_ToCharlesCarroll_
　　_Philadelphia，April15，1791_
　　DEARSIR，——Ireceivedlastnightyourfavorofthe10th，withMr。Brown’sreceipt，andthankyouforthetroubleyouhavebeensokindastotakeinthisbusiness。
　　Ournewsfromthewestwardisdisagreeable。ConstantmurderscommittingbytheIndians，andtheircombinationthreatenstobemoreandmoreextensive。Ihopeweshallgivethemathoroughdrubbingthissummer，andthenchangeourtomahawkintoagoldenchainoffriendship。Themosteconomicalaswellasmosthumaneconducttowardsthemistobribethemintopeace，andtoretaintheminpeacebyeternalbribes。Theexpeditionthisyearwouldhaveservedforpresentsonthemostliberalscaleforonehundredyears；norshallweotherwiseevergetridofanyarmy，orofourdebt。TheleastragofIndiandepredationwillbeanexcusetoraisetroopsforthosewholovetohavetroops，andforthosewhothinkthatapublicdebtisagoodthing。Adieu，mydearSir。Yoursaffectionately。
　　BURKE，PAINE，ANDMR。ADAMS
　　_TothePresidentoftheUnitedStates_
　　GEORGEWASHINGTON
　　_Philadelphia，May8，1791_
　　SIR，——Thelastweekdoesnotfurnishonesinglepubliceventworthycommunicatingtoyou：sothatIhaveonlytosay”alliswell。”Paine’sanswertoBurke’spamphletbeginstoproducesomesquibsinourpublicpapers。InFenno’spapertheyareBurkites，intheothers，Painites。OneofFenno’swasevidentlyfromtheauthorofthediscoursesonDavila。IamafraidtheindiscretionofaprinterhascommittedmewithmyfriendMr。Adams，forwhom，asoneofthemosthonest&disinterestedmenalive，Ihaveacordialesteem，increasedbylonghabitsofconcurrenceinopinioninthedaysofhisrepublicanism；andevensincehisapostacytohereditarymonarchy&nobility，tho’wediffer，wedifferasfriendsshoulddo。
　　BeckleyhadtheonlycopyofPaine’spamphlet，&lentittome，desiringwhenIshouldhavereadit，thatIwouldsendittoaMr。J。
　　B。Smith，whohadaskeditforhisbrothertoreprintit。BeinganutterstrangertoJ。B。Smith，bothbysight&characterIwroteanotetoexplaintohimwhyIastrangertohimsenthimapamphlet，towit，thatMr。Beckleyhaddesiredit；&totakeoffalittleofthedrynessofthenote，IaddedthatIwasgladtofinditwastobereprinted，thatsomethingwouldatlengthbepubliclysaidagainstthepoliticalheresieswhichhadlatelysprungupamongus，&thatI
　　didnotdoubtourcitizenswouldrallyagainroundthestandardofcommonsense。ThatIhadinmyviewtheDiscoursesonDavila，whichhavefilledFenno’spapers，foratwelvemonth，withoutcontradiction，iscertain，butnothingwaseverfurtherfrommythoughtsthantobecomemyselfthecontradictorbeforethepublic。Tomygreatastonishmenthowever，whenthepamphletcameout，theprinterhadprefixedmynotetoit，withouthavinggivenmethemostdistanthintofit。Mr。Adamswillunquestionablytaketohimselfthechargeofpoliticalheresy，asconsciousofhisownviewsofdrawingthepresentgovernmenttotheformoftheEnglishconstitution，and，I
　　fearwillconsidermeasmeaningtoinjurehiminthepubliceye。I
　　learnthatsomeAnglomenhavecensureditinanotherpointofview，asasanctionofPaine’sprinciplestendstogiveoffencetotheBritishgovernment。Theirrealfearhoweveristhatthispopular&
　　republicanpamphlet，takingwonderfully，islikelyatasinglestroketowipeoutalltheunconstitutionaldoctrineswhichtheirbell-weatherDavilahasbeenpreachingforatwelvemonth。I
　　certainlynevermadeasecretofmybeinganti-monarchical，&
　　anti-aristocratical；butIamsincerelymortifiedtobethusbroughtforwardonthepublicstage，wheretoremain，toadvanceortoretire，willbeequallyagainstmyloveofsilence&quiet，&myabhorrenceofdispute——IdonotknowwhetheryourecollectthattherecordsofVirginiaweredestroyedbytheBritishintheyear1781。Particularlythetransactionsoftherevolutionbeforethattime。IamcollectinghereallthelettersIwrotetoCongresswhileIwasintheadministrationthere，andthisbeingdoneIshallthenextendmyviewstothetransactionsofmypredecessors，inordertoreplacethewholeinthepublicofficesinVirginia。Ithinkthatduringmyadministration，saybetweenJune1。1779。&June1。1781。
　　Ihadthehonorofwritingfrequentletterstoyouonpublicaffairs，whichperhapsmaybeamongyourpapersatMountVernon。Woulditbeconsistentwithanygeneralresolutionyouhaveformedastoyourpapers，toletmylettersoftheaboveperiodcomeheretobecopied，inordertomakethemapartoftherecordsIamendeavoringtorestoreforthestate?orwouldtheirselectionbetootroublesome?
　　ifnot，Iwouldbegtheloanofthem，underanassurancethattheyshallbetakentheutmostcareof，&safelyreturnedtotheirpresentdeposit。
　　Thequiet®ularmovementsofourpoliticalaffairsleavesnothingtoaddbutconstantprayersforyourhealth&welfareandassurancesofthesincererespect&attachmentofSirYourmostobedient，&mosthumbleservt。
　　ANORTHERNTOUR
　　_ToThomasMannRandolph_
　　_Bennington，inVermont，June5，1791_
　　DEARSIR，——Mr。Madison&myselfaresofaronthetourwehadprojected。WehavevisitedinthecourseofittheprincipalscenesofGenl。Burgoyne’smisfortunestowitthegroundsatStillwaterwheretheactionofthatnamewasfought，&particularlythebreastworkswhichcostsomuchbloodtobothparties，theencampmentsatSaratoga&groundwheretheBritishpiledtheirarms，thefieldofthebattleofBenningtonabout9milesfromthisplace。WehavealsovisitedFortsWm。Henry&George，Ticonderoga，Crownpoint，&c。whichhavebeenscenesofbloodfromaveryearlypartofourhistory。Weweremorepleasedhoweverwiththebotanicalobjectswhichcontinuallypresentedthemselves。ThoseeitherunknownorrareinVirgnaweretheSugarmapleinvastabundance，theSilverfir，Whitepine，Pitchpine，Sprucepine，ashrubwithdecumbentstemswhichtheycallJuniper，anazaleaverydifferentfromthenudiflora，withverylargeclustersofflowers，morethicklysetonthebranches，ofadeeperred，&highpink-fragrance。ItistherichestshrubIhaveseen。Thehoneysuckleofthegardensgrowingwildonthebanks’ofL。George，thepaper-birch，anAspenwithavelvetleaf，ashrub-willowwithdownycatkins，awildgooseberry，thewildcherrywithsinglefruitnotthebunchcherrystrawberriesinabundance。
　　FromtheHighlandstothelakesitisalimestonecountry。ItisinvastquantitiesontheEasternsidesofthelakes，butnoneontheWesternsides。TheSandyhillfalls&Wing’sfalls，twoveryremarkablecataractsoftheHudsonofabout35f。or40f。eachbetweenF。Edward&F。Georgeareoflimestone，inhorizontalstrata。
　　ThoseoftheCohoes，ontheW。sideoftheHudson，&of70f。height，wethoughtnotoflimestone。Wehavemetwithasmallredsquirrelofthecolorofourfox-squirrel，withablackstripeoneachside，weighingabout6oz。generally，andinsuchabundanceonL。ChamplainparticularlyasthattwentyoddwerekilledatthehousewelodgedinoppositeCrownpointthemorningwearrivedthere，withoutgoing10
　　yardsfromthedoor。Wekilled3crossingthelakes，oneofthemjustashewasgettingashorewhereitwas3mileswide，&wherewiththehighwindthenblowinghemusthavemadeit5or6miles。
　　IthinkIaskedthefavr。ofyoutosendforAnthonyintheseasonforinoculn，aswellastodowhatisnecessaryintheorchard，astopursuetheobjectofinoculatingalltheSpontaneouscherrytreesinthefieldswithgoodfruit。
　　Wehavenowgotoverabout400milesofourtourandhavestillabout450moretogoover。ArrivinghereontheSaturdayevening，andthelawsofthestatenotpermittingustotravelontheSunday，hasgivenmetimetowritetoyoufromhence。IexpecttobeatPhiladelphiabythe20thor21st。Iam，withgreat&sincereesteemDearSiryoursaffectionately。
　　BREACHOFAFRIENDSHIP
　　_ToJohnAdams_
　　_Philadelphia，July17，1791_
　　DEARSIR——Ihaveadozentimestakenupmypentowritetoyouandasoftenlaiditdownagain，suspendedbetweenopposingconsiderations。Ideterminehowevertowritefromaconvictionthattruth，betweencandidminds，canneverdoharm。
　　ThefirstofPaine’spamphletsontheRightsofman，whichcametohandhere，belongedtoMr。Beckley。HelentittoMr。Madisonwholentittome；andwhileIwasreadingitMr。Beckleycalledonmeforit，and，asIhadnotfinishedit，hedesiredme，assoonasI
　　shouldhavedoneso，tosendittoMr。JonathanB。Smith，whosebrothermeanttoreprintit。Ifinishedreadingit，and，asIhadnoacquaintancewithMr。JonathanB。Smith，proprietyrequiredthatI
　　shouldexplaintohimwhyI，astrangertohim，senthimthepamphlet。IaccordinglywroteanoteofcomplimentinforminghimthatIdiditatthedesireofMr。Beckley，and，totakeoffalittleofthedrynessofthenote，IaddedthatIwasgladitwastobereprintedhere，andthatsomethingwastobepubliclysaidagainstthepoliticalheresieswhichhadsprungupamongusetc。IthoughtsolittleofthisnotethatIdidnotevenkeepacopyofit：noreverheardatittlemoreofittill，theweekfollowing，Iwasthunderstruckwithseeingitcomeoutattheheadofthepamphlet。I
　　hopedhoweveritwouldnotattractnotice。ButIfoundonmyreturnfromajourneyofamonththatawritercameforwardunderthesignatureofPublicola，attackingnotonlytheauthorandprinciplesofthepamphlet，butmyselfasit’ssponsor，byname。SoonaftercamehostsofotherwritersdefendingthepamphletandattackingyoubynameasthewriterofPublicola。Thuswereournamesthrownonthepublicstageaspublicantagonists。ThatyouandIdifferinourideasofthebestformofgovernmentiswellknowntousboth：butwehavedifferedasfriendsshoulddo，respectingthepurityofeachother’smotives，andconfiningourdifferenceofopiniontoprivateconversation。AndIcandeclarewithtruthinthepresenceofthealmightythatnothingwasfurtherfrommyintentionorexpectationthantohavehadeithermyownoryournamebroughtbeforethepubliconthisoccasion。Thefriendshipandconfidencewhichhassolongexistedbetweenusrequiredthisexplanationfromme，andIknowyoutoowelltofearanymisconstructionofthemotivesofit。Somepeopleherewhowouldwishmetobe，ortobethought，guiltyofimproprieties，havesuggestedthatIwasAgricola，thatIwasBrutusetc。etc。Ineverdidinmylife，eitherbymyselforbyanyother，haveasentenceofmineinsertedinanewspaperwithoutputtingmynametoit；andIbelieveInevershall。
　　WhiletheempressisrefusingpeaceunderamediationunlessOczakowandit’sterritorybecededtoher，sheisofferingpeaceontheperfectstatuquotothePorte，iftheywillconcludeitwithoutamediation。Francehasstruckasevereblowatournavigationbyadifferenceofdutyontob[acc]ocarriedinourandtheirships，andbytakingfromforeignbuiltshipsthecapabilityofnaturalization。
　　Shehasplacedourwhaleoilonratherabetterfootingthaneverbyconsolidatingthedutiesintoasingleoneof6。livres。Theyamountedbeforetosomesousoverthatsum。IamtoldIknownothowtrulythatEnglandhasprohibitedourspermacetioilaltogether，andwillprohibitourwheattillthepricethereis52/thequarter，whichitalmostneveris。WeexpecthourlytohearthetrueeventofGenl。Scott’sexpedition。Reportsgivefavorablehopesofit。BesogoodastopresentmyrespectfulcomplimentstoMrs。AdamsandtoacceptassurancesofthesentimentsofsincereesteemandrespectwithwhichIamDearSirYourfriendandservant。
　　HOPEFOR”OURBLACKBRETHREN”
　　_ToBenjaminBanneker_
　　_Philadelphia，Aug。30，1791_
　　SIR，——Ithankyousincerelyforyourletterofthe19thinstantandfortheAlmanacitcontained。NobodywishesmorethanI
　　dotoseesuchproofsasyouexhibit，thatnaturehasgiventoourblackbrethren，talentsequaltothoseoftheothercolorsofmen，andthattheappearanceofawantofthemisowingmerelytothedegradedconditionoftheirexistence，bothinAfrica&America。I
　　canaddwithtruth，thatnobodywishesmoreardentlytoseeagoodsystemcommencedforraisingtheconditionbothoftheirbody&mindtowhatitoughttobe，asfastastheimbecilityoftheirpresentexistence，andothercircumstanceswhichcannotbeneglected，willadmit。IhavetakenthelibertyofsendingyourAlmanactoMonsieurdeCondorcet，SecretaryoftheAcademyofSciencesatParis，andmemberofthePhilanthropicsociety，becauseIconsidereditasadocumenttowhichyourwholecolourhadarightfortheirjustificationagainstthedoubtswhichhavebeenentertainedofthem。
　　Iamwithgreatesteem，SirYourmostobed’thumbleserv’t。
　　STRENGTHENINGTHESTATEGOVERNMENTS