wouldratherleavethetransfertotheslowhandofaccident，thanhastenitbyguiltyexperimentsonthosewhoputtheirlivesintomyhands。Theonlysurefoundationsofmedicineare，anintimateknolegeofthehumanbody，andobservationontheeffectsofmedicinalsubstancesonthat。Theanatomical&clinicalschools，therefore，arethoseinwhichtheyoungphysicianshouldbeformed。
Ifheenterswithinnocencethatofthetheoryofmedicine，itisscarcelypossibleheshouldcomeoutuntaintedwitherror。Hismindmustbestrongindeed，if，risingabovejuvenilecredulity，itcanmaintainawiseinfidelityagainsttheauthorityofhisinstructors，&thebewitchingdelusionsoftheirtheories。YouseethatI
estimatejustlythatportionofinstructionwhichourmedicalstudentsderivefromyourlabors；&，associatingwithitoneofthechairswhichmyold&ablefriend，DoctorRush，sohonorablyfills，I
considerthemasthetwofundamentalpillarsoftheedifice。Indeed，Ihavesuchanopinionofthetalentsoftheprofessorsintheotherbrancheswhichconstitutetheschoolofmedicinewithyou，astohope&believe，thatitisfromthissideoftheAtlantic，thatEurope，whichhastaughtussomanyotherthings，willatlengthbeledintosoundprinciplesinthisbranchofscience，themostimportantofallothers，beingthattowhichwecommitthecareofhealth&life。
Idaresay，thatbythistime，youaresufficientlysensiblethatoldheadsaswellasyoung，maysometimesbechargedwithignoranceandpresumption。Thenaturalcourseofthehumanmindiscertainlyfromcredulitytoscepticism；andthisisperhapsthemostfavorableapologyIcanmakeforventuringsofaroutofmydepth，&
toonetoo，towhomthestrongaswellastheweakpointsofthissciencearesofamiliar。Buthavingstumbledonthesubjectinmyway，Iwishedtogiveaconfessionofmyfaithtoafriend；&therather，asIhadperhaps，attime，tohimaswellasothers，expressedmyscepticisminmedicine，withoutdefiningit’sextentorfoundation。Atanyrate，ithaspermittedme，foramoment，toabstractmyselffromthedry&drearywasteofpolitics，intowhichI
havebeenimpressedbythetimesonwhichIhappened，andtoindulgeintherichfieldsofnature，wherealoneIshouldhaveservedasavolunteer，iflefttomynaturalinclinations&partialities。
Isaluteyouatalltimeswithaffection&respect。
TORPEDOESANDSUBMARINES
_ToRobertFulton_
_Monticello，August16，1807_
SIR，——YourletterofJuly28，cametohandjustasIwasaboutleavingWashington，&ithasnotbeensoonerinmypowertoacknolegeit。Iconsideryourtorpedoesasveryvaluablemeansofdefenceofharbors，&havenodoubtthatweshouldadoptthemtoaconsiderabledegree。NotthatIgothewholelengthasIbelieveyoudoofconsideringthemassolelytobereliedon。Neitheranationnorthoseentrustedwithit’saffairs，couldbejustifiable，howeversanguinetheirexpectations，intrustingsolelytoanenginenotyetsufficientlytried，underallthecircumstanceswhichmayoccur，&againstwhichweknownotasyetwhatmeansofparryingmaybedevised。If，indeed，themodeofattachingthemtothecableofashipbetheonlyoneproposed，modesofpreventioncannotbedifficult。ButIhaveeverlookedtothesubmarineboatasmosttobedependedonforattachingthem，&tho’Iseenomentionofitinyourletter，oryourpublications，Iaminhopesitisnotabandonedasimpracticable。Ishouldwishtoseeacorpsofyoungmentrainedtothisservice。Itwouldbelongtotheengineersifatland，butbeingnautical，Isupposewemusthaveacorpsofnavalengineers，topractise&usethem。Idonotknowwhetherwehaveauthoritytoputanypartofourexistingnavalestablishmentinacourseoftraining，butitshallbethesubjectofaconsultationwiththeSecretaryoftheNavy。GenlDearbornehasinformedyouoftheurgencyofourwantofyouatNOrleansforthelocksthere。
Isaluteyouwithgreatrespect&esteem。
RELIGIOUSFREEDOM
_ToRev。SamuelMiller_
_Washington，Jan。23，1808_
SIR，——Ihavedulyreceivedyourfavorofthe18thandamthankfultoyouforhavingwrittenit，becauseitismoreagreeabletopreventthantorefusewhatIdonotthinkmyselfauthorizedtocomplywith。IconsiderthegovernmentoftheUS。asinterdictedbytheConstitutionfromintermeddlingwithreligiousinstitutions，theirdoctrines，discipline，orexercises。Thisresultsnotonlyfromtheprovisionthatnolawshallbemaderespectingtheestablishment，orfreeexercise，ofreligion，butfromthatalsowhichreservestothestatesthepowersnotdelegatedtotheU。S。
Certainlynopowertoprescribeanyreligiousexercise，ortoassumeauthorityinreligiousdiscipline，hasbeendelegatedtothegeneralgovernment。Itmustthenrestwiththestates，asfarasitcanbeinanyhumanauthority。ButitisonlyproposedthatIshould_recommend_，notprescribeadayoffasting&prayer。Thatis，thatIshould_indirectly_assumetotheU。S。anauthorityoverreligiousexerciseswhichtheConstitutionhasdirectlyprecludedthemfrom。
Itmustbemeanttoothatthisrecommendationistocarrysomeauthority，andtobesanctionedbysomepenaltyonthosewhodisregardit；notindeedoffineandimprisonment，butofsomedegreeofproscriptionperhapsinpublicopinion。Anddoesthechangeinthenatureofthepenaltymaketherecommendationtheless_alaw_ofconductforthosetowhomitisdirected?Idonotbelieveitisfortheinterestofreligiontoinvitethecivilmagistratetodirectit’sexercises，it’sdiscipline，orit’sdoctrines；norofthereligioussocietiesthatthegeneralgovernmentshouldbeinvestedwiththepowerofeffectinganyuniformityoftimeormatteramongthem。Fasting&prayerarereligiousexercises。Theenjoiningthemanactofdiscipline。Everyreligioussocietyhasarighttodetermineforitselfthetimesfortheseexercises，&theobjectsproperforthem，accordingtotheirownparticulartenets；andthisrightcanneverbesaferthanintheirownhands，wheretheconstitutionhasdepositedit。
Iamawarethatthepracticeofmypredecessorsmaybequoted。
ButIhaveeverbelievedthattheexampleofstateexecutivesledtotheassumptionofthatauthoritybythegeneralgovernment，withoutdueexamination，whichwouldhavediscoveredthatwhatmightbearightinastategovernment，wasaviolationofthatrightwhenassumedbyanother。Bethisasitmay，everyonemustactaccordingtothedictatesofhisownreason，&minetellsmethatcivilpowersalonehavebeengiventothePresidentoftheUS。andnoauthoritytodirectthereligiousexercisesofhisconstituents。
Iagainexpressmysatisfactionthatyouhavebeensogoodastogivemeanopportunityofexplainingmyselfinaprivateletter，inwhichIcouldgivemyreasonsmoreindetailthanmighthavebeendoneinapublicanswer：andIprayyoutoaccepttheassurancesofmyhighesteem&respect。”SUBJECTSFORAMAD-HOUSE”
_ToDr。ThomasLeib_
_Washington，June23，1808_
SIR，——IhavedulyreceivedyourfavorcoveringacopyofthetalktotheTammanysociety，forwhichIthankyou，andparticularlyforthefavorablesentimentsexpressedtowardsmyself。Certainly，nothingwillsomuchsweetenthetranquillityandcomfortofretirement，astheknoledgethatIcarrywithmethegoodwill&
approbationofmyrepublicanfellowcitizens，andespeciallyoftheindividualsinunisonwithwhomIhavesolongacted。Withrespecttothefederalists，Ibelievewethinkalike；forwhenspeakingofthem，wenevermeantoincludeaworthyportionofourfellowcitizens，whoconsiderthemselvesasindutyboundtosupporttheconstitutedauthoritiesofeverybranch，andtoreservetheiroppositiontotheperiodofelection。Thesehavingacquiredtheappellationoffederalists，whileafederaladministrationwasinplace，havenotcaredaboutthrowingofftheirname，butadheringtotheirprinciple，arethesupportersofthepresentorderofthings。
Theotherbranchofthefederalists，thosewhoaresoinprincipleaswellasinname，disapproveoftherepublicanprinciples&featuresofourConstitution，andwould，Ibelieve，welcomeanypubliccalamitywarwithEnglandexceptedwhichmightlessentheconfidenceofourcountryinthoseprinciples&forms。Ihavegenerallyconsideredthemratherassubjectsforamad-house。Buttheyarenowplayingagameofthemostmischevioustendency，withoutperhapsbeingthemselvesawareofit。TheyareendeavoringtoconvinceEnglandthatwesuffermorebytheembargothantheydo，&
thatiftheywillbutholdoutawhile，wemustabandonit。Itistrue，thetimewillcomewhenwemustabandonit。Butifthisisbeforetherepealoftheordersofcouncil，wemustabandonitonlyforastateofwar。Thedayisnotdistant，whenthatwillbepreferabletoalongercontinuanceoftheembargo。Butwecanneverremovethat，&letourvesselsgoout&betakenundertheseorders，withoutmakingreprisal。Yetthisistheverystateofthingswhichthesefederalmonarchistsareendeavoringtobringabout；andinthisitisbuttoopossibletheymaysucceed。Butthefactis，thatifwehavewarwithEngland，itwillbesolelyproducedbytheirmanoeuvres。Ithinkthatintwoorthreemonthsweshallknowwhatwillbetheissue。
Isaluteyouwithesteem&respect。
BONESFORTHENATIONALINSTITUTE
_ToLacepede，withaCatalogue_
_Washington，July14，1808_
SIR，——Ifmyrecollectiondoesnotdeceiveme，thecollectionoftheremainsoftheanimalincognitumoftheOhiosometimescalledmammoth，possessedbytheCabinetofNaturalHistoryatParis，isnotverycopious。Underthisimpression，andpresumingthatthisCabinetisalliedtotheNationalInstitute，towhichIamdesirousofrenderingsomeservice，Ihavelatelyavailedmyselfofanopportunityofcollectingsomeofthoseremains。GeneralClarkethecompanionofGovernorLewisinhisexpeditiontothePacificOcean
being，onalatejourney，topassbytheBig-boneLickoftheOhio，waskindenoughtoundertaketoemployformeanumberoflaborers，andtodirecttheiroperationsindiggingforthesebonesatthisimportantdepositofthem。TheresultoftheseresearcheswillappearintheenclosedcatalogueofspecimenswhichIamnowabletoplaceatthedisposaloftheNationalInstitute。AnavisobeingtoleavethisplaceforsomeportofFranceonpublicservice，IdeliverthepackagestoCaptainHaley，tobedepositedwiththeConsuloftheUnitedStates，atwhateverporthemayland。TheyareaddressedtoMr。WardenofourlegationatParis，fortheNationalInstitute，andhewillhavethehonorofdeliveringthem。TotheseIhaveaddedthehornsofananimalcalledbythenativestheMountainRam，resemblingthesheepbyhishead，butmorenearlythedeerinhisotherparts；
asalsotheskinofanotheranimal，resemblingthesheepbyhisfleecebutthegoatinhisotherparts。ThisiscalledbythenativestheFleecyGoat，orinthestyleofthenaturalhistorian，thePokotragos。IsuspectittobenearlyrelatedtothePacos，andwerewetogroupthefleecyanimalstogether，itwouldstandperhapswiththeVigogne，Pacos，andSheep。TheMountainRamwasfoundinabundancebyMessrs。LewisandClarkeontheirwesterntour，andwasfrequentlyanarticleoffoodfortheirparty，andesteemedmoredelicatethanthedeer。TheFleecyGoattheydidnotsee，butprocuredtwoskinsfromtheIndians，ofwhichthisisone。TheirdescriptionwillbegivenintheworkofGovernorLewis，thejournalandgeographicalpartofwhichmaybesoonexpectedfromthepress；
butthepartsrelatingtotheplantsandanimalsobservedinhistour，willbedelayedbytheengravings。Inthemeantime，theplantsofwhichhebroughtseeds，havebeenverysuccessfullyraisedinthebotanicalgardenofMr。HamiltonoftheWoodlands，andbyMr。
McMahon，agardenerofPhiladelphia；andonthewhole，itiswithpleasureIcanassureyouthattheadditiontoourknowledgeineverydepartment，resultingfromthistourofMessrs。LewisandClarke，hasentirelyfulfilledmyexpectationsinsettingitonfoot，andthattheworldwillfindthatthosetravellershavewellearneditsfavor。
IwilltakecarethattheInstituteaswellasyourselfshallreceiveGovernorLewis’sworkasitappears。
ItiswithpleasureIembracethisoccasionofreturningyoumythanksforthefavorofyourveryvaluableworks，_surlespoissonsetlescetacees_，whichyouweresokindastosendmethroughMr。
LivingstonandGeneralTurreau，andwhichIfindentirelyworthyofyourhighreputationintheliteraryworld。ThatIhavenotsoonermadethisacknowledgmenthasnotproceededfromanywantofrespectandattachmenttoyourself，orajustvalueofyourestimablepresent，butfromthestrongandincessantcallsofdutytootherobjects。Thecandorofyourcharactergivesmeconfidenceofyourindulgenceonthishead，andIassureyouwithtruththatnocircumstancesaremorewelcometomethanthosewhichgivemetheoccasionofrecallingmyselftoyourrecollection，andofrenewingtoyoutheassurancesofsincerepersonalattachment，andofgreatrespectandconsideration。
_ContentsofthelargesquareBox。_
AFibia。
ARadius。
Tworibsbelongingtotheupperpartofthethorax。
Tworibsfromalowerpartofthethorax。
Oneentirevertebra。
Twospinousprocessesofthevertebrabrokenfromthebodies。
Dentesmolares，whichappeartohavebelongedtothefull-grownanimal。
Aportionoftheunder-jawofayounganimalwithtwomolarteethinit。
Theseteethappeartohavebelongedtoafirstset，astheyaresmall，andtheposteriorhasbutthreegrindingridges，insteadoffive，thecommonnumberinadultteethofthelowerjaw。
Anotherportionoftheunder-jaw，includingthesymphisis，orchin。Inthisportiontheteethofonesideareeverywaycomplete；
towit，theposteriorhasfivetransverseridges，andtheanteriorthree。
Afragmentoftheupper-jawwithonemolartoothmuchworn。
MolarteethwhichwesupposetobelikethoseofthemammothorelephantofSiberia。Theyareessentiallydifferentfromthoseofthemammothorelephantofthiscountry，andalthoughsimilarinsomerespectstotheteethoftheAsiaticelephant，theyagreemorecompletelywiththedescriptionoftheteethfoundinSiberiainthearrangementandsizeofthetransverselaminaofenamel。Thisidea，however，isnotderivedfromactualcomparisonofthedifferentteethwitheachother，forwehavenospecimensofSiberianteethinthiscountry；butfrominferencesdeducedfromthevariousaccountsanddrawingsoftheseteethtobefoundinbooks。AfewoftheseteethhavebeenfoundinseveralplaceswherethebonesoftheAmericananimalhaveexisted。
AnAstragalus。
AnOscalcis。
Osnaviculare。