousooftenaway，etc。？"（D’Haussonville，VI。，176，andRoederer，vol。III。）
[10]MadamedeRémusat—I。，101；II。，338。
[11]Ibid。，I。，224。—M。deMeneval，I。，112，347；III。，120:"Onaccountoftheextraordinaryeventofhismarriage，hesentahandwrittenlettertohisfuturefather—in—law（theEmperorofAustria）。Itwasagrandaffairforhim。Finally，afteragreateffort，hesucceededinpenningaletterthatwasreadable。"—
Meneval，nevertheless，wasobliged"tocorrectthedefectiveletterswithoutlettingthecorrectionsbetooplainlyseen。"
[12]Forexample，atBayonneandatWarsaw（DePradt）；theoutrageousandnever—to—beforgottenscenewhich，onhisreturnfromSpain，occurredwithTalleyrand—（"Souvenirs"，byPASQUIEREtienne—Dennis，duc，ChancelierdeFrance。LibrariePlon，Paris1893。I。，357）；—
ThegratuitousinsultofM。deMetternich，in1813，thelastwordoftheirinterview（"SouvenirsdufeuducdeBroglie，"I。，230）。—Cf。
hisnotlessgratuitousandhazardousconfidentialcommunicationstoMiotdeMelito，in1797，andhisfiveconversationswithSirHudsonLowe，immediatelyrecordedbyawitness，MajorGorrequer。（W。Forsyth，I。，147，161，200。）
[13]DePradt，prefaceX
[14]PeletdelaLozére，p。7。—Mollien，"Mémoires，"II。，222。—
"SouvenirsdufeuducdeBroglie，"I。，66，69。
[15]"MadamedeRémusat，"I。，121:IhaveitfromCorvisartthatthepulsationsofhisarteriesarefewerthanisusualwithmen。Heneverexperiencedwhatiscommonlycalledgiddiness。"Withhim，thenervousapparatusisperfectinallitsfunctions，incomparableforreceiving，recording，registering，combining，andreflecting，butotherorganssufferareactionandareverysensitive。"（DeSégur，VI。，15and16，noteofDrs。YvanandMestivier，hisphysicians。）"Topreservetheequilibriumitwasnecessarywithhimthattheskinshouldalwaysfulfillitsfunctions；assoonasthetissueswereaffectedbyanymoraloratmosphericcause……irritation，cough，ischuria。"Hencehisneedoffrequentprolongedandveryhotbaths。"Thespasmwasgenerallysharedbythestomachandthebladder。Ifinthestomach，hehadanervouscoughwhichexhaustedhismoralandphysicalenergies。"SuchwasthecasebetweentheeveofthebattleofMoscowandthemorningafterhisentryintoMoscow:"aconstantdrycough，difficultandintermittentbreathing；thepulsesluggish，weak，andirregular；theurinethickandsedimentary，dropbydropandpainful；
thelowerpartofthelegsandthefeetextremelyoedematous。"
Already，in1806，atWarsaw，"afterviolentconvulsionsinthestomach，"hedeclaredtotheCountdeLoban，"thatheborewithinhimthegermsofaprematuredeath，andthathewoulddieofthesamediseaseashisfather’s。"（DeSégur，VI。，82。）AfterthevictoryofDresden，havingeatenaragoutcontaininggarlic，heisseizedwithsuchviolentgripingsastomakehimthinkhewaspoisoned，andhemakesaretrogrademovement，whichcausesthelossofVandamme’sdivision，and，consequently，theruinof1813。"Souvenirs"，byPasquier，Etienne—Dennis，duc，chancelierdeFrance。LibrariePlon，Paris1893，（narrativeofDaru，aneye—witness。）—Thissusceptibilityofthenervesandstomachishereditarywithhimandshowsitselfinearlyyouth。"Oneday，atBrienne，obligedtodroponhisknees，asapunishment，onthesilloftherefectory，heisseizedwithsuddenvomitingandaviolentnervousattack。"DeSegur，I。，71。—Itiswellknownthathediedofacancerinthestomach，likehisfatherCharlesBonaparte。HisgrandfatherJosephBonaparte，hisuncleFesch，hisbrotherLucien，andhissisterCarolinediedofthesame，orofananalogousdisease。
[16]Meneval，I。，269。Constant，"Mémoires，"V。，62。DeSégur，VI。，114，117。
[17]MarshalMarmont，"Mémoires，"I。，306。Bourrienne，II。，119:
"Whenoffthepoliticalfieldhewassensitive，kind，opentopity。"
[18]PeletdelaLozére，p。7。DeChampagny，"Souvenirs，"p。103。Atfirst，theemotionwasmuchstronger。"Hehadthefatalnewsfornearlythreehours；hehadgivenventtohisdespairalonebyhimself。
Hesummonedme……plaintivecriesinvoluntarilyescapedhim。"
[19]MadamedeRémusat，I。，121，342；II。，50；III。，61，294，312。
[20]DeSégur，V。，348。
[21]Yung，II。，329，331。（NarratedbyLucien，andreporttoLouisXVIII。）
[22]"Nouvellerelationdel’ItinérairedeNapoléon，deFontainebleauàl’Iledel’Elbe，"byCountWaldberg—Truchsees，Prussiancommissioner（1885），pp。22，24，25，26，30，32，34，37。—Theviolentscenes，probably，oftheabdicationandtheattemptatFontainebleautopoisonhimselfhadalreadydisturbedhisbalance。OnreachingElba，hesaystotheAustriancommissioner，Koller，"Astoyou，mydeargeneral，I
haveletyouseemybarerump。"—Cf。in"MadamedeRémusat，"I。，108，oneofhisconfessionstoTalleyrand:hecrudelypointsoutinhimselfthedistancebetweennaturalinstinctandstudiedcourage。—Hereandelsewhere，weobtainaglimpseoftheactorandevenoftheItalianbuffoon；M。dePradtcalledhim"JupiterScapin。"ReadhisreflectionsbeforeM。dePradt，onhisreturnfromRussia，inwhichheappearsinthelightofacomedianwho，havingplayedbadlyandfailedinhispart，retiresbehindthescenes，runsdownthepiece，andcriticizetheimperfectionsoftheaudience。（DePradt，p。219。）
[23]Thereadermayfindhiscomprehensionoftheauthor’smeaningstrengthenedbythefollowingtranslationofapassagefromhisessayonJouffroy（PhilosophesclassiquesduXIXthSiécle，"3rded。）:
"Whatisaman，masterofhimself？Heisonewho，dyingwiththirst，refrainsfromswallowingacoolingdraft，merelymoisteninghislips:
whoinsultedinpublic，remainscalmincalculatinghismostappropriaterevenge；whoinbattle，hisnervesexcitedbyacharge，plansadifficultmaneuver，thinksitout，andwritesitdownwithalead—pencilwhileballsarewhistlingaroundhim，andsendsittohiscolonels。Inotherwords，itisamaninwhomthedeliberateandabstractideaofthegreatestgoodisstrongerthanallotherideasandsensations。Theconceptionofthegreatestgoodonceattained，everydislike，everyspeciesofindolence，everyfear，everyseduction，everyagitation，arefoundweak。Thetendencywhicharisefromtheideaofthegreatestgoodconstantlydominatesallothersanddeterminesallactions。"TR。
[24]Bourrienne，I。21。
[25]Yung，1。，125。
[26]MadamedeRémusat，I。，267。—Yung，II。，109。OnhisreturntoCorsicahetakesuponhimselfthegovernmentofthewholefamily。
"Nobodycoulddiscusswithhim，sayshisbrotherLucien；hetookoffenceattheslightestobservationandgotinapassionattheslightestresistance。Joseph（theeldest）darednotevenreplytohisbrother。"
[27]Mémorial，August27—31，1815。
[28]"MadamedeRémusat，"I。，105。—Neverwasthereanablerandmoreperseveringsophist，morepersuasive，moreeloquent，inordertomakeitappearthathewasright。HencehisdictationsatSt。Helena；hisproclamations，messages，anddiplomaticcorrespondence；hisascendancyintalkingasgreatasthroughhisarms，overhissubjectandoverhisadversaries；alsohisposthumousascendancyoverposterity。Heisasgreatalawyerasheisacaptainandadministrator。Thepeculiarityofthisdispositionisneversubmittingtotruth，butalwaystospeakorwritewithreferencetoanaudience，topleadacause。Throughthistalentonecreatesphantomswhichdupetheaudience；ontheotherhand，astheauthorhimselfformspartoftheaudience，heendsinnotalongleadingothersintoerrorbutlikewisehimself，whichisthecasewithNapoleon。
[29]Yung，II。，111。（ReportbyVolney，Corsicancommissioner，1791。
—II。，287。（Mémorial，givingatrueaccountofthepoliticalandmilitarystateofCorsicainDecember，1790。）—II。，270。（DispatchoftherepresentativeLacombeSaint—Michel，Sept。10，1793。）—MiotdeMelitoI。，131，andfollowingpages。（HeispeacecommissionerinCorsicain1797and1801。）
[30]MiotdeMelito，II。，2。"ThepartisansoftheFirstconsul’sfamily……regardedmesimplyastheinstrumentoftheirpassions，ofuseonlytoridthemoftheirenemies，soastocenterallfavorsontheirprotégés。"
[31]Yung。，I。，220。（ManifestofOctober—31，1789。）—I。，265。
（Loanontheseminaryfundsobtainedbyforce，June23，1790。）—I。，267，269。（ArrestofM。delaJailleandotherofficers；planfortakingthecitadelofAjaccio。）—II。，115。（lettertoPaoli，February17，1792。）"Lawsarelikethestatuesofcertaindivinities—veiledoncertainoccasions。"—II。，125。（ElectionofBonaparteaslieutenant—colonelofabattalionofvolunteers，April1，1792。）TheeveningbeforehehadMurati，oneofthethreedepartmentalcommissioners，carriedoffbyanarmedbandfromthehouseofthePeraldi，hisadversaries，wherehelodged。Murati，seizedunawares，isbroughtbackbyforceandlockedupinBonaparte’shouse，whogravelysaystohim"Iwantedyoutobefree，entirelyatliberty；
youwerenotsowiththePeraldi。"—HisCorsicanbiographer（Nasica，"Mémoiressurlajeunesseetl’enfancedeNapoléon，"）considersthisaverypraiseworthyaction[32]Cf。onthispoint，theMemoirsofMarshalMarmont，I。，180，196；
theMemoirsofStendhal，onNapoleon；theReportofd’Antraigues（Yung，III。，170，171）；the"MercureBritannique"ofMallet—Dupan，andthefirstchapterof"LaChartreusedeParme，"byStendhal。
[33]"CorrespondancedeNapoléon，"I。（LetterofNapoleontotheDirectory，April26，1796。）—Proclamationofthesamedate:"Youhavemadeforcedmarchesbarefoot，bivouackedwithoutbrandy，andoftenwithoutbread。"
[34]Stendhal，"ViedeNapoléon，"p。151。"Thecommonestofficerswerecrazywithdelightathavingwhitelinenandfinenewboots。Allwerefondofmusic；manywalkedaleagueintheraintosecureaseatintheLaScalaTheatre……InthesadplightinwhichthearmyfounditselfbeforeCastiglioneandArcole，everybody，excepttheknowingofficers，wasdisposedtoattempttheimpossiblesoasnottoquitItaly。"—"Marmont，"I。，296:"Wewereallofusveryyoung，……
allaglowwithstrengthandhealth，andenthusiasticforglory……
Thisvarietyofouroccupationsandpleasures，thisexcessiveemploymentofbodyandmindgavevaluetoexistence，andmadetimepasswithextraordinaryrapidity。"
[35]"CorrespondancedeNapoléon，"I。ProclamationofMarch27，1796:
’Soldiers，youarenakedandpoorlyfed。Thegovernmentisvastlyindebtedtoyou；ithasnothingtogiveyou……Iamgoingtoleadyoutothemostfertileplainsintheworld；richprovinces，largecitieswillbeinyourpower；youwillthenobtainhonor，glory，andwealth。"—ProclamationofApril26，1796:—"Friends，Iguaranteethatconquesttoyou！"—Cf。inMarmont’smemoirsthewayinwhichBonaparteplaysthepartoftempterinofferingMarmont，whorefuses，anopportunitytorobatreasurychest。
[36]MiotdeMelito，I。，154。（June，1797，inthegardensofMontebello。）"SucharesubstantiallythemostremarkableexpressionsinthislongdiscoursewhichIhaverecordedandpreserved。"
[37]MiotdeMelito，I。184。（ConversationwithBonaparte，November18，1797，atTurin。）"Iremainedanhourwiththegeneraltête—à—tête。
Ishallrelatetheconversationexactlyasitoccurred，accordingtomynotes，madeatthetime。"
[38]MathieuDumas，"Mémoires，"III。，156。"Itiscertainthathethoughtofitfromthismomentandseriouslystudiedtheobstacles，means，andchancesofsuccess。"（MathieuDumascitesthetestimonyofDesaix，whowasengagedintheenterprise）:"Itseemsthatallwasready，whenBonapartejudgedthatthingswerenotyetripe，northemeanssufficient。"—Hencehisdeparture。"Hewantedtogetoutofthewayoftheruleandcapricesofthesecontemptibledictators，whilethelatterwantedtogetridofhimbecausehismilitaryfameandinfluenceinthearmywereobnoxioustothem。
[39]Larevellière—Lepaux（oneofthefivedirectorsonduty），"Mémoires，"II。，340。"Allthatistrulygrandinthisenterprise，aswellasallthatisboldandextravagant，eitherinitsconceptionorexecution，belongswhollytoBonaparte。TheideaofitneveroccurredtotheDirectorynortoanyofitsmembers……Hisambitionandhispridecouldnotendurethealternativeofnolongerbeingprominentorofacceptingapostwhich，howevereminent，wouldhavealwayssubjectedhimtotheordersoftheDirectory。"
[40]MadamedeRémusat，I。，142。"JosephinelaidgreatstressontheEgyptianexpeditionasthecauseofhischangeoftemperandofthedailydespotismwhichmadehersuffersomuch。"—"MessouvenirssurNapoleon，"325bythecountChaptal。（Bonaparte’sownwordstothepoetLemercierwhomighthaveaccompaniedhimtotheMiddleEastandtherewouldhavelearnedmanythingsabouthumannature）:"Youwouldhaveseenacountrywherethesovereigntakesnoaccountofthelivesofhissubjects，andwherethesubjecthimselftakesnoaccountofhisownlife。Youwouldhavegotridofyourphilanthropic’notions。"
[41]Roederer，III。，461（Jan。12，1803）
[42]Cf。"TheRevolution，"Vol。p。773。（NoteI。，onthesituation，in1806，oftheConventionalistswhohadsurvivedtherevolution。）Forinstance，Fouchéisminister；Jeanbon—Saint—André，prefect；Drouet（deVarennes），sub—prefect；Chépy（ofGrenoble），commissary—generalofthepoliceatBrest；131regicidesarefunctionaries，amongwhomwefindtwentyoneprefectsandforty—twomagistrates。—Occasionally，achancedocumentthathasbeenpreservedallowsonetocatch"themanintheact。"（"Bulletinshebdomadairesdelacensure，1810and1814，"
publishedbyM。Thurot，intheRevueCritique，1871）:"Seizureof240
copiesofanindecentworkprintedforaccountofM。Palloy，theauthor。ThisPalloyenjoyedsomecelebrityduringtheRevolution，beingoneofthefamouspatriotsoftheFaubourgSaint—Antoine。TheconstituentAssemblyhadconcededtohimtheownershipofthesiteoftheBastille，ofwhichhedistributeditsstonesamongallthecommunes。Heisabonvivant，whotookitintohisheadtowriteoutinaverybadstylethefilthystoryofhisamourswithaprostituteofthePalais—Royal。Hewasquitewillingthatthebookshouldbeseizedonconditionthathemightretainafewcopiesofhisjovialproduction。Heprofesseshighadmirationfor，andstrongattachmenttoHisMajesty’sperson，andexpresseshissentimentspiquantly，inthestyleof1789。"
[43]Mémorial，"June12，1816。
[44]MathieuDumas，III。，363（July4，1809，afewdaysbeforeWagram）。—MadamedeRémusat，"I。，105:"Ihaveneverheardhimexpressanyadmirationorcomprehensionofanobleaction。"—I。，179:
OnAugustus’sclemencyandhissaying，"Letusbefriends，Cinna，"thefollowingishisinterpretationofit:"Iunderstandthisactionsimplyasthefeintofatyrant，andapproveascalculationwhatI
findpuerileassentiment。"—"NotesparleComteChaptal":"Hebelievedneitherinvirtuenorinprobity，oftencallingthesetwowordsnothingbutabstractions；thisiswhatrenderedhimsodistrustfulandsoimmoral……Heneverexperiencedageneroussentiment；thisiswhyhewassocoldincompany，andwhyheneverhadafriend。Heregardedmenassomuchcounterfeitcoinorasmereinstruments。"
[45]M。deMetternich，"Mémoires，"I。，241。—"MadamedeRémusat，"I。，93:"Thatmanhasbeensoharmful（siassommateurdetoutevertu……）
toallvirtue。"—MadamedeSta？l，"ConsiderationssurlaRevolutionFran？aise，"4thpart，ch。18。（Napoleon’sconductwithM。deMelzi，todestroyhiminpublicopinioninMilan，in1805。）
[46]MadamedeRémusat，I。，106；II。，247，336:"Hismeansforgoverningmanwereallderivedfromthosewhichtendtodebasehim……Hetoleratedvirtueonlywhenhecouldcoveritwithridicule。"
[47]Nearlyallhisfalsecalculationsareduetothisdefect，combinedwithanexcessofconstructiveimagination。—Cf。DePradt，p。94:"TheEmperorisallsystem，allillusion，asonecannotfailtobewhenoneisallimagination。WhoeverhaswatchedhiscoursehasnoticedhiscreatingforhimselfanimaginarySpain，animaginaryCatholicism，animaginaryEngland，animaginaryfinancialstate，animaginarynoblesse，andstillmoreanimaginaryFrance，and，inlatetimes，animaginarycongress。"
[48]Roederer，III。，495。（March8，1804。）
[49]Ibid。，III。，537（February11，1809。）
[50]Roederer，III。，514。（November4，1804。）
[51]Marmont，II。，242。
[52]CorrespondancedeNapoléon，"I。（LettertoPrinceEugéne，April14，1806。）
[53]M。deMetternich，I。，284。
[54]Mollien，III。，427。
[55]"NotesparleComteChaptal":DuringtheConsulate，"hisopinionnotbeingyetformedonmanypoints，healloweddiscussionanditwasthenpossibletoenlightenhimandenforceanopiniononceexpressedinhispresence。But，fromthemomentthathepossessedideasofhisown，eithertrueorfalse，onadministrativesubjects，heconsultednoone；……hetreatedeverybodywhodifferedfromhiminopinioncontemptuously，triedtomakethemappearridiculous，andoftenexclaimed，givinghisforeheadaslap，thatherewasaninstrumentfarmoreusefulthanthecounselsofmenwhowerecommonlysupposedtobeinstructedandexperienced……Forfouryears，hesoughttogatheraroundhimtheablemenofbothparties。Afterthis，thechoiceofhisagentsbegantobeindifferenttohim。Regardinghimselfasstrongenoughtoruleandcarryontheadministrationhimself，thetalentsandcharacterofthosewhostoodinhiswaywerediscarded。Whathewantedwasvaletsandnotcouncillors……Theministersweresimplyhead—clerksofthebureaus。TheCouncilofStateservedonlytogiveformtothedecreesemanatingfromhim；heruledeveninpettydetails。Everybodyaroundhimwastimidandpassive；hiswillwasregardedasthatofanoracleandexecutedwithoutreflection……
Self—isolatedfromothermen，havingconcentratedinhisownhandsallpowersandallaction，thoroughlyconvincedthatanother’slightandexperiencecouldbeofnousetohim，hethoughtthatarmsandhandswereallthatherequired。"
[56]"Souvenirs"，byPasquier（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。InVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。VolI。chap。IX。
andX。pp。225—268。（Admirableportraitureofhisprincipalagents，Cambacérès，Talleyrand，Maret，Cretet，Real，etc。）Lacuée，directoroftheconscription，isaperfecttypeoftheimperialfunctionary。
HavingreceivedthebroadribbonoftheLegiond’Honneur，heexclaimed，attheheightofhisenthusiasm:"whatwillnotFrancebecomeundersuchaman？Towhatdegreeofhappinessandglorywillitnotascend，alwaysprovidedtheconscriptionfurnisheshimwith200，000menayear！And，indeed，thatwillnotbedifficult，consideringtheextentoftheempire。"—AndlikewisewithMerlindeDouai:"Ineverknewamanlessendowedwiththesentimentofthejustandtheunjust；everythingseemstohimrightandgood，astheconsequencesofalegaltext。Hewasevenendowedwithakindofsatanicsmilewhichinvoluntarilyrosetohislips……everytimetheopportunityoccurred，when，inapplyinghisodiousscience，hereachedtheconclusionthatseverityisnecessaryorsomecondemnation。"ThesamewithDefermon，infiscalmatters[57]MadamedeRémusat，II。，278；II。，175。
[58]Ibid。，III。，275，II。，45。（AproposofSavary，hismostintimateagent。）:"Heisamanwhomustbeconstantlycorrupted。"
[59]Ibid。，I。，109；II。，247；III。，366。
[60]"MadamedeRémusat，"II。，142，167，245。（Napoleon’sownwords。）
"IfIorderedSavarytoridhimselfofhiswifeandchildren，Iamsurehewouldnothesitate。"—Marmont，II。，194:"WewereatViennain1809。Davoustsaid，speakingofhisownandMaret’sdevotion:"IftheEmperorshouldsaytousboth，’MypoliticalinterestsrequirethedestructionofPariswithoutanyoneescaping，’Maretwouldkeepthesecret，Iamsure；butneverthelesshecouldnothelplettingitbeknownbygettinghisownfamilyout。I，ratherthanrevealit1wouldleavemywifeandchildrenthere。"（Thesearebravadoexpressions，wordyexaggerations，butsignificant。）
[61]MadamedeRémusat，II。，379。
[62]SouvenirsdufeuducdeBroglie，"I。，230。（WordsofMaret，atDresden，in1813；heprobablyrepeatsoneofNapoleon’sfigures。）
[63]Mollien，II。，9。
[64]D’Haussonville，"L’égliseRomaineetlepremierEmpire，"VI。，190，andpassim。
[65]Ibid。，III。，460—473。—Cf。onthesamescene，"Souvenirs"，byPasquier（Etienne—Dennis，duc），ChancelierdeFrance。（Hewasbothwitnessandactor。）
[66]AnexpressionofCambacérès。M。deLavalette，II。，154。
[67]MadamedeRémusat，III。184
[68]"Souvenirs"，byPasquier，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—，I。，521。
Detailsofthemanufactureofcounterfeitmoney，byorderofSavary，inanisolatedbuildingontheplainofMontrouge。—Metternich，II。，358。（WordsofNapoleontoM。deMetternich）:"Ihad300millionsofbanknotesoftheBankofViennaallreadyandwasgoingtofloodyouwiththem。"Ibid。，CorrespondenceofM。deMetternichwithM。deChampagnyonthissubject（June，1810）。
[69]"Souvenirs"，byPasquier，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—Vol。II。
p。196。
[70]MadamedeRémusat，II。，335。
[71]MadamedeRémusat，I。，231。
[72]Ibid。，335。
[73]M。deMetternich，I。，284。"OneofthosetowhomheseemedthemostattachedwasDuroc。’Helovesmethesameasadogloveshismaster，’isthephrasehemadeuseofinspeakingofhimtome。HecomparedBerthier’ssentimentforhispersontothatofachild’snurse。Farfrombeingopposedtohistheoryofthemotivesinfluencingmenthesesentimentswereitsnaturalconsequencewheneverhecameacrosssentimentstowhichhecouldnotapplythetheoryofcalculationbasedoncoldinterest，hesoughtthecauseofitinakindofinstinct。"
[74]Beugnot，"Mémoires，"II。，59。
[75]"Mémorial。""IfIhadreturnedvictoriousfromMoscow，IwouldhavebroughtthePopenottoregrettemporalpower:Iwouldhaveconvertedhimintoanidol……Iwouldhavedirectedthereligiousworldaswellasthepoliticalworld……MycouncilswouldhaverepresentedChristianity，andthePopewouldhaveonlybeenpresidentofthem。"
[76]DeSégur，III。，312。（InSpain，1809。）
[77]"MémoiresduPrinceEugène。"（LettersofNapoleon，August，1806。）
[78]LetterofNapoleontoFouché，March3，1810。（Leftoutinthe"CorrespondancedeNapoléonI。，"andpublishedbyM。Thiersin"HistoireduConsulatetdel’Empire，XII。，p。115。
[79]DeSégur，III。，459。
[80]WordsofNapoleontoMarmont，who，afterthreemonthsinthehospital，returnstohiminSpainwithabrokenarmandhishandinablacksling:"Youholdontothatragthen？"Sainte—Beuve，wholovesthetruthasitreallyis，quotesthewordsastheycame，whichMarmontdarednotreproduce。（CauseriesduLundi，VI。，16。）—
"Souvenirs"，byPasquier，LibrariePlon，Paris1893:"M。deChampagnyhavingbeendismissedandreplaced，acourageousfrienddefendedhimandinsistedonhismerit:"Youareright，"saidtheEmperor，"hehadsomewhenItookhim；butbycramminghimtoofull，Ihavemadehimstupid。"
[81]Beugnot，I。，456，464
[82]Mme。deRémusat，II。，272。
[83]M。deChampagny，"Souvenirs，"117。
[84]MadamedeRémusat，I。，125。
[85]DeSégur，III。，456。
[86]"TheAncientRegime，"p。125。—"？uvresdeLouisXIV。，"191:
"Ifthereisanypeculiarcharacteristicofthismonarchy，itisthefreeandeasyaccessofthesubjectstotheking；itanegalitédejusticebetweenboth，andwhich，sotosay，maintainsbothinagenialandhonestcompanionship，inspiteofthealmostinfinitedistanceinbirth，rank，andpower。Thisagreeablesociety，whichenablespersonsoftheCourttoassociatefamiliarlywithus，impressesthemandcharmsthemmorethanonecantell。"
[87]MadamedeRémusat，II。，32，39。
[88]MadamedeRémusat，III。，169。
[89]Ibid。，II。，32，223，240，259；III。，169。
[90]Ibid。，I。，112，II。，77。
[91]M。deMetternich，I。，286。—"ItwouldbedifficulttoimagineanygreaterawkwardnessthanthatofNapoleoninadrawing—room。—
VarnhagenvonEnse，"Ausgew？hlteSchriften，"III。，177。（AudienceofJuly10，1810）:"Ineverheardaharshervoice，onesoinflexible。
Whenhesmiled，itwasonlywiththemouthandaportionofthecheeks；thebrowandeyesremainedimmovablysombre，……Thiscompoundofasmilewithseriousnesshadinitsomethingterribleandfrightful。"—Ononeoccasion，atSt。Cloud，Varnhagenheardhimexclaimoverandoveragain，twentytimes，beforeagroupofladies，"Howhot！"
[92]Mme。deRémusat，II。，77，169。—Thibaudeau，"MémoiressurleConsulat，"p。18:"Hesometimespaysthemleft—handedcomplimentsontheirtoiletoradventures，whichwashiswayofcensuringmorals。"—
"MessouvenirssurNapoléon，"322byleComteChaptal:"Atafête，intheH？teldeVille，heexclaimedtoMadame————，whohadjustgivenhernametohim:’GoodGod，theytoldmeyouwerepretty！’Tosomeoldpersons:’Youhaven’tlongtolive！Toanotherlady:’Itisafinetimeforyou，nowyourhusbandisonhiscampaigns！’Ingeneral，thetoneofBonapartewasthatofanill—bredlieutenant。Heofteninvitedadozenorfifteenpersonstodinnerandrosefromthetablebeforethesoupwasfinished……Thecourtwasaregulargalleywhereeachrowedaccordingtocommand。"
[93]MadamedeRémusat，I。，114，122，206；II。，110，112。
[94]Ibid。，I。，277。
[95]"Hansard’sParliamentaryHistory，"vol。XXXVI。，。3I0。LordWhitworth’sdispatchtoLordHawkesbury，March14，1803，andaccountofthescenewithNapoleon。"Allthistookplaceloudenoughforthetwohundredpersonspresenttohearit。"—LordWhitworth（dispatchofMarch17）complainsofthistoTalleyrandandinformshimthatheshalldiscontinuehisvisitstotheTuileriesunlessheisassuredthatsimilarscenesshallnotoccuragain。—LordHawkesburyapprovesofthis（dispatchofMarch27），anddeclaresthattheproceedingisimproperandoffensivetotheKingofEngland。—Similarscenes，thesameconceitandintemperatelanguage，withM。deMetternich，atParis，in1809，alsoatDresden，in1813:againwithPrinceKorsakof，atParis，in1812；withM。deBalachof，atWilna，in1812，andwithPrinceCardito，atMilan，in1805。
[96]BeforetheruptureofthepeaceofAmiens（"Moniteur，"Aug。8，1802）:TheFrenchgovernmentisnowmorefirmlyestablishedthantheEnglishgovernment。"—（"Moniteur"Sept。10，1802）:"Whatadifferencebetweenapeoplewhichconquersforloveofgloryandapeopleoftraderswhohappentobecomeconquerors！"—（"Moniteur，"Feb。20，1803）:"ThegovernmentdeclareswithajustpridethatEnglandcannotnowcontendagainstFrance。"—Campaignof1805，9thbulletin，wordsofNapoleoninthepresenceofMack’sstaff:"IrecommendmybrothertheEmperorofGermanytomakepeaceasquickashecan！Nowisthetimetorememberthatallempirescometoanend；theideathatanendmightcometothehouseofLorraineoughttoalarmhim。"—LettertotheQueenofNaples，January2，1805:"LetyourMajestylistentowhatIpredict。Onthefirstwarbreakingout，ofwhichshemightbethecause，sheandherchildrenwillhaveceasedtoreign；herchildrenwouldgowanderingaboutamongthedifferentcountriesofEuropebegginghelpfromtheirrelations。"
[97]37thbulletin，announcingthemarchofanarmyonNaples"topunishtheQueen’streacheryandcastfromthethronethatcriminalwoman，who，withsuchshamelessness，hasviolatedallthatmenholdsacred。"—ProclamationofMay13，1809:"Vienna，whichtheprincesofthehouseofLorrainehaveabandoned，notashonorablesoldiersyieldingtocircumstancesandthechancesofwar，butasperjurerspursuedbyremorse……InflyingfromViennatheiradieustoitsinhabitantsconsistedofmurderandfire。LikeMedea，theyhavesacrificedtheirchildrenwiththeirownhands。"—13thbulletin:"TherageofthehouseofLorraineagainstthecityofVienna，"
[98]LettertotheKingofSpain，Sept。18，1803，andanotetotheSpanishministerofforeignaffairs，onthePrincedelaPaix:"Thisfavorite，whohassucceededbythemostcriminalwaystoadegreeunheardofintheannalsofhistory……LetYourMajestyputawayamanwho，maintaininginhisrankthelowpassionsofhischaracter，haslivedwhollyonhisvices。"—AfterthebattleofJéna，9th，17th，18th，and19thbulletins，comparisonoftheQueenofPrussiawithLadyHamilton，openandrepeatedinsinuations，imputingtoheranintriguewiththeEmperorAlexander。"EverybodyadmitsthattheQueenofPrussiaistheauthoroftheevilsthePrussiannationsuffers。Thisisheardeverywhere。HowchangedsheissincethatfatalinterviewwiththeEmperorAlexander！……TheportraitoftheEmperorAlexander，presentedtoherbythePrince，wasfoundintheapartmentoftheQueenatPotsdam。"
[99]"LaGuerrepatriotique"（1812—1815），accordingtothelettersofcontemporaries，byDoubravine（inRussian）。TheReportoftheRussianenvoy，M。deBalachof，isinFrench，[100]AnallusiontothemurderofPaulI。
[101]StanislasdeGirardin，"Mémoires，"III。，249。（ReceptionofNiv？se12，yearX。）TheFirstconsuladdressestheSenate:"Citizens，IwarnyouthatIregardthenominationofDaunoutothesenateasapersonalinsult，andyouknowthatIhaveneverputupwithone。"—
"CorrespondancedeNapoleonI。"（LetterofSept。23，1809，toM。deChampagny）:"TheEmperorFrancisinsultedmeinwritingtomethatI
cedenothingtohim，when，outofconsiderationforhim，Ihavereducedmydemandsnearlyone—half。"（Insteadof2，750，000Austriansubjectshedemandedonly1，600，000。）—Roederer，III。，377（Jan。24，1801）:"TheFrenchpeoplemustputupwithmydefectsiftheyfindI
amofservicetothem；itismyfaultthatIcannotendureinsults。"
[102]M。deMetternich，II。，378。（LettertotheEmperorofAustria，July28，1810。）
[103]NotepresentedbytheFrenchambassador，Otto，Aug。17，1802。
[104]StanislasGirardin，III。，296。（WordsoftheFirstconsul，Floreal24，yearXI。）:"IhadproposedtotheBritishminister，forseveralmonths，tomakeanarrangementbywhichalawshouldbepassedinFranceandinEnglandprohibitingnewspapersandthemembersofthegovernmentfromexpressingeithergoodorillofforeigngovernments。
Heneverwouldconsenttoit。"—St。Girardin:"Hecouldnot。"—
Bonaparte:"Why？"—St。Girardin:"Becauseanagreementofthatsortwouldhavebeenopposedtothefundamentallawofthecountry。"
Bonaparte:"Ihaveapooropinion，"etc。
[105]Hansard，vol。XXXVI。，p。1298。（DispatchofLordWhitworth，Feb。21，1803，conversationwiththeFirstconsulattheTuileries。）—
Seeley，’AShortHistoryofNapoleontheFirst。""Triflesisasoftenedexpression，LordWhitworthaddsinaparenthesiswhichhasneverbeenprinted；"theexpressionhemadeuseofistooinsignificantandtoolowtohaveaplaceinadispatchoranywhereelse，saveinthemouthofahack—driver。"
[106]Lanfrey，"HistoiredeNapoléon，"II。，482。（WordsoftheFirstconsultotheSwissdelegates，conferenceofJanuary29，1803。）
[107]SirNeilCampbell，"NapoleonatFontainebleauandElba，"p。201。
（ThewordsofNapoleontoSirNeilCampbellandtotheothercommissioners。）—TheMémorialdeSainteHelenementionsthesameplaninalmostidenticalterms。—PeletdelaLozère，"OpinionsdeNapoléonauconseild’état，"p。238（sessionofMarch4，1806）:"Withinforty—
eighthoursafterpeacewithEngland，IshallinterdictforeigncommoditiesandpromulgateanavigationactforbiddinganyotherthanFrenchvesselsenteringourports，builtofFrenchtimber，andwiththecrewstwo—thirdsFrench。EvencoalandEnglish’milords’shalllandonlyundertheFrenchflag。"—Ibid。，32。
[108]Moniteur，January30，1803（Sebastiani）。
[109]Hansard，vol。XXXVI。，p。1298。（LordWhitworth’sdispatch，Feb。21，1803，theFirstConsul’swordstoLordWhitworth。）
[110]"Memorial。"（Napoleon’sownwords，March24，1806。）
[111]Lanfrey，II。，476。（NotetoOtto，October23，1802。）—
Thiers，VI。，249。
[112]LettertoClarke，MinisterofWar，Jan。18，1814。"If，atLeipsic，Ihadhad30，000cannonballstofireoffontheeveningofthe18th，Ishouldto—daybemasteroftheworld。"
[113]"Memorial，"Nov。30，1815。
[114]Lanfrey，III。，—399。LettersofTalleyrand，October11and27，1805，andmemorandumaddressedtoNapoleon。
[115]AtthecouncilheldinrelationtothefuturemarriageofNapoleon，CambacérèsvainlysupportedanalliancewiththeRussians。
Thefollowingweek，hesaystoM。Pasquier:"Whenonehasonlyonegoodreasontogiveanditcannotpossiblybegiven，itisnaturalthatoneshouldbebeaten……，Youwillseethatitissogoodthatonephrasesufficestomakeitsforcefullyunderstood。IamdeeplyconvincedthatintwoyearsweshallhaveawarwiththatoftwopowerswhosedaughtertheEmperordoesnotmarry。NowawarwithAustriadoesnotcausemeanyuneasiness，andItrembleatawarwithRussia。Theconsequencesareincalculable。""Souvenirs"，byPASQUIER
（Etienne—Dennis，duc），LibrariePlon，Paris1893。VolI。，p293，p378。）。
[116]M。deMetternich，II。，305。（LettertotheEmperorofAustria，Aug。10，1809。）—Ibid。403……（LetterofJan。11，1811。）"MyappreciationofNapoleon’splansandprojects，atbottom，hasnevervaried。Themonstrouspurposeofthecompletesubjectionofthecontinentunderoneheadwas，andisstill，hisobject。"
[117]"CorrespondancedeNapoleonI。"（LettertotheKingofWurtemberg，April2，1814）:"Thewarwilltakeplaceinspiteofhim（theEmperorAlexander），inspiteofme，inspiteoftheinterestsofFranceandthoseofRussia。Havingalreadyseenthissooften，itismypastexperiencewhichenablesmetounveilthefuture，"
[118]Mollien，III。，135，190。—In1810"priceshaveincreased400%
onsugar，and100%oncottonanddyestuffs。"—"Morethan20，000
custom—houseofficerswereemployedonthefrontieragainstmorethan100，000smugglers，inconstantactivityandfavoredbythepopulation。"—"Souvenirs"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc），LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—，I。，387。—Therewerelicensesforimportingcolonialproducts，butonconditionofexportingaproportionatequantityofFrenchmanufactures；now，Englandrefusedtoreceivethem。Consequently，"notbeingallowedtobringthesearticlesbacktoFrance，theywerethrownoverboard。"—"Theybeganatfirstbydevotingtherefuseofmanufacturestothistrade，andthenendedbymanufacturingarticleswithoutotherdestination；forexample，atLyons，taffetasandsatins。"
[119]ProclamationofDec。27，1805:"TheNaplesdynastyhasceasedtoreign。ItsexistenceisincompatiblewiththereposeofEuropeandthehonorofmycrown。"—MessagetotheSenate，Dec。10，1810:"Freshguaranteeshavingbecomenecessary，theannexationtotheEmpireofthemouthsoftheEscaut，theMeuse，theRhine，theEms，theWeser，andtheElbe，seemedtometobethefirstandmostimportant……
TheannexationoftheValaisisananticipatedresultofthevastworksIhaveundertakenforthepasttenyearsinthatsectionoftheAlps。"
[120]WearefamiliarwiththeSpanishaffair。HistreatmentofPortugalisanteriorandofsameorder。—"Correspondance。"（LettertoJunot，Oct。31，1807）:—’Ihavealreadyinformedyou，thatinauthorizingyoutoenterasanauxiliary，itwastoenableyoutopossessyourselfofthe（Portuguese）fleet，butmymindwasmadeuptotakePortugal。"—（LettertoJunot，Dec。23，1807）:"Disarmthecountry。SendallthePortuguesetroopstoFrance……Iwantthemoutofthecountry。Haveallprinces，ministers，andothermenwhoserveasrallyingpoints，senttoFrance。"—（DecreeofDec。23，1807）:"Anextracontributionof100millionfrancsshallbeimposedonthekingdomofPortugal，toredeemallproperty，ofwhateverdenomination，belongingtoprivateparties……AllpropertybelongingtotheQueenofPortugal，totheprince—regent，andtoprincesinappanage；……allthepossessionsofthenobleswhohavefollowedtheking，onhisabandoningthecountry，andwhohadnotreturnedtothekingdombeforeFebruary1，shallbeputundersequestration。"—Cf。M。d’Haussonville，"L’égliseRomaineetlepremierEmpire，"5vols。（especiallythelastvolume）。NootherworkenablesonetoseeintoNapoleon’sobjectandproceedingsbetternormoreclosely。