ItwasnowSeptemberandthesecondsummerwithitstolloffevervictimswaswell—nighover。Autumnandrenewedenergywereathand。Allthelandturnedcrimsonandgold。AtJamestownbuildingwentforward，togetherwiththegatheringofripenedcrops，thefellingoftrees，fishingandfowling，andtradingforIndiancornandturkeys。
　　OnedayGeorgePercy，headingatradingpartydowntheriver，sawcomingtowardhimawhitesailedship，theMaryandMargaret—itwasChristopherNewportagain，withthesecondsupply。SeventycolonistscameoverontheMaryandMargaret，amongthemafairnumberofmenofnote。HerewereCaptainPeterWynneandRichardWaldo，"oldsoldiersandvaliantgentlemen，"
　　FrancisWest，youngbrotheroftheLordDeLaWarr，RawleyCrashaw，JohnCodrington，DanielTucker，andothers。Thisisindeedanimportantship。Amongthelaborers，theLondonCouncilhadsenteightPolesandGermans，skilledintheirowncountryintheproductionofpitch，tar，glass，andsoap—ashes。
　　Here，then，begininVirginiaotherbloodstrainsthantheEnglish。AndintheMaryandMargaretcomeswithMasterThomasForesthiswife，MistressForest，andhermaid，bynameAnneBurras。ApartfromthoselostonesofRaleigh’scolonyatRoanoke，thesearethefirstEnglishwomeninVirginia。Theremaybeguessedwhatwelcometheygot，howmuchwasmadeofthem。
　　ChristopherNewporthadfromthatimpatientLondonCouncilsomewhatstrangeorders。Hewasnottoreturnwithoutalumpofgold，oracertaindiscoveryofwaterspouringintotheSouthSea，orsomenotiongainedofthefateofthelostcolonyofRoanoke。HehadbeengivenabargewhichcouldbetakentopiecesandsobornearoundthoseFallsoftheFarWest，thenputtogether，andthevoyagetothePacificresumed。Moreover，hehadforPowhatan，whomthemindsathomefiguredasasortofAsiaticDespot，agiltcrownandafineewerandbasin，abedstead，andagorgeousrobe。
　　Theeasiesttask，thatofdeliveringPowhatan’spresentandplacinganidlecrownuponthatIndian’sheadwho，amonghisownpeople，wasalreadysufficientlysupreme，mightbeandwasperformed。AndNewportwithalargepartywentagaintotheFallsoftheFarWestandmilesdeepintothecountrybeyond。HeretheyfoundIndiansoutsidethePowhatanConfederacy，butnoSouthSea，norminesofgoldandsilver，noranynewsofthelostcolonyofRoanoke。InDecemberNewportleftVirginiaintheMaryandMargaret，andwithhimsailedRatcliffe。Smithsucceededtothepresidency。
　　AboutthistimeJohnLaydon，alaborer，andAnneBurras，thatmaidofMistressForest’s，fellinloveandwouldmarry。SocameaboutthefirstEnglishweddinginVirginia。
　　Winterfollowedwithsnowandice，nightwohundredpeopletofeed，andnotovermuchinthelarderwithwhichtodoit。SmithwithGeorgePercyandFrancisWestandotherswentagaintotheIndiansforcorn。Christmasfoundthemweather—boundatKecoughtan。"WhereveranEnglishmanmaybe，andinwhateverpartoftheworld，hemustkeepChristmaswithfeastingandmerriment！And，indeed，wewerenevermoremerrie，norfeddeonmoreplentieofgoodoysters，fish，flesh，wildfowleandgoodbread;norneverhadbetterfiresinEnglandthaninthedrie，smokiehousesofKecoughtan！"
　　ButdespitethisChristmasfare，theresoonbeganquarrels，manyandintricate，withPowhatanandhisbrotherOpechancanough。
　　CHAPTERV。THE"SEAADVENTURE"
　　Experienceisagreatteacher。ThatLondonCompanywithVirginiatocolonizehadnowcometoseehowinadequatetotheattemptwereitsmeansandstrength。EvidentlyitmightbelongbeforeeithergoldminesortheSouthSeacouldbefound。Thecompany’sshipsweretooslightandfew;
　　colonistsweregoingbythesinglehandfulwhentheyshouldgobythedouble。Somethingwasatfaultinthemanagementoftheenterprise。ThequarrelsinVirginiaweretooconstant，thedisasterstoofrequent。Moremoney，morepersonsinterestedwithpurseandmind，agreatcompanyinsteadofasmall，anationalcasttotheenterprisethesewereimperativeneeds。
　　InthepressofsuchdemandstheLondonCompanypassedaway。In1609undernewletterspatentwasborntheVirginiaCompany。
　　ThemembersandshareholdersinthiscorporationtouchthroughandthroughthebodyofEnglandatthatday。FirstnamesupontherollcomeRobertCecil，ThomasHoward，HenryWriothesley，WilliamHerbert，HenryClinton，RichardSackville，ThomasCecil，PhilipHerbert——EarlsofSalisbury，Suffolk，Southampton，Pembroke，Lincoln，Dorset，Exeter，andMontgomery。
　　Thenfollowadozenpeers，theLordBishopofBathandWells，ahundredknights，manygentlemen，onehundredandtenmerchants，certainphysiciansandclergymen，oldsoldiersoftheContinentalwars，sea—captainsandmariners，andasmallhostoftheunclassified。Inadditionsharesweretakenbyfifty—sixLondonguildsorindustrialcompanies。HerearetheCompaniesoftheTallowandWaxChandlers，theArmorersandGirdlers，CordwaynersandCarpenters，Masons，Plumbers，Founders，Poulterers，Cooks，Coopers，TylersandBrickLayers，BowyersandVinters，MerchantTaylors，BlacksmithsandWeavers，Mercers，Grocers，Turners，Gardeners，Dyers，Scriveners，Fruiterers，Plaisterers，BrownBakers，Imbroiderers，Musicians，andmanymore。
　　ThefirstCouncilappointedbythenewcharterhadfifty—twomembers，fourteenofwhomsatintheEnglishHouseofLords，andtwicethatnumberintheCommons。ThuswasVirginiawelllinkedtoCrownandParliament。
　　ThisgreatcommercialcompanyhadsovereignpowerswithinVirginia。TheKingshouldhavehisfifthpartofalloreofgoldandsilver;thelawsandreligionofEnglandshouldbeupheld，andnomanletgotoVirginiawhohadnotfirsttakentheoathofsupremacy。ButinthewidefieldbesideallthisthePresident——calledtheTreasurer—andtheCouncil，henceforthtobechosenoutofandbythewholebodyofsubscribers，hadfullsway。NolongershouldtherebeasecondCouncilsittinginVirginia，butaGovernorwithpower，answerableonlytotheCompanyathome。ThatCompanymighttaxandlegislatewithintheVirginianfield，punishtheill—doeror"rebel，"
　　andwagewar，ifneedbe，againstIndianorSpaniard：
　　"OneofthefirstactionsofthenewlyconstitutedbodywastoseekremedyforthecustomarypassagebywayoftheWestIndies—solongandsobesetbydangers。TheysentforthasmallshipunderCaptainSamuelArgall，withinstructions"toattemptadirectandclearepassage，byleavingtheCanariestotheEast，andfromthencetorunastraightwesternecourse……AndsotomakeanexperienceoftheWindsandCurrentswhichhaveaffrightedallundertakersbytheNorth。"
　　ThisArgall，ayoungmanwithastirringandadventurouslifebehindhimandbeforehim，tookhisshiptheindicatedway。Hemadethevoyageinnineweeks，ofwhichtwowerespentbecalmed，anduponhisreturnreportedthatitmightbemadeinseven，"andnoapparentinconvenienceintheway。"HebroughttothegreatCounciloftheCompanyastoryofnecessityanddistressatJamestown，andtheCouncillaysmuchoftheblameforthatupon"themisgovernmentoftheCommanders，bydissentionandambitionamongthemselves，"andupontheidlenessofthegeneralrun，"activeinnothingbutadhearingtofactionsandparts。"TheCouncil，sittingafarfromasavageland，isprobablymuchtoosevere。Butthe"factionsandparts"
　　cannoteasilybedenied。
　　BeforeArgall’sreturn，theCompanyhadcommissionedasGovernorofVirginiaSirThomasGates，andhadgatheredafleetofsevenshipsandtwopinnaceswithSirGeorgeSomersasAdmiral，intheshipcalledtheSeaAdventure，andChristopherNewportasVice—Admiral。AllweighedanchorfromFalmouthearlyinJuneandsailedbythenewlytriedcourse，southtotheCanariesandthenacross。Thesesevenshipscarriedfivehundredcolonists，men，women，andchildren。
　　OnSt。James’sdaythereroseandbrokeafearsomestorm。Twodaysandnightsitraged，anditscatteredthatfleetofseven。Gates，Somers，andNewportwithothersof"ranckeandquality"wereupontheSeaAdventure。
　　Howfaredthisshipwithoneattendantpinnaceweshallcometoseepresently。Buttheotherships，driventoandfro，atlastfoundafavorablewind，andinAugusttheysightedVirginia。Ontheeleventhofthatmonththeycame，storm—beatenandwithoutGovernororAdmiralorSeaAdventure，into"ourBay"andatlastto"theKing’sRiverandTown。"Herethereswarmedfromtheseshipsnighthreehundredpersons，meetingandmetbythehundreddwellingatJamestown。Thiswasthethirdsupply，butitlackedthehundredorsoupontheSeaAdventureandthepinnace，anditlackedahead。"BeingputashorewithouttheirGovernororanyorderfromhim（alltheCommissionersandprincipalpersonsbeingaboardhim）nomanwouldacknowledgeasuperior。"
　　WiththismultitudeappearedoncemoreinVirginiathethreeancientcouncilors——Ratcliffe，Archer，andMartin。Apparentlyherecamefreshfuelforfactions。Whoshouldrule，andwhoshouldberuled？Hereisanextremelyoldandimportantquestion，settledinhistoryonlytobeunsettledagain。Everywhereitrises，dustonTime’sroad，andislaidonlytoriseagain。
　　SmithwasstillPresident。Whowasintherightandwhointhewrongintheseancientquarrels，therecitalofwhichfillsthepagesofSmithandofothermen，ishardnowtobedetermined。ButJamestownbecameaplaceofturbulence。FrancisWestwassentwithaconsiderablenumbertotheFallsoftheFarWesttomaketheresomekindofsettlement。ForalikepurposeMartinandPercyweredispatchedtotheNansemondRiver。Allalongthelinetherewasbitterfallingout。TheIndiansbecamemarkedlyhostile。Smithwasuptheriver，quarrelingwithWestandhismen。Atlasthecalledthem"wrongheadedasses，"flunghimselfintohisboat，andmadedowntherivertoJamestown。Yetevensoefoundnopeace，for，whilehewasasleepintheboat，bysomeaccidentorotherasparkfounditswaytohispowderpouch。
　　Thepowderexploded。Terriblyhurt，heleapedoverboardintotheriver，whencehewaswithdifficultyrescued。
　　SmithwasnowdeposedbyRatcliffe，Archer，andMartin，because，"beinganambityous，onworthy，andvaynegloriousfellowe，"sayhisdetractors，"hewolderuleallandingroseallauthorityintohisownhands。"Bethisasitmay，SmithwasputonboardoneoftheshipswhichwereabouttosailforEngland。Wounded，andwithnoneatJamestownabletohealhishurt，hewasnounwillingpassenger。Thushedeparted，andVirginiaknewCaptainJohnSmithnomore。Somelikedhimandhisways，somelikedhimnotnorhiswayseither。Hewroteofhisowndeedsandpraisedthemhighly，andsawlittlegoodinothermankind，thoughhereandtherehemadeanexception。Evidentenougharefaultsoftemper。Buthehadgreatcourageandenergyandattimesaloftydisinterestedness。
　　AgainwinterdrewonatJamestown，andwithitmiseryonmisery。GeorgePercy，nowPresident，layillandunabletokeeporder。Themultitude，"unbridledandheedless，"pulledthiswayandthat。Beforethecoldhadwellbegun，whatprovisiontherewasinthestorehousebecameexhausted。
　　ThatstreamofcornfromtheIndiansinwhichthecolonistshadputdependencefailedtoflow。TheIndiansthemselvesbegansystematicallytospoilandmurder。RatcliffeandfourteenwithhimmetdeathwhileloadinghisbargewithcornuponthePamunkey。Thecoldgrewworse。Bymidwintertherewasfamine。Thefourhundred——alreadynoticeablydwindled——dwindledfastandfaster。Thecoldwassevere;theIndianswereinthewoods;theweakenedbodiesofthewhitemenpinedandshivered。Theybrokeuptheemptyhousestomakefirestowarmthemselves。TheybegantodieofhungeraswellasbyIndianarrows。Onwentthewinter，andeverydaysomedied。
　　Talesofcannibalismaretold……ThiswastheStarvingTime。
　　Whentheleaveswereredandgold，England—in—Americahadapopulationoffourhundredandmore。Whenthedogwoodandthestrawberrybloomed，England—in—Americahadapopulationofbutsixty。
　　SomewhatlaterthanthistimetherecamefromthepenofShakespeareaplaydealingwithatempestandshipwreckandamagicalisleandrescuethereon。
　　ThebrightspiritArielspeaksof"thestill—vex’dBermoothes。"Thesewereislands"twohundredleaguesfromanycontinent，"namedafteraSpanishCaptainBermudezwhohadlandedthere。OncetherehadbeenIndians，butthesetheSpaniardshadslainortakenasslaves。Nowtheislandsweredesolate，uninhabited，"forlornandunfortunate。"Chancevesselsmighttouch，buttheapproachwasdangerous。Theregrewrumorsofpirates，andthenofdemons。"TheIslesofDemons，"wasthenamegiventothem。"Themostforlornandunfortunateplaceintheworld"wasthedescriptionthatfittedtheminthosedistantdays：
　　Alltorment，trouble，wonderandamazementInhabitshere：someheavenlypowerguideusOutofthisfearfulcountry。
　　WhenShakespearesowrote，therewasnewsinEnglandandtalkwenttoandfrooftheshipwreckoftheSeaAdventureupontherockyteethoftheBermoothes，"uninhabitableandalmostinaccessible，"andoftheescapeanddwellingthereformonthsofGatesandSomersandthecolonistsinthatship。ItisgenerallyassumedthatthisincidentfurnishedtimberfortheframeworkofTheTempest。
　　ThestormthatbrokeonSt。James’sDay，scatteringtheshipsofthethirdsupply，drovetheSeaAdventurehereandthereatwill。UponherwatchedGatesandSomersandNewport，aboveahundredmen，andafewwomenandchildren。Theresprangaleak;allthoughtofdeath。Thenroseacry"Landho！"Thestormabated，butthewindcarriedtheSeaAdventureuponthisshoreandgroundedheruponareef。AcertainR。Rich，gentleman，oneofthevoyagers，madeandpublishedaballaduponthewholeevent。IfitishardlyShakespeareanmusic，yetitisnotdevoidofinterest……TheSeasdidrage，thewindesdidblowe，Distressedweretheythen;
　　Theirshippedidleake，hertacklingsbreake，Indaungerwerehermen;
　　Butheavenwaspylotteinthisstorme，AndtoanIlandneare，Bermoothawescalled，conductedthem，Whichdidabatetheirfeare。
　　Usingtheship’sboatstheygottoshore，thoughwithtoilanddanger。Heretheyfoundnospritesnordemons，norevenmen，butafair，half—tropicalverdureand，runningwild，greatnumbersofswine。
　　AndthenonshoaretheilandcameInhabitedbyhogges，SomeFouleandtortoysestherewere，Theyonlyhadonedogge，Tokilltheseswyne，toyieldthemfoode，Thatlittlehadtoeate。
　　Theirstorewasspentandallthingsscant，Alas！theywantedmeate。
　　Theydidnot，however，starve。
　　AthousandhoggesthatdoggedidkillTheirhungertosustaine。
　　TenmonthstheVirginiacolonistslivedamongthe"still—vex’dBermoothes。"
　　TheSeaAdventurewasbutawreckpinnedbetweenthereefs。Nosailwasseenuponthebluewater。Wheretheywerethrown，thereGatesandSomersandNewportandallmuststayforatimeandmakethebestofit。Theybuildedhutsandthatchedthem，andtheybroughtfromthewreckedship，pinnedbuthalfamilefromland，storesofmanykinds。Theclimeprovedoftheblandest，fairest;withfishingandhuntingtheymaintainedthemselves。
　　Days，weeks，andmonthswentby。Theyhadaminister，MasterBuck。Theybroughtfromtheshipabellandraiseditforachurch—bell。Amarriage，afewdeaths，thebirthoftwochildrenthesewereeventsontheisland。Oneofthesechildren，thedaughterofJohnRolfe，gentleman，andhiswife，waschristenedBermuda。GatesandSomersheldkindlysway。Thecolonistslivedinplenty，peace，andease。Butforallthat，theywereshipwreckedfolk，andfar，faroutoftheworld，andtheylongedfortheoldwaysandtheirownkin。Dayfollowedday，butnosailwouldshowtobearthemthence;andsoatlast，takingwhattheycouldfromtheforestsoftheisland，andfromtheSeaAdventure，theysetabouttobecomeshipwrights。
　　Andtheretwogallantpynases，DidbuildofSeader—tree，ThebraveDeliveranceonewascall’d，Ofseaventytonnewasshee，TheotherPatiencehadtoname，Herburthenthirtytonne……ThetwoandfortyweekesbeingpastTheyhoystsayleandaway;
　　Theirshippeswithhoggeswellfreightedwere，Theirhartswithmicklejoy。
　　AndsotoVirginiacame……
　　WhattheyfoundwhentheycametoVirginiawasdolorenough。OnJamestownstrandtheybeheldsixtyskeletons"whohadeatenallthequickthingsthatwearethere，andsomeofthemhadeatensnakesandadders。"Somers，Gates，andNewport，onenteringthetown，foundit"ratherastheruinsofsomeauntientfortificationthanthatanypeoplelivingmightnowinhabitit。"
　　Apitiableoutcome，this，ofallthehopesoffair"harboursandhabitations，"ofgoldendreams，andfarflungdominion。AllthosewhomRaleighhadsenttoRoanokewerelostorhadperished。ThosewhohadnamedandhadfirstdwelledinJamestownwereinnumberaboutahundred。Tothesehadbeenadded，duringthefirstyearorso，perhapstwohundredmore。AndtheshipsthathadpartedfromtheSeaAdventurehadbroughtinthreehundred。Firstandlast，notfarfromsevenhundredEnglishfolkhadcometoliveinVirginia。Andtheseskeletonseatingsnakesandadderswereallthatremainedofthatcompany;allthoseothershaddiedmiserablyandtheirhopeswereasheswiththem。
　　WhatmightSirThomasGates，theGovernor，do？"Thatwhichaddedmosttohissorowe，andnotalittlestartledhim，wastheimpossibilitie……howtoamendonewhittofthis。Hisforceswerenotofhabilitietorevengeuponthe。Indian，norhisownesupply（nowbroughtfromtheBermudas）sufficienttorelievehispeople。"SohecalledaCouncilandlistenedinturntoSirGeorgeSomers，toChristopherNewport，andto"thegentlemenandCounsaileoftheformerGovernment。"Theendandupshotwasthatnonecouldseeothercoursethantoabandonthecountry。England—in—Americahadtriedandfailed，andhadtriedagainandfailed。God，orthecourseofNature，orthecurrentofHistorywasagainsther。PerhapsintimestrongerforcesandotherattemptsmightyetissuefromEngland。Butnowthehourhadcometosayfarewell！
　　Uponthebosomoftheriverswungtwopinnaces，theDiscoveryandtheVirginia，leftbythedepartingshipsmonthsbefore，andtheDeliveranceandthePatience，theBermudapinnaces。ThustheEnglishabandonedthelittletownthatwasbutthreeyearsold。Aboardthefoursmallshipstheywent，anddownthebroadriver，betweenthefloweryshores，theysailedaway。
　　DoubtlessunderthetreesoneitherhandwereIndianswatchingthisretreatoftheinvadersoftheirforests。Theplanofthedepartingcolonistswastoturnnorth，whentheyhadreachedthesea，andmakeforNewfoundland，wheretheymightperhapsmeetwithEnglishfishingships。Sotheysaileddowntheriver，anddoubtlessmanyheartswereheavyandsad，butothersdoubtlesswerefullofjoyandthankfulnesstobegoingbacktoanolderhomethanVirginia。
　　TheriverbroadenedtowardChesapeake——andthen，beforethem，whatdidtheysee？Whatdeliveranceforthosewhohadheldontotheuttermost？TheysawthelongboatofanEnglishshipcomingtowardthemwithflashingoars，bringingnewsofcomfortandrelief。There，indeed，offPointComfortlaythreeships，theDeLaWarr，theBlessing，andtheHercules，andtheybrought，withagoodcompanyandgoodstores，SirThomasWest，LordDeLaWarr，appointed，overGates，LordGovernorandCaptainGeneral，bylandandsea，oftheColonyofVirginia。
　　TheDiscovery，theVirginia，thePatience，andtheDeliverancethereuponputbacktothatshoretheythoughttohaveleftforever。Twodayslater，onSundaythe10thofJune，1610，thereanchoredbeforeJamestowntheDeLaWarr，theBlessing，andtheHercules;anditwasthusthatthenewLordGovernorwrotehome："I……intheafternoonwentashore，whereafterasermonmadebyMr。Buck……Icausedmycommissiontoberead，uponwhichSirThomasGatesdeliveredup’……untomehisownecommission，bothpatents，and’thecounsellseale;andthenIdeliveredsomefewwordesuntotheCompany……andafter……didconstituteandgiveplaceofofficeandchardgetodiversCaptainesandgentlemenandelecteduntomeacounsaile。"
　　Thedeadwasaliveagain。SaithRich’sballad：
　　Andtotheadventurers*thushewrites，"Benotdismayedatall，Forscandallcannotdoeuswrong，Godwillnotletusfall。
　　LetEnglandknoweourwillingnesse，Forthatourworkeisgood，WEHOPETOPLANTANATION
　　WHERENONEBEFOREHATHSTOOD。"
　　*TheVirginiaCompany。
　　CHAPTERVI。SIRTHOMASDALE
　　InarebuildedJamestown，LordDeLaWarr，of"approvedcourage，temperandexperience，"heldforashortintervaldignified，seigneurialsway，whilehisrestlessassociatesadventuredfarandwide。SirGeorgeSomerssailedbacktotheBermudastogatheracargoofthewildswineofthosewoods，butillnessseizedhimthere，andhediedamongthebeautifulislands。ThatCaptainSamuelArgallwhohadtraversedfortheCompanytheshortroadfromtheCanariestookupSmith’sfallenmantleandcarriedontheworkofexploration。Itwashewhofound，andnamedfortheLordGovernor，DelawareBay。HewentupthePotomacandtradedforcorn;rescuedanEnglishboyfromtheIndians;hadbrusheswiththesavages。IntheautumnbacktoEnglandwithastringofshipswentthattriedandtestedseafarerChristopherNewport。Virginiawantedmanythings，andchieflythattheVirginiaCompanyshouldexcusedefectandrememberpromise。SoGatessailedwithNewporttomaketruereportandguideexertion。Sixmonthspassed，andtheLordGovernorhimselffellillandmusthometoEngland。Soawayhe，too，wentandforsevenyearsuntilhisdeathruledfromthatdistancethroughadeputygovernor。DeLaWarrwasamanofnoteandworth，oldprivycouncilorofElizabethandofJames，soldierintheLowCountries，strongProtestantandbelieverinEngland—in—America。Todayhisnameisbornebyagreatriver，agreatbay，andbyoneoftheUnitedStates。
　　InLondon，theVirginiaCompany，havinglistenedtoGates，projectedafourthsupplyforthecolony。OfthosehundredswhohadperishedinVirginia，manyhadbeentrueandintelligentmen，andagainmanyperhapshadbeenhardlythat。ButtheVirginiaCompanywasnowdeterminedtoexerciseforthefutureadiscrimination。Itissuedabroadside，makingknownthatitwassendinganewsupplyofmenandallnecessaryprovisioninafleetofgoodships，undertheconductofSirThomasGatesandSirThomasDale，andthatitwasnotintendedanymoretoburdentheactionwith"vagrantandunnecessarypersons……buthonestandindustriousmen，asCarpenters，Smiths，Coopers，Fishermen，Tanners，Shoemakers，Shipwrights，Brickmen，Gardeners，Husbandmen，andlaboringmenofallsortsthat……shallbeentertainedfortheVoyageuponsuchtermesastheirqualitieandfitnesseshalldeserve。"Yet，inspiteofprecautions，someoftheothersortcontinuedtocreepinwiththesoberandindustrious。MasterWilliamCrashaw，inasermonupontheVirginiaventure，remarksthat"theywhogoe……belikeforaughtIsee）tothosewhoareleftbehind，evenofallsortsbetterandworse！"Thisprobablyhitsthemark。
　　TheVirginiaCompanymeantatlasttohaveorderinVirginia。Tothiseffect，anewofficewascreatedandastrongmanwasfoundtofillit。
　　GatesremainedDeLaWarr’sdeputygovernor，butSirThomasDalewentasMarshalofVirginia。ThelattersailedinMarch，1611，with"threeships，threehundredpeople，twelvekine，twentygoats，andallthingsneedfulforthecolony。"GatesfollowedinMaywithotherships，threehundredcolonists，andmuchcattle。
　　ForthenextfewyearsDalebecomes，ineffect，rulerofVirginia。Hedidmuchforthecolony，andtherefore，inthatfarpastthatisnotsodistanteither，muchfortheUnitedStates—amanofnote，andworthconsidering。
　　DalehadseenmanyyearsofserviceintheLowCountries。HewasstillinHollandwhenthesummonscametocrosstheoceanintheserviceoftheVirginiaCompany。OntherecommendationofHenry，PrinceofWales，theStates—GeneraloftheUnitedNetherlandsconsented"thatCaptainThomasDale（destinedbytheKingofGreatBritaintobeemployedinVirginiainhisMajesty’sservice）mayabsenthimselffromhiscompanyforthespaceofthreeyears，andthathissaidcompanyshallremainmeanwhilevacant，toberesumedbyhimifhethinkproper。"
　　Thismanhadasoldier’swaywithhimandanironwill。ForfiveyearsinVirginiaheexhibitedacertainsternefficiencywhichwasperhapsthebestsupportandmedicinethatcouldhavebeendevised。Attheendofthattime，leavingVirginia，hedidnotreturntotheDutchservice，butbecameAdmiralofthefleetoftheEnglishEastIndiaCompany，thuspassingfromonehugehistoricmercantilecompanytoanother。WithsixshipshesailedforIndia。NearJava，theEnglishandtheDutchhavingchosentoquarrel，hehadwithaDutchfleet"acruel，bloodyfight。"Later，whenpeacewasrestored，theEastIndiaCompanywouldhavegivenhimcommandofanalliedfleetofEnglishandDutchships，theobjectivebeingtradealongthecoastofMalabarandanattempttoopencommercewith—theChinese。ButSirThomasDalewasopeningcommercewithavaster，hiddenland，foratMasulipatamhedied。"Whosevalor，"sayshisepitaph，"havingshinedintheWesterne，wassetintheEasterneIndia。"
　　ButnowinMaytimeof1611DalewasinVirginianwaters。Bythisday，besidethemainsettlementofJamestown，therewereatCapeHenryandPointComfortsmallfortsgarrisonedwithmeagercompaniesofmen。Dalemadepauseatthese，settingmattersinorder，andthen，proceedinguptheriver，hecametoJamestownandfoundthepeoplegatheredtoreceivehim。
　　PresentlyhewriteshometotheCompanyaletterthatgivesaviewoftheplaceanditsneeds。Anynumberofthingsmustbedone，requiringcontinuousandhardwork，"as，namely，thereparationofthefallingChurchandsooftheStore—house，astableforourhorses，amunitionhouse，aPowderhouse，anewwellfortheamendingofthemostunwholesomewaterwhichtheoldafforded。Bricktobemade，asturgionhouse……aBlockhousetoberaisedontheNorthsideofourbackrivertopreventtheIndiansfromkillingourcattle，ahousetobesetuptolodgeourcattleinthewinter，andhaytobeappointedinhisduetimetobemade，asmith’sforgetobeperfectedcaskeforourSturgionstobemade，andbesidesprivategardensforeachmancommongardensforhempandflaxandsuchotherseeds，andlastlyabridgetolandourgoodsdryandsafeupon，formostofwhichItakepresentorder。"
　　DalewouldhaveagreedwithDr。WattsthatSatanfindssomemischiefstillForidlehandstodo！
　　IfweoftheUnitedStatestodaywillcalltomindcertainWesternsmalltownsofsomedecadesago——ifwewillreviewthemastheyarepicturedinpoemandnovelandplay——wemayreceive，asitwereoutofthetailoftheeye，animpressionofsomeaspectsofthesewesternplantingsoftheseventeenthcentury。Thedare—devil，thebully，thetenderfoot，thegambler，thegentleman—desperadohadtheircounterpartsinVirginia。Sohadthecool，indomitablesheriffandhisdependableposse，thefriendsgenerallyoflawandorder。Dalemaybeviewedasthepicturesquesheriffofthisearlierage。
　　ButitmustberememberedthatthisVirginiawasoftheseventeenth，notofthenineteenthcentury。Andlawhadcruelandidiotfacesaswellasfacesjustandwise。Hithertothecolonypossessednowrittenstatutes。TheCompanynowresolvedtoimposeuponthewaywardanironrestraint。ItfelltoDaletoenforcetheregulationsknownas"LawesandOrders，dyvine，politique，andmartiallfortheColonyeofVirginia"——notEnglishcivillawsimply，butlaws"chieflyextractedoutoftheLawesforgoverningthearmyintheLowCountreys。"ThefirstpartofthiscodewascompiledbyWilliamStrachey;thelatterpartisthoughttohavebeentheworkofSirEdwardCecil，SirThomasGates，andDalehimself，approvedandacceptedbytheVirginiaCompany。Tenyearsafterwards，defendingitselfbeforeaCommitteeofParliament，theCompanythroughitsTreasurerdeclared"thenecessityofsuchlaws，insomecasesadterrorem，andinsometobetrulyexecuted。"
　　Seventeenth—centuryEnglishlawherselfwasterribleenoughinallconscience，but"Dale’sLaws"wentbeyond。Offencesrangedfromfailuretoattendchurchandidlenesstolesemajeste。Thepenaltiesweregross——cruelwhippings，imprisonments，barbarousputtingstodeath。TheHighMarshalheldtheunrulydownwithahighhand。
　　ButotherfactorsthanthisDraconiancodeworkedatlasttowardorderinthisEnglishWest。Dalewasnosmallstatesman，andheplayedfermentagainstferment。IntoVirginianowfirstcameprivateownershipofland。，，Somuchwasgiventoeachcolonist，andcareofthisbootybecametoeachapreoccupation。TheCompanyathomesentoutmoreandmoresettlers，andmoreandmoreoftheindustrious，peace—lovingsort。By1612theEnglishinAmericanumberedabouteighthundred。Daleprojectedanothertown，andchoseforitssitethegreathorseshoebendintheriverafewmilesbelowtheFallsoftheFarWest，ataspotwenowcallDutchGap。HereDalelaidoutatownwhichhenamedHenricusafterthePrinceofWales，andforitscitizenshedraftedfromJamestownthreehundredpersons。TohimalsoaredueBermudaandShirleyHundredsandDale’sGiftoverontheEasternShore。
　　AstheCompanysentovermorecolonists，therebegantoshow，upanddowntheJamesthoughatfarintervals，cabinsandclearingsmadebywhitemen，setaboutwithastockade，andattheriveredgearudelandingandafastenedboat。Therestlesssearchforminesofgoldandsilvernowslackened。InsteadeyesturnedforwealthtothekingdomoftheDlantandtree，andtofurtradeandfisheries。
　　*Hithertotherehadbeennotradingorlandholdingbyindividuals。AllthecolonistscontributedtheproductsoftheirtoiltothecommonstoreandreceivedtheirsuppliesfromtheCompany。Theadventurers（stockholders）
　　contributedmoneytotheenterprise;thecolonists，themselvesandtheirlabor。
　　ThoseshipsthatbroughtcolonistswereineveryinstanceexpectedtoreturntoEnglandladenwiththecommoditiesofVirginia。Atfirstcargoesofpreciousoreswerelookedfor。Thesefailing，theCompanymusttakefromVirginiawhatlayathandandwhatmightbesuitedtoEnglishneeds。In1610theCompanyissuedapaperofinstructionsuponthissubjectofVirginiacommodities。Thedaughterwasexpectedto，sendtothemothercountrysassafrasroot，bayberries，puccoon，sarsaparilla，walnut，chestnut，andchinquapinoil，wine，silkgrass，beavercod，beaverandotterskins，clapboardofoakandwalnut，tar，pitch，turpentine，andpowderedsturgeon。
　　ItmightseemthatVirginiawasheadedtobecomealandoffishers，offoresters，andvinedressers，perhapseven，whenthegoldshouldbeatlastdiscovered，ofminers。Athome，thecolonizingmerchantsandstatesmenlookedforsomesuchthing。Inreturnforwhatsheladedintoships，VirginiawastoreceiveEnglish—madegoods，andtoanespecialdegreewoolengoods，"averyliberallutteranceofourEnglishclothsintoamainecountrydescribedtobebiggerthanallEurope。"Therewastobedirecttrade，countrykindforcountrykind，andnospecietobetakenoutofEngland。Thepromotersathomedoubtlessconceivedahardyandsimpletrans—Atlanticfolkoftheirownkindred，plantersfortheirownneeds，steadyconsumersoftheplainersortofEnglishwares，steadygatherers，inreturn，ofnecessariesforwhichEnglandotherwisemusttradeafteracostlyfashionwithlandswhichwerenotalwaysfriendly。Asimple，sturdy，laboriousVirginia，whitemenandIndiansifthiswastheirdream，realitywassoontomodifyit。
　　Anewcommodityofunsuspectedcommercialvaluebegannowtobegrowningarden—plotsalongtheJamesthe"weed"parexcellence，tobacco。ThatJohnRolfewhohadbeenshipwreckedontheSeaAdventurewasnowaplanterinVirginia。HischildBermudahaddiedininfancy，andhiswifesoonaftertheircomingtoJamestown。Rolferemained，ayoungman，agoodcitizen，andaChristian。Andhelovedtobacco。OnthattrivialfacthingesanimportantchapterintheeconomichistoryofAmerica。In1612Rolfeplantedtobaccoinhisowngarden，experimentedwithitsculture，andprophesiedthattheVirginianweedwouldrankwiththebestSpanish。Itwasnowashorterplant，smaller—leafedandsmaller—flowered，buttimeandskilfulgardeningwouldimproveit。
　　Englandhadknowntobaccoforthirtyyears，owingitsintroductiontoRaleigh。AtfirstmerelyamusedbytheNewWorldrarity，Englandwasnowbygeneraluseturningaluxuryintoanecessity。MoreandmoreshereceivedthroughDutchandSpanishshipstobaccofromtheIndies。AmongtheEnglishadventurerstoVirginiasomealreadyknewtheusesoftheweed;otherssoonlearnedfromtheIndians。TobaccowasperhapsnotindigenoustoVirginia，buthadprobablycomethroughsoutherntribeswhointurnhadgaineditfromthosewhoknewitinitstropichabitat。Now，however，tobaccowasgrownbyallVirginiaIndians，andwasregardedastheGreatSpirit’sbestgift。Inthefinalhappyhunting—ground，kings，werowances，andpriestsenjoyeditforever。When，inthetimeafterthefirstlanding，theIndiansbroughtgiftstotheadventurersastobeingsfromasuperiorsphere，theyofferedtobaccoaswellascomestibleslikedeer—meatandmulberries。
　　Later，inEnglandandinVirginia，therewassomesuggestionthatitmightbecultivatedamongothercommodities。ButtheCompany，nottobedivertedfromthepathtoprofits，demandedfromVirginianecessitiesandnotnew—fangledluxuries。Nevertheless，alittletobaccowassentovertoEngland，andthenalittlemore，andthenalargerquantity。Inlessthanfiveyearsithadbecomeamainexport;andfromthattimetothisprofoundlyhasitaffectedthelifeofVirginiaand，indeed，oftheUnitedStates。
　　ThisthenisthewideandgeneraleventwithwhichJohnRolfeisconnected。
　　Butthereisalsoanarrower，personalhappeningthathaspleasedallthesecenturies。Indiandifficultiesyetabounded，butDale，administratoraswellasmanofMars，woundhiswayskilfullythroughthemall。Powhatanbroodedtooneside，overthereatWerowocomoco。CaptainSamuelArgallwasagaininVirginia，havingbroughtoversixty—twocolonistsinhisship，theTreasurer。Aboldandrestlessman，explorernolessthanmariner，heagainwenttradingupthePotomac，andvisiteduponitsbanksthevillageofJapazaws，kinsmanofPowhatan。HerehefoundnolessapersonagethanPowhatan’sdaughterPocahontas。AnideacameintoArgall’sactiveandsomewhatunscrupulousbrain。HebribedJapazawswithamightygleamingcopperkettle，andbythatchief’sconnivancetookPocahontasfromthevillageabovethePotomac。HebroughthercaptiveinhisboatdowntheChesapeaketothemouthoftheJamesandsouptherivertoJamestown，heretobeheldhostageforanIndianpeace。Thiswasin1613。
　　PocahontasstayedbytheJames，intherudesettlers’town，whichmayhaveseemedtotheIndiangirlstatelyandwonderfulenough。HereRolfemadeheracquaintance，heretheytalkedtogether，andhere，aftersomescruplesonhispartasto"heathennesse，"theyweremarried。Hewritesof"herdesiretobetaughtandinstructedintheknowledgeofGod;hercapablenessofunderstanding;heraptnesseandwillingnessetorecieveaniegoodimpression，andalsothespiritual，besidesherowneincitementsstirringmeuphereunto。"Firstshewasbaptized，receivingthenameRebecca，andthenshewasmarriedtoRolfeintheflower—deckedchurchatJamestown。
　　Powhatanwasnotthere，buthesentyoungchiefs，herbrothers，inhisplace。RolfehadlandsandcabinsthereuponuptherivernearHenricus。HecalledthisplaceVarina，thebestSpanishtobaccobeingVarinas。HereheandPocahontasdwelledtogether"civillyandlovingly。"WhentwoyearshadpassedthecouplewentwiththeirinfantsonuponavisittoEngland。TherecourtandtownandcountryflockedtoseetheIndian"princess。"AfteratimesheandRolfewouldgobacktoVirginia。ButatGravesend，beforetheirshipsailed，shewasstrickenwithsmallpoxanddied，making"areligiousandgodlyend，"andthereatGravesendsheisburied。Herson，ThomasRolfe，whowasbroughtupinEngland，returnedatlasttoVirginiaandlivedouthislifetherewithhiswifeandchildren。TodaynosmallhostofAmericanshaveforancestressthedaughterofPowhatan。InEngland—in—AmericatheimmediateeffectofthemarriagewasreallytoprocureanIndianpeaceoutlastingPocahontas’sbrieflife。
　　InDale’syearsthererisesabovetheEnglishhorizonthecloudofNewFrance。Theold，disaster—hauntedHuguenotcolonyinFloridawasathingofthepast，tobemournedforwhentheSpaniardwipeditout——foratthattimeEnglandherselfwasnotinAmerica。Butnowthatshewasestablishedthere，withsomehundredsofmeninaVirginiathatstretchedfromSpanishFloridatoNovaScotia，theFrenchshadowseemedominous。Andjustinthisfartherregion，amidfir—treesandsnow，uponthedesolateBayofFundy，theFrenchforsomeyearshadbeenkeepingthebreathoflifeinahuddleofcabinsnamedPortRoyal。Morethanthis，andlaterthanthePortRoyalbuilding，Frenchmen——Jesuitsthat！——weretryingasettlementonanislandnowcalledMountDesert，offacoastnownamedMaine。TheVirginiaCompany—doubtlesswithsomereferencebacktotheKingandPrivyCouncil——DeLaWarr，Gates，thedeputygovernor，andDale，theHighMarshal，appeartohavebeenofonemindastotheseFrenchsettlements。UpnorththerewasstillVirginia——ineffect，England！Handsoff，therefore，allEuropeanpeoplesspeakingwithanun—Englishtongue！
　　NowithappenedaboutthistimethatCaptainSamuelArgallreceivedacommission"togofishing，"andthathefishedoffthatcoastthatisnowthecoastofMaine，andbroughthisshiptoanchorbyMountDesert。Argall，aswiftandhigh—handedperson，fishedondryland。HesweptintohisnettheJesuitsonMountDesert，sethalfoftheminanopenboattomeetwithwhatshiptheymight，andbroughttheotherhalfcaptivetoJamestown。
　　Later，heappearedbeforePortRoyal，whereheburnedthecabins，slewthecattle，anddroveintotheforestthesettlerFrenchmen。ButPortRoyalandthelandaboutitcalledAcadia，thoughmuchhurt，survivedArgall’sfishing。*
　　*Argall，onhisfishingtrip，hasbeencreditedwithattackingnotonlytheFrenchinAcadiabuttheDutchtradersonManhattan。Buttherearegroundsfordoubtifhedidthelatter。
　　TherewasalsoonVirginiainthesedaystheshadowofSpain。In1611theEnglishhadfounduponthebeachnearPointComfortthreeSpaniardsfromaSpanishcaravelwhich，astheEnglishmenhadlearnedwithalarm，"wasfittedwithashallopnecessarieandproppertodiscoverfreshetts，rivers，andcreekes。"TheytookthethreeprisonerandappliedforinstructionstoDale，whoheldthemtobespiesandclappedthemintoprisonatPointComfort。
　　ThatDale’ssuspicionswerecorrect，isprovedbyaletterwhichtheKingofSpainwroteinciphertotheSpanishAmbassadorinLondonorderinghimtoconferwiththeKingastothelibertyofthreeprisonerswhomEnglishmeninVirginiahavecaptured。Thethreeare"theAlcaydeDonDiegodeMolino，EnsignMarcoAntonioPerez，andFranciscoLembrianEnglishpilot，whobymyorderswenttoreconnoitrethoseports。"SmallwonderthatDalewasapprehensive。"Whatmaybethedaungerofthisuntous，"hewrotehome，"whoareheresofew，soweake，andunfortified，……Irefermetoyourownehonorableknowledg。"
　　Monthspass，andtheEnglishAmbassadortoSpainwritesfromMadridthathe"isnothastytoadvertiseanythinguponbarerumours，whichhathmademehithertoforbearetowritewhatIhadgenerallyheardoftheirintentsagainstVirginia，butnowIhavebeen……advertisedthatwithoutquestiontheywillspeedilyattemptagainstourplantationthere。Andthatitisathingresolvedof，thatyeKingofSpainmustrunanyhazardwithEnglandratherthanpermityeEnglishtosettlethere……Whatsoeverisattempted，IconceivewillbefromyeHavana。"
　　Rumorsflybackandforth。Thenextyear1613——theAmbassadorwritesfromMadrid："TheyhavelateliehadseverallConsultationsaboutourPlantationinVirginia。Theresolutionis——Thatitmustberemoved，buttheythinkeitfitttosuspendtheexecutionofit，……forthattheyareinhopethatitwillfallofitselfe。"
　　TheSpanishhopeseemed，atthistime，notatallwithoutfoundation。
　　MembersoftheVirginiaCompanyhadformedtheSomersIslandsCompanynamedforSomerstheAdmiral——andhadplantedasmallcolonyinBermudawheretheSeaAdventurehadbeenwrecked。Herewerefair，fertileislandswithoutIndians，andwithoutthediseasesthatseemedtorise，nomanknewhow，fromthemarshesalongthoselowerreachesofthegreatriverJamesinVirginia。Youngthoughitwas，thenewplantation"prosperethbetterthanthatofVirginia，andgivethgreaterincouragementtoprosecuteyt。"InEnglandtherearose，fromsomeconcerned，thecrytoGiveupVirginiathathasprovedaprojectawry！AsGateswasonceabouttoremovethenceeverylivingman，sotrulytheymight"nowremovedtothesemorehopefulislands！"TheSpanishAmbassadorisfoundwritingtotheSpanishKing：
　　"Thustheyareherediscouraged……onaccountoftheheavyexpensestheyhaveincurred，andthedisappointment，thatthereisnopassagefromtheretotheSouthSea……norminesofgoldorsilver。"This，beitnoted，wasbeforetobaccowasdiscoveredtobeaneconomictreasure。
　　TheElizabethfromLondonreachedVirginiainMay，1613。ItbroughttothecolonynewsofBermuda，andincidentallyofthatnewnotionbrewinginthemindofsomeoftheCompany。WhentheElizabeth，afteramonthinVirginia，turnedhomeward，shecarriedavigorousletterfromDale，theHighMarshal，toSirThomasSmith，TreasureroftheCompany。
　　"Letmetellyouallathome[writesDale]thisonething，andIprayrememberit;ifyougiveoverthiscountryandlooseit，you，withyourwisdoms，willleapsuchagudgeonasourstatehathnotdonethelikesincetheylosttheKingdomofFrance;beotgulledwiththeclamorousreportofbasepeople;believeCalebandJoshua;ifthegloryofGodhavenopowerwiththemandtheconversionofthesepoorinfidels，yetlettherichmammons’desireeggethemontoinhabitthesecountries。Iprotesttoyou，bythefaithofanhonestman，themoreIrangethecountrythemoreI
　　admireit。IhaveseenthebestcountriesinEurope;Iprotesttoyou，beforetheLivingGod，putthemalltogether，thiscountrywillbeequivalentuntothemifitbeinhabitedwithgoodpeople。"
　　IfeverMotherEnglandseriouslythoughtofmovingVirginiaintoBermuda，theideawasnowgivenover。Spain，suspendingthesworduntilVirginia"willfallofitselfe，"sawthatswordrustaway。
　　FiveyearsinallDaleruledVirginia。Then，personalandfamilymatterscalling，hesailedawayhometoEngland，toreturnnomore。Soonhisstar"havingshinedintheWesterne，wassetintheEasterneIndia。"AtthehelminVirginiaheleftGeorgeYeardley，anhonest，ableman。ButinEngland，whatwasknownasthe"courtparty"intheCompanymanagedtohavechoseninsteadforDeLaWarr’sdeputygovernor，CaptainSamuelArgall。Itprovedanunfortunatechoice。Argall，acapableanddaringbuccaneer，fastenedonVirginiaasonaSpanishgalleon。Forayearheruledinhisowninterest，plunderingandterrorizing。AtlasttheoutcryagainsthimgrewsoloudthatithadtobelistenedtoacrosstheAtlantic。LordDeLaWarrwassentoutinpersontodealwithmattersbutdiedontheway;andCaptainYeardley，nowknightedandappointedGovernor，wasinstructedtoproceedagainsttheincorrigibleArgall。ButArgallhadalreadydepartedtofacehisaccusersinEngland。
　　CHAPTERVII。YOUNGVIRGINIA
　　ThechoiceofSirEdwynSandysasTreasureroftheVirginiaCompanyin1619
　　marksaturningpointinthehistoryofbothCompanyandcolony。AtamomentwhenJamesIwasaimingatabsolutemonarchyandwasmenacingParliament，Sandysandhisparty——theLiberalsoftheday——turnedthesessionsoftheCompanyintoaparliamentwheremomentousquestionsofstateandcolonialpolicywerefreelydebated。TheliberalspiritofSandyscastabeamoflight，too，acrosstheAtlantic。WhenGovernorYeardleysteppedashoreatJamestowninmid—April，hebroughtwithhim，asthefirstfruitsofthenewregime，nolessaboonthanthegrantofarepresentativeassembly。
　　ThereweretobeinVirginia，subjecttotheCompany，subjectinitsturntotheCrown，two"SupremeCouncils，"oneofwhichwastoconsistoftheGovernorandhiscouncilorschosenbytheCompanyinEngland。Theotherwastobeelectedbythecolonists，tworepresentativesorburgessesfromeachdistinctsettlement。CouncilandHouseofBurgessesweretoconstitutetheupperandlowerhousesoftheGeneralAssembly。ThewholehadpowertolegislateuponVirginianaffairswithintheboundsofthecolony，buttheGovernorinVirginiaandtheCompanyinEnglandmustapproveitsacts。
　　Amightyhopeinsmallwashere！Hedgedaboutwithprovisions，curtailedandlimited，hereneverthelesswasanacornoutofwhich，bynaturalgrowthandsomemutation，wastocomepopulargovernmentwideanddeep。Theplantingofthissmallseedoffreedomhere，in1619，uponthebanksoftheJamesinVirginia，isaneventofprimeimportance。
　　Onthe30thofJuly，1619，therewasconvenedinthelogchurchinJamestownthefirsttrueParliamentorLegislativeAssemblyinAmerica。
　　Twenty—twoburgessessat，hatonhead，inthebodyofthechurch，withtheGovernorandtheCouncilinthebestseats。MasterJohnPory，thespeaker，facedtheAssembly;clerkandsergeant—at—armswereathand;MasterBuck，theJamestownminister，madethesolemnopeningprayer。ThepoliticaldivisionsofthisVirginiawereCities，Plantations，andHundreds，theEnglishpopulationnumberingnowatleastathousandsouls。BoroughssendingburgesseswereJamesCity，CharlesCity，theCityofHenricus，Kecoughtan，Smith’sHundred，FlowerdieuHundred，Martin’sHundred，MartinBrandon，Ward’sPlantation，Lawne’sPlantation，andArgall’sGift。ThisfirstAssemblyattendedtoIndianquestions，agriculture，andreligion。
　　Mostnotableisthisyear1619，ayearwroughtofgoldandiron。JohnRolfe，backinVirginia，thoughwithouthisIndianprincess，whonowliesinEnglishearth，jotsdownandmakesnocommentuponwhathehaswritten：
　　"AboutthelastofAugustcameinaDutchmanofwarrethatsoldustwentyNegars。"
　　NoEuropeanstateofthatday，fewindividuals，disapprovedoftheAfricanslavetrade。Thatdarkcontinentmadeageneralhunting—ground。England，Spain，France，theNetherlands，captured，bought，andsoldslaves。
　　EnglishmeninVirginiaboughtwithoutqualm，asEnglishmeninEnglandboughtwithoutqualm。ThecargooftheDutchshipwasacommonplace。TheonlynoveltywasthatitwasthefirstshiploadofAfricansbroughttoEnglish—America。Here，bythesamewaters，werethebeginningsofpopulargovernmentandtheyoungupas—treeofslavery。Acontradictionintermswassettoresolveitself，ariddleforunborngenerationsofAmericans。
　　Presentlytherehappenedanotherimportation。Virginia，underthenewmanagement，hadstronglyrevived。Shipsbringingcolonistswerecomingin;
　　hamletswerebuilding;fieldswerebeingplanted;upanddownweretobefoundchurches;acollegeatHenricuswasprojectedsothatIndianchildrenmightbetaughtandconvertedfrom"heathennesse。"Yetwasthepopulationalmostwhollyadoublet—and—breeches—wearingpopulation。ThechildrenforwhomtheschoolwasbuildingwereIndianchildren。ThemensailingtoVirginiadreamedofafewyearsthereandgatheredwealth，andthenreturntoEngland。
　　ApparentlyitwasthenewTreasurer，SirEdwynSandys，whofirstgraspedtheessentialprincipleofsuccessfulcolonization：VirginiamustbeHOME
　　tothosewesend！Wifeandchildrenmadehome。Sandysgatheredninetywomen，poormaidensandwidows，"young，handsome，andchaste，"whowerewillingtoemigrateandinVirginiabecomewivesofsettlers。Theysailed;
　　theirpassageoneywaspaidbythemenoftheirchoice;theymarried——andhomelifebeganinVirginia。Induecourseoftimeappearedfair—hairedchildren，blueorgrayofeye，withallEnglandbehindthem，yetnative—born，Virginiansfromthecradle。
　　ColonistsinnumbersailednowfromEngland。Mostranksofsocietyandmostprofessionswererepresented。Manybroughteducation，means，independentposition。Otherhonestmen，chieflyyoungmenwithlittleinthepurse，cameoverunderindentures，boundforaspecifiedtermofyearstosettlersoflargermeans。Theseindenturedmenarenumerous;andwhentheyhaveworkedouttheirindebtednesstheywilltakeuplandoftheirown。
　　AnoldsuggestionofDale’snowforthefirsttimeborefruit。Overtheprotestofthe"countryparty"intheCompany，therebegantobesenteachyearoutoftheKing’sgaolsanumber，thoughnotatanytimealargenumber，ofmenunderconvictionforvariouscrimes。Thispracticecontinued，oratintervalswasresumed，foryears，butitsconsequenceswerenotsodire，perhaps，aswemightimagine。Thepenallawswereexecrablybrutal，andinthedrag—netofthelawmightbefoundmanymerelyunfortunate，manyperhapsfinerthanthelaw。
　　Virginiathuswasfoundedandestablished。AnEnglishpeoplemovedthroughherforests，crossedinboatshershiningwaters，trodthelanesofhamletsbuildedofwoodbutafterEnglishfashions。Climate，surroundingnature，differedfromoldEngland，andtheseandcircumstancewouldworkforvariation。ButthestockwasMiddlesex，Surrey，Devon，andalltheothershiresofEngland。Scotchmencamealso，Welshmen，and，perhapsasearlyasthis，afewIrish。AndtherewereDeLaWarr’shandfulofPolesandGermans，andseveralFrenchvinedressers。
　　Politicalandeconomiclifewastakingform。Thathuge，luxurious，thick—leafed，yellow—floweredcrop，alikecomfortingandextravagant，thattobaccothatwasinmuchtomouldmannersandcustomsandwaysoflookingatthings，wasbeginningtogrowabundantly。In1620，fortythousandpoundsoftobaccowentfromVirginiatoEngland;twoyearslaterwentsixtythousandpounds。Thebestsoldattwoshillingsthepound，theinferiorforeighteenpence。TheVirginiansdroppedallthoughtofsassafrasandclapboard。TobaccoonlyhadanyflavorofGolconda。
　　Atthistimetherichsoil，composedoflayeronlayerofthedecayofforeststhathadlivedfromoldtime，wasincrediblyfertile。Asfastastreescouldbefelledanddraggedaway，inwentthetobacco。Fieldsmusthavelaborers，nordidtheseneedtobeespeciallyintelligent。Bringinindenturedmentowork。Presentlydreamthatships，EnglishaswellasDutch，mightoftenerloadinAfricaandsellinVirginia，tofurnishthedarkfieldswithdarkworkers！InDale’stimehadbegunthemakingoveroflandinfeesimple;inYeardley’stimeevery"ancient"colonist——thatiseverymanwhohadcometoVirginiabefore1616——wasgivenagoodlynumberofacressubjecttoaquit—rent。Menofmeansandinfluenceobtainedgreatholdings;ownership，rental，sale，andpurchaseofthelandbeganinVirginiamuchasinoldertimesithadbeguninEngland。Onlyhere，inAmerica，whereitseemedthatthelandcouldneverbeexhausted，individualholdingswereoftenofgreatacreage。ThusarosetheVirginiaPlanter。
　　InYeardley’stimeJohnBerkeleyestablishedatFallingCreekthefirstironworkseversetupinEnglish—America。TherewerebythistimeinVirginia，glassworks，awindmill，ironworks。Totillthesoilremainedthechiefindustry，butthetobaccoculturegrewuntilitovershadowedthemaizeandwheat，thepeaseandbeans。Therewerecattleandswine，notafewhorses，poultry，pigeons，andpeacocks。
　　In1621Yeardley，desiringtoberelieved，wassucceededbySirFrancisWyatt。InOctoberthenewGovernorcamefromEnglandintheGeorge，andwithhimagoodlycompany。AmongothersisfoundGeorgeSandys，brotherofSirEdwyn。Thisgentlemanandscholar，beneathVirginiaskiesandwithVirginiatreesandblossomsabouthim，translatedthe"Metamorphoses"ofOvidandtheFirstBookofthe"Aeneid"，bothofwhichwerepublishedinLondonin1626。HestandsasthefirstpurelyliterarymanoftheEnglishNewWorld。Butvigorousenoughliterature，thoughthewritersthereofregardeditasinformationonly，had，fromthefirstyears，emanatedfromVirginia。Smith’s"TrueRelation"，GeorgePercy’s"Discourse"，Strachey’s"TrueRepertoryoftheWrackeandRedemptionofSirThomasGates"，andhis"HistorieofTravaileintoVirginiaBrittannia"，Hamor’s"TrueDiscourse"，Whitaker’s"GoodNews"——otherlettersandreports——hadalreadyflowered，allwithsomethingofthestrengthandfragranceofElizabethanandearlyJacobeanwork。
　　ForsomeyearstherehadseemedpeacewiththeIndians。Doubtlessmembersoftheoneracemayhavemarauded，andmembersoftheothershowedthemselveshighhanded，impatient，andunjust，butthemajorityoneachsideappearedtohavesettledintoakindofamity。Indianscamesinglyorinpartiesfromtheirvillagestothewhitemen’ssettlements，wheretheytradedcornandvenisonandwhatnotforthemagicthingsthewhitemanowned。Anumberhadobtainedthewhiteman’sfirearms，unwiselysoldorgiven。Theredseemedreconciledtothewhite’spresenceintheland;theIndianvillageandtheIndiantribaleconomyrestedbesidetheEnglishsettlement，church，andlaws。DoubtlessafragmentofthepopulationofEnglandandafragmentoftheEnglishinVirginiasawinapearlydreamtheredmanbaptized，clothed，becomeChristianandEnglish。Attheleast，itseemedthatfriendlinessandpeacemightcontinue。
　　Inthespringof1622aconcertedIndianattackandmassacrefelllikeaboltfromtheblue。UpanddowntheJamesandupontheChesapeake，everywhereonthesameday，Indians，burstingfromthedarkforestthatwassoclosebehindeveryclusterofloghouses，attackedthecolonists。ThreehundredandfortysevenEnglishmen，women，andchildrenwereslain。ButJamestownandtheplantationsinitsneighborhoodwerewarnedintime。TheEnglishrallied，gatheredforce，turneduponandbeatbacktotheforesttheIndian，whowasnowandforalongtimetocometheiropenfoe。
　　Therefolloweduponthishorrornotadayoramonthbutyearsoforganizedretaliationandsystematicharrying。IntheendthegreatmajorityoftheIndianseitherfellorwerepushedbacktowardtheupperPamunkey，theRappahannock，thePotomac，andwestwarduponthegreatshelforterraceoftheearththatclimbedtothefabledmountains。AndwiththiswestwardmovetherepassedawaythatoldvisionofwholesaleChristianizing。
　　CHAPTERVIII。ROYALGOVERNMENT
　　InNovember，1620，theresailedintoaquietharboronthecoastofwhatisnowMassachusettsashipnamedtheMayflower，havingonboardonehundredandtwoEnglishNon—conformists，menandwomenandwiththemafewchildren。TheselatestcolonistsheldapatentfromtheVirginiaCompanyandhaveleftinwritingastatementoftheirobject："We……havingundertaken，forthegloryofGodandadvancementoftheChristianfaith，andhonorofourKingandCountry，avoyagetoplantthefirstcolonyinthenorthernpartsofVirginia——"。Thementalreservationis，ofcourse，"whereperchancewemayserveGodaswewill！"InEnglandthereobtainedinsomequartersasuspicionthat"theymeanttomakeafree，popularStatethere。"Free——Popular—PublicGood！Thesearewordsthatbegan，inthesecondquarteroftheseventeenthcentury，toshineandring。Kingandpeoplehadreachedthevergeofagreatstruggle。TheVirginiaCompanywasdivided，aswereothergroups，intofactions。Thecourtpartyandthecountrypartyfoundthemselvesdistinctlyopposed。Thegreat，crowdedmeetingsoftheCompanySessionsrangwiththeirdivisionsuponpoliciessmallandlarge。Wordsandphrases，comprehensive，sonorous，heavywiththefuture，roseandrolledbeneaththeroofoftheirgreathall。Therewereheardamidwarmdiscussion：KingdomandColony——Spain——Netherlands——France——ChurchandState——PapistsandSchismatics——Duties，Tithes，ExcisePetitionsofGrievances——Representation——RightofAssembly。SeveralyearsearliertheKinghadcried，"ChoosetheDevil，butnotSirEdwynSandys！"NowhedeclaredtheCompany"justaseminarytoaseditiousparliament！"AllLondonresoundedwiththeclashofpartiesandopinions。*"LastweektheEarlofWarwickandtheLordCavendishfellsofoulataVirginia……
　　courtthattheliepassedandrepassed……Thefactions……aregrownsoviolentthatGuelfsandGhibellineswerenotmoreanimatedoneagainstanother！"
　　*Inhisworkon"Joint—stockCompanion"，vol。II，pp。266ff。，W。
　　R。ScotttracesthehistoryoftheseacutedissensionsintheVirginiaCompanyanddrawsconclusionsdistinctlyunfavorabletothemanagementofSandysandhisparty。——Editor。
　　BelievingthattheCompany’ssessionsforeshadoweda"seditiousparliament，"JamesStuartsethimselfwithobstinacyandsomecunningtotheCompany’sundoing。ThecourtpartygavetheKingaid，andcircumstancesfavoredtheattempt。CaptainNathanielButler，whohadoncebeenGovernorof，theSomersIslandsandhadnowreturnedtoEnglandbywayofVirginia，publishedinLondon"TheUnmaskedFaceofOurColonyinVirginia"，containingasavageattackuponeveryitemofVirginianadministration。
　　TheKing’sPrivyCouncilsummonedtheCompany，orratherthe"country"
　　party，toanswertheseandotherallegations。Southampton，Sandys，andFerraransweredwithstrengthandcogency。Butthetidewasrunningagainstthem。JamesappointedcommissionerstosearchoutwhatwaswrongwithVirginia。CertainmenwereshippedtoVirginiatogetevidencethere，aswellassupportfromtheVirginiaAssembly。Inthisattempttheysignallyfailed。ThentoEnglandcameaVirginiamemberoftheVirginiaCouncil，withlongletterstoKingandPrivyCouncil：theSandys—SouthamptonadministrationhaddonemorethanwellforVirginia。Theletterswerelettersofappeal。Thecolonyhopedthat"theGovernorssentovermightnothaveabsoluteauthority，butmightberestrainedtotheconsentoftheCouncil……ButabovealltheymadeittheirmosthumblerequestthattheymightstillretainthelibertyoftheirGeneralAssemblies;thanwhichnothingcouldmoreconducetothepublickSatisfactionandpublickLiberty。"
　　InLondonanotherpaper，drawnbyCavendish，wasgiventoKingandPrivyCouncil。Itansweredmanyaccusations，andamongothersthestatementthat"theGovernmentofthecompaniesasitthenstoodwasdemocraticalandtumultuous，andoughtthereforetobealtered，andreducedintotheHandsofafew。"Itisofinteresttohearthesemenspeak，intheyear1623，inanEnglandthatwasclosetoabsolutemonarchy，toaKingwhowithall，hishousestoodoutforpersonalrule。"However，theyownedthat，accordingtohisMajesty’sInstitution，theirGovernmenthadsomeShowofademocraticalForm;whichwasnevertheless，inthatCase，themostjustandprofitable，andmostconducivetotheEndsandEffectsaimedatthereby……Lastly，theyobservedthattheoppositeFactioncriedoutloudlyagainstDemocracy，andyetcalledforOligarchy;whichwould，astheyconceived，maketheGovernmentneitherofbetterForm，normoremonarchical。"
　　ButthedissolutionoftheVirginiaCompanywasathand。InOctober，1623，thePrivyCouncilstatedthattheKinghad"takenintohisprincelyConsiderationthedistressedStateoftheColonyofVirginia，occasioned，asitseemed，bytheIllGovernmentoftheCompany。"Theremedyfortheill—managementlayinthereductionoftheGovernmentintofewerhands。HisMajestyhadresolvedthereforeuponthewithdrawaloftheCompany’scharterandthesubstitution，"withdueregardforcontinuingandpreservingtheInterestofallAdventurersandprivatepersonswhatsoever，"ofaneworderofthings。Theneworderproved，onexamination，tobetheoldorderofrulebytheCrown。WouldtheCompanysurrendertheoldcharterandacceptanewonesomodeled？
　　TheCompany，throughthecountryparty，strovetogaintime。Theymetwithasuccessionofarbitrarymeasuresandwerefinallyforcedtoadecision。