Preface
　　ADVERTISEMENTBYTHEEDITOR
　　ThehistoryofthepresentWorkissomewhatcurious：itisextractedfromtwosetsofmanuscripts，differingconsiderablyastotheirarrangement；theoneinFrenchandtheotherinEnglish，writtenbyMr。Benthambetweenfortyandfiftyyearsago；andwhichdonotappeartohavebeeneverconfrontedtogether。
　　Boththesemanuscripts，withMr。Bentham’sPapersonPunishment，were，atthedesireofMr。Dumont，placedinhishands，and，togetherwithsomefewadditionsfromhisownelegantpen，formthematteroftheworkpublishedbyhim（atParisin1811）underthetitleofThè；oriedesPeinesetdesRé；compenses。OfthisworkthreeeditionshavebeenprintedinFrance，andoneinEngland：
　　the``RationaleofReward’’occupiesthesecondvolume。
　　InpreparingitforitsappearancebeforetheEnglishpublic，theEditorhastakentheabovevolumeasthegroundworkofhislabours；
　　buthavingavailedhimselfwhereverhecouldoftheoriginalmanuscripts，hiswill，inmanyinstances，notbefoundaliteraltranslationofM。Dumont’swork。
　　TheadditionsmadebyM。Dumontaremarkedout，wheredistinguishable，byappropriateindications。OneoftheseadditionsbeingatvariancewithMr。Bentham’spresentopinions，hasgivenrisetotheremarkswhichimmediatelyfollow。
　　RRPrefaceSection2TheRationaleofRewardPrefaceREMARKSBYMR。BENTHAM``Catherine’sScaleofRanks’’：———``BenthamorDumont，onPensionsofRetreat？’’———whichyouplease。———Youaskmypresentthoughts：———I
　　amallobedience。Allowmeonlytonametheplace。Notinyourwork，butletitbeinasequelIampreparingforit。Fromthatwhichyouhavesokindlymadeyours，thosewickedthoughtswouldscareawayreaders，whom，ifcontentwithwhatyougivethemfrommyfirstfriend，thatsequelmayhaveachancefor。Inthatproductionmaybeseen，notindescriptiononly，butinterminis，thearrangements，which，afterfromfortytofiftyyearsforreflection，exhibitthepractical———Idonotsaythenowpracticable———resultoftheprinciplesofyours：andthatcleared（forgivemysayingso）ofwhatnowshowsitselftomeasdross。Noryetwillitdrawreadersfromyours；———forinyoursalonewillbefounddiscussions，explanations，andreasoningsatlength；inthenewone（exceptwheretheoppositeofficiallyavowedprinciplesareexamined）littleelsethanresults。
　　OfficialAptitudeMaximized；ExpenseMinimized。
　　Inthesewordsyouhavethetitleofaplanofofficialeconomyandeducationthatgivesdenominationtothewhole，andanindicationofthematterofthefirstandprincipalpart。Sendyourreaders，ifyouhaveany，tothatwork。There，withofficialeconomy，andofficialeducation，theymayseenationalgrowingoutofit———added，andthatwithoutneedofadditionaldescriptionorexpense。There，confrontedwithRadical，theymayseeWhigandToryeconomy，andtaketheirchoice。IsayWhigandTory；forthesetwoareone。
　　AstoCatherineandherranks，theyranknotquitesohighwithmenowasthen。Pensionsofretreatwouldbeinvitedtomaketheirretreatfromyourpages，wereitnotformyrespectforeditorsandreaders。Inmyownworkmaybeseenapictureofthem，paintedinthosecolourswhichnowappeartometheirproperones。
　　``Revise？’’Impossible：nottospeakofmydoingyoumoreharmthangood。IntheFrenchalone，the``PensionsofRetreat’’
　　havealreadycostme———Ihadalmostsaidlostme———moredaysthanIcanenduretothinkof：Iwhohavesofewleft，andworkenoughleftforahundredtimesthenumber。WhatIhavefoundpossible，Ihavedone，———lookingoverthetitlesofthechaptersandsections（stillintheFrenchalone）
　　and，inrelationtothem，submittingwhatappearstomeanappropriatewording，togetherwithsomelittlealterationsandadditionswhichpresentedthemselvestomeasamendments。
　　RRPrefaceSection3TheRationaleofRewardPrefacePRELIMINARYOBSERVATIONSThegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumberoughttobetheobjectofeverylegislator：foraccomplishinghispurposesrespectingthisobject，hepossessestwoinstruments———PunishmentandReward。Thetheoriesofthesetwoforcesdividebetweenthem，althoughinunequalshares，thewholefieldoflegislation。
　　ThesubjectofthepresentworkisReward；andnotrewardalone，buteveryotherusewhichcanbemadeofthatmatterofwhichrewardsmaybeformed。
　　Inthefollowingwork，thedifferentsourcesfromwhichrewardsmaybederivedareexamined；thechoicewhichoughttobemadebetweenthedifferentmodificationsofwhichrewardissusceptible，ispointedout；andrulesarelaiddownfortheproductionofthegreatesteffectwiththeleastportionofthispreciousmatter。
　　Ontheonehand，indicationisgivenofthevenom，moreorlessconcealed，whichisincludedintheemploymentswhichhavetoocommonlybeenmadeofit；andanattempthasbeenmadetotakeswayfromotherscertainimputationswhichtheenthusiasmofvirtuehascastuponthem。
　　Thelimitshavebeentracedbetweenthefieldsofrewardandpunishment；thespringsofthatmechanismdeveloped，whencethoselawsarisetowhichthepowerisattributedofexecutingthemselves，anddirectionsgivenforthatcombinationofremedies，thesweetwiththebitter，wherebysohappyaunionisproducedbetweeninterestandduty。
　　Theadvantagesofasystemofremuneratoryprocedurearepointedout；anideagivenofthecourseitoughttotake；andanenumerationmadeoftheusesofthematterofrewardwhicharenotremuneratory。Thenatureandeffectsofsalariesandotherofficialemolumentsareinquiredinto；thenatureanddegreeoftheencouragementpropertobeaffordedtotheartsandsciencesisdiscussed；
　　and，finally，thequestion，———Howfaritispossiblebeneficiallytoapplyartificialrewardtotheencouragementofproductionandtrade，isconsidered。
　　RRBook1Chapter1TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIDEFINITIONSReward，inthemostgeneralandextensivesenseevergiventotheword，maybedefinedtobe———aportionofthematterofgood，which，inconsiderationofsomeservicesupposedorexpectedtobedone，isbestowedonsomeone，intheintentthathemaybebenefitedthereby。{AlternativeDefinition}
　　Whenemployedunderthedirectionoftheprincipleofutility，itoperatesasamotivefortheperformanceofactionsusefultosocietyinthesamemanneras，underthesameguidance，punishmentoperatesinthepreventionofactionstowhichweascribeaninjurioustendency。
　　Theservices，intheproductionofwhichthispreciousmattermaybeemployed，maybedistinguishedintoordinaryandextraordinary。
　　Ordinaryservicesmayhesubdividedintoregularlyrecurringorroutine，andoccasional。Byroutineservices，Imeanthosewhich，inallthevariousdepartmentsofgovernment，thepublicfunctionariesareboundtoperforminvirtueoftheirrespectiveoffices。
　　Byoccasionalservices，Imeanthoserequiredbythegovernmentatthehandsofpersonsnotinitsemploy。Theybelongalmostentirelytotheadministrationofjustice，andthatbranchofthepolicewhichisconnectedwithit———asdenouncingandprosecutingcriminals，givingjudicialevidence，andseizingpersonsaccused，&；c。Tothesameheadmaybereferredservicesrenderedtoindividualsincaseoffires，inundations，andshipwrecks：inasmuchasthegovernmentisinterestedinthepreservationofeveryindividualinthecommunity，theseservicesmaybeconsideredasrenderedtoit。
　　Totheheadofextraordinaryservices，maybereferred———Servicesrenderedtothewholecommunitybynewinventions，givingtotheoperationsofgovernment，inanyofitsdifferentbranches，anincreaseddegreeofperfection：suchasimportantimprovementsinmilitaryornavaltactics，fortificationorshipbuilding，&；c。；inthemodeofadministeringjustice，regulatingthepoliceorthefinances，orinanyotherpartofthefieldoflegislation。Servicesrenderedintimeofwar，bytheseizureordestructionofobjectscontributingtothepoweroftheenemy，orbythepreservationofsuchasbelongtoone’sowncountry。Servicesrenderedbypersonsexercisingtheofficeofforeignministers，consistinginthepreventionorterminationofthecalamitiesofwar，orinthebringingaboutusefulalliances。Discoveriesofgreatimportancetotheaugmentationofthenationalwealth；
　　newmethodsofabridginglabour；theintroductionofnewbranchesofindustry&；c。Discoveriesinscience，whicharenotsusceptibleofimmediateapplicationtothearts。Nobleactions，anddistinguishedinstancesofvirtue：inconsideringwhich，notonlytheimmediatebenefitshouldberewarded，buttheirinfluenceasexamplesuponthecultivationofsimilarexcellencies。Suchisthefieldofservices；such，therefore，isthefieldofreward。
　　Withregardtorewards，themostimportantdivisionisintooccasionalandpermanent，thefirstareapplied，accordingtotimesandcircumstances，toasingleindividual，ortoanumberofindividuals，invirtueofsomeinsulatedandspecificservice。Theothersarechargeduponsomegeneralfundprovidedforanindefinitenumberofpersons，andforasuccessionofservices。
　　Inconsequenceoftheextentandpermanenceoftheireffects，itisprincipallywithregardtothelatterclassofrewardsthatitwillbefoundofimportancetoestablishthetrueprincipleswhichoughttoregulatetheirdistribution。Occasionalrewardsbeingconfinedwithinnarrowerlimits，andtheireffectsmoretransitory，erroneousviewsrespectingthemarecomparativelyoftriflingconsequence。
　　Themostextensiveuseofthematterofrewardtakesplaceintransactionsbetweenindividuals。Inthecaseofpersonalserviceswhichareperformedinvirtueofcontract，thepaygiventohimbywhomtheyarerendered，ishisreward。Inbuyingandselling，reciprocaldeliveryistherewardforthemutualtransfer。Butthepublic，thatistosay，thegovernmentonaccountofthepublic，hasademandforavarietyofservicesandgoodsexactlysimilartothoseofwhichanindividualstandsinneed：anditisthusthatthemostadvantageousmodeofemployingthematterofreward，evenintheordinarycourseofbusiness，entersintothesphereofpolitics，andclaimstheattentionofthelegislator。
　　RRBook1Chapter2TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIIMATTEROFREWARD———SOURCESBetweenthefourobjects———delinquency，punishment，expenditure，andreward，thereisanintimateconnexion。Hewhoknowsthroughthenatureandpossiblemodificationsofanyone，knowsthoroughlythenatureandpossiblemodificationsofalltherest。Whyso？Becausetheyareallofthembutsomanymodificationsofgoodandevil———oftheinstrumentsorcausesofpainandpleasure，consideredinaparticularpointofview。
　　Whatevermischiefbeingproducedcontrarytothewillofthelegislator，takesthenameofanoffence，thesamewhenproducedinpursuanceofthatwill（soitbewithadirectintentiononhispartthatthepartyshallbeasuffererbyit）takesthenameofpunishment。Rewardistogood，whatpunishmentistoevil：rewardononepartsupposesexpenditureontheother：
　　whateverisreceivedbyonepartyonthefootingofreward，isexpendedbysomeother：———whenaview，then，isgivenoftheseveralpossiblemodificationsofoffence，aviewisatthesametimegiveninreality，ifnotinname，oftheseveralpossiblemodificationsofreward。
　　Thismayatfirstsightappearaparadox；butastheabsenceofgoodiscomparativelyanevil，sotheabsenceofeviliscomparativelyagood：thenotion，therefore，ofevil，andofallsortsofevil，isincludedinthenotionofreward。
　　Theseveralmodificationsofthematterofrewardmaybecomprisedunderfourheads：———1。Thematterofwealth；2。Honour；3。Power；4。Exemptions。Inrespectoftheemploymentofthedirectmodeforaffordingpleasure，itbelongsnotproperlytopolitical，buttodomesticgovernmentoreducation。
　　1。Thematterofwealth。———Money，ormoney’sworth，isbymuchthemostcommonstuffofwhichrewardsaremade；andingeneralthemostsuitableofwhichtheycanbemade：whyitissowillappearhereafter。
　　2。Honour。———Honourmaybemadeoutofanystuff。Insomecases，itisproducedbythebearingaparticulartitlenothereditary，———asthenameoftheofficeamanholds。Inothercases，itishereditary，andplacestheindividualsbearingitinadistinctrank，superiortothatoftheotherclasses，———asinthecaseofthenobility。
　　Inothercases，itisunaccompaniedwithanydistinguishingdenomination，oranyparticulartitle，———asinthecaseofmedals，orpublicthanksconferredafteranygreatvictory，inthenameofthekingandparliament。
　　Agraduatedscaleofranks，especiallywhenitsgradationsaredeterminedbymerit，anddependuponactualservice，isanexcellentinstitution。Itcreatesanewsourceofhappiness，bymeansofataxuponhonour，almostimperceptibletothosebywhomitispaid：
　　itaugmentsthesumofhumanenjoyment；itincreasesthepowerofgovernment，byclothingitsauthoritywithbenignity；itopensnewsourcesfortheexerciseofhope，themostpreciousofallpossessions；anditnourishesemulation，themostpowerfulofallincentivestovirtuousactions。Suchagraduatedscaleofrankshasatalltimesbeeninuseinthemilitarybranchofthepublicservice。Butinthiscase，theprincipalobjectisnothonourbutpower：———superiorityinrankisinvariablyaccompaniedbysuperiorityincommand。Thehonourwhichaccompaniesthepowerisbutanaccidentalappendage。
　　CatherineII。extendedtheapplicationofhisarrangementtothecivilservice。Shedistributedallthepublicofficersinthecivildepartmentintodistinctandevennumericalclasses，correspondingwiththedistributionofrankinthearmy：———secretaries，judges，musicians，academicians，allthecivilfunctionaries，beingadvancedbysteps，aperpetualstateofemulationandofhopestimulatedtheirlaboursthroughoutthewholecourseoftheircareer。Itwasaninventioninpolitics，whichmatchesthemostingeniousdiscoverynartthatthepresentcenturyhaswitnessed。
　　Atonestroke，withoutviolenceorinjustice，hereditarynobilitywasdeprivedofthegreaterpartofitsinjuriousprerogatives。Theforemostinrankandwealthbeganhiscareerattheloweststep：hisascentthrougheachgradationdependingupontheappointmentofthesovereign，ifwithoutmerit，hewasleftbehind，whilemenofthemostobscurebirthtookprecedenceofhim。Thisenginewasthemorepowerful，fromthegentlenesswithwhichitoperated———thesimplenon—collationofrewardperformingtheofficeofpunishment。
　　Anotheradvantagegainedbythetransferenceofthedenominationsofthemilitaryranksintothecivilserviceis，thattherespectbornebythemilitarytothecivilfunctionariesisthusinnosmalldegreeincreased。Itisaningeniousartificeforconqueringthebarbarousandabsurdcontemptforcivilfunctionswhichprevailsinallmilitarygovernments。Theassimilationofranksnaturallyleadstotheassimilationofrespect。Fromthetimethatthisarrangementwasmade，thenobilitywereseeneagerlytoengageinoffices，whichbeforetheyhadregardedwithdisdain。
　　Ordersofknighthoodappearlikefloatingfragmentsdetachedfromsomesuchregularsystemofhonoraryrewards。
　　Insomestates，anorderofknighthoodbasbeenestablishedunderthetitleof``TheOrderofMerit’’。Itmightbesupposedthatthisorderhadbeenestablishedasajest，bywayofsatireuponallotherorders。Notso，however：whateverridiculetheremaybe，fallsexclusivelyuponthosewhoaremembersofthisorder：ofallordersitistheleastdistinguished；thenobilityarenotcandidatesforadmission———theyconsideritderogatorytotheirbirth。Itisthereward———itmaybepurchasedby，service。
　　Thehigherranksofknighthood，aretheytobeconsideredasrewards？———aretheypublicrewards？Tothisquestionitappearsdifficulttogiveadecisiveanswer。Theyarebestowedforsogreatavarietyofreasons，thattogiveanydescriptionofthem，whichshallbeapplicabletoallcases，isimpossible。Theyaresometimesgivenfortheperformanceofdistinguishedservices；butmuchmoregenerallytocourtiersandmenofrank，whoarethecompanionsofthesovereign，toincreasethesplendourofhiscourt。Inthesecases，themeritprovedis，thattheindividualhasmadehimselfagreeabletothesovereign。Butifpersonsthusdecoratedclaimdistinctionsnotbelongingtoothermembersofthecommunity，———ifeveryonemustyieldthemprecedence，oughtnotsomepublicreasontobegivenforcreatingthissuperiority———forthiscomparativedegradationofthelargestportionofthecommunity？Oughtsuchdraftsupontherespectofthepublictobedrawninfavourofanindividual，tillithasbeenshownthathehasrenderedservicestoentitlehimtothisspecialhomage？
　　Whenthusconferred，isnotaresourcethatmightyieldimportantfruitsemployedwithbadeconomy？Weshallreturntothissubject。
　　3。Power。———Theprincipleswhichoughttoregulatethedistributionofthisgreatobjectofhumandesire，belongtotheheadofconstitutionallaw，ratherthantoourpresentsubject。
　　Poweriscreatedforapurposealtogetherdifferentfromthatofservingasmatterofreward。Meritisnottheonlyconsiderationbywhichitsdistributionmustbegoverned。
　　Underamonarchicalgovernment，forexample，theinconveniencesattendingtheelectionofakingmaybesoserious，thatthesupremepoweroughttobeattachedtosomequalificationmoremanifestandindispensablethanthepersonalmeritofanindividual。Inamixedgovernment，also，inwhichthereisachiefmagistrate，andabodyofhereditarynoblesinvestedwithcertainpowers，itmaybethoughtproperthatthisbodyshouldbecomposedofmanymembers：butthemorenumerous，thelesssusceptibleisitofthatsortofselectionwhichsupposesineachindividualdistinguishedmerit。
　　Thusfar，however，wemaydetermineingeneral，viz。thatpower，whereveritcanbeemployedwithoutinconvenienceasmatterofreward，oughttobesoemployed。
　　Inthususingit，thedifficultyistoselectanyactoreventthatshallserveasevidenceofthecapacityofindividua]sforexercisingthepowerwithwhichtheymaycometobeinvested。Inpublicemployments，forexample，howvariousarethetalentsrequired，forthepossessionofwhichnosingleactcanbeconsideredassatisfactoryevidence！
　　Werethisnotthecase，thegreaternumberofpublicemploymentsmightbeconferredasrewardsfortheperformanceofsomedeterminateservice，respectivelyrelatingtothem。
　　IntheGazette，noticesmightbegiven，couchedinthefollowingterms：———``Whoeverproducesthemostperfectdie，shallbeplacedattheheadoftheMint。’’———``Whoeverproducesamodelofthemostserviceablepieceofartillery，shallbeplacedattheheadoftheOrdnance。’’———``Hewhoconstructstheswiftestsailingvessel，unitedwiththemostperfectmeansofattackanddefence，shallbeplacedattheheadofthenavalarchitecture。’’———``Theauthorwhowritesthebesttreatiseuponcommerce，finances，ortheartofwar，shallbeplacedattheheadoftheBoardofTrade，shallbefirstLordoftheTreasury，orCommander—in—Chief，respectively。Hewhowritesthebesttreatiseonthelaws，shallbemadeChancellor。’’
　　Atfirstview，nothingcanbemorecaptivatingthansuchaplan；butupontheslightestexamination，itwillbefoundmorespeciousthansolid。Why？Becauseitisbynomeansuncommonforamanwhoisinaneminentdegreeendowedwithoneofthequalitiesrequisite，tobealtogetherdestituteofotherequallyindispensable。
　　Thereare，besides，casesinwhicheventhisimperfectmodeofproofisaltogetherwanting。Duringalongperiodoftranquillity，bywhatdescribableservicecanamilitarymandisplayhistalentsforcommand？Amongthequalitiesmostessentialforsuchaduty，arepresenceofmind，enlargedviews，foresight，activity，courage，perseverance，personalinfluence，&；c。&；c。Bywhatspecificactcananofficerwhohasseennoservice，showhimselftobepossessedofanyofthesequalifications？
　　Wearereduced，then，tomereconjecture。Thebestfoundedopinionsaredrawnfromhishabitsoflife，hisattachmenttohisprofession，andabovealltheconfidencereposedinhimbythosewhoareengagedinthesameprofession，whoseopinionisfoundeduponamultiplicityofacts，whichintheaggregateconstitutehischaracter。
　　Discernment，ortheartofjudgingofindividualcapacity，isararequality，whoseuseitisimpossibletosupersedebygeneralrules。
　　Aslightadvancemightperhapsbemadeinthisdifficultart，didwepossessacatalogueoftheindicationsoftalentsorcapacity，asapplicabletothevariousdepartmentsofstate。
　　4。Exemptions。———Thelegislatorcreatestwosortsofevils：heappointspunishmentforoffences；heimposesburthensomedutiesuponthevariousmembersofthecommunity。Henceexemptionsmaybeoftwokinds：exemptionsfrompunishmenta1readyincurred；exemptionsfromcivilburthens。
　　Anexemptionfrompunishmentalreadyincurred，isapardon。Pardonshaveoftenbeengiveninthewayofreward，thatis，inconsiderationofformerservices。Suchactscannotbeforeseenandprovidedforbyanticipation：theyaretheresultofthediscretionentrustedonthisbehalftothesovereign。
　　UndertheEnglishlaw，however，thereareinstancesinwhich，byanticipation，exemptionfrompunishmentisgranted；thatistosay，beforethepunishmentisinflicted。Thus，fromthepolicyorweaknessofthetemporalsovereign，theEnglishclergyobtainedintimesofbarbarismanexemptioninallcasesfromcapitalandseveralotherkindsofpunishment：anexemptionwhichbeingbystatutelawconfined，inregardtocausesontheonehand，whilebycommonlawitwasextended，withregardtopersonsontheother，hasleftthispartofthepenalbranchofthelawintheconfusionunderwhichitstilllabours。[3]
　　Thenobilityfollowedtheexampleoftheclergy。
　　InalmosteverycountryofEuropetheyhavefoundthemselvesinvestedwithexemptionsofthisnature。AncientRomesettheexample。Nocitizencouldbeputtodeath：Verres，convictedofthemostatrociouscrimes，atonedforthembyenjoyingatdistancefromRomethefruitsofhisplunder。
　　WhenCatherineII。，empressofRussia，convenedtogetherdeputiesfromalltheprovincesofthatimmenseempire，underthepretenceoftheirassistingherintheformationofacodeoflaws（asortofparodyofthelegislativeassembliesoffreestates，whichwasnothoweverwithoutitsuse，insofarasitcontributedtothespreadofenlightenedideas，）sheconferreduponthem，amongstotherprivileges，anexemptionfromallcorporalpunishment，casesofhightreasonexcepted。
　　Thisspeciesofdistinction，whichasarewardforlegislators，couldscarcelybeimaginedinanyotherstatethanonejustemergingfromastateofbarbarism，haddoubtlessforitsobjecttheincreasingtheirselfimportance，andtheconferringuponthemasortofrankwhichshouldlastbeyondthedurationoftheirduties。
　　Asamanmaybepunishedinhisperson，hisreputation，hisproperty，———inlikemanner，throughnecessity，andwiththeviewofpunishinghim，hemaybeburthened。Anexemptionfromaburthenisanexemptionfromtheobligationofrenderingservice：servicesareeitherservicesofsubmission，intherenderingofwhichthewillofthepartyhasnoshare———orservicesofbehaviour。
　　Ofexemptionfromservicesofsubmission，notexactedinthewayofpunishment，weshallnotfindagreatvarietyofexamples。
　　InGreatBritain，membersoftheupperhouseofParliamentandotherpeersconstantly，andmembersofthelowerhouseatcertainperiods，areexemptedfromarrests：thisprivilegetheymaybeconsideredasenjoyingpartlyonthegroundsofsatisfaction，partlythattheymaynothedivertedfromtheexerciseoftheirfunctions，andpartlybecause，beingmembersofthesovereignbody，theywouldhaveitso。
　　Amongservicesperformedbyaction，aresomewhichmaybestyledservicesofrespect。ItisaserviceofrespectexactedbyusageineverykingdominEuropenottowearahat，orwhatisequivalent，inthepresenceoftheking。InSpain，somefamiliesamongthenobilityenjoytheprivilegeofremainingcoveredinthepresenceoftheking。InIreland，theheadofonefamily（thefamilyoftheDeCourcys，earlsofKinsale）enjoysthelikeexemption，usarewardforsomeservicerenderedbyanancestor。
　　ByaBritishstatute，hewhoapprehendsandprosecutestoconvictionacriminalofacertaindescription，receivedamongstotherrewardsanexemptionfromparishoffices，togetherwiththeprivilegeoftransferring1gthatexemptiontoanother。
　　ByotherBritishstatutes，personswhohavebornearmsforacertainlengthoftimeintheserviceofthestate，wereexemptedfromtheobligationofthoselawswhich，lestindustryshouldbetoocommon，forbadeamanfromworkingforhisownbenefitatatradeatwhichhehadnotworkedsevenyearsforthebenefitofanother。
　　Therearevariousotherexemptionsofthesamenature：butastheobjecthereisnottogiveanexhaustiveviewoftheseseveralexemptions，butmerelyafewinstancestoservobywayofexample，theabovespecimensmaysuffice。
　　Onegeneralobservationappliestoallcasesofexemptionsfromgeneralobligationsimposedbylaw：itis———thatthemoreseverethelaw，themoreabundant，asdrawnfromthissource，isthefundofreward。Itmaybecreatedbyamereactofrestitutionbytherenderingofjustice：tosomemaybegivenwhatoughttobeleftforall：conditionsmaybeannexedtowhatoughttobegivengratuitously。Thegreaterthemassofinjusticeinflicted，thegreatertheopportunityforgenerosityindetail。Theoppressivegovernmentofonesovereignisamineofgoldtohissuccessor。Inthechurch，itisthegoodworksoftheirpredecessors———inthestate，itistheirbadworks，thatincreasethetreasureoftheirsuccessorsInRussiaandinPoland，emancipationisaverydistinguishedreward。A
　　tyrantmayrewardbydoinglessmischief。
　　Onewordonthelast，articleofreward———Pleasures。
　　Punishmentmaybeappliedinallshapestoallpersons。Pleasure，however，inthehandsofthelegislator，isnotequallymanageable：pleasurecanbegivenonlybygivingthemeansbywhichitispurchased———thatistosay，thematterofwealthwhicheveryonemayemployinhisownway。
　　Amongcertainbarbarousorhalf—civilisednations，theservicesoftheirwarriorshavebeenrewardedbythefavoursofwomen。Helvetiusappearstosmilewithapprobationatthismodeofexcitingbravery。ItwasperhapsMontesquieuthatledhimintothiserror。InspeakingoftheSamnites，amongwhomtheyoungmandeclaredthemostworthyselectedwhomsoeverhepleasedforhiswife，headds，thatthiscustomwascalculatedtoproducemostbeneficialeffects。
　　Philosophersdistinguishedfortheirhumanity———bothofthemgoodhusbandsandgoodfathers，bothofthemeloquentagainstslavery，howcouldtheyspeakinpraiseofalawwhichsupposestheslaveryofthebesthalfofthehumanspecies？———howcouldtheyhaveforgottenthatfavoursnotprecededbyanuncontrouledchoice，andwhichtheheartperhapsrepelledwithdisgust，affordedthespectacleratherofthedegradationofwomanthantherewardingahero？Thewarrior，surroundedbypalmsofhonour，couldhedescendtoactthepartofaravisher？Andifhedisdainedthisbarbarousright，wasnothisgenerosityasatireonthelaw？
　　Voltairerelateswithgreatsimplicity，thatatthefirstrepresentationofoneofhistragedies，theaudience，whosawtheauthorinaboxwithanextremelybeautifulyoungduchess，requiredthatsheshouldgivehimakiss，bywayofacknowledgingthepublicgratitude。
　　Thevictim，apartakerinthegeneralenthusiasm，feltapparentlynorepugnancetomakingthesacrifice：and，withouttheinterventionofthemagistrate，wemaytrusttotheenthusiasmofthesex，andtheirpassionfordistinction，forpreferencesthatmayanimatecourageandgeniusintheircareer。
　　RRBook1Chapter3TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIIIREWARDANDPUNISHMENTSCOMBINEDTherearesomecasesinwhichitwouldbeimpropertoemployeitherrewardorpunishmentalone。Theyarethoseinwhichthetwoforcesmaywithadvantagebeunited———inwhichthelegis1atorsaystothecitizen，obey，andyoushallreceiveacertainreward；disobey，audyoushallsufferacertainpunishment。
　　Thetwomodesmaybeproperlyunitedwhentheservicerequiredbythelawdependsforitsperformanceuponasmallnumberofpersons，inavirtueofthepeculiarcircumstancesinwhichtheyhappenedtobeplaced。If，forexample，theobjectbethesecuringadelinquentatthemomentthatheisabouttocommitanoffence，toinformagainsthimortoprosecutehim———itwillbefoundexpedient，inordertoensuretherenderingofsuchservices，tocombinewitharewardfortheirperformance，punishmentfortheiromission。
　　Insuchcases，punishmentisusefulintwoways：
　　besidetheeffectproducedbyitsownforce，italsosustainsthevalueofthereward。Thereisaverystrongprejudiceinthepublicmindagainstpersonswhoacceptpecuniaryrewardfortheperformanceofsuchservices；
　　butwhenapenalmotiveisadded，thepublicresentmentisabated，ifnotaltogetherremoved。Theprosecutionofacriminalforthesakeofthepecuniarybenefitderivablefromit，isgenerallyregardedasdiscreditable；buthewhoundertakestheprosecutiontoavoidbeinghimselfpunishedwillbeconsideredatleastasexcusable。Thedesireofself—preservationiscalledanaturalpropensity；thatistosay，isregardedwithapprobation。
　　Thedesireofgainisapropensitynotlessnatural；butinthiscase，althoughmoreuseful，itisnotregardedwiththesameapprobationThisisamischievousprejudice：butitexists，anditisthereforenecessarytocombatitsinfluence。Wemusttreatopinionsaswefindthem，andnotactasthoughtheywerewhattheyoughttobe。Thisisnottheonlyinstanceinwhichitisnecessarytoputaconstraintuponmen’sinclinations，thattheymaybeatlibertytofollowthem。
　　Aninstanceofthejudiciousmixtureofrewardandpunishmentisfurnishedbythepracticepursuedinmanyschools，calledchallenging。Allthescholarsinthesameclasshavingrangedthemselvesaroundthemaster，hewhostandsattheheadoftheclassbeginstheexercise：
　　doeshemakeamistake，thenexttohiminsuccessioncorrectshimandtakeshisplace；doesthesecondnotperceivethemistake，orisheunabletocorrectit，theprivilegedevolvesuponthethird；andsooftherest；———thepossessionofthefirstplaceentitlingtheholdertocertainflatteringmarksofdistinction。
　　Thetwoincitementsareinthiscasemostcarefullycombined：punishmentforthemistake，lossofrank；rewardfortheinformer，acquisitionofthatsamerank；punishmentfornotinforming，lossofrankthesameasfortheoffenceitself。
　　If，undertheordinarydisciplineofschools，inthecasewherethescholarhasnonaturalinterestwhichshouldinducehimtopointoutthemistakesofhisassociate，itwereattemptedtoproducethesechallengesbytheforceofrewardalone，theopinionwhichthegeneralinterestwouldcreatewouldopposeanobstacletothereceptionofthereward，mostdifficulttobeovercome：butwhentheyoungcompetitorshavetosayintheirdefence，thattheyhavedepressedtheirneighbourmerelytoavoidbeingdepressedthemselves，theyarerelievedfromallpretenceforreproach；everyonewithouthesitationabandonshimselftothesuggestionsofhisambition，and，underthesanctionofthelaw，honourcombatswithunrestrainedimpetuosity。
　　Thisingeniousexpedientforexcitingemulationisoneamongtheotheradvantagesofanumerousclass。Intheprivateplanofeducation，thereareseldomactorsinsufficientnumberfortheperformanceofthiscomedy。Themostfavourableopportunitiesforlegislationarethoseinwhichthetwomethodsaresocombined，thatthepunishmentimmediatelyfollowstheomissionoftheduty，andtherewarditsperformanceThisarrangementpresentstheideaofabsoluteperfection。Why？Becausetoalltheforceofthepunishmentisunitedalltheattractivenessandcertaintyofthereward。
　　Ihavesaidcertainty：butthisrequirestobeexplained。Denounceapunishmentforsuchorsuchacts：theonlyindividualwhocannotfailtoknowwhetherornothehasincurredthepunishment，isinterestedinconcealinghishavingincurredit。Ontheotherhand，offerareward，andthesameindividualfindshimselfinterestedinproducingthenecessaryproofsforestablishinghistitletoit。Thusavarietyofcausescontributetothefailureofpunishment———theartificesofthepersoninterested，theprejudicesagainstinformers，thelossorfailureofevidence，thefallibilityormistakenhumanityofjudges———whiletotheattainmentofrewardnosuchobstaclesoccur：itoperates，then，uponalloccasions，withthewholeofitsforceandcertainty。
　　Beforeacelebratedlaw，whichweowetoMr。Burke，thelordsofthetreasurywerecharged，astheystillare，withthepaymentofthesalariesofcertainofthepublicservants。Justicerequiredthatallshouldbepaidinthesameproportionasfundsforthatpurposewerereceived。Butnolawwasasyetinforcetosupportthisprinciple。Asmightnaturallybeexpected，allsortsofpreferenceshadplace：theypaidtheirfriendsfirst，anditcannotbesupposedtheyforgotthemselves。
　　Whenthefundssetaparttothisservicewereinsufficient，thelessfavouredclasssuffered。Thedelaysofpaymentoccasionedcontinualcomplaints。
　　Howwouldanordinarylegislatorhaveacted？Hewouldhaveenactedthateveryoneshouldbepaidinproportiontothereceipts；andthathisregulationsmightnotbewantinginform，hewouldhaveaddedadirectpunishmentforitsbreach，withoutinquiringifitwereeasytobeeludedornot。Mr。
　　Burkeacteddifferently：hearrangedthedifferentofficersinclasses；
　　hepreparedatableofpreference，inwhichtheorderistheinverseofthecreditwhichtheymightbesupposedtopossess。Thenoblelords，withtheprimeministerattheirhead，bringuptherear，andareprohibitedfromtouchingasingleshillingoftheirpay，tillthelowestscullionhasreceivedeverypennyofhis。
　　Hadhepermittedthesegreatofficerstopaythemselves，andprescribedhistableofpreferencefortherest，underthepenaltyoflosingapartoftheirsalaries，whatembarrassment，whatdifficulties，whatdelays！——Whowouldundertaketheodioustaskofinformer？Howmanypretencesofjustificationwouldtheynothavehad？Whowouldharedaredtoattacktheministers？InthisarrangementofMr。Burke，tilltheyhavefulfilledtheirduty，theylosetheenjoymentofalltheirsalary；theyloseitwithoutinquiryandwithoutembarrassment。Thusrenderedconditional，theirsalarybecomesinrealitytherecompenceoftheirregularityinpayingtheothers。
　　Theadvantagesofthisinventionmaybethussummedup。Theirsalary，dependsupontheperformanceoftheservice，isnolongerabarrengratification，butareallyproductivereward。Themotivehasalltheforcebelongingtopunishment：bythesuspensionofpayment，itoperatesasafine。Itpossessesallthecertaintyofareward：
　　therighttoreceivefollowsthecompletionoftheservice，withoutanyjudicialprocedure。
　　RRBook1Chapter4TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIVTHEUNIONOFINTERESTWITHDUTY，ANDOFSELF—EXECUTINGLAWSWhathasbeensaidintheprecedingchapterwillservetoelucidatethemeaningoftheabovetwoexpressions，which，thoughinfamiliarusewithpoliticalwriters，haveneveryetbeencompletelyexplained。
　　Thelegislatorshould，saythey，endeavourtouniteinterestwithduty：thisaccomplished，theyconsiderperfectionasattained。
　　Buthowisthisuniontobebroughtabout？———whatconstitutesit？Tocreateadutyandaffixapunishmenttotheviolationofit，istouniteaman’sinterestwithhisduty，andeventouniteitmorestronglythanbyanyprospectofreward。Butthisisnotuniversallyatleastwhattheymean；
　　forifpunishmentaloneweresufficientfortheestablishmentofthedesiredconnexionbetweeninterestandduty，whatlegislatoristherewhowouldfailinitsaccomplishment？———whatwouldtherebetoboastofinacontrivancewhichsurpassesnottheingenuityofthemostclumsypolitician？
　　Inthisphrase，bythewordinterest，pleasureorprofitisunderstood：theideadesignedtobeexpressedis，theexistenceofsuchaprovisioninthelaw，asthatconformitytoitshallbeproductiveofcertainbenefitswhichwillceaseofthemselvessosoonasthelawceasestobeobserved。
　　Inaword，theunioninquestionisproducedwheneversuchaspeciesofinterestcanbeformedasshallcombinetheforcewhichispeculiartopunishmentwiththecertaintywhichispeculiartoreward。
　　Thisconnexionbetweendutyandinterestistoahighdegreeattainedinthecaseofpensionsandplacesheldduringpleasure。
　　Letussuppose，forexample，thatthecontinuanceofthepensionismadetodependupontheholder’spayingatalltimesabsoluteobediencetothewillofhissuperior。Thepensionerceasestogivesatisfaction；thepensionceases。Therearenoneoftheembarrassmentsanduncertaintiesattendantonordinaryprocedure；therearenocomplaintsofdisobediencemadeagainstpersonsthuscircumstanced。Itisagainsttheextremeefficacyofthisplan，ratherthanagainstitsweakness，thatcomplaintsareheard。
　　Insomecountries，bytherevenuelaws，andparticularlyinthecaseofthecustomhouseduties，itisnotuncommontoallowtheofficers，asarewardaportionofthegoodsseizedbythemintheactofbeingsmuggledThisistheonlymodethathasappearedeffectuallytocombatthetemptationstowhichtheyareperpetuallyexposed。Thepricewhichitwouldbeworthwhileforindividualstooffertotheofficersforconnivance，canscarcelyequal，uponanaveragetheadvantagetheyderivefromtheperformanceoftheirduty。Sofarfromtherebeinganyapprehensionoftheirbeingremissinitsdischarge，wheneveryinstanceofneglectisfollowedbyimmediatepunishment，thedangeris，lesttheyshouldbeledtoexceedtheirduty，andtheinnocentshouldbeexposedtosuspicionandvexation。
　　Thelegislatorshouldenactlawswhichwillexecutethemselves。Whatistobeunderstoodbythis？Speakingwithprecision，nolawcanexecuteitselfInastateofinsulation，alawisinoperative：toproduceitsdesiredeffects，itmustbesupportedandenforcedbysomeotherlaw，which，initsturn，requiresforitssupporttheassistanceofotherlaws。Itisthusthatabodyoflawsformsagroup，orratheracircle，inwhicheachisreciprocallysupportedandsupports。Whenitissaid，therefore，thatthelawexecutesitself，itisnotmeantthatitcansubsistwithouttheassistanceofotherlaws，butthatitsprovisionsaresoarrangedthatpunishmentimmediatelyfollowsitsviolation，unaidedbyanyformofprocedure；thattooneoffence，anothermoreeasilysusceptibleofproof，ormoreseverelypunished，issubstituted。
　　Mr。Burke’slaw，whichhasalreadybeenmentioned，isjustlyentitledtoberankedunderthishead。Theclausewhichforbidstheministersandtreasurerstopaythemselvestillallotherpersonshavebeenpaid，possessesineffectthepropertiesofapunishmentannexedtoanyretardationofpayments———apunishmentwhichcommenceswiththeoffence，whichlastsaslongastheoffence，whichisinflictedwithoutneedofprocedure；inaword，apunishment，theimpositionofwhichdoesnotrequiretheinterventionofanythirdperson。
　　Beforethepassingofthislaw，largearrearsonthecivillistwereallowedtoaccumulate：theiraccumulationborethecharactermerelyofasimpleactofomission，whichcouldnotbeclassedunderanyparticularheadofoffence，andtheevilofwhichmightmoreoverbepalliatedbyathousandpretexts。Afterthepassingofthislaw，theministers，itistrue，mightstill，inspiteofthelaw，continuetogivetothemselvesapreferenceovertheothercreditorsonthecivillist———thereisnophysicalforceotherthanexistedbeforetopreventthem：butinvirtueofthislaw，anysuchpreferencewouldbeapalpableoffence———aspeciesofpeculationwhichwouldbestronglyreprobatedbypublicopinion。
　　Anotherexampleisfurnishedbythelawsrespectingthepaymentofstampduties———Theselawsarerepresentedasamongthenumberofthosewhichexecutethemselves，andarepanegyrizedaccordingly。Thisistruewithregardtosomuchofthesetaxesasislevieduponcontractsandlawproceedings。Letusexplaintheirmechanism。Thesanctiongiventoprivatecontracts，andtheprotectionaffordedbythelawtopersonandproperty，areserviceswhichthepublicreceivesatthehandsoftheministersofjustice。Themethodinwhichtheseduties，then，arelevied，isthis：theseservicesareatfirstrefusedtoallpersonswithoutexception；
　　theyarethenofferedtoallpersonswhoatthepricesetuponthem，havethemeansandinclinationtobecomepurchasers。Thusaprotection，whichmightbeconsideredasadebtduefromthestatetoallitssubjects，isconvertedintoareward，bymeansoftheprecedentconditionannexedtoit。Thisisnotthetimeforexaminingwhetherthisduty，whichpalpablyamountstothesellingofjustice，isajudicioustax：allthatisherenecessarytobeobservedis，thatthepaymentisinsuredbythesecurityitaffords，andthedangerwithwhichtheomissionisaccompanied。
　　Torangeoverthewholefieldoflegislation，inordertoascertainthedifferenteasesinwhichthisspeciesofpoliticalmechanismhasbeenemployed，orinwhichitmightbeintroducedwithadvantage，doesnotbelongtoourpresentsubject：———generaldirectionsmighteasilybeframedfortheconstructionofself—executinglaws，andtheirapplicationmightoccupyaplacein``Therecreationsoflegislation’’。
　　RRBook1Chapter5TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterVMATTEROFREWARD———REASONSFORHUSBANDINGIfitbepropertobefrugalinthedistributionofpunishment，itisnolesspropertobesointhedistributionofreward。
　　Evilisinflictedinbothcases。Thedifferenceis，thatpunishmentisaneviltohimtowhomitisapplied———reward，tohimatwhoseexpenseitisapplied。Thematterofreward，andthematterofpunishment，springfromthesameroot。Ismoneybestowedasareward？Suchmoneycanonlyarisefromtaxes，ororiginalrevenue———canonlybebestowedatthepublicexpense：———truthssoobvious，thatproofisunnecessary；butwhichoughtonalloccasionstoberecollected，since，allothercircumstancesbeingequal，topayataxtoagivenamountisagreaterevilthantoreceiveitisgood。
　　Rewards，consistinginhonour，itiscommonlysaid，costnothing。Thisis，however，amistake。Honoursnotonlyenhancethepriceofservices；（asweshallpresentlysee，）theyalsooccasionexpensesandburthenswhichcannotbeestimatedinmoney。Thereisnohonourwithoutpre—eminence：if，then，oftwopersons，forexample，whoareequal，oneprofitsbybeingmadethehigher，theothersuffersinatleastequalproportionbybeingmadethelowerofthetwo。Withregardtohonourswhichconferrankandprivileges，therearecommonlytwosetsofpersonsatwhoseexpensehonourisconferred：thepersonsfromamongstwhomthenewdignitaryistaken，andthepersons，ifany，towhomheisaggregatedbyhiselevation。Thusthegreatertheadditionmadetothenumberofpeers，themoretheirimportanceisdiminished———thegreateristhedefalcationmadefromthevalueoftheirrank。
　　Thecaseissimilarwithrewardtopower。
　　Itisbytakingawaylibertyorsecurity，thatpowerisconferred；andtheshareofeachmanistheless，thegreaterthenumberofco—partnersinit。Thepowerconferredinanycasemustheeitherneworold：ifnew，itisconferredattheexpenseofthosewhoaresubjecttoit；ifold，attheexpenseofthosebywhomitwasformerlyexercised。
　　Exemptionsgiveninthewayofrewardmayappearatfirstsightbutlittleexpensive。Thismaybeonereasonwhytheyhavebeensoliberallygrantedbyshortsightedsovereigns。Itoughthowevertoberecollected，thatinthecaseofpublicburthens，theexemptionofoneincreasestheburthenontheremainder：ifitbehonourabletobeexemptedfromthem，itbecomesadisgracetobearthem，andsuchpartialexemptionsatlengthgivebirthtogeneraldiscontent。
　　Theexemptionfromarrestfordebt，enjoyedbymembersofparliamentsarearewardconferredattheexpenseoftheircreditors。
　　Exemptionsfromparishofficesandmilitaryservicesarerewardsconferredattheexpenseofthosewhoareexposedtothechanceofbearingthem。
　　Theburthenofexemptionsfromtaxesfallsuponthosewhocontributetotheexigenciesofthestate。
　　Aprivilegetocarryon，inconcurrencewithalimitednumberofotherpersons，aparticularbranchoftruce，isanexemptionfromtheexclusionwhichpersonsingeneralarelaidunderwithreferencetothattrade：thefavourisshownattheexpenseofthepersonswhoaresharersintheprivilege。
　　Iftherebeaninstanceinwhichanymodificationofthematterofrewardcouldbeconferredwithoutexpense，itwillbefoundamongthosewhichconsistinexemptionfrompunishment。Whenanexemptionofthissortisconferred，theexpenseofit，iftherebeany，isbornebythosewhoareinterestedintheinflictionofthepunishment；thatis，bythoseinwhosefavourthelawwasmade，whichthepunishmentwasintendedtoenforce。Butif，bytheimpunitygiven，thesanctionofthelawsbeweakened，andcrimesconsequentlymultiplied，thepardongrantedtocriminalsisdearlypaidforbytheirvictims。
　　Theevilofprodigalityisnotconfinedtothediminishingthefundofreward：itoperatesasalawagainstrealmerit。
　　Ifrewardsarcbestoweduponpretendedservices，suchpretendedservicesenterintocompetitionwithrealservices，Hesucceedsbest，whoaims，nottoentitlehimselftothegratitudeofthepeople，buttocaptivatethegoodwillofhimatwhosedisposalthefundofrewardisplaced。Obsequiousnessandcourtlyvicestriumphovervirtueandgenius。Theartofpleasingiselevatedattheexpenseoftheartofserving。
　　Whatistheconsequence？Realservicesarenotperformed，ortheyarepurchasedatextravagantprices。Itidnotsufficientthatthepricepaidforthembeequaltothatofthefalseservices：beyondthis，theremustbeasurplustocompensatethelabourwhichrealservicesrequire。``Ifsomuchisgiventoonewhohasdonenothing，howmuchmoreisduetome，whohavebornetheheatandtheburthenoftheday？———ifparasitesarethusrewarded，howmuchmoreisduetomytalentsandindustry？’’，Suchisthelanguagewhichwillnaturallybeemployed，andnotwithoutreason，bythemanofconsciousmerit。
　　Itisthusthattheamountoftheevilisperpetuallyaccumulating。Thegreatertheamountalreadylavished，thegreaterthedemandforstillfurtherprodigality；asinthecaseofpunishment，themoreprofuselyithasbeendealtout，thegreateroftentimesistheneedofemployingstillmore。
　　Whenbythedisplayofextraordinaryzealanddistinguishedtalents，apublicfunctionaryhasrenderedgreatservicestohiscountry，———toassociatehimwiththecrowdofordinarysubordinates，istodegradehim。
　　Hewillfeelinrespectofthefundofreward，inthesamemannerasthedisposerofitoughttohavefelt。Hewillconsiderhimselfinjured，notonlywhenanythingisrefusedtohim，butwhenanythingisbestoweduponthosewhohavenotdeservedit。
　　Aprofusedistributionofhonoursisattendedwithadoubleinconvenience：inthefirstplaceitdeterioratesthestock；andinthenext，itisproductiveofgreatpecuniaryexpense。Whenapeerage，forexample，isconferred，itisgenerallynecessarytoaddtoitapension，underthenotionofenablingthebearertosustainitsdignity。
　　Itisthusthattheexistenceofanhereditarynobilitytendstoincreasethepricenecessarytohepaidintheshapeofreward。Hasaplebeianrenderedsuchservicestohiscountryascannotbepassedbywithneglect，thefirstoperationistodistinguishhimfrommenofhisownrank，byplacinghimamongthenobility。Butwithoutfortune，apeerageisaburthen；tomakeitworthhaving，itmustbeaccompaniedwithpecuniaryreward：theimmediatepaymentofalargesumwouldbetooburthensome；posterityisthereforemadetobearaportionoftheburthen。
　　Itistrue，posterityoughttopayitsshareinthepriceofservicesofwhichitreapsashareoftheadvantage。Buttheamebenefitmightbeprocuredatalewexpense：iftherewerenohereditarynobility，personalnobilitywouldanswereverypurpose。AmongtheGreeks，abranchfromapinetree，ahandfulofbarley，———amongtheRomans，afewlaurelleaves，orearsofcorn，———weretherewardsofheroes。
　　FortunateAmericans！fortunateonsomanyaccounts，iftopossesshappiness，itweresufficienttopossesseverythingbywhichitisconstituted，thisadvantageisstillyours！———Preserveitforever：
　　bestowrewards，erectstatues，confereventitles，sothattheybepersonalalone；butneverbindthecrownofmerituponthebrowofsloth。
　　Suchisthelanguageofthosepassionateadmirersofmeritwhowouldgladlyseeagenerousemulationburninginullranksofthecommunity———whoconsidereverythingwastedwhichisnotemployedinitspromotion。Cananythingberepliedtothem？Iftherecan，itcanonlybebythosewho，jealousofthepublictranquillityasnecessarytotheenjoymentsofluxury，andmorealarmedatthefollywhichknowsnorestraintthanattheselfishnesswhichmaybeconstrainedtoregulateitself，wouldhave，atanyprice，aclassofpersonswhomayimposetranquillityuponthosewhocanneverbetaught。
　　Insomestatesthestrictestfrugalityisobservedinthedistributionofrewards：suchingeneralhasbeenthecaseunderrepublicangovernments；thoughitistrue，thatevenindemocracies，historyfurnishesinstancesofthemostextravagantprodigalityandcorruption。
　　Thespeciesofrewardbestowedbythepeopleupontheirfavouriteswiththeleastexamination，ispower———agiftmorepreciousanddangerousthantitlesofhonourorpecuniaryrewards。Themaxim，Woetothegratefulnation！isaltogetherdevoidofmeaning，unlessitbedesignedasawarningagainstthisdispositionofthepeopletoconferunlimitedauthorityuponthosewhoforamomentobtaintheirconfidence。
　　Afterhavingsaidthusmuchinfavourofeconomy，itmustnotbedeniedthatspeciouspretencesmaybeurgedinjustificationofaliberaluseofrewards。
　　Thatportionofthematterofrewardwhichissuperfluouslyemployeditissaid，maybeconsideredasthefundofaspeciesoflottery。
　　Atacomparativelysmallexpense，alargemassofexpectationiscreated，andprizesareofferedwhicheverymanmayflatterhimselfwiththehopeofobtaining。Andwhatarealltheothersourcesofenjoyment，whenputincompetitionwithhope？Butcansuchreasonsjustifytheimpositionorcontinuanceoftaxeswithnootherviewthanthatofincreasingtheamountofthodisposablefundofreward？Certainlynot。Itwouldbeabsurdthustocreatearealevil———thustopillagethemultitudeofwhattheyhaveearnedbythesweatoftheirbrow，tomultiplytheenjoymentsofthewealthy。
　　Inaword，whatevermaybethoughtofthislottery，wemustnotforgetthatitsprizesmustbedrawnbeforewecanobtainanyusefulservices。
　　Totheindividualhimself，activeismoreconducivetohishappinessthanidlehope：theonedevelopshistalents，theotherrendersthemobtuse；
　　thefirstisnaturallyalliedtovirtue，thesecondtovice。
　　InEngland，reasons，oratleastpretexts，havebeenfoundforthearbitrarydisposalofrewards，whichwouldnotexistunderanabsolutemonarchy。Theconstitutionofparliamentgivesoccasiontotheperformanceofservicesofsuchanatureascannotbeacknowledged，butwhichintheeyesofmanypoliticiansarenotthelessnecessary。A
　　certainquantityoftalentisrequisite，itissaid，tosavethepoliticalvesselfrombeingupsetbyanymomentaryturbulenceorwhimofthepeople。