32。Ibid。,i206。
  33。Works,i,205;andDumont’sTraité;s1820,i,xxv,xxvi。Theword’springsofaction’perhapscomefromthemarginalnotetotheabove-mentionedpassageofLockebk。ii,chap。xxvi,section41,42。
  34。MoralsandLegislation,chaps。iv,v,vi。
  35。See’CodificationProposal’Works,iv,540,whereBenthamtakesmoneyasrepresentingpleasure,andshowshowthepresentvaluemaybecalculatedlikethatofasumputouttointerest。ThesameassumptionisoftenmadebyPoliticalEconomistsinregardto’utilities’。
  36。Works’MoralsandLegislation’,i,17n。
  37。Itisnotworthwhiletoconsiderthisatlength;butIgivethefollowingconjecturalaccountofthelistasitappearsintheMoralsandLegislationabove。Inclassifyingpainorpleasure,Benthamis,Ithink,followingthecluesuggestedbyhis’sanctions’。Heisrealyclassifyingaccordingtotheircausesorthewayinwhichtheyare’annexed’。Thuspleasuremayormaynotbedependentuponotherpersons,orifuponotherpersons,maybeindirectlyordirectlycausedbytheirpleasuresorpains。Pleasuresnotcausedbypersonscorrespondtothe’physicalsanction’,andarethose1ofthe’senses’,2ofwealth,i。e。,causedbythepossessionofthings,and3of’skill’,i。e。,causedbyourabilitytousethings。Pleasurescausedbypersonsindirectlycorrespondfirsttothe’popularormoralsanction,’andarepleasures4
  of’amity’,causedbythegoodwillofindividuals,and5ofa’goodname’,causedbythegoodwillofpeopleingeneral;secondly,to’politicalsanction,’
  namely6pleasuresof’power’;andthirdly,tothe’religioussanction,’
  or7pleasuresof’piety’。Alltheseare’self-regardingpleasures。’Thepleasurescauseddirectlybythepleasuresofothersarethose8of’benevolence’,and9ofmalevolence。Wethenhavewhatisreallyacrossdivisionofclassesof’deriviative’pleasures;thesebeingdueto10memory,11imagination,12expectation,13association。Toeachclassofpleasurescorrespondsaclassofpains,exceptthattherearenopainscorrespondingtothepleasuresofwealthorpower。Wehave,however,ageneralclassofpainsof’privation’,whichmightincludepairsofpovertyorweakness:andtotheseareopposed14pleasuresof’relief’,i。e。,oftheprivationofpains。IntheTable,asseparatelypublished,Benthammodifiedthisbydividingpleasuresof’curiosity’
  forpleasuresof’skill’,bysuppressingpleasuresofreliefandpainsofprivation;andbyadding,asaclassof’pains’withoutcorrespondingpleasures,pains1oflabour,2of’death,andbodilypainsingeneral。’ThesechangesseemtohavebeenintroducedinthecourseofwritinghisIntroduction,wheretheyarepartlyassumed。Anotherclassisaddedtoincludeallclassesof’self-regardingpleasuresorpains。’Heistryingtogivealistofall’synomyms’
  forvariouspainsandpleasures,andhasthereforetoadmitclassescorrespondingtogeneralnameswhichincludeotherclasses。
  38。Works,i,210,wherehespeaksofpleasuresofthe’ball-rooms’,the’theatre’,andthe’finearts’asderivablefromthe’simpleandelementary’
  pleasures。
  39。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,22etc。
  40。Ibid。,i,33。
  41。MoralsandLegislation,ch。vii,toxi。
  42。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,46。
  43。Ibid。,48。
  44。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,56。
  45。Ibid。,56。
  46。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,60。
  47。Ibid。,i,62。
  48。Ibid。,i,65。
  49。Thesearethetwoclassesof’springsofaction’omittedintheTable。
  50。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,68。
  51。HereBenthamlaysdowntherulethatpunishmentshouldrisewiththestrengthofthetemptation,atheorywhichleadstosomecuriouscasuisticalproblems。Hedoesnotfullydiscuss,andIcannothereconsider,them。I
  willonlynotethatitmayconceivablybenecessarytoincreasetheseverityofpunishment,insteadofremovingthetemptationorstrengtheningthepreventiveaction。Ifso,thelawbecomesimmoralinthesenseofpunishingmoreseverlyasthecrimehasmoremoralexcuse。Thiswasoftentrueoftheoldcriminallaw,whichpunishedoffencescruellybecauseithadnoeffectivesystemofpolice。Benthamwouldofcoursehaveagreedthattheprincipleinthiscasewasabadone。
  52。MoralsandLegislation,ch。xii。
  53。MoralsandLegislation,ch。xivachapterinsertedfromDumont’sTraité;s。
  54。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,p。86。
  55。Ibid。,i,144。
  56。Ibid。,i,145。
  57。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,143。
  58。Ibid。,i,147-48。
  59。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,406n。
  60。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,96n。
  61。Works,iii。267。
  62。Ibid。,x,569。
  63。Autobiography,p。116。
  64。ThesubjectisagaintreatedinBookvon’CircumstantialEvidence。’
  65。Works,vi,204。
  66。Works,vii,391。
  67。Works,vii,321-25。Court-martialsarehardlyahappyexamplenow。
  68。’Truthv。Ashhurst’1792,Works,v,235。
  69。Works’CodificationPetition’,v,442。
  70。Ibid。,vi,11。
  71。Ibid。,v,92。
  72。Works,vii,204,331;ix,143。
  73。Ibid。,vii,214。
  74。Ibid。,v,349。
  75。Ibid。,v,364。
  76。Works,v,371。
  77。Ibid。,v,375。
  78。Ibid。,vii,188。
  79。Ibid。,v,370。
  80。Works,v,97,etc。
  81。SeeprefacetoConstitutionalCodeinvol。ix。
  82。Bentham’snephew,George,whodiedwhenapproachinghiseighty-fourthbirthday,devotedthelasttwenty-fiveyearsofhislifewithequalassiduitytohisGeneraPlantarum。SeeacuriousanecdoteofhispersistenceintheDictionaryofNationalBiography。
  83。Works,iii,573。
  84。Works,ix,5,8。
  85。Thetheory,asMillremindsus,hadbeenverypointedanticipatedbyHelvé;tius。Bentham’spracticalexperience,however,hadforcedituponhisattention。
  86。Works,ix,141。Thegeneralprinciple,however,isconfirmedbythecaseofGeorgeIII。
  87。Ibid。,ix,45。
  88。Ibid。,ix,98。
  89。Works,ix,98。
  90。e。g。Ibid。ix,38,50,63,99,etc。
  91。Ibid。’PlanofParliamentaryReform’iii,463。
  92。Works,ix,594。
  93。Ibid。,ix,62。
  94。Ibid。,ix,24。
  95。Ibid。,ix,48。
  96。Dissertations,i,377。
  97。Works,ii,497。
  98。Ibid。,ii,501。
  99。Ibid。,ii,503。