THENAVIGATIONLAWS
BIBLIOGRAPHICALNOTE
PIONEERSOFTHEOLDSOUTH
CHAPTERI。THETHREESHIPSSAIL
ElizabethofEnglanddiedin1603。TherecametotheEnglishthroneJamesStuart，KingofScotland，KingnowofEnglandandScotland。In1604atreatyofpeaceendedthelongwarwithSpain。Gonewasthesixteenthcentury;here，thoughinchildhood，wastheseventeenthcentury。
Nowthatthewarswereover，oldcolonizationschemeswererevivedintheEnglishmind。Ofthemotives，whichinthefirstinstancehadpromptedtheseschemes，somewiththepassingoftimehadbecomeweaker，someremainedquiteasstrongasbefore。MostEnglishmenandwomenknewnowthatSpainhadclayfeet;andthatRome，thoughshemightthreaten，couldnotalwaysperformwhatshethreatened。ToabasetheprideofSpain，tomakeharborsofrefugefortheangeloftheReformation——thesewishes，thoughtheyhadnotvanished，thoughnomancouldknowhowlongthepeacewithSpainwouldlast，werelessfervidthantheyhadbeeninthedaysofDrake。
Buttheolddesirefortraderemainedasstrongasever。ItwouldbeagreatboontohaveEnglishmarketsintheNewWorld，aswellasintheOld，towhichmerchantsmightsendtheirwares，andfromwhichmightbedrawninbulk，therawstuffsthatwereneededathome。Theideaofasurpluspopulationpersisted;Englandoffivemillionsoulsstillthoughtthatshewascrowdedandthatitwouldbewelltohavealandofyoungersons，alandofpromiseforallnotabundantlyprovidedforathome。Itweresurelywell，formerepride’ssake，tohaveduelotandpartinthegreatNewWorld！AndwealthlikethatwhichSpainhadfoundwasadazzleandalure。
"Why，man，alltheirdripping—pansarepuregold，andallthechainswithwhichtheychainuptheirstreetsaremassygold;alltheprisonerstheytakearefetteredingold;andforrubiesanddiamondstheygoforthonholidaysandgather’embytheseashore！"Sothecomedyof"EastwardHo！"
seenontheLondonstagein1605——"EastwardHo！"becauseyettheythoughtofAmericaasontheroadaroundtoChina。
InthisyearCaptainGeorgeWeymouthsailedacrosstheseaandspentasummermonthinNorthVirginia——later，NewEngland。Weymouthhadpowerfulbackers，andwithhimsailedoldadventurerswhohadbeenwithRaleigh。
CominghometoEnglandwithfiveIndiansinhiscompany，Weymouthandhisvoyagegavetopublicinteresttheneededfilliptowardsaction。HerewasthepeacewithSpain，andherewasthenewinterestinVirginia。"Goto！"
saidMotherEngland。"Itistimetoplaceourchildrenintheworld！"
TheoldadventurersofthedayofSirHumphreyGilberthadactedasindividuals。Soonwastocomeintheideaofcooperativeaction——theideaofthejoint—stockcompany，actingundertheopenpermissionoftheCrown，attendedbytheinterestandfavorofnumbersofthepeople，andgivingtoprivateinitiativeandpersonalambition，apublictone。SomemenofforesightwouldhavehadCrownandCountrythemselvestheadventurers，supersedinganysmallerbodies。ButforthemomentthefortunesofVirginiawerefurtheredbyagroupwithinthegreatgroup，byajoint—stockcompany，acorporation。
In1600hadcomeintobeingtheEastIndiaCompany，prototypeofmanycompaniestofollow。Now，sixyearslater，therearoseunderoneroyalchartertwocompanies，generallyknownastheLondonandthePlymouth。Thefirstcolonyplantedbythelatterwasshort—lived。ItsletterspatentwereforNorthVirginia。Twoships，theMaryandJohnandtheGiftofGod，sailedwithoverahundredsettlers。Thesemen，reachingthecoastofwhatisnowMaine，builtafortandachurchonthebanksoftheKennebec。Thenfollowedtheusualmiseriestypicalofcolonialventure——sickness，starvation，andafreezingwinter。Withthereturnofsummertheenterprisewasabandoned。ThefoundationofNewEnglandwasdelayedawhile，herPilgrimsyetinEngland，thoughmeditatingthatfirstremovetoHolland，herMayfloweronlyashipofLondonport，staunch，butwithnofameaboveanother。
TheLondonCompany，soontobecometheVirginiaCompany，thereforeengagesourattention。ThecharterrecitesthatSirThomasGatesandSirGeorgeSomers，Knights，RichardHakluyt，clerk，PrebendaryofWestminster，Edward—MariaWingfield，andotherknights，gentlemen，merchants，andadventurers，wish"tomakehabitation，plantation，andtodeduceacolonyofsundryofourpeopleintothatpartofAmericacommonlycalledVirginia。"ItcovenantswiththemandgivesthemforaheritageallAmericabetweenthethirty—fourthandthefortyfirstparallelsoflatitude。
Thethirty—fourthparallelpassesthroughthemiddleofwhatisnowSouthCarolina;theforty—firstgrazesNewYork，crossesthenortherntipofNewJersey，dividesPennsylvania，andsowestwardacrosstothatPacificorSouthSeathattheagethoughtsoneartotheAtlantic。AllEnglandmighthavebeenplacedmanytimesoverinwhatwasgiventothoseknights，gentlemen，merchants，andothers。
TheKing’schartercreatedagreatCouncilofVirginia，sittinginLondon，governingfromoverhead。Inthenewlanditselfthereshouldexistasecondandlessercouncil。ThetwocouncilshadauthoritywithintherangeofVirginianmatters，buttheCrownretainedthepowerofveto。TheCouncilinVirginiamightcoinmoneyfortradewiththeIndians，expelinvaders，importsettlers，punishilldoers，levyandcollecttaxes——shouldhave，inshort，dignityandpowerenoughforanycolony。Likewise，actingforthewhole，itmightgiveandtakeorders"todig，mineandsearchforallmannerofminesofgold，silverandcopper……tohaveandenjoy……
yieldingtous，ourheirsandsuccessors，thefifthpartonlyofallthesamegoldandsilver，andthefifteenthpartofallthesamecopper。"
Nowareweready——itbeingChristmas—tideoftheyear1606——togotoVirginia。RidingontheThames，beforeBlackwall，arethreeships，smallenoughinallconscience’sake，theSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。TheAdmiralofthisfleetisChristopherNewport，anoldseamanofRaleigh’s。BartholomewGosnoldcaptainstheGoodspeed，andJohnRatcliffetheDiscovery。Thethreeshipshaveaboardtheircrewsandonehundredandtwentycolonists，allmen。TheCouncilinVirginiaisonboard，butitdoesnotyetknowitselfassuch，forthenamesofitsmembershavebeendepositedbythesuperiorhomecouncilinasealedbox，tobeopenedonlyonVirginiasoil。
Thecolonistshavetheirpaperofinstructions。Theyshallfindoutasafeportintheentranceofanavigableriver。Theyshallbepreparedagainstsurpriseandattack。Theyshallobserve"whethertheriveronwhichyouplantdothspringoutofmountainsoroutoflakes。Ifitbeoutofanylakethepassagetotheotherseawillbethemoreeasy，andlikeenough……youshallfindsomespringwhichrunsthecontrarywaytowardtheEastIndiasea。"Theymustavoidgivingoffensetothe"naturals"——mustchooseahealthfulplacefortheirhouses—mustguardtheirshipping。TheyaretosetdowninblackandwhitefortheinformationoftheCouncilathomeallsuchmattersasdirectionsanddistances，thenatureofsoilsandforestsandthevariouscommoditiesthattheymayfind。AndnomanistoreturnfromVirginiawithoutleavefromtheCouncil，andnoneistowritehomeanydiscouragingletter。Theinstructionsend，"Lastlyandchiefly，thewaytoprosperandtoachievegoodsuccessistomakeyourselvesallofonemindforthegoodofyourcountryandyourown，andtoserveandfearGod，theGiverofallGoodness，foreveryplantationwhichourHeavenlyFatherhathnotplantedshallberootedout。"
Nordidtheylackversestogoby，astheirenterpriseitselfdidnotlackpoetry。MichaelDraytonwroteforthem：——
Britons，youstaytoolong，Quicklyaboardbestowyou，Andwithamerrygale，Swellyourstretchedsail，WithvowsasstrongAsthewindsthatblowyou。
Yourcoursesecurelysteer，WestandbySouthforthkeep;
Rocks，leeshoresnorshoals，WhereEolusscowls，Youneednotfear，Soabsolutethedeep。
AndcheerfullyatseaSuccessyoustillentice，Togetthepearlandgold，AndourstoholdVIRGINIA，Earth’sonlyparadise！……
AndinregionsfarSuchheroesbringyeforthAsthosefromwhomwecame;
AndplantournameUnderthatstarNotknownuntoournorth。
SeethepartinguponThames’sside，Englishmengoing，Englishkindred，friends，andneighborscallingfarewell，wavinghatandscarf，standingbare—headedinthegraywinterweather！ToVirginia——theyaregoingtoVirginia！ThesailsaremadeupontheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。Thelastwherrycarriesaboardthelastadventurer。Theanchorsareweighed。Downtheriverthewindbearstheshipstowardthesea。Weatherturningagainstthem，theytastelongdelayintheDowns，butatlastareforthupontheAtlantic。HourlythedistancegrowsbetweenLondontownandtheoutgoingfolk，betweenEnglishshores。andwherethesurfbreaksonthepaleVirginianbeaches。Faraway——farawayandlongago——yettheunseen，actualcableshold，andyesterdayandtodaystandembraced，thelipsoftheThamesmeetthelipsoftheJames，andthebreathofEnglandmingleswiththebreathofAmerica。
CHAPTERII。THEADVENTURERS
WhatwasthisVirginiatowhichtheywerebound？Inthesixteenthandearlyseventeenthcenturiesthenamestoodforahugestretchoflittoral，runningsouthwardfromlandsoflongwintersandfur—bearinganimalstolandsofthecanebrake，thefig，themagnolia，thechameleon，andthemockingbird。Theworldhadbeencircumnavigated;Drakehadpassedupthewesterncoast——andyetcartographers，thelearned，andthosewhotookthewordfromthelearned，strangelyvisualizedtheNorthAmericanmainlandasnarrowindeed。Apparently，theyconceiveditasakindofextendedCentralAmerica。Thehugeriverspuzzledthem。Thereexistedanotionthatthesemightbeestuaries，curlingandcurvingthroughthelandfromseatosea。
India——Cathay——spicesandwondersandOrientwealth——laybeyondtheSouthSea，andtheSouthSeawasbutafewdays’marchfromHatterasorChesapeake。TheVirginiafamiliartothemindofthetimelayextended，andshewasveryslender。Herrighthandtouchedtheeasternocean，andherlefthandtouchedthewestern。
Contactandexperiencesoonmodifiedthisgeneralnotion。Widerknowledge，politicalandeconomicconsiderations，practicalreasonsofallkinds，drewadifferentphysicalformforoldVirginia。Beforetheseventeenthcenturyhadpassedaway，theyhadgiventohernorthernendabaptismofothernames。TothesouthshewasloppedtomaketheCarolinas。Onlytothewest，foralongtime，sheseemedtogrow，whilelikeamiragetheSouthSeaandCathayrecededintothedistance。
Thisnarrative，movingwiththethreeshipsfromEngland，andthroughatimespanoflessthanahundredandfiftyyears，dealswitharegionofthewesternhemisphereathousandmilesinlength，severalhundredinbreadth，stretchingfromtheFloridalinetothenorthernedgeofChesapeakeBay，andfromtheAtlantictotheAppalachians。OutofthisVirginiatheregrowinsuccessiontheancientcoloniesandthemodernStatesofVirginia，Maryland，SouthandNorthCarolina，andGeorgia。
ButformanyayearVirginiaitselfwastheonlysettlementandtheonlyname。ThisVirginiawasacountryfavoredbynature。Neithertoohotnortoocold，itwasrich—soiledandcapableofeverytemperategrowthinitssunniestaspect。Greatriversdrainedit，flowingintoagreatbay，almostasea，many—armedasBriareus，affordingsafeandshelteredharbors。
Slowly，withbeauty，thelandmountedtothewest。Thesunsetbehindwoodedmountains，longwave—linesraisedfarbackingeologictime。Thevalleysweremanyandbeautiful，wateredbyslidingstreams。Backtotheeastagain，belowtherollingland，werefoundtheshimmeringlevels，thejewel—greenmarshes，thewide，slowwaters，andatlastupontheAtlanticshorethethunderoftherainbow—tintedsurf。Variousandpleasingwasthecountry。Springsandautumnswerelongandbalmy，thesunshonebright，therewasmuchbluesky，arichfloraaridfauna。Thereweremineralwealthandwaterpower，andbreadthanddepthforagriculture。SuchwastheVirginiabetweenthePotomacandtheDan，theChesapeakeandtheAlleghanies。
This，andnotthegold—bedightslimneighborofCathay，wasnowthelureoftheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。Butthoseaboard，obsessedbySpanishAmerica，imperfectlyknowingthefeaturesanddistancesoftheorb，yetclungtotheirfirstvision。ButtheyknewtherewouldbeforestandIndians。Talesenoughhadbeentoldofboth！
WhathastobeimagedisaforestthesizeofVirginia。Hereandthere，chieflyuponriverbanks，showsmallIndianclearings。Hereandtherearenaturalmeadows，andtowardthesaltwatergreatmarshes，thehomeofwaterfowl。Butallthesearelittleornaughtinthewhole，faintadornmentsseweduponashaggygarment，greeninsummer，flame—huedinautumn，browninwinter，greenandflower—coloredinthespring。NorwastheforesttoanyappreciableextentlikemuchVirginianforestoftoday，secondgrowth，invaded，heweddown，andrenewed，tohearagainthesoundoftheaxe，setafirebyathousandaccidents，burninguponitsownfuneralpyres，allitsprimevalglorywithered。TheforestofoldVirginiawasjocundandpowerful，eternallyyoungandeternallyold。TheforestwasDespotintheland——wasEmperorandPope。
WiththeforestwenttheIndian。Theyhadapacttogether。TheIndianshackedoutspacefortheirvillagesoftwentyorthirtyhuts，theirmaizeandbeanfieldsandtobaccopatches。Theytooksaplingsforpolesandbarktocoverthehutsandwoodforfires。Theforestgavecanoeandbowandarrow，householdbowlsandplatters，thesidesofthedrumthatwasbeatenatfeasts。Itfurnishedtreesserviceableforshelterwhenthefoewasstalked。Itwastheirwallandroof，theirhabitat。ItwasoneoftheFourFriendsoftheIndians——theGround，theWaters，theSky，theForest。Theforestwaseverywhere，andtheIndiansdwelledintheforest。Notunnaturally，theyheldthatthisworldwastheirs。
Uponthethreeships，sailing，sailing，movedafewmenwhocouldspeakwithauthorityoftheforestandofIndians。ChristopherNewportwasuponhisfirstvoyagetoVirginia，butheknewtheIndiesandtheSouthAmericancoast。HehadsailedandhadfoughtunderFrancisDrake。AndBartholomewGosnoldhadexploredbothforhimselfandforRaleigh。Thesetwocouldtellotherswhattolookfor。IntheircompanytherewasalsoJohnSmith。Thisgentleman，itistrue，hadnotwandered，fought，andcompanionedwithromanceinAmerica，buthehaddonesoeverywhereelse。HehadasyetnoexperiencewithIndians，buthecouldconceivethatroughexperienceswereroughexperiences，whetherinEurope，Asia，Africa，orAmerica。Andasheknewtherewasafamilylikenessamongdangeroushappenings，soalsohefoundoneamongremedies，andhehadabagfullofstoriesofstrangehappeningsandhowtheyshouldbemet。
Theyweregoingtheold，longWestIndiessearoad。Therewastimeenoughfortalking，wondering，consideringthepast，fantasticallybuildingupthefuture。Meetingintheships’cabinsoveraletankards，pacingupanddownthesmallhigh—raisedpoop—decks，leaningidleovertheside，watchingtheswirlingdark—bluewatersorthestarsofnight，lyingidleuponthedeck，proppedbythemastwhilethetrade—windsblewandupbeyondsailandriggingcurvedthesky——theyhadtimeenoughindeedtoplanformarvels！Iftheycouldhaveseenahead，whatpicturesofthingstocometheymighthavebeheldrising，falling，meltingweintoanother！
CertainofthemenupontheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscoverystandoutclearly，etchedagainstthesky。
ChristopherNewportmightbefortyyearsold。HehadbeenofRaleigh’scaptainsandwaschosen，averyyoungman，tobringtoEnglandfromtheIndiesthecapturedgreatcarrack，MadredeDios，ladenwithfabuloustreasure。Inall，NewportwasdestinedtomakefivevoyagestoVirginia，carryingsupplyandaid。Afterthat，hewouldpassintotheserviceoftheEastIndiaCompany，knowIndia，Java，andthePersianGulf;wouldbepraisedbythatgreatcompanyforsagacity，energy，andgoodcareofhismen。Tenyears’timefromthisfirstVirginiavoyage，andhewoulddieuponhisship，theHope，beforeBantaminJava。
BartholomewGosnold，thecaptainoftheGoodspeed，hadsailedwiththirtyothers，fiveyearsbefore，fromDartmouthinabarknamedtheConcord。Hehadnotmadetheusuallongsweepsouthwardintotropicwaters，theretoturnandcomenorthward，buthadgone，arrowstraight，acrossthenorthAtlantic——oneofthefirstEnglishsailorstomakethedirectpassageandsave，manyawearysealeague。GosnoldandhismenhadseenCapeAnnandCapeCod，andhadbuiltuponCuttyhunk，amongtheElizabethIslands，alittlefortthatchedwithrushes。Then，hardshipsthrongingandquarrelsdeveloping，theyhadfilledtheirshipwithsassafrasandcedar，andsailedforhomeoverthesummerAtlantic，reachingEngland，with"notonecakeofbread"leftbutonly"alittlevinegar。"Gosnold，guidingtheGoodspeed，isnowmakinghislastvoyage，forheistodieinVirginiawithintheyear。
GeorgePercy，brotheroftheEarlofNorthumberland，hasfoughtbravelyintheLowCountries。HeistostayfiveyearsinVirginia，toservethereashorttimeasGovernor，andthen，returningtoEngland，istowrite"A
TreweRelacyion"，inwhichhebegstodifferfromJohnSmith’s"GenerallHistorie。"Finally，hegoesagaintothewarsintheLowCountries，serveswithdistinction，anddies，unmarried，attheageoffifty—two。Hisportraitshowsalong，rathermelancholyface，setbetweenalacecollarandthick，darkhair。
AQueenandaCardinal——MaryTudorandReginaldPole——hadstoodsponsorsforthefatherofEdward—MariaWingfield。Thisman，ofanancientandhonorablestock，wasolderthanmostofhisfellowadventurerstoVirginia。
HehadfoughtinIreland，foughtintheLowCountries，hadbeenaprisonerofwar。Nowhewaspresentlytobecome"thefirstpresidentofthefirstcouncilinthefirstEnglishcolonyinAmerica。"Andthen，miseriesincreasingandwretchedmenbeingquicktoimputeevil，itwastobeheldwithotherassertionsagainsthimthathewasofaCatholicfamily，thathetraveledwithoutaBible，andprobablymeanttobetrayVirginiatotheSpaniard。Hewastobedeposedfromhispresidency，returntoEngland，andtherewriteavindication。"Ineverturnedmyfacefromdaunger，orhiddmyhandesfromlabour;sowatchfulasentinelstoodmyselftomyself。"
WithJohnSmithhehadabitterquarrel。
UpontheDiscoveryisonewhosignedhimself"JohnRadclyffe，comenlycalled，"andwhoisnamedintheLondonCompany’slistas"CaptainJohnSicklemore，aliasRatcliffe。"HewillhaveashortandstormyVirginianlife，andintwoyearsbedonetodeathbyIndians。JohnSmithquarreledwithhimalso。"ApoorcounterfeitedImposture！"saidSmith。GabrielArcherisalawyer，andfirstsecretaryorrecorderofthecolony。Short，too，ishislife。HisnamelivesinArcher’sHopeontheJamesRiverinVirginia。
JohnSmithwillhavenoneofhim！GeorgeKendall’slifeismorenearlyspunthanRatcliffe’sorArcher’s。Hewillbeshotfortreasonandrebellion。
RobertHuntisthechaplain。Besidesthosewhomthetimedubbed"gentlemen，"thereareuponthethreeshipsEnglishsailors，Englishlaborers，sixcarpenters，twobricklayers，ablacksmith，atailor，abarber，adrummer，othercraftsmen，andnondescripts。Upanddownandtoandfrotheypassintheirnarrowquarters，microscopicuponthebosomoftheocean。
JohnSmithloomslargeamongthem。JohnSmithhasamantleofmarvelousadventure。Itseemsthathebegantomakeitwhenhewasaboy，andformanyyearsworkeduponitsteadilyuntilitwasstiffasclothofgoldandvoluminousasapuffed—outsummercloud。Somethinkthatmuchofitwassuchstuffasdreamsaremadeof。Probablysomebreadthswerethefabricofvision。Stillitseemscertainthathedidhavesomekindofanextraordinarycoatormantle。Theadventureswhichherelatesofhimselfarethoseofapaladin。Bornin1579or1580，hewasatthistimestillayoungman。ButalreadyhehadfoughtinFranceandintheNetherlands，andinTransylvaniaagainsttheTurks。Hehadknownsea—fightsandshipwrecksandhadjourneyed，withadventuresgalore，inItaly。BeforeRegal，inTransylvania，hehadchallengedthreeTurksinsuccession，unhorsedthem，andcutofftheirheads，forwhichdoughtydeedSigismund，aPrinceofTransylvania，hadgivenhimacoatofarmsshowingthreeTurks’headsinashield。Laterhehadbeentakeninbattleandsoldintoslavery，whereuponaTurkishlady，hismaster’ssister，hadlookeduponhimwithfavor。ButatlastheslewtheTurkandescaped，andafterwanderingmanydaysinmiserycameintoRussia。"Here，too，Ifound，asIhavealwaysdonewheninmisfortune，kindlyhelpfromawoman。"HewanderedonintoGermanyandthenceintoFranceandSpain。HearingofwarsinBarbary，hecrossedfromGibraltar。
HerehemetthecaptainofaFrenchman—of—war。Onedaywhilehewaswiththismantherearoseagreatstormwhichdrovetheshipouttosea。TheywentbeforethewindtotheCanaries，andthereputthemselvestorightsandbegantochaseSpanishbarks。PresentlytheyhadagreatfightwithtwoSpanishmen—
of—war，inwhichtheFrenchshipandSmithcameoffvictors。ReturningtoMorocco，SmithbadetheFrenchcaptaingood—byeandtookshipforEngland，andsoreachedhomein1604。Herehesoughtthecompanyoflike—mindedmen，andsocameuponthosewhohadbeentotheNewWorld——"andalltheirtalkwasofitswonders。"SoSmithjoinedtheVirginiaundertaking，andsowefindhimheadedtowardnewadventuresinthewesternworld。
Onsailedthethreeships——littleships——sailing—shipswithalongwaytogo。
"ThetwelfthdayofFebruaryatnightwesawablazingstarreandpresentlyastorme……Thethreeandtwentiethday[ofMarch]wefellwiththeIlandofMattaneniointheWestIndies。ThefoureandtwentiethdayweanchoredatDominico，withinfourteenedegreesoftheLine，averyfaireIland，fullofsweetandgoodsmells，inhabitedbymanySavageIndians……
ThesixandtwentiethdaywehadsightofMarigalanta，andthenextdayweesailedwithaslackesailalongsttheIleofGuadalupa……WesailedbymanyIlands，asMounserotandanIlandcalledSaintChristopher，bothuninhabited;abouttwoaclockeintheafternooneweeanchoredattheIleofMevis。TheretheCaptainelandedallhismen……WeincampedourselvesonthisIlesixdays……Thetenthday[April]wesetsaileanddisimbogedoutoftheWestIndiesandbareourcourseNortherly……
ThesixandtwentiethdayofAprill，aboutfoureaclockeinthemorning，weedescriedtheLandofVirginia。"*
*Percy’s"DiscourseinPurchas，HisPilgrims，vol。IV，p。1684。
AlsogiveninBrown’s"GenesisoftheUnitedStates"，vol。I，p。152。
Duringthelongmonthsofthisvoyage，crampedinthethreeships，thesemen，mostofthemyoungandofthehot—blooded，physicallyadventuroussort，hadtimetodevelopstronglikingsanddislikings。Thehundredandtwentysplitintoopposedcamps。Theseveralgroupsnursedallmannerofjealousies。Accusationsflewbetweenlikeshuttlecocks。ThesealedboxthattheycarriedprovedamannerofAte’sapple。Allknewthatsevenonboardwerecouncilorsandrulers，withoneofthenumberPresident，buttheyknewnotwhichweretheseven。Smithsaysthatthisuncertaintywroughtmuchmischief，eachmanofnotesuggestingtohimself，"IshallbePresident——or，atleast，Councilor！"Theshipsbecamecursedwithapestoffactions。AprimequarrelarosebetweenJohnSmithandEdward—MariaWingfield，twowhosetemperamentsseemtohavebeenpolesapart。Therearosea"scandalousreport，thatSmithmeanttoreachVirginiaonlytousurptheGovernment，murdertheCouncil，andproclaimhimselfKing。Thebickeringdeepenedintoforthrightquarrel，withatlasttheexpectedexplosion。Smithwasarrested，wasputinirons，andfirstsawVirginiaasaprisoner。
Onthetwenty—sixthdayofApril，1607，theSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscoveryenteredChesapeakeBay。Theycameinbetweentwocapes，andonetheynamedCapeHenryafterthethenPrinceofWales，andtheotherCapeCharlesforthatbrotherofshort—livedHenrywhowastobecomeCharlestheFirst。ByCapeHenrytheyanchored，andnumbersfromtheshipswentashore。"But，"saysGeorgePercy’sDiscourse，"wecouldfindnothingworththespeakingof，butfairemeadowsandgoodlytallTrees，withsuchFresh—watersrunningthroughthewoodsasIwasalmostravishedatthefirstsightthereof。Atnight，whenweeweregoingaboard，therecametheSavagescreepinguponallfourefromtheHillslikeBeares，withtheirBowesintheirmouths，chargedusverydesperatelyinthefaces，hurtCaptaineGabrielArcherinbothhishands，andasaylerintwoplacesofthebodyverydangerous。AftertheyhadspenttheirArrowesandfeltthesharpnesseofourshot，theyretiredintotheWoodswithagreatnoise，andsoleftus。"
Thatverynight，bytheships’lanterns，Newport，Gosnold，andRatcliffeopenedthesealedbox。ThenamesofthecouncilorswerefoundtobeChristopherNewport，BartholomewGosnold，JohnRatcliffe，Edward—MariaWingfield，JohnMartin，JohnSmith，andGeorgeKendall，withGabrielArcherforrecorder。Fromitsownnumber，atthefirstconvenienttime，thisCouncilwastochooseitsPresident。Allthiswasnowdeclaredandpublishedtoallthecompanyupontheships。JohnSmithwasgivenhisfreedombutwasnotyetallowedplaceintheCouncil。Soclosedanexcitingday。Inthemorningtheypressedinpartiesyetfurtherintotheland，butmetnoIndians——onlycametoaplacewherethesesavageshadbeenroastingoysters。Thenextdaysawfurtherexploring。"WemarchedsomethreeorfouremilesfurtherintotheWoodswherewesawgreatsmoakesoffire。WeemarchedtothosesmoakesandfoundthattheSavageshadbeenethereburningdownethegrasse……WepassedthroughexcellentgroundfullofFlowersofdiverskindsandcolours，analasgoodlytreesasIhaveseene，ascedar，cipresseandotherkindes;goingalittlefurtherwecameintoalittleplatofgroundfulloffineandbeautifullstrawberries，fouretimesbiggerandbetterthanoursinEngland。AllthismarchwecouldneitherseeSavagenorTowne。"*
*Percy’s"Discourse。"
TheshipsnowstoodintothosewaterswhichwecallHamptonRoads。Findingagoodchannelandtakinghearttherefrom，theynamedahornoflandPointComfort。NowwecallitOldPointComfort。PresentlytheybegantogoupagreatriverwhichtheychristenedtheJames。ToEnglisheyesitwasariverhugelywide。Theywentslowly，withpausesandwaitingsandadventures。
Theyconsultedtheirpaperofinstructions;theyscannedtheshoreforgoodplacesfortheirfort，fortheirtown。ItwasMay，andalltherichbankswereinbloom。Itseemedasweet—scentedworldofpromise。TheysawIndians，buthadwiththesenountowardencounters。UponthetwelfthofMaytheycametoapointoflandwhichtheynamedArcher’sHope。Landinghere，theysaw"manysquirels，conies，BlackBirdswithcrimsonwings，anddiversotherFowlesandBirdsofdiversandsundriecoloursofcrimson，watchet，Yellow，Greene，Murry，andofdiversotherhewesnaturallywithoutanyartusing……storeofTurkienestsandmanyEgges。"Theylikedthisplace，butforshoalwatertheshipscouldnotcomeneartoland。Soontheywent，eightmilesuptheriver。
Here，uponthenorthside，thirty—oddmilesfromthemouth，theycametoacertainpeninsula，anislandathighwater。Twoorthreemileslong，lessthanamileandahalfinbreadth，atitswidestplacecomposedofmarshandwoodland，itranintotheriver，intosixfathomwater，wheretheshipsmightbemooredtothetrees。Itwasthisconvenientdeepwaterthatdeterminedmatters。HerecametoanchortheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。Herethecolonistswentashore。HerethemembersoftheCouncilweresworn，andforthefirstPresidentwaschosenEdward—MariaWingfield。
Here，thefirstroamingandexcitementabated，theybegantounladetheships，andtobuildthefortandalsoboothsfortheirpresentsleeping。Achurch，too，theymusthaveatonce，andforthwithmadeitwithastretchedsailforroofandaboardbetweentwotreeswhereontorestBibleandBookofPrayer。
Here，forthefirsttimeinallthiswilderness，rangEnglishaxeinAmericanforest，herewasEnglishlawandanEnglishtown，heresoundedEnglishspeech。Herewasplacedthegermofthatphysical，mental，and，spiritualpowerwhichiscalledtheUnitedStatesofAmerica。
CHAPTERIII。JAMESTOWN
Inhistorians’accountsofthefirstmonthsatJamestown，toomuch，perhaps，hasbeenmadeoffactionandquarrel。Allthiswasthere。Mensetdowninawilderness，amidVirginianheat，men，mostlyyoung，oftheactiveratherthanthereflectivetype，menuncompanionedbywomenandchildren，menbesetwithdangersandsufferingsthatweresoontotagheavilytheircourageandpatience——suchmennaturallyquarreledandmadeup，quarreledagainandagainmadeup，darklysuspectedeachtheother，astheydarklysuspectedtheforestandtheIndian;then，needoffriendshipdominating，embracedeachtheother，feltthefascinationoftheforest，andtrustedtheIndian。Howevermuchtheysuspectedrebellion，treacheries，anddesertions，theypracticedfidelities，thoughtovaryingdegrees，andtherewasineachman’sbreastmoreorlessofcourageandgoodintent。
Theywerepronetocalloneanothervillain，butactualvillainy——saveasjealousy，suspicion，andhatredarevillainy——seemsrarelytohavebeenpresent。Evenonewhowasjudgedavillainandshot—forhisvillainyseemshardlytohavedeservedsuchfate。Jamestownpeninsulaturnedouttobefeverous;fantastichopeswerematchedbystrangefears;therewerehomesickness，incompatibilities，unfamiliarfoodandwaterandsir，classdifferencesinsmallspace，somepettytyrannies，andverycertaindangers。
Theworstsummerheatwasnotyet，andthefortwasbuilding。Treesmustbefelled，cabinsraised，afieldclearedforplanting，fishingandhuntingcarriedon。Andsomelading，somefirstfruits，mustgobackintheships。
Nogoldorrubiesbeingasyetfound，theywouldsendinsteadcedarandsassafras——hardworkenough，thereatJamestown，intheVirginianlow—country，withMaywarmasnorthernmidsummer，andalltheairchargedwithvaporfromtheheatedriver，withexhalationsfromtherankforest，fromthemanymarshes。
"Thefirstnightofourlanding，aboutmidnight，"saysGeorgePercyinhis"Discourse"，"therecamesomeSavagessaylingclosetoourquarter;
presentlytherewasanalarmgiven;uponthatthesavagesranaway……
NotlongaftertherecametwoSavagesthatseemedtobeCommanders，bravelydressed，withCrownesofcolouredhaireupontheirheads，whichcameasMessengersfromtheWerowanceofPaspihe，tellingusthattheirWerowancewascommingandwouldbemerrywithuswithafatDeere。TheeighteenthdaytheWerowanceofPaspihecamehimselfetoourquarter，withonehundredSavagesarmedwhichguardedhiminverywarlikemannerwithBowesandArrowes。"Somemisunderstandingarose。"TheWerowance，[seeing]ustaketoourarmes，wentsuddenlyawaywithallhiscompanyingreatanger。"ThenineteenthdayPercywithseveralothersgoingintothewoodsbackofthepeninsulametwithanarrowpathtracedthroughtheforest。Pursuingit，theycametoanIndianvillage。"WeStayedthereawhileandhadofthemstrawberriesandotherthinges……OneoftheSavagesbroughtusonthewaytotheWoodsidewheretherewasaGardenofTobaccoandotherfruitsandherbes;hegatheredTobaccoanddistributedtoeveryoneofus，soweedeparted。"
Itisevidentthatneitherraceyetknewifitwastobewarorpeace。Whatthewhitemanthoughtandcametothinkoftheredmanhasbeensetdownoftenenough;thereisscantiertestimonyastowhatwastheredman’sopinionofthewhiteman。Hereimaginationmustbecalledupon。
Newport’sinstructionsfromtheLondonCouncilincludedexplorationbeforeheshouldleavethecolonistsandbringthethreeshipsbacktoEngland。
Now，withthepinnaceandascoreofmen，amongwhomwasJohnSmith，hewentsixtymilesuptherivertowheretheflowisbrokenbyaworldofbouldersandislets，tothehillscrownedtodaybyRichmond，capitalofVirginia。ThefirstadventurerscalledtheserapidandwhirlingwaterstheFallsoftheFarreWest。Totheirnotiontheymustlieatleasthalf—wayacrossthebreadthofAmerica。MisledbyIndianstories，theybelievedandwrotethatfiveorsixdays’marchfromtheFallsoftheFarreWest，eventhroughthethickforest，wouldbringthemtotheSouthSea。TheFallsoftheFarreWest，whereatRichmondtheJamesgoeswitharoaringsoundaroundtree—crownedislet——itisstrangetothinkthattheyoncemarkedourfrontier！Howthatfrontierhasbeenpushedwestwardisaromanceindeed。
Andstill，today，itisbutafiveorsixdays’journeytothatSouthSeasoughtbythoseearlyVirginians。Theonlyconditionforusisthatweshallboardatrain。Tomorrow，withtheairship，theSouthSeamaycomeneareryet！
TheIndiansofthispartoftheearthwereofthegreatAlgonquinfamily，andthetribeswithwhichthecolonistshadnowtodoweredrawn，probablybyapolitybasedonbloodties，intoalooseconfederationwithinthelargermass。Newportwas"toldthatthenameoftheriverwasPowhatan，thenameofthechiefPowhatan，andthenameofthepeoplePowhatans。ButitseemedthatthechiefPowhatanwasnotatthisvillagebutatanotherandalargerplacenamedWerowocomoco，onasecondgreatriverinthebackcountrytothenorthandeastofJamestown。Newportandhismenwere"wellentreated"bytheIndians。"Butyet，"saysPercy，"theSavagesmurmuredatourplantingintheCountrie。"
Thepartydidnottarryuptheriver。Backcametheirboatthroughthebrightweather，betweentheverdurousbanks，allgreenandflower—tintedsavewheremightbeseenthebrownofIndianclearingswithbark—coveredhutsandthin，up—curlingbluesmoke。BeforethemoncemoreroseJamestown，palisadednow，andridingbeforeitthethreeships。AndheretherebarkedanEnglishdog，andherewereEnglishmentowelcomeEnglishmen。Bothpartieshadnewstotell，butthetownhadmost。Onthe26thofMay，IndianshadmadeanattackfourhundredofthemwiththeWerowanceofPaspihe。OneEnglishmanhadbeenkilled，anumberwounded。FouroftheCouncilhadeachmanhiswound。
NewportmustnowliftanchorandsailawaytoEngland。HeleftatJamestownafort"havingthreeBulwarkesateverycornerlikeahalfeMoone，andfoureorfivepiecesofArtilleriemountedinthem，"astreetortwoofreed—thatchedcabins，achurchtomatch，astorehouse，amarket—placeanddrillground，andaboutallastoutpalisadewithagateupontheriverside。Heleftcornsownandspringinghigh，andsomefoodinthestorehouse。AndheleftahundredEnglishmenwhohadnowtastedofthecountryfareandmightreasonablyfearnoworsechancethanhadyetbefallen。Newportpromisedtoreturnintwentyweekswithfullsupplies。
JohnSmithsaysthathisenemies，chiefamongstwhomwasWingfield，wouldhavesenthimwithNewporttoEngland，theretostandtrialforattemptedmutiny，whereuponhedemandedatrialinVirginia，andgotitandwasfullycleared。HenowtakeshisplaceintheCouncil，beforetimedeniedhim。HehasgoodwordsonlyforRobertHunt，thechaplain，who，hesays，wentfromonetotheotherwiththebestofcounsel。Weretheynotallhereinthewildernesstogether，withthesavageshoveringaboutthemlikethePhilistinesabouttheJewsofold？HowshouldtheEnglishlive，unlessamongthemselvestheylivedinamity？Soforthemomentfactionswerereconciled，andallwenttochurchtopartakeoftheHolyCommunion。
Newportsailed，havingintheholdsofhisshipssassafrasandvaluablewoodsbutnogoldtomeettheLondonCouncil’shopes，noranycertainnewsoftheSouthSea。InduetimehereachedEngland，andinduetimeheturnedandcameagaintoVirginia。Butlongwasthesailingtoandfrobetween`totedaughtercountryandthemothercountryandtheladingandunladingateithershore。ItwassevenmonthsbeforeNewportcameagain。
Whilehesails，andwhileEngland—in—Americawatchesforhimlongingly，lookforamomentattheattitudeofSpain，fallingoldintheprocessionofworld—powers，butyetwithgripandcunningleft。SpainmislikedthatEnglishNewWorldventure。Shewishedtokeeptheseseasforherown;only，withwaningenergies，shecouldnotalwaysenforcewhatsheconceivedtobeherright。Bynowtherewasseentobemuchclayindeedintheimage。
PhiliptheSecondwasdead;andPhiliptheThird，anindolentking，livedintheEscurial。
PedrodeZunigaistheSpanishAmbassadortotheEnglishCourt。HehasordersfromPhiliptokeephiminformed，andthishedoes，andfromtimetotimesuggestsremedies。HewritesofNewportandtheFirstSupply。"Sire……CaptainNewportmakeshastetoreturnwithsomepeople——andtherehavecombinedmerchantsandotherpersonswhodesiretoestablishthemselvesthere;becauseitappearstothemthemostsuitableplacethattheyhavediscoveredforprivateeringandmakingattacksuponthemerchantfleetsofYourMajesty。YourMajestywillcommandtoseewhethertheywillbeallowedtoremainthere……Theyareinagreatstateofexcitementaboutthatplace，andverymuchafraidlestYourMajestyshoulddrivethemoutofit……Andtherearesomany……whospeakalreadyofsendingpeopletothatcountry，thatitisadvisablenottobetooslow;becausetheywillsoonbefoundtherewithlargenumbersofpeople。"*InSpaintheCouncilofStatetakesactionuponZuniga’scommunicationsandclosesareporttotheKingwiththesewords："TheactualtakingpossessionwillbetodriveoutofVirginiaallwhoaretherenow，beforetheyarereenforced，and……itwillbewelltoissueordersthatthesmallfleetstationedtothewindward，whichforsomanyyearshasbeeninstateofpreparation，shouldbeinstantlymadereadyandforthwithproceedtodriveoutallwhoarenowinVirginia，sincetheirsmallnumberswillmakethisaneasytask，andthiswillsufficetopreventthemfromagaincomingtothatplace。"
UponthisismadeaRoyalnote："Letsuchmeasuresbetakeninthisbusinessasmaynowandhereafterappearproper。"
*Brown’s"GenesisoftheUnitedStates"，vol。1，pp。116—118。
Itwouldseemthattherewascauseindeedforwatchingdowntheriverbythatsmall，smalltownthatwasalloftheUnitedStates！ButtherefollowsaSpanishmemorandum。"Thedrivingout……bythefleetstationedtothewindwardwillbepostponedforalongtimebecausedelaywillbecausedbygettingitready。"*Delayfolloweddelay，andoldSpain——conquistadorSpain——grewolder，andthespeechonJamestownIslandisstillEnglish。
*Op。cit。，vol。1，p。127。
ChristopherNewportwasgone;noships——thelastrefuges，thelastpossibilitiesforhometurning，shouldtheearthgrowtoohardandtheskytooblack——rodeupontheriverbeforethefort。Herewasthesummerheat。A
heavybreathrosefromimmemorialmarshes，fromtheancientflooroftheforest。Whencloudsgatheredandstormsburst，theyamazedtheheartwiththeirfearfulthunderingsandlightnings。Thecolonistshadnowell，butdrankfromtheriver，andatneitherhighnorlowtidefoundthewaterwholesome。Whiletheshipswereheretheyhadhelpofshipstores，butnowtheymustsubsistuponthegrainthattheyhadinthestorehouse，nowscantandpoorenough。Theymightfishandhunt，butagainstsuchresourcesstoodfeverandinexperienceandweakness，andinthewoodsthelurkingsavages。
Theheatgrewgreater，thewaterworse，thefoodless。Sicknessbegan。Workbecametoil。Menpinedfromhomesickness，then，comingtogether，quarreledwithaweakviolence，thendroppedawayagainintocornersandsatlistlesslywithhangingheads。
"ThesixthofAugusttherediedJohnAsbieofthebloodieFlixe。TheninthdaydiedGeorgeFlowreoftheswelling。ThetenthdaydiedWilliamBrustergentleman，ofawoundgivenbytheSavages……ThefourteenthdayJeromeAlikock，Ancient，diedofawound，thesamedayFrancisMid—winter，EdwardMoris，Corporall，diedsuddenly。ThefifteenthdaytheirdiedEdwardBrowneandStephenGalthrope。ThesixteenthdaytheirdiedThomasGowergentleman。
TheseventeenthdaytheirdiedThomasMounslie。TheeighteenthdaytheerdiedRobertPenningtonandJohnMartinegentlemen。ThenineteenthdaydiedDruePiggasegentleman。
"ThetwoandtwentiethdayofAugusttherediedCaptainBartholomewGosnoldoneofourCouncell，hewashonourablyburiedhavingalltheOrdnanceintheFortshotoff，withmanyvolliesofsmallshot……
"ThefoureandtwentiethdaydiedEdwardHarringtonandGeorgeWalkerandwereburiedthesameday。ThesixandtwentiethdaydiedKenelmeThrogmortine。ThesevenandtwentiethdaydiedWilliamRoods。TheeightandtwentiethdaydiedThomasStoodie，CapeMerchant。ThefourthdayofSeptemberdiedThomasJacob，Sergeant。ThefifthdaytherediedBenjaminBeast……"*
*Percy’s"Discourse。"
Extrememiserymakesmenblind，unjust，andweakofjudgment。Herewasgrosswretchedness，andthecolonistsproceededtoblameAandBandC，lostalltogetherinthewilderness。Itwasthiscouncilororthatcouncilor，thisambitiousoneorthatone，thisorthatalmostcertainlyascertainedtraitor！Wantingtostealthepinnace，theonecraftleftbyNewport，wantingtostealawayinthepinnaceandleavethemass——smallenoughmassnow！——withoutboatorraftorstrawtoclingto，madethefavoriteaccusation。Uponthiscount，earlyinSeptember，Wingfieldwasdeposedfromthepresidency。Ratcliffesucceededhim，butpresentlyRatcliffefarednobetter。Onecouncilorfaredworse，forGeorgeKendall，accusedofplottingmutinyandpinnacestealing，wasgiventrial，foundguilty，andshot。
"Theeighteenthday[ofSeptember]diedoneEllisKinistone……ThesamedayatnightdiedoneRichardSimmons。ThenineteenthdaytherediedoneThomasMouton……"
Whatwenton，inVirginia，intheIndianmind，canonlybeconjectured。Aslittleasthewhitemindcoulditforeseethetrendofeventsortheultimateoutcomeofpresentpolicy。Therewasexhibitedasee—sawpolicy，orperhapsnopolicyatall，onlytheemotionalfitasitcamehotorcold。
Thefriendlyacttroduponthehostile，thehostileuponthefriendly。
Throughthemiserablesummerthehostilewasuppermost;thenwiththeautumnappearedthefriendlymood，fortunateenoughfor"themostfeeblewretches"atJamestown。Indianscameladenwithmaizeandvenison。Theheatwasathingofthepast;coolandbracingweatherappeared;andwithitgreatflocksofwildfowl，"swans，geese，ducksandcranes。"Faminevanished，sicknessdecreased。Thedeadweredead。OfthehundredandfourpersonsleftbyNewportlessthanfiftyhadsurvived。Butthesemaybethoughtofasindeedseasoned。
CHAPTERIV。JOHNSMITH
Withthecoolweatherbeganactiveexploration，theobjectinchiefthegatheringfromtheIndians，bypersuasionortradeorshowofforce，foodfortheapproachingwinter。HereJohnSmithstepsforwardasleader。
Therebeginsastringofadventuresofthathardyandromanticindividual。
HowmuchinSmith’sextantnarrationsisexaggeration，howmuchisdispossessionofothers’meritsinfavorofhisown，itisdifficultnowtosay。*Athingthatonelittlelikesishispersistentdepreciationofhisfellows。ThereisbutoneNobleAdventurer，andthatoneisJohnSmith。Ontheotherhandevidentenougharehiscourageandinitiative，hisingenuity，andhisrough，practicalsagacity。Letustakehimatsomethinglessthanhisownvaluation，butyetasvaluableenough。Asforhisadventures，realorfictitious，onemayseeinthemepitomizedtheadventuresofmanyandmanymen，English，French，Spanish，Dutch，blazersofthematerialpathforthepresentcivilization。
*ThosewhowouldstrikeJohnSmithfromthelistofhistorianswillcommendtheauthor’scautiontothereaderbeforesheletstheCaptaintellhisowntale。WhateverSmithmaynothavebeen，hewascertainlyaconsummateraconteur。Hebelongswiththerenownedstory—tellersoftheworld，ifnotwiththeveraciouschroniclers。——Editor。
InDecember，ratherautumnthanwinterinthisregion，hestartswiththeshallopandahandfulofmenupatributaryriverthattheyhavelearnedtocalltheChickahominy。Heisgoingforcorn，butthereisalsoanideathathemayhearnewsofthatwished—forSouthSea。
TheChickahominyproveditselfawonderlandofswampandtree—chokedstreams。SomewhereupitschequeredreachesSmithlefttheshallopwithmentoguardit，and，takingtwoofthepartywithtwoIndianguides，wentoninacanoeupanarrowerway。PresentlythoseleftwiththeboatincautiouslygoashoreandareattackedbyIndians。Oneistaken，tortured，andslain。Theothersgetbacktotheirboatandsoaway，downtheChickahominyandintothenowsomewhatfamiliarJames。ButSmithwithhistwomen，RobinsonandEmry，arenowaloneinthewilderness，upamongnarrowwaters，brownmarshes，fallenandobstructingtreetrunks。Nowcomethemen—huntingIndians—theKingofPamaunck，saysSmith，withtwohundredbowmen。RobinsonandEmryareshotfullofarrows。Smithiswounded，butwithhismusketdetersthefoe，killingseveralofthesavages。Hiseyesuponthem，hestepsbackward，hopinghemaybeatthemofftillheshallrecovertheshallop，butmeetswiththeillchanceofaboggyandicystreamintowhichhestumbles，andhereistaken。
Seehimnowbefore"Opechancanough，KingofPamaunck！"Savagesandproceduresofthemorecivilizedwithsavageshave，theworldover，afamilyresemblance。Likemanyamanbeforehimandafter，Smithcastsaboutforapropitiatorywonder。Hehaswithhim，sofortunately，"aroundivorydouble—compassdial。"This，withagenialmanner，hewouldpresenttoOpechancanough。Thesavagesgaze，cannottouchthroughtheglassthemovingneedle，grunttheiradmiration。Smithproceeds，withgesturesandwhatIndianwordsheknows，todeliverascientificlecture。Talkingisbestanyhow，willgivethemlesstimeinwhichtothinkofthosemenheshot。Hetellsthemthattheworldisround，anddiscoursesaboutthesunandmoonandstarsandthealternationofdayandnight。Hespeakswitheloquenceofthenationsoftheearth，ofwhitemen，yellowmen，blackmen，andredmen，ofhisowncountryanditsgrandeurs，andwouldexplainantipodes。
Apparentlyalliswastebreathandofnoavail，forinanhourseehimboundtoatree，asturdyfigureofaman，beardedandmoustached，withahighforehead，cladinshirtandjerkinandbreechesandhosenandshoon，allbythistime，wemaybesure，profoundlyinneedofrepair。ThetreeandSmithareringedbyIndians，eachofwhomhasanarrowfittedtohisbow。Almostonecanhearaknellringingintheforest！ButOpechancanough，movedbythecompass，orwillingtohearmoreofseventeenth—centuryscience，raiseshisarmandstopstheexecution。UnbindingSmith，theytakehimwiththemasatrophy。PresentlyallreachtheirtownofOrapaks。
Herehewaskindlytreated。HesawIndiandances，heardIndianorations。
Thewomenandchildrenpressedabouthimandadmiredhimgreatly。Breadandvenisonweregivenhiminsuchquantitythathefearedthattheymeanttofattenandeathim。Itis，moreover，dangeroustobeconsideredpowerfulwhereoneisscarcelyso。AyoungIndianlaymortallyill，andtheytookSmithtohimanddemandedthatforthwithhebecured。Ifthewhitemancouldkill——howtheywerenotabletoseehecouldlikewisedoubtlessrestorelife。ButtheIndianpresentlydied。Hisfather，cryingoutinfury，felluponthestrangerwhocouldhavedonesomuchandwouldnot！Herealsocoolnesssavedthewhiteman。
Smithwasnowledintriumphfromtowntotownthroughthewinterwoods。
TheJameswasbehindhim，theChickahominyalso;hewasuponnewgreatrivers，thePamunkeyandtheRappahannock。Allthevillagesweremuchalike，alikethestillwoods，theserepatchesfromwhichthecornhadbeentaken，thebear，thedeer，thefoxes，theturkeysthatweremetwith，thecountlesswildfowl。Everywherewerethesamecurious，crowdingsavages，thefires，therusticcookery，thecoveringskinsofdeerandfoxandotter，theoratory，theceremonialdances，themanipulationsofmedicinemenorpriests——theselast，totheEnglishmen，pure"devilswithantiquetricks。"Dayswereconsumedinthisgoingfromplacetoplace。Atonepointwasproducedabagofgunpowder，gainedinsomewayfromJamestown。Itwasbeingkeptwithcaretogointotheearthinthespringandproduce，whensummercame，somewonderfulcrop。
Opechancanoughwasagreatchief，buthigherthanhemovedPowhatan，chiefofchiefs。ThisIndianwasyetastrangertotheEnglishinVirginia。NowJohnSmithwastomakehisacquaintance。
WerowocomocostooduponabluffonthenorthsideofYorkRiver。HerecameSmithandhiscaptors，aroundthemthewinterwoods，beforethemthebroadblueriver。AgainthegatheredIndians，menandwomen，againthestaring，thehandling，themoreorlessuncomplimentaryremarks;thenintotheIndianceremoniallodgehewaspushed。Heresatthechiefofchiefs，Powhatan，andhehadonarobeofraccoonskinswithallthetailshanging。
Abouthimsathischiefmen，andbehindtheseweregatheredwomen。Allwerepainted，headandshoulders;allwore，boundaboutthehead，adornmentsmeanttostrikewithbeautyorwithterror;allhadchainsofbeads。SmithdoesnotreportwhathesaidtoPowhatan，orPowhatantohim。HesaysthattheQueenofAppamatuckbroughthimwaterforhishands，andthattherewasmadeagreatfeast。Whenthiswasover，theIndiansheldacouncil。Itendedinadeathdecree。IncontinentlySmithwasseized，draggedtoagreatstonelyingbeforePowhatan，forceddownandbound。TheIndiansmadereadytheirclubs;meaningtobatterhisbrainsout。Then，saysSmith，occurredthemiracle。
AchildofPowhatan’s，averyyounggirlcalledPocahontas，sprangfromamongthewomen，rantothestone，andwithherownbodyshelteredthatoftheEnglishman……*
*AvastamountoferuditionhasbeenexpendedbyhistoricalstudentstoestablishthetruthorfalsityofthisPocahontasstory。Theauthorhasrefrainedfromenteringthecontroversy，preferringtoletthestorystandasitwastoldbyCaptainSmithinhis"GeneralHistory"（1624）。——Editor。
What，inPowhatan’smind，ofhesitation，wiliness，orgoodnaturebackedhisdaughter’spleaisnotknown。ButSmithdidnothavehisbrainsbeatenout。Hewasreleased，takenbysomeformofadoptionintothetribe，andsettousingthosesamebrainsinthemakingofhatchetsandornaments。A
fewdayspassedandhewasyetfurtherenlarged。Powhatanlongedfortwoofthegreatgunspossessedbythewhitemenandforagrindstone。HewouldsendSmithbacktoJamestownifinreturnhewassureofgettingthosetreasures。ItistobesupposedthatSmithpromisedhimgunsandgrindstonesasmanyascouldbeborneaway。
SoWerowocomocosawhimdepart，twelveIndiansforescort。Hehadleaguestogo，anightortwotospenduponthemarch。Lyinginthehugewinterwoods，heexpected，onthewhole，deathbeforemorning。But"AlmightyGodmollifiedtheheartsofthosesternebarbarianswithcompassion。"AndsohewasrestoredtoJamestown，wherehefoundmoredeadthanwhenheleft。Somethereundoubtedlywelcomedhimasastrongmanrestoredwhentherewasneedofstrongmen。Others，itseems，wouldasliefthatPocahontashadnotinterfered。
TheIndiansdidnotgettheirgunsandgrindstones。ButSmithloadedademi—culverinwithstonesandfireduponagreattree，icicle—hung。Thegunroared，theboughsbroke，theicefellrattling，thesmokespread，theIndianscriedoutandcoweredaway。Gunsandgrindstone，Smithtoldthem，weretooviolentandheavydevilsforthemtocarryfromrivertoriver。
Insteadhegavethem，fromthetradingstore，giftsenticingtothesavageeye，andnotsusceptibleofbeingturnedagainstthedonors。
HereatJamestowninmidwinterweremorefoodandlessmortalsicknessthaninthepreviousfearfulsummer，yetnogreatamountoffood，andnowsuffering，too，frombittercold。Norhadthesicknessended，nordissensions。LessthanfiftymenwereallthatheldtogetherEnglandandAmerica——afrayedcord，thelaststrandsofwhichmightpresentlypart……
ThenuptherivercomesChristopherNewportintheFrancisandJohn，tobefollowedsomeweekslaterbythePhoenix。Hereisnewlife——storesforthesettlersandahundrednewVirginians！Howcertain，atanyrate，istheexchangeoftalkofhomeandhair—raisingstoriesofthiswildernessbetweentheoldcolonistsandthenew！Andcertainisthereliefandtherenewedhopes。Mourningturnstojoy。Evenaconflagrationthatpresentlydestroysthemajorpartofthetowncannotblastthatfelicity。
AgainNewportandSmithandotherswentouttoexplorethecountry。TheywentovertoWerowocomocoandtalkedwithPowhatan。HetoldthemthingswhichtheyconstruedtomeanthattheSouthSeawasnearathand，andtheymarkedthisdownasgoodnewsforthehomeCouncil——stillimpatientforgoldandCathay。OntheirreturntoJamestowntheyfoundunderwaynewandstouterhouses。TheIndianswereagainfriendly;theybroughtvenisonandturkeysandcorn。SmithsaysthateveryfewdayscamePocahontasandattendantwomenbringingfood。
Springcameagainwiththedogwoodandthehoneysuckleandthestrawberries，thegay，returningbirds，thebarredandstripedandmottledserpents。Thecolonywasoneyearold。BacktoEnglandsailedtheFrancisandJohnandthePhoenix，carryinghomeEdward—MariaWingfield，whohasweariedofVirginiaandwillreturnnomore。
WhatrestscertainandpraiseworthyinSmithishisthoroughnessanddaringinexploration。Thissummerhewentwithfourteenothersdowntheriverinanopenboat，andsoacrossthegreatbay，wideasasea，towhatisyetcalledtheEasternShore，thecountiesnowofAccomacandNorthampton。
RoundingCapeCharlestheseindefatigableexplorerscameuponisletsbeatenbytheAtlanticsurf。ThesetheynamedSmith’sIslands。Landinguponthemainshore，theymet"grimmeandstout"savages，whotookthemtotheKingofAccomac，andhimtheyfoundcivilenough。Thissideofthegreatbay，witheverycreekandinlet，Smithexaminedandsetdownuponthemaphewasmaking。EvenifhecouldfindnogoldfortheCouncilathome，atleasthewouldknowwhatplacesweresuitedfor"harboursandhabitations。"Soonagreatstormcameup，andtheylandedagain，metyetotherIndians，wentfarther，andwereinstraitsforfreshwater。Theweatherbecameworse;
theywereindangerofshipwreck——hadtobailtheboatcontinually。Indiansgatheredupontheshoreanddischargedflightsofarrows，butweredispersedbyavolleyfromthemuskets。ThebreadtheEnglishhadwiththemwentbad。Windandweatherwereadverse;threeorfourofthefifteenfellill，butrecovered。Theweatherimproved;theycametotheseven—mile—widemouthof"Patawomeck"——thePotomac。Theyturnedtheirboatupthisvaststream。Foralongtimetheysawuponthewoodybanksnosavages。Thenwithoutwarningtheycameuponambuscadesofgreatnumbers"sostrangelypainted，grimedanddisguised，shouting，yellingandcrying，aswerathersupposedthemsomanydivils。"Smith，inmidstream，orderedmusket—fire，andtheballswentgrazingoverthewater，andtheterriblesoundechoedthroughthewoods。Thesavagesthrewdowntheirbowsandarrowsandmadesignsoffriendliness。TheEnglishwentashore，hostageswereexchanged，andakindofamicablenessensued。AftersuchsylvanentertainmentSmithandhismenreturnedtotheboat。Theoarsdippedandrose，thebrightwaterbrokefromthem;andtheseEnglishmeninOldVirginiaproceededupthePotomac。Couldtheyhaveseen——couldtheybuthaveseenbeforethem，onthenorthbank，rising，liketheunsubstantialfabricofadream，thereabovethetrees，avast，whiteCapitolshininginthesunlight！
Faruptheriver，theynoticedthatthesandontheshoregleamedwithyellowspangles。Theylookedandsawhighrocks，andtheythoughtthatfromthesetherainhadwashedtheglitteringdust。Gold？Harborstheyhadfound——butwhatofgold？What，even，ofCathay？
Goingdownstream，theysoughtagainthosefriendlyIndians。Didtheyknowgoldorsilver？TheIndianslookedwise，noddedheads，andtookthevisitorsupalittletributaryrivertoarockyhillinwhich"withshellsandhatchets"theyhadopenedasitwereamine。Heretheygatheredamineralwhich，whenpowdered，theysprinkledoverthemselvesandtheiridols"makingthem，"saystherelation，"likeblackamoorsdustedoverwithsilver。"Thewhitemenfilledtheirboatwithasmuchofthisoreastheycouldcarry。Highweretheirhopesoverit，butwhenitwassubsequentlysenttoLondonandassayed，itwasfoundtobeworthless。
Thefifteennowstartedhomeward，outofPotomacanddownthewestwardsideofChesapeake。Intheirtravelstheysaw，besidestheIndians，allmanneroffour—footedVirginians。Bearsrolledtheirbulkthroughtheseforests;
deerwentwhithertheywould。Theexplorersmightmeetfoxesandcatamounts，otter，beaverandmarten，raccoonandopossum，wolfandIndiandog。WingedVirginiansmadetheforestsvocal。Theowlhootedatnight，andthewhippoorwillcalledinthetwilight。Thestreamswerefilledwithfish。
ComingtothemouthoftheRappahannock，thetravelers’boatgroundeduponsand，withthetideatebb。Awaitingthewaterthatshouldliftthemoff，thefifteenbeganwiththeirswordstospearthefishamongthereeds。
Smithhadtheilllucktoencounterasting—ray，andreceiveditsbarbedweaponthroughhiswrist。Theresetinagreatswellingandtormentwhichmadehimfearthatdeathwasathand。Heorderedhisfuneralandagravetobedugonaneighboringislet。Yetbydegreeshegrewbetterandsooutoftorment，andwithalsohungrythathelongedforsupper，whereupon，withalightheart，hehadhislateenemythesting—raycookedandatehim。TheythennamedtheplaceSting—rayIslandand，thetideserving，gotoffthesand—baranddownthebay，andsocamehometoJamestown，havingbeengonesevenweeks。
LikeUlysses，Smithrefusestorustininaction。Afewdays，andawayheisagain，firstuptoRappahannock，andthenacrossthebay。OnthisjourneyheandhismencomeupwiththegiantSusquehannocks，whoarenotAlgonquinsbutIroquois。Aftermanyhazardsinwhichtheforestandthesavageplaytheirpart，SmithandhisbandagainreturntoJamestown。Inallthisadventuringtheyhavegainedmuchknowledgeofthecountryanditsinhabitants——butyetnogold，andnofurthernewsoftheSouthSeaoroffarCathay。