willobserve，thatthatofMr。Neckarstatedtherealandordinarydeficittobefifty-sixmillions，andthatheshewedthatthiscouldbemadeupwithoutanewtax，byeconomiesandbonificationswhichhespecified。Severalarticlesofthelatterareliabletotheobjection，thattheyareproposedonbranchesoftherevenue，ofwhichthenationhasdemandedasuppression。Hetrippedtoolightlyoverthegreatarticlesofconstitutionalreformation，thesebeingnotasclearlyenouncedinthisdiscourseastheywereinhis`Rapportauroy，’whichIsentyousometimeago。Onthewhole，hisdiscoursehasnotsatisfiedthepatrioticparty。Itisnow，forthefirsttime，thattheirrevolutionislikelytoreceiveaseriouscheck，andbeginstowearafearfulappearance。TheprogressoflightandliberalityintheorderoftheNoblesse，hasequalledexpectationinParisonly，anditsvicinities。Thegreatmassofdeputiesofthatorder，whichcomefromthecountry，shewthatthehabitsoftyrannyoverthepeople，aredeeplyrootedinthem。Theywillconsent，indeed，toequaltaxation；butfive-sixthsofthatchamberarethoughttobe，decidedly，forvotingbyorders；sothat，hadthisgreatpreliminaryquestionrestedonthisbody，whichformedheretoforethesolehope，thathopewouldhavebeencompletelydisappointed。Someaid，however，comesinfromaquarterwhencenonewasexpected。Itwasimaginedtheecclesiasticalelectionswouldhavebeengenerallyinfavorofthehigherclergy；onthecontrary，thelowerclergyhaveobtainedfive-sixthsofthesedeputations。
　　Thesearethesonsofpeasants，whohavedoneallthedrudgeryoftheservice，forten，twentyandthirtyguineasayear，andwhoseoppressionsandpenury，contrastedwiththeprideandluxuryofthehigherclergy，haverenderedthemperfectlydisposedtohumblethelatter。Theyhavedoneit，inmanyinstances，withaboldnesstheywerethoughtinsusceptibleof。Greathopeshavebeenformed，thatthesewouldconcurwiththeTiersEtat，invotingbypersons。Infact，abouthalfofthemseemasyetsodisposed；butthebishopsareintriguing，anddrawingthemoverwiththeaddresswhichhasevermarkedecclesiasticalintrigue。ThedeputiesoftheTiersEtatseem，almosttoaman，inflexiblydeterminedagainstthevotebyorders。
　　Thisisthestateofparties，aswellascanbejudgedfromconversationonly，duringthefortnighttheyhavebeennowtogether。
　　Butasnobusinesshasbeenyetbegun，novotesasyettaken，thiscalculationcannotbeconsideredassure。Amiddlepropositionistalkedof，toformthetwoprivilegedordersintoonechamber。Itisthoughtmorepossibletobringthemintoit，thantheTiersEtat。
　　Anotherpropositionis，todistinguishquestions，referringthoseofcertaindescriptionstoavotebypersons，otherstoavotebyorders。Thisseemstoadmitofendlessaltercation，andtheTiersEtatmanifestnorespectforthat，oranyothermodificationwhatever。Werethissinglequestionaccommodated，Iamofopinion，therewouldnotoccurtheleastdifficultyinthegreatandessentialpointsofconstitutionalreformation。Butonthispreliminaryquestionthepartiesaresoirreconcilable，thatitisimpossibletoforeseewhatissueitwillhave。TheTiersEtat，asconstitutingthenation，mayproposetodothebusinessofthenation，eitherwithorwithouttheminoritiesintheHousesofClergyandNobles，whichsidewiththem。Inthatcase，iftheKingshouldagreetoit，themajoritiesinthosetwoHouseswouldsecede，andmightresistthetaxgatherers。Thiswouldbringonacivilwar。Ontheotherhand，theprivilegedorders，offeringtosubmittoequaltaxation，mayproposetotheKingtocontinuethegovernmentinitsformertrain，resumingtohimselfthepoweroftaxation。Here，thetaxgatherersmightberesistedbythepeople。Infine，itisbuttoopossible，thatbetweenpartiessoanimated，theKingmayinclinethebalanceashepleases。Happythatheisanhonest，unambitiousman，whodesiresneithermoneynorpowerforhimself；andthathismostoperativeminister，thoughhehasappearedtotrimalittle，isstill，inthemain，afriendtopublicliberty。
　　Imentionedtoyouinaformerletter，theconstructionwhichourbankersatAmsterdamhadputontheresolutionofCongress，appropriatingthelastDutchloan，bywhichthemoneyforourcaptiveswouldnotbefurnishedtilltheendoftheyear1790。
　　Ordersfromtheboardoftreasury，havenowsettledthisquestion。
　　Theinterestofthenextmonthistobefirstpaid，andafterthat，themoneyforthecaptivesandforeignofficersistobefurnished，beforeanyotherpaymentofinterest。ThisinsuresitwhenthenextFebruaryinterestbecomespayable。Myrepresentationstothem，onaccountofthecontractsIhadenteredintoformakingthemedals，haveproducedfromthemthemoneyforthatobject，whichislodgedinthehandsofMr。Grand。
　　Mr。Neckar，inhisdiscourse，proposesamonghisbonificationsofrevenue，thesuppressionofourtwofreeportsofBayonneandL’Orient，whichhesays，occasionalossofsixhundredthousandlivresannually，tothecrown，bycontraband。Thespeechbeingnotyetprinted，Istatethisonlyasitstruckmyearwhenhedeliveredit。IfIhavemistakenit，Ibegyoutoreceivethisasmyapology，andtoconsiderwhatfollows，aswrittenonthatideaonly。Ihaveneverbeenabletoseethatthesefreeportswereworthonecoppertous。ToBayonneourtradeneverwent，anditisleavingL’Orient。
　　Besides，therightofentrepotisaperfectsubstitutefortherightoffreeport。Thelatterisalittlelesstroublesomeonly，tothemerchantsandcaptains。Ishouldthink，therefore，thatathingsouselesstousandprejudicialtothemmightberelinquishedbyus，onthecommonprinciplesoffriendship。Iknowthemerchantsoftheseportswillmakeaclamour，becausethefranchisecoverstheircontrabandwithalltheworld。HasMonsieurdeMoustiersaidanythingtoyouonthissubject?Ithasneverbeenmentionedtome。Ifnotmentionedineitherway，itisratheranindecentproceeding，consideringthatthisrightoffreeportisfoundedintreaty。I
　　shallaskofM。deMontmorin，onthefirstoccasion，whetherhehascommunicatedthistoyouthroughhisminister；andifhehasnot，I
　　willendeavortonoticetheinfractiontohiminsuchmanner，asneithertoreclaimnorabandontherightoffreeport，butleaveourgovernmentfreetodoeither。
　　ThegazettesofFranceandLeyden，asusual，willaccompanythis。Iaminhourlyexpectationofreceivingfromyoumyleaveofabsence，andkeepmyaffairssoarranged，thatIcanleavePariswithineightdaysafterreceivingthepermission。Ihavethehonortobe，withsentimentsofthemostperfectesteemandrespect，Sir，yourmostobedientandmosthumbleservant，ACHARTERFORFRANCE
　　_ToRaboutdeSt。Etienne，withDraftofaCharterofRights_
　　_Paris，June3，1789_
　　SIR，——Afteryouquittedusyesterdayevening，wecontinuedourconversationMonsr。delaFayette，Mr。Short&myselfonthesubjectofthedifficultieswhichenvironyou。ThedesirableobjectbeingtosecurethegoodwhichtheKinghasoffered&toavoidtheillwhichseemstothreaten，anideawassuggested，whichappearingtomakeanimpressiononMonsr。delaFayette，IwasencouragedtopursueitonmyreturntoParis，toputitintoform，&nowtosendittoyou&him。Itisthis，thattheKing，ina_seanceroyale_
　　shouldcomeforwardwithaCharterofRightsinhishand，tobesignedbyhimself&byeverymemberofthethreeorders。ThischartertocontainthefivegreatpointswhichtheResultatofDecemberofferedonthepartoftheKing，theabolitionofpecuniaryprivilegesofferedbytheprivilegedorders，&theadoptionoftheNationaldebtandagrantofthesumofmoneyaskedfromthenation。
　　Thislastwillbeacheappricefortheprecedingarticles，andletthesameactdeclareyourimmediateseparationtillthenextanniversarymeeting。Youwillcarrybacktoyourconstituentsmoregoodthaneverwaseffectedbeforewithoutviolence，andyouwillstopexactlyatthepointwhereviolencewouldotherwisebegin。Timewillbegained，thepublicmindwillcontinuetoripen&tobeinformed，abasisofsupportmaybepreparedwiththepeoplethemselves，andexpedientsoccurforgainingstillsomethingfurtheratyournextmeeting，&forstoppingagainatthepointofforce。I
　　haveventuredtosendtoyourself&MonsieurdelaFayetteasketchofmyideasofwhatthisactmightcontainwithoutendangeringanydispute。Butitisofferedmerelyasacanvasforyoutoworkon，ifitbefittoworkonatall。Iknowtoolittleofthesubject，&youknowtoomuchofittojustifymeinofferinganythingbutahint。I
　　havedoneittooinahurry：insomuchthatsincecommittingittowritingitoccurstomethatthe5’th。articlemaygivealarm，thatitisinagooddegreeincludedinthe4’th。，andisthereforeuseless。ButafterallwhatexcusecanImake，Sir，forthispresumption。IhavenonebutanunmeasureableloveforyournationandapainfulanxietylestDespotism，afteranunacceptedoffertobindit’sownhands，shouldseizeyouagainwithtenfoldfury。
　　Permitmetoaddtotheseverysincereassurancesofthesentimentsofesteem&respectwithwhichIhavethehonortobe，Sir，Yourmostobed’t。&mosthumbleserv’t。
　　_ACharterofRights，solemnlyestablishedbytheKingandNation。_
　　1。TheStatesGeneralshallassemble，uncalled，onthefirstdayofNovember，annually，andshallremaintogethersolongastheyshallseecause。Theyshallregulatetheirownelectionsandproceedings，anduntiltheyshallordainotherwise，theirelectionsshallbeintheformsobservedinthepresentyear，andshallbetriennial。
　　2。TheStatesGeneralaloneshalllevymoneyonthenation，andshallappropriateit。
　　3。LawsshallbemadebytheStatesGeneralonly，withtheconsentoftheKing。
　　4。Nopersonshallberestrainedofhisliberty，butbyregularprocessfromacourtofjustice，authorizedbyagenerallaw。
　　ExceptthataNoblemaybeimprisonedbyorderofacourtofjustice，ontheprayeroftwelveofhisnearestrelations。Oncomplaintofanunlawfulimprisonment，toanyjudgewhatever，heshallhavetheprisonerimmediatelybroughtbeforehim，andshalldischargehim，ifhisimprisonmentbeunlawful。Theofficerinwhosecustodytheprisoneris，shallobeytheordersofthejudge；andbothjudgeandofficershallberesponsible，civillyandcriminally，forafailureofdutyherein。
　　5。Themilitaryshallbesubordinatetothecivilauthority。
　　6。Printersshallbeliabletolegalprosecutionforprintingandpublishingfalsefacts，injurioustothepartyprosecuting；buttheyshallbeundernootherrestraint。
　　7。Allpecuniaryprivilegesandexemptions，enjoyedbyanydescriptionofpersons，areabolished。
　　8。AlldebtsalreadycontractedbytheKing，areherebymadethedebtsofthenation；andthefaiththereofispledgedfortheirpaymentinduetime。
　　9。EightymillionsoflivresarenowgrantedtotheKing，toberaisedbyloan，andreimbursedbythenation；andthetaxesheretoforepaid，shallcontinuetobepaidtotheendofthepresentyear，andnolonger。
　　10。TheStatesGeneralshallnowseparate，andmeetagainonthe1stdayofNovembernext。
　　Done，onbehalfofthewholenation，bytheKingandtheirrepresentativesintheStatesGeneral，atVersailles，this——dayofJune，1789。
　　SignedbytheKing，andbyeverymemberindividually，andinhispresence。”THEFIRSTCHAPTER……OFEUROPEANLIBERTY”
　　_ToDiodati_
　　_aParis，ce3’me。Aout1789_
　　Jeviensderecevoir，monchereMonsieur，l’honneurdevotrelettredu24。Juillet。Lapeineaveclaquellejem’exprimeenFransoisferoitquemareponseseroitbiencourtes’ilnem’etoitpaspermisderepondrequedanscettelangue。Maisjessaisqu’avecquelqueconnoissancedelalangueAngloisevousmeme，vousaurezuneaidetressuffisantedansMadamelacomtessequej’oseprierd’ajouterasesamitiesmultiplieesdeversmoicellededevenirl’interpretedecequevaisecrireenmaproprelangue，etqu’elleembelliraenlarendantenFransois。
　　Ipresumethatyourcorrespondentsherehavegivenyouahistoryofalltheeventswhichhavehappened。TheLeydengazette，tho’itcontainsseveralinconsiderableerrors，givesonthewholeajustenoughidea。ItisimpossibletoconceiveagreaterfermentationthanhasworkedinParis，nordoIbelievethatsogreatafermentationeverproducedsolittleinjuryinanyotherplace。I
　　havebeenthro’itdaily，haveobservedthemobswithmyowneyesinordertobesatisfiedoftheirobjects，anddeclaretoyouthatIsawsoplainlythelegitimacyofthem，thatIhavesleptinmyhouseasquietlythro’thewholeasIeverdidinthemostpeaceablemoments。
　　Sostronglyfortifiedwasthedespotismofthisgovernmentbylongpossession，bytherespect&thefearsofthepeople，bypossessingthepublicforce，bytheimposingauthorityofformsandoffaste，thathadithelditselfonthedefensiveonly，thenationalassemblywithalltheirgoodsense，wouldprobablyhaveonlyobtainedaconsiderableimprovementofthegovernment，notatotalrevisionofit。But，illinformedofthespiritoftheirnation，thedespotsaroundthethronehadrecoursetoviolentmeasures，theforerunnersofforce。Inthistheyhavebeencompletelyoverthrown，&thenationhasmadeatotalresumptionofrights，whichtheyhadcertainlyneverbeforeventuredeventothinkof。TheNationalassemblyhavenowascleanacanvastoworkonhereaswehadinAmerica。Suchhasbeenthefirmnessandwisdomoftheirproceedingsinmomentsofadversityaswellasprosperity，thatIhavethehighestconfidencethattheywillusetheirpowerjustly。AsfarasIcancollectfromconversationwiththeirmembers，theconstitutiontheywillproposewillresemblethatofEnglandinit’soutlines，butnotinit’sdefects。TheywillcertainlyleavethekingpossessedcompletelyoftheExecutivepowers，&particularlyofthepublicforce。Theirlegislaturewillconsistofoneorderonly，¬oftwoasinEngland：therepresentationwillbeequal¬abominablypartialasthatofEngland：itwillbeguardedagainstcorruption，insteadofhavingamajoritysoldtotheking，&renderinghiswillabsolute：
　　whetheritwillbeinonechamber，orbrokeintotwocannotbeforeseen。Theywillmeetatcertainepochs&sitaslongastheyplease，insteadofmeetingonlywhen，&sittingonlyaslongasthekingpleasesasinEngland。Thereisadifferenceofopinionwhetherthekingshallhaveanabsolute，oronlyaqualifiedNegativeontheiracts。Theparliamentswillprobablybesuppressed；&juriesprovidedincriminalcasesperhapsevenincivilones。Thisiswhatappearsprobableatpresent。TheAssemblyisthisdaydiscussingthequestionwhethertheywillhaveadeclarationofrights。Parishasbeenledbyeventstoassumethegovernmentofitself。Ithashithertoworntoomuchtheappearanceofconformitytocontinuethusindependentlyofthewillofthenation。Reflectionwillprobablymakethemsensiblethatthesecurityofalldependsonthedependanceofallonthenationallegislature。Ihavesomuchconfidenceonthegoodsenseofman，andhisqualificationsforself-government，thatI
　　amneverafraidoftheissuewherereasonisleftfreetoexertherforce；andIwillagreetobestonedasafalseprophetifalldoesnotendwellinthiscountry。Norwillitendwiththiscountry。
　　HersisbutthefirstchapterofthehistoryofEuropeanliberty。
　　ThecaptureoftheBaronBesenvalisveryembarrassingfortheStatesgeneral。Theyareprincipledagainstretrospectivelaws，&