Thefoundationofthecustomarycharacterofsomeotherprofessionsisnotsoobvious，andourapprobationofitisfoundedentirelyinhabit，withoutbeingeitherconfirmed，orenlivenedbyanyreflectionsofthiskind。Weareledbycustom，forexample，toannexthecharacterofgaiety，levity，andsprightlyfreedom，aswellasofsomedegreeofdissipation，tothemilitaryprofession。Yet，ifweweretoconsiderwhatmoodortoneoftemperwouldbemostsuitabletothissituation，weshouldbeapttodetermine，perhaps，thatthemostseriousandthoughtfulturnofmindwouldbestbecomethosewhoselivesarecontinuallyexposedtouncommondanger，andwhoshouldthereforebemoreconstantlyoccupiedwiththethoughtsofdeathanditsconsequencesthanothermen。Itisthisverycircumstance，however，whichisnotimprobablytheoccasionwhythecontraryturnofmindprevailssomuchamongmenofthisprofession。Itrequiressogreatanefforttoconquerthefearofdeath，whenwesurveyitwithsteadinessandattention，thatthosewhoareconstantlyexposedtoit，finditeasiertoturnawaytheirthoughtsfromitaltogether，towrapthemselvesupincarelesssecurityandindifference，andtoplungethemselves，forthispurpose，intoeverysortofamusementanddissipation。Acampisnottheelementofathoughtfuloramelancholyman:personsofthatcast，indeed，areoftenabundantlydetermined，andarecapable，byagreateffort，ofgoingonwithinflexibleresolutiontothemostunavoidabledeath。Buttobeexposedtocontinual，thoughlessimminentdanger，tobeobligedtoexert，foralongtime，adegreeofthiseffort，exhaustsanddepressesthemind，andrendersitincapableofallhappinessandenjoyment。Thegayandcareless，whohaveoccasiontomakenoeffortatall，whofairlyresolvenevertolookbeforethem，buttoloseincontinualpleasuresandamusementsallanxietyabouttheirsituation，moreeasilysupportsuchcircumstances。
　　Whenever，byanypeculiarcircumstances，anofficerhasnoreasontolayhisaccountwithbeingexposedtoanyuncommondanger，heisveryapttolosethegaietyanddissipatedthoughtlessnessofhischaracter。Thecaptainofacityguardiscommonlyassober，careful，andpenuriousananimalastherestofhisfellow-citizens。Alongpeaceis，forthesamereason，veryapttodiminishthedifferencebetweenthecivilandthemilitarycharacter。Theordinarysituation，however，ofmenofthisprofession，rendersgaiety，andadegreeofdissipation，somuchtheirusualcharacter；andcustomhas，inourimagination，sostronglyconnectedthischaracterwiththisstateoflife，thatweareveryapttodespiseanyman，whosepeculiarhumourorsituation，rendershimincapableofacquiringit。Welaughatthegraveandcarefulfacesofacityguard，whichsolittleresemblethoseoftheirprofession。Theythemselvesseemoftentobeashamedoftheregularityoftheirownmanners，and，nottobeoutofthefashionoftheirtrade，arefondofaffectingthatlevity，whichisbynomeansnaturaltothem。Whateveristhedeportmentwhichwehavebeenaccustomedtoseeinarespectableorderofmen，itcomestobesoassociatedinourimaginationwiththatorder，thatwheneverweseetheone，welayouraccountthatwearetomeetwiththeother，andwhendisappointed，misssomethingwhichweexpectedtofind。Weareembarrassed，andputtoastand，andknownothowtoaddressourselvestoacharacter，whichplainlyaffectstobeofadifferentspeciesfromthosewithwhichweshouldhavebeendisposedtoclassit。
　　Thedifferentsituationsofdifferentagesandcountriesareapt，inthesamemanner，togivedifferentcharacterstothegeneralityofthosewholiveinthem，andtheirsentimentsconcerningtheparticulardegreeofeachquality，thatiseitherblamableorpraise-worthy，vary，accordingtothatdegreewhichisusualintheirowncountry，andintheirowntimes。Thatdegreeofpoliteness，whichwouldbehighlyesteemed，perhapswouldbethoughteffeminateadulation，inRussia，wouldberegardedasrudenessandbarbarismatthecourtofFrance。Thatdegreeoforderandfrugality，which，inaPolishnobleman，wouldbeconsideredasexcessiveparsimony，wouldberegardedasextravaganceinacitizenofAmsterdam。Everyageandcountrylookuponthatdegreeofeachquality，whichiscommonlytobemetwithinthosewhoareesteemedamongthemselves，asthegoldenmeanofthatparticulartalentorvirtue。Andasthisvaries，accordingastheirdifferentcircumstancesrenderdifferentqualitiesmoreorlesshabitualtothem，theirsentimentsconcerningtheexactproprietyofcharacterandbehaviourvaryaccordingly。
　　Amongcivilizednations，thevirtueswhicharefoundeduponhumanity，aremorecultivatedthanthosewhicharefoundeduponself-denialandthecommandofthepassions。Amongrudeandbarbarousnations，itisquiteotherwise，thevirtuesofself-denialaremorecultivatedthanthoseofhumanity。Thegeneralsecurityandhappinesswhichprevailinagesofcivilityandpoliteness，affordlittleexercisetothecontemptofdanger，topatienceinenduringlabour，hunger，andpain。Povertymayeasilybeavoided，andthecontemptofitthereforealmostceasestobeavirtue。Theabstinencefrompleasurebecomeslessnecessary，andthemindismoreatlibertytounbenditself，andtoindulge。itsnaturalinclinationsinallthoseparticularrespects。
　　Amongsavagesandbarbariansitisquiteotherwise。EverysavageundergoesasortofSpartandiscipline，andbythenecessityofhissituationisinuredtoeverysortofhardship。
　　Heisincontinualdanger:heisoftenexposedtothegreatestextremitiesofhunger，andfrequentlydiesofpurewant。Hiscircumstancesnotonlyhabituatehimtoeverysortofdistress，butteachhimtogivewaytononeofthepassionswhichthatdistressisapttoexcite。Hecanexpectfromhiscountrymennosympathyorindulgenceforsuchweakness。Beforewecanfeelmuchforothers，wemustinsomemeasurebeateaseourselves。Ifourownmiserypinchesusveryseverely，wehavenoleisuretoattendtothatofourneighbour:andallsavagesaretoomuchoccupiedwiththeirownwantsandnecessities，togivemuchattentiontothoseofanotherperson。Asavage，therefore，whateverbethenatureofhisdistress，expectsnosympathyfromthoseabouthim，anddisdains，uponthataccount，toexposehimself，byallowingtheleastweaknesstoescapehim。Hispassions，howfuriousandviolentsoever，areneverpermittedtodisturbtheserenityofhiscountenanceorthecomposureofhisconductandbehaviour。
　　ThesavagesinNorthAmerica，wearetold，assumeuponalloccasionsthegreatestindifference，andwouldthinkthemselvesdegradediftheyshouldeverappearinanyrespecttobeovercome，eitherbylove，orgrief，orresentment。Theirmagnanimityandself-command，inthisrespect，arealmostbeyondtheconceptionofEuropeans。Inacountryinwhichallmenareuponalevel，withregardtorankandfortune，itmightbeexpectedthatthemutualinclinationsofthetwopartiesshouldbetheonlythingconsideredinmarriages，andshouldbeindulgedwithoutanysortofcontrol。This，however，isthecountryinwhichallmarriages，withoutexception，aremadeupbytheparents，andinwhichayoungmanwouldthinkhimselfdisgracedforever，ifheshewedtheleastpreferenceofonewomanaboveanother，ordidnotexpressthemostcompleteindifference，bothaboutthetimewhen，andthepersontowhom，hewastobemarried。Theweaknessoflove，whichissomuchindulgedinagesofhumanityandpoliteness，isregardedamongsavagesasthemostunpardonableeffeminacy。Evenafterthemarriage，thetwopartiesseemtobeashamedofaconnexionwhichisfoundeduponsosordidanecessity。Theydonotlivetogether。Theyseeoneanotherbystealthonly。Theybothcontinuetodwellinthehousesoftheirrespectivefathers，andtheopencohabitationofthetwosexes，whichispermittedwithoutblameinallothercountries，ishereconsideredasthemostindecentandunmanlysensuality。Norisitonlyoverthisagreeablepassionthattheyexertthisabsoluteself-command。Theyoftenbear，inthesightofalltheircountrymen，withinjuries，reproach，andthegrossestinsults，withtheappearanceofthegreatestinsensibility，andwithoutexpressingthesmallestresentment。Whenasavageismadeprisonerofwar，andreceives，asisusual，thesentenceofdeathfromhisconquerors，hehearsitwithoutexpressinganyemotion，andafterwardssubmitstothemostdreadfultorments，withouteverbemoaninghimself，ordiscoveringanyotherpassionbutcontemptofhisenemies。Whileheishungbytheshouldersoveraslowfire，hederideshistormentors，andtellsthemwithhowmuchmoreingenuityhehimselfhadtormentedsuchoftheircountrymenashadfallenintohishands。Afterhehasbeenscorchedandburnt，andlaceratedinallthemosttenderandsensiblepartsofhisbodyforseveralhourstogether，heisoftenallowed，inordertoprolonghismisery，ashortrespite，andistakendownfromthestake:heemploysthisintervalintalkinguponallindifferentsubjects，inquiresafterthenewsofthecountry，andseemsindifferentaboutnothingbuthisownsituation。Thespectatorsexpressthesameinsensibility；thesightofsohorribleanobjectseemstomakenoimpressionuponthem；theyscarcelookattheprisoner，exceptwhentheylendahandtotormenthim。Atothertimestheysmoketobacco，andamusethemselveswithanycommonobject，asifnosuchmatterwasgoingon。Everysavageissaidtopreparehimselffromhisearliestyouthforthisdreadfulend。Hecomposes，forthispurpose，whattheycallthesongofdeath，asongwhichheistosingwhenhehasfallenintothehandsofhisenemies，andisexpiringunderthetortureswhichtheyinflictuponhim。Itconsistsofinsultsuponhistormentors，andexpressesthehighestcontemptofdeathandpain。Hesingsthissonguponallextraordinaryoccasions，whenhegoesouttowar，whenhemeetshisenemiesinthefield，orwheneverhehasamindtoshowthathehasfamiliarisedhisimaginationtothemostdreadfulmisfortunes，andthatnohumaneventcandaunthisresolution，oralterhispurpose。Thesamecontemptofdeathandtortureprevailsamongallothersavagenations。ThereisnotanegrofromthecoastofAfricawhodoesnot，inthisrespect，possessadegreeofmagnanimitywhichthesoulofhissordidmasteristoooftenscarcecapableofconceiving。Fortuneneverexertedmorecruellyherempireovermankind，thanwhenshesubjectedthosenationsofheroestotherefuseofthejailsofEurope，towretcheswhopossessthevirtuesneitherofthecountrieswhichtheycomefrom，norofthosewhichtheygoto，andwhoselevity，brutality，andbaseness，sojustlyexposethemtothecontemptofthevanquished。
　　Thisheroicandunconquerablefirmness，whichthecustomandeducationofhiscountrydemandofeverysavage，isnotrequiredofthosewhoarebroughtuptoliveincivilizedsocieties。Iftheselastcomplainwhentheyareinpain，iftheygrievewhentheyareindistress，iftheyallowthemselveseithertobeovercomebylove，ortobediscomposedbyanger，theyareeasilypardoned。Suchweaknessesarenotapprehendedtoaffecttheessentialpartsoftheircharacter。Aslongastheydonotallowthemselvestobetransportedtodoanythingcontrarytojusticeorhumanity，theylosebutlittlereputation，thoughtheserenityoftheircountenance，orthecomposureoftheirdiscourseandbehaviour，shouldbesomewhatruffledanddisturbed。Ahumaneandpolishedpeople，whohavemoresensibilitytothepassionsofothers，canmorereadilyenterintoananimatedandpassionatebehaviour，andcanmoreeasilypardonsomelittleexcess。Thepersonprincipallyconcernedissensibleofthis；andbeingassuredoftheequityofhisjudges，indulgeshimselfinstrongerexpressionsofpassion，andislessafraidofexposinghimselftotheircontemptbytheviolenceofhisemotions。Wecanventuretoexpressmoreemotioninthepresenceofafriendthaninthatofastranger，becauseweexpectmoreindulgencefromtheonethanfromtheother。Andinthesamemannertherulesofdecorumamongcivilizednations，admitofamoreanimatedbehaviour，thanisapprovedofamongbarbarians。Thefirstconversetogetherwiththeopennessoffriends；thesecondwiththereserveofstrangers。TheemotionandvivacitywithwhichtheFrenchandtheItalians，thetwomostpolishednationsuponthecontinent，expressthemselvesonoccasionsthatareatallinteresting，surpriseatfirstthosestrangerswhohappentobetravellingamongthem，andwho，havingbeeneducatedamongapeopleofdullersensibility，cannotenterintothispassionatebehaviour，ofwhichtheyhaveneverseenanyexampleintheirowncountry。A