Itisthesamecasewiththosepassionswehavebeenjustnowconsidering。Theirimmediateeffectsaresodisagreeable，thatevenwhentheyaremostjustlyprovoked，thereisstillsomethingaboutthemwhichdisgustsus。These，therefore，aretheonlypassionsofwhichtheexpressions，asIformerlyobserved，donotdisposeandprepareustosympathizewiththem，beforeweareinformedofthecausewhichexcitesthem。Theplaintivevoiceofmisery，whenheardatadistance，willnotallowustobeindifferentaboutthepersonfromwhomitcomes。Assoonasitstrikesourear，itinterestsusinhisfortune，and，ifcontinued，forcesusalmostinvoluntarilytoflytohisassistance。Thesightofasmilingcountenance，inthesamemanner，elevateseventhepensiveintothatgayandairymood，whichdisposeshimtosympathizewith，andsharethejoywhichitexpresses；andhefeelshisheart，whichwiththoughtandcarewasbeforethatshrunkanddepressed，instantlyexpandedandelated。Butitisquiteotherwisewiththeexpressionsofhatredandresentment。Thehoarse，boisterous，anddiscordantvoiceofanger，whenheardatadistance，inspiresuseitherwithfearoraversion。Wedonotflytowardsit，astoonewhocriesoutwithpainandagony。Women，andmenofweaknerves，trembleandareovercomewithfear，thoughsensiblethatthemselvesarenottheobjectsoftheanger。Theyconceivefear，however，byputtingthemselvesinthesituationofthepersonwhoisso。Eventhoseofstouterheartsaredisturbed；notindeedenoughtomakethemafraid，butenoughtomakethemangry；forangeristhepassionwhichtheywouldfeelinthesituationoftheotherperson。Itisthesamecasewithhatred。Mereexpressionsofspiteinspireitagainstnobody，butthemanwhousesthem。Boththesepassionsarebynaturetheobjectsofouraversion。Theirdisagreeableandboisterousappearanceneverexcites，neverprepares，andoftendisturbsoursympathy。Griefdoesnotmorepowerfullyengageandattractustothepersoninwhomweobserveit，thanthese，whileweareignorantoftheircause，disgustanddetachusfromhim。
　　Itwas，itseems，theintentionofNature，thatthoserougherandmoreunamiableemotions，whichdrivemenfromoneanother，shouldbelesseasilyandmorerarelycommunicated。
　　Whenmusicimitatesthemodulationsofgrieforjoy，iteitheractuallyinspiresuswiththosepassions，oratleastputsusinthemoodwhichdisposesustoconceivethem。Butwhenitimitatesthenotesofanger，itinspiresuswithfear。Joy，grief，love，admiration，devotion，areallofthempassionswhicharenaturallymusical。Theirnaturaltonesareallsoft，clear，andmelodious；andtheynaturallyexpressthemselvesinperiodswhicharedistinguishedbyregularpauses，andwhichuponthataccountareeasilyadaptedtotheregularreturnsofthecorrespondentairsofatune。Thevoiceofanger，onthecontrary，andofallthepassionswhichareakintoit，isharshanddiscordant。Itsperiodstooareallirregular，sometimesverylong，andsometimesveryshort，anddistinguishedbynoregularpauses。Itiswithdifficulty，therefore，thatmusiccanimitateanyofthosepassions；andthemusicwhichdoesimitatethemisnotthemostagreeable。Awholeentertainmentmayconsist，withoutanyimpropriety，oftheimitationofthesocialandagreeablepassions。Itwouldbeastrangeentertainmentwhichconsistedaltogetheroftheimitationsofhatredandresentment。
　　Ifthosepassionsaredisagreeabletothespectator，theyarenotlesssotothepersonwhofeelsthem。Hatredandangerarethegreatestpoisontothehappinessofagoodmind。Thereis，intheveryfeelingofthosepassions，somethingharsh，jarring，andconvulsive，somethingthattearsanddistractsthebreast，andisaltogetherdestructiveofthatcomposureandtranquillityofmindwhichissonecessarytohappiness，andwhichisbestpromotedbythecontrarypassionsofgratitudeandlove。Itisnotthevalueofwhattheylosebytheperfidyandingratitudeofthosetheylivewith，whichthegenerousandhumanearemostapttoregret。
　　Whatevertheymayhavelost，theycangenerallybeveryhappywithoutit。Whatmostdisturbsthemistheideaofperfidyandingratitudeexercisedtowardsthemselves；andthediscordantanddisagreeablepassionswhichthisexcites，constitute，intheirownopinion，thechiefpartoftheinjurywhichtheysuffer。
　　Howmanythingsarerequisitetorenderthegratificationofresentmentcompletelyagreeable，andtomakethespectatorthoroughlysympathizewithourrevenge？Theprovocationmustfirstofallbesuchthatweshouldbecomecontemptible，andbeexposedtoperpetualinsults，ifwedidnot，insomemeasure，resentit。Smalleroffencesarealwaysbetterneglected；noristhereanythingmoredespicablethanthatfrowardandcaptioushumourwhichtakesfireuponeveryslightoccasionofquarrel。Weshouldresentmorefromasenseoftheproprietyofresentment，fromasensethatmankindexpectandrequireitofus，thanbecausewefeelinourselvesthefuriesofthatdisagreeablepassion。Thereisnopassion，ofwhichthehumanmindiscapable，concerningwhosejustnessweoughttobesodoubtful，concerningwhoseindulgenceweoughtsocarefullytoconsultournaturalsenseofpropriety，orsodiligentlytoconsiderwhatwillbethesentimentsofthecoolandimpartialspectator。Magnanimity，oraregardtomaintainourownrankanddignityinsociety，istheonlymotivewhichcanennobletheexpressionsofthisdisagreeablepassion。Thismotivemustcharacterizeourwholestileanddeportment。Thesemustbeplain，open，anddirect；
　　determinedwithoutpositiveness，andelevatedwithoutinsolence；
　　notonlyfreefrompetulanceandlowscurrility，butgenerous，candid，andfullofallproperregards，evenforthepersonwhohasoffendedus。Itmustappear，inshort，fromourwholemanner，withoutourlabouringaffectedlytoexpressit，thatpassionhasnotextinguishedourhumanity；andthatifweyieldtothedictatesofrevenge，itiswithreluctance，fromnecessity，andinconsequenceofgreatandrepeatedprovocations。Whenresentmentisguardedandqualifiedinthismanner，itmaybeadmittedtobeevengenerousandnoble。
　　OfthesocialPassionsAsitisadividedsympathywhichrendersthewholesetofpassionsjustnowmentioned，uponmostoccasions，soungracefulanddisagreeable；sothereisanothersetoppositetothese，whicharedoubledsympathyrendersalmostalwayspeculiarlyagreeableandbecoming。Generosity，humanity，kindness，compassion，mutualfriendshipandesteem，allthesocialandbenevolentaffections，whenexpressedinthecountenanceorbehaviour，eventowardsthosewhoarenotpeculiarlyconnectedwithourselves，pleasetheindifferentspectatoruponalmosteveryoccasion。Hissympathywiththepersonwhofeelsthosepassions，exactlycoincideswithhisconcernforthepersonwhoistheobjectofthem。Theinterest，which，asaman，heisobligedtotakeinthehappinessofthislast，enlivenshisfellow-feelingwiththesentimentsoftheother，whoseemotionsareemployedaboutthesameobject。Wehavealways，therefore，thestrongestdispositiontosympathizewiththebenevolentaffections。Theyappearineveryrespectagreeabletous。Weenterintothesatisfactionbothofthepersonwhofeelsthem，andofthepersonwhoistheobjectofthem。Forastobetheobjectofhatredandindignationgivesmorepainthanalltheevilwhichabravemancanfearfromhisenemies；sothereisasatisfactionintheconsciousnessofbeingbeloved，which，toapersonofdelicacyandsensibility，isofmoreimportancetohappiness，thanalltheadvantagewhichhecanexpecttoderivefromit。Whatcharacterissodetestableasthatofonewhotakespleasuretosowdissensionamongfriends，andtoturntheirmosttenderloveintomortalhatred？Yetwhereindoestheatrocityofthissomuchabhorredinjuryconsist？Isitindeprivingthemofthefrivolousgoodoffices，which，hadtheirfriendshipcontinued，theymighthaveexpectedfromoneanother？Itisindeprivingthemofthatfriendshipitself，inrobbingthemofeachother’saffections，fromwhichbothderivedsomuchsatisfaction；
　　itisindisturbingtheharmonyoftheirhearts，andputtinganendtothathappycommercewhichhadbeforesubsistedbetweenthem。Theseaffections，thatharmony，thiscommerce，arefelt，notonlybythetenderandthedelicate，butbytherudestvulgarofmankind，tobeofmoreimportancetohappinessthanallthelittleserviceswhichcouldbeexpectedtoflowfromthem。
　　Thesentimentofloveis，initself，agreeabletothepersonwhofeelsit。Itsoothsandcomposesthebreast，seemstofavourthevitalmotions，andtopromotethehealthfulstateofthehumanconstitution；anditisrenderedstillmoredelightfulbytheconsciousnessofthegratitudeandsatisfactionwhichitmustexciteinhimwhoistheobjectofit。Theirmutualregardrendersthemhappyinoneanother，andsympathy，withthismutualregard，makesthemagreeabletoeveryotherperson。Withwhatpleasuredowelookuponafamily，throughthewholeofwhichreignmutualloveandesteem，wheretheparentsandchildrenarecompanionsforoneanother，withoutanyotherdifferencethanwhatismadebyrespectfulaffectionontheoneside，andkindindulgenceontheother。wherefreedomandfondness，mutualrailleryandmutualkindness，showthatnooppositionofinterestdividesthebrothers，noranyrivalshipoffavoursetsthesistersatvariance，andwhereeverythingpresentsuswiththeideaofpeace，cheerfulness，harmony，andcontentment？Onthecontrary，howuneasyarewemadewhenwegointoahouseinwhichjarringcontentionsetsonehalfofthosewhodwellinitagainsttheother；whereamidstaffectedsmoothnessandcomplaisance，suspiciouslooksandsuddenstartsofpassionbetraythemutualjealousieswhichburnwithinthem，andwhichareeverymomentreadytoburstoutthroughalltherestraintswhichthepresenceofthecompanyimposes？
　　Thoseamiablepassions，evenwhentheyareacknowledgedtobeexcessive，areneverregardedwithaversion。Thereissomethingagreeableevenintheweaknessoffriendshipandhumanity。Thetootendermother，thetooindulgentfather，thetoogenerousandaffectionatefriend，maysometimes，perhaps，onaccountofthesoftnessoftheirnatures，belookeduponwithaspeciesofpity，inwhich，however，thereisamixtureoflove，butcanneverberegardedwithhatredandaversion，norevenwithcontempt，unlessbythemostbrutalandworthlessofmankind。Itisalwayswithconcern，withsympathyandkindness，thatweblamethemfortheextravaganceoftheirattachment。Thereisahelplessnessinthecharacterofextremehumanitywhichmorethananythinginterestsourpity。Thereisnothinginitselfwhichrendersiteitherungracefulordisagreeable。Weonlyregretthatitisunfitfortheworld，becausetheworldisunworthyofit，andbecauseitmustexposethepersonwhoisendowedwithitasapreytotheperfidyandingratitudeofinsinuatingfalsehood，andtoathousandpainsanduneasinesses，which，ofallmen，hetheleastdeservestofeel，andwhichgenerallytooheis，ofallmen，theleastcapableofsupporting。Itisquiteotherwisewithhatredandresentment。Tooviolentapropensitytothosedetestablepassions，rendersapersontheobjectofuniversaldreadandabhorrence，who，likeawildbeast，ought，wethink，tobehuntedoutofallcivilsociety。
　　OftheselfishPassionsBesidesthosetwooppositesetsofpassions，thesocialandunsocial，thereisanotherwhichholdsasortofmiddleplacebetweenthem；isnevereithersogracefulasissometimestheoneset，noriseversoodiousasissometimestheother。Griefandjoy，whenconceiveduponaccountofourownprivategoodorbadfortune，constitutethisthirdsetofpassions。Evenwhenexcessive，theyareneversodisagreeableasexcessiveresentment，becausenooppositesympathycaneverinterestusagainstthem:andwhenmostsuitabletotheirobjects，theyareneversoagreeableasimpartialhumanityandjustbenevolence；
　　becausenodoublesympathycaneverinterestusforthem。Thereis，however，thisdifferencebetweengriefandjoy，thatwearegenerallymostdisposedtosympathizewithsmalljoysandgreatsorrows。Themanwho，bysomesuddenrevolutionoffortune，isliftedupallatonceintoaconditionoflife，greatlyabovewhathehadformerlylivedin，maybeassuredthatthecongratulationsofhisbestfriendsarenotallofthemperfectlysincere。Anupstart，thoughofthegreatestmerit，isgenerallydisagreeable，andasentimentofenvycommonlypreventsusfromheartilysympathizingwithhisjoy。Ifhehasanyjudgment，heissensibleofthis，andinsteadofappearingtobeelatedwithhisgoodfortune，heendeavours，asmuchashecan，tosmotherhisjoy，andkeepdownthatelevationofmindwithwhichhisnewcircumstancesnaturallyinspirehim。Heaffectsthesameplainnessofdress，andthesamemodestyofbehaviour，whichbecamehiminhisformerstation。Heredoubleshisattentiontohisoldfriends，andendeavoursmorethanevertobehumble，assiduous，andcomplaisant。Andthisisthebehaviourwhichinhissituationwemostapproveof；becauseweexpect，itseems，thatheshouldhavemoresympathywithourenvyandaversiontohishappiness，thanwehavewithhishappiness。Itisseldomthatwithallthishesucceeds。Wesuspectthesincerityofhishumility，andhegrowswearyofthisconstraint。Inalittletime，therefore，hegenerallyleavesallhisoldfriendsbehindhim，someofthemeanestofthemexcepted，whomay，perhaps，condescendtobecomehisdependents:nordoeshealwaysacquireanynewones；theprideofhisnewconnectionsisasmuchaffrontedatfindinghimtheirequal，asthatofhisoldoneshadbeenbyhisbecomingtheirsuperior:anditrequiresthemostobstinateandperseveringmodestytoatoneforthismortificationtoeither。Hegenerallygrowswearytoosoon，andisprovoked，bythesullenandsuspiciousprideoftheone，andbythesaucycontemptoftheother，totreatthefirstwithneglect，andthesecondwithpetulance，tillatlasthegrowshabituallyinsolent，andforfeitstheesteemofall。Ifthechiefpartofhumanhappinessarisesfromtheconsciousnessofbeingbeloved，asI