Herethen，Isaid，isanotherorderwhichwillhavetobeconveyedtoourguardians：Letourcitybeaccountedneitherlargenorsmall，butoneandself—sufficing。
　　Andsurely，saidhe，thisisnotaverysevereorderwhichweimposeuponthem。
　　Andtheother，saidI，ofwhichwewerespeakingbeforeislighterstill，—Imeanthedutyofdegradingtheoffspringoftheguardianswheninferior，andofelevatingintotherankofguardianstheoffspringofthelowerclasses，whennaturallysuperior。Theintentionwas，that，inthecaseofthecitizensgenerally，eachindividualshouldbeputtotheuseforwhichnaturewhichnatureintendedhim，onetoonework，andtheneverymanwoulddohisownbusiness，andbeoneandnotmany；andsothewholecitywouldbeoneandnotmany。
　　Yes，hesaid；thatisnotsodifficult。
　　Theregulationswhichweareprescribing，mygoodAdeimantus，arenot，asmightbesupposed，anumberofgreatprinciples，buttriflesall，ifcarebetaken，asthesayingis，oftheonegreatthing，——athing，however，whichIwouldrathercall，notgreat，butsufficientforourpurpose。
　　Whatmaythatbe？heasked。
　　Education，Isaid，andnurture：Ifourcitizensarewelleducated，andgrowintosensiblemen，theywilleasilyseetheirwaythroughallthese，aswellasothermatterswhichIomit；such，forexample，asmarriage，thepossessionofwomenandtheprocreationofchildren，whichwillallfollowthegeneralprinciplethatfriendshaveallthingsincommon，astheproverbsays。
　　Thatwillbethebestwayofsettlingthem。
　　Also，Isaid，theState，ifoncestartedwell，moveswithaccumulatingforcelikeawheel。Forgoodnurtureandeducationimplantgoodconstitutions，andthesegoodconstitutionstakingrootinagoodeducationimprovemoreandmore，andthisimprovementaffectsthebreedinmanasinotheranimals。
　　Verypossibly，hesaid。
　　Thentosumup：Thisisthepointtowhich，aboveall，theattentionofourrulersshouldbedirected，——thatmusicandgymnasticbepreservedintheiroriginalform，andnoinnovationmade。Theymustdotheirutmosttomaintainthemintact。AndwhenanyonesaysthatmankindmostregardThenewestsongwhichthesingershave，theywillbeafraidthathemaybepraising，notnewsongs，butanewkindofsong；andthisoughtnottobepraised，orconceivedtobethemeaningofthepoet；foranymusicalinnovationisfullofdangertothewholeState，andoughttobeprohibited。SoDamontellsme，andIcanquitebelievehim；—hesaysthatwhenmodesofmusicchange，oftheStatealwayschangewiththem。
　　Yes，saidAdeimantus；andyoumayaddmysuffragetoDamon’sandyourown。
　　Then，Isaid，ourguardiansmustlaythefoundationsoftheirfortressinmusic？
　　Yes，hesaid；thelawlessnessofwhichyouspeaktooeasilystealsin。
　　Yes，Ireplied，intheformofamusement；andatfirstsightitappearsharmless。
　　Why，yes，hesaid，andthereisnoharm；wereitnotthatlittlebylittlethisspiritoflicence，findingahome，imperceptiblypenetratesintomannersandcustoms；whence，issuingwithgreaterforce，itinvadescontractsbetweenmanandman，andfromcontractsgoesontolawsandconstitutions，inutterrecklessness，endingatlast，Socrates，byanoverthrowofallrights，privateaswellaspublic。
　　Isthattrue？Isaid。
　　Thatismybelief，hereplied。
　　Then，asIwassaying，ouryouthshouldbetrainedfromthefirstinastrictersystem，forifamusementsbecomelawless，andtheyouthsthemselvesbecomelawless，theycannevergrowupintowell—conductedandvirtuouscitizens。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Andwhentheyhavemadeagoodbeginninginplay，andbythehelpofmusichavegainedthehabitofgoodorder，thenthishabitoforder，inamannerhowunlikethelawlessplayoftheothers！willaccompanytheminalltheiractionsandbeaprincipleofgrowthtothem，andiftherebeanyfallenplacesaprincipleintheStatewillraisethemupagain。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Thuseducated，theywillinventforthemselvesanylesserruleswhichtheirpredecessorshavealtogetherneglected。
　　Whatdoyoumean？
　　Imeansuchthingsasthese：——whentheyoungaretobesilentbeforetheirelders；howtheyaretoshowrespecttothembystandingandmakingthemsit；whathonourisduetoparents；whatgarmentsorshoesaretobeworn；themodeofdressingthehair；
　　deportmentandmannersingeneral。Youwouldagreewithme？
　　Yes。
　　Butthereis，Ithink，smallwisdominlegislatingaboutsuchmatters，——Idoubtifitiseverdone；norareanyprecisewrittenenactmentsaboutthemlikelytobelasting。
　　Impossible。
　　Itwouldseem，Adeimantus，thatthedirectioninwhicheducationstartsaman，willdeterminehisfuturelife。Doesnotlikealwaysattractlike？
　　Tobesure。
　　Untilsomeonerareandgrandresultisreachedwhichmaybegood，andmaybethereverseofgood？
　　Thatisnottobedenied。
　　Andforthisreason，Isaid，Ishallnotattempttolegislatefurtheraboutthem。
　　Naturallyenough，hereplied。
　　Well，andaboutthebusinessoftheagora，dealingsandtheordinarydealingsbetweenmanandman，oragainaboutagreementswiththecommencementwithartisans；aboutinsultandinjury，ofthecommencementofactions，andtheappointmentofjuries，whatwouldyousay？theremayalsoarisequestionsaboutanyimpositionsandextractionsofmarketandharbourdueswhichmayberequired，andingeneralabouttheregulationsofmarkets，police，harbours，andthelike。But，ohheavens！shallwecondescendtolegislateonanyoftheseparticulars？
　　Ithink，hesaid，thatthereisnoneedtoimposelawsaboutthemongoodmen；whatregulationsarenecessarytheywillfindoutsoonenoughforthemselves。
　　Yes，Isaid，myfriend，ifGodwillonlypreservetothemthelawswhichwehavegiventhem。
　　Andwithoutdivinehelp，saidAdeimantus，theywillgoonforevermakingandmendingtheirlawsandtheirlivesinthehopeofattainingperfection。
　　Youwouldcomparethem，Isaid，tothoseinvalidswho，havingnoself—restraint，willnotleaveofftheirhabitsofintemperance？
　　Exactly。
　　Yes，Isaid；andwhatadelightfullifetheylead！theyarealwaysdoctoringandincreasingandcomplicatingtheirdisorders，andalwaysfancyingthattheywillbecuredbyanynostrumwhichanybodyadvisesthemtotry。
　　Suchcasesareverycommon，hesaid，withinvalidsofthissort。
　　Yes，Ireplied；andthecharmingthingisthattheydeemhimtheirworstenemywhotellsthemthetruth，whichissimplythat，unlesstheygiveupeatinganddrinkingandwenchingandidling，neitherdrugnorcauterynorspellnoramuletnoranyotherremedywillavail。
　　Charming！hereplied。Iseenothingcharmingingoingintoapassionwithamanwhotellsyouwhatisright。
　　Thesegentlemen，Isaid，donotseemtobeinyourgoodgraces。
　　Assuredlynot。
　　NorwouldyoupraisethebehaviourofStateswhichactlikethemenwhomIwasjustnowdescribing。Foraretherenotill—orderedStatesinwhichthecitizensareforbiddenunderpainofdeathtoaltertheconstitution；andyethewhomostsweetlycourtsthosewholiveunderthisregimeandindulgesthemandfawnsuponthemandisskilfulinanticipatingandgratifyingtheirhumoursisheldtobeagreatandgoodstatesman——donottheseStatesresemblethepersonswhomIwasdescribing？
　　Yes，hesaid；theStatesareasbadasthemen；andIamveryfarfrompraisingthem。
　　Butdoyounotadmire，Isaid，thecoolnessanddexterityofthesereadyministersofpoliticalcorruption？
　　Yes，hesaid，Ido；butnotofallofthem，fortherearesomewhomtheapplauseofthemultitudehasdeludedintothebeliefthattheyarereallystatesmen，andthesearenotmuchtobeadmired。
　　Whatdoyoumean？Isaid；youshouldhavemorefeelingforthem。
　　Whenamancannotmeasure，andagreatmanyotherswhocannotmeasuredeclarethatheisfourcubitshigh，canhehelpbelievingwhattheysay？
　　Nay，hesaid，certainlynotinthatcase。
　　Well，then，donotbeangrywiththem；foraretheynotasgoodasaplay，tryingtheirhandatpaltryreformssuchasIwasdescribing；
　　theyarealwaysfancyingthatbylegislationtheywillmakeanendoffraudsincontracts，andtheotherrascalitieswhichIwasmentioning，notknowingthattheyareinrealitycuttingofftheheadsofahydra？
　　Yes，hesaid；thatisjustwhattheyaredoing。
　　Iconceive，Isaid，thatthetruelegislatorwillnottroublehimselfwiththisclassofenactmentswhetherconcerninglawsortheconstitutioneitherinanill—orderedorinawell—orderedState；
　　forintheformertheyarequiteuseless，andinthelattertherewillbenodifficultyindevisingthem；andmanyofthemwillnaturallyflowoutofourpreviousregulations。
　　What，then，hesaid，isstillremainingtousoftheworkoflegislation？
　　Nothingtous，Ireplied；buttoApollo，theGodofDelphi，thereremainstheorderingofthegreatestandnoblestandchiefestthingsofall。
　　Whicharethey？hesaid。
　　Theinstitutionoftemplesandsacrifices，andtheentireserviceofgods，demigods，andheroes；alsotheorderingoftherepositoriesofthedead，andtheriteswhichhavetobeobservedbyhimwhowouldpropitiatetheinhabitantsoftheworldbelow。Thesearemattersofwhichweareignorantourselves，andasfoundersofacityweshouldbeunwiseintrustingthemtoanyinterpreterbutourancestraldeity。
　　Heisthegodwhositsinthecenter，onthenaveloftheearth，andheistheinterpreterofreligiontoallmankind。
　　Youareright，andwewilldoasyoupropose。
　　Butwhere，amidallthis，isjustice？sonofAriston，tellmewhere。
　　Nowthatourcityhasbeenmadehabitable，lightacandleandsearch，andgetyourbrotherandPolemarchusandtherestofourfriendstohelp，andletusseewhereinitwecandiscoverjusticeandwhereinjustice，andinwhattheydifferfromoneanother，andwhichofthemthemanwhowouldbehappyshouldhaveforhisportion，whetherseenorunseenbygodsandmen。
　　SOCRATES—GLAUCON
　　Nonsense，saidGlaucon：didyounotpromisetosearchyourself，sayingthatforyounottohelpjusticeinherneedwouldbeanimpiety？
　　IdonotdenythatIsaidso，andasyouremindme，Iwillbeasgoodasmyword；butyoumustjoin。
　　Wewill，hereplied。
　　Well，then，Ihopetomakethediscoveryinthisway：ImeantobeginwiththeassumptionthatourState，ifrightlyordered，isperfect。
　　Thatismostcertain。
　　Andbeingperfect，isthereforewiseandvaliantandtemperateandjust。
　　Thatislikewiseclear。
　　AndwhicheverofthesequalitieswefindintheState，theonewhichisnotfoundwillbetheresidue？
　　Verygood。
　　Iftherewerefourthings，andweweresearchingforoneofthem，whereveritmightbe，theonesoughtformightbeknowntousfromthefirst，andtherewouldbenofurthertrouble；orwemightknowtheotherthreefirst，andthenthefourthwouldclearlybetheoneleft。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Andisnotasimilarmethodtobepursuedaboutthevirtues，whicharealsofourinnumber？
　　Clearly。
　　FirstamongthevirtuesfoundintheState，wisdomcomesintoview，andinthisIdetectacertainpeculiarity。
　　Whatisthat？
　　TheStatewhichwehavebeendescribingissaidtobewiseasbeinggoodincounsel？
　　Verytrue。
　　Andgoodcounselisclearlyakindofknowledge，fornotbyignorance，butbyknowledge，domencounselwell？
　　Clearly。
　　AndthekindsofknowledgeinaStatearemanyanddiverse？
　　Ofcourse。
　　Thereistheknowledgeofthecarpenter；butisthatthesortofknowledgewhichgivesacitythetitleofwiseandgoodincounsel？
　　Certainlynot；thatwouldonlygiveacitythereputationofskillincarpentering。
　　Thenacityisnottobecalledwisebecausepossessingaknowledgewhichcounselsforthebestaboutwoodenimplements？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Norbyreasonofaknowledgewhichadvisesaboutbrazenpots，I
　　said，noraspossessinganyothersimilarknowledge？
　　Notbyreasonofanyofthem，hesaid。
　　Noryetbyreasonofaknowledgewhichcultivatestheearth；thatwouldgivethecitythenameofagricultural？
　　Yes。
　　Well，Isaid，andisthereanyknowledgeinourrecentlyfoundedStateamonganyofthecitizenswhichadvises，notaboutanyparticularthingintheState，butaboutthewhole，andconsidershowaStatecanbestdealwithitselfandwithotherStates？
　　Therecertainlyis。
　　Andwhatisknowledge，andamongwhomisitfound？Iasked。
　　Itistheknowledgeoftheguardians，hereplied，andfoundamongthosewhomwewerejustnowdescribingasperfectguardians。
　　Andwhatisthenamewhichthecityderivesfromthepossessionofthissortofknowledge？
　　Thenameofgoodincounselandtrulywise。
　　Andwilltherebeinourcitymoreofthesetrueguardiansormoresmiths？
　　Thesmiths，hereplied，willbefarmorenumerous。
　　Willnottheguardiansbethesmallestofalltheclasseswhoreceiveanamefromtheprofessionofsomekindofknowledge？
　　Muchthesmallest。
　　Andsobyreasonofthesmallestpartorclass，andoftheknowledgewhichresidesinthispresidingandrulingpartofitself，thewholeState，beingthusconstitutedaccordingtonature，willbewise；andthis，whichhastheonlyknowledgeworthytobecalledwisdom，hasbeenordainedbynaturetobeofallclassestheleast。
　　Mosttrue。
　　Thus，then，Isaid，thenatureandplaceintheStateofoneofthefourvirtueshassomehoworotherbeendiscovered。
　　And，inmyhumbleopinion，verysatisfactorilydiscovered，hereplied。
　　Again，Isaid，thereisnodifficultyinseeingthenatureofcourage；andinwhatpartthatqualityresideswhichgivesthenameofcourageoustotheState。
　　Howdoyoumean？
　　Why，Isaid，everyonewhocallsanyStatecourageousorcowardly，willbethinkingofthepartwhichfightsandgoesouttowarontheState’sbehalf。
　　Noone，hereplied，wouldeverthinkofanyother。
　　Certainlynot。
　　Therestofthecitizensmaybecourageousormaybecowardlybuttheircourageorcowardicewillnot，asIconceive，havetheeffectofmakingthecityeithertheoneortheother。
　　Thecitywillbecourageousinvirtueofaportionofherselfwhichpreservesunderallcircumstancesthatopinionaboutthenatureofthingstobefearedandnottobefearedinwhichourlegislatoreducatedthem；andthisiswhatyoutermcourage。
　　Ishouldliketohearwhatyouaresayingoncemore，forIdonotthinkthatIperfectlyunderstandyou。
　　Imeanthatcourageisakindofsalvation。
　　Salvationofwhat？
　　Oftheopinionrespectingthingstobefeared，whattheyareandofwhatnature，whichthelawimplantsthrougheducation；andImeanbythewords’underallcircumstances’tointimatethatinpleasureorinpain，orundertheinfluenceofdesireorfear，amanpreserves，anddoesnotlosethisopinion。ShallIgiveyouanillustration？
　　Ifyouplease。
　　Youknow，Isaid，thatdyers，whentheywanttodyewoolformakingthetruesea—purple，beginbyselectingtheirwhitecolourfirst；thistheyprepareanddresswithmuchcareandpains，inorderthatthewhitegroundmaytakethepurplehueinfullperfection。Thedyeingthenproceeds；andwhateverisdyedinthismannerbecomesafastcolour，andnowashingeitherwithlyesorwithoutthemcantakeawaythebloom。But，whenthegroundhasnotbeendulyprepared，youwillhavenoticedhowpooristhelookeitherofpurpleorofanyothercolour。
　　Yes，hesaid；Iknowthattheyhaveawashed—outandridiculousappearance。
　　Thennow，Isaid，youwillunderstandwhatourobjectwasinselectingoursoldiers，andeducatingtheminmusicandgymnastic；
　　wewerecontrivinginfluenceswhichwouldpreparethemtotakethedyeofthelawsinperfection，andthecolouroftheiropinionaboutdangersandofeveryotheropinionwastobeindeliblyfixedbytheirnurtureandtraining，nottobewashedawaybysuchpotentlyesaspleasure——mightieragentfarinwashingthesoulthananysodaorlye；orbysorrow，fear，anddesire，themightiestofallothersolvents。AndthissortofuniversalsavingpoweroftrueopinioninconformitywithlawaboutrealandfalsedangersIcallandmaintaintobecourage，unlessyoudisagree。
　　ButIagree，hereplied；forIsupposethatyoumeantoexcludemereuninstructedcourage，suchasthatofawildbeastorofaslave——this，inyouropinion，isnotthecouragewhichthelawordains，andoughttohaveanothername。
　　Mostcertainly。
　　ThenImayinfercouragetobesuchasyoudescribe？
　　Why，yes，saidI，youmay，andifyouaddthewords’ofacitizen，’youwillnotbefarwrong；——hereafter，ifyoulike，wewillcarrytheexaminationfurther，butatpresentwearewewseekingnotforcouragebutjustice；andforthepurposeofourenquirywehavesaidenough。
　　Youareright，hereplied。
　　TwovirtuesremaintobediscoveredintheState—firsttemperance，andthenjusticewhichistheendofoursearch。
　　Verytrue。
　　Now，canwefindjusticewithouttroublingourselvesabouttemperance？
　　Idonotknowhowthatcanbeaccomplished，hesaid，nordoIdesirethatjusticeshouldbebroughttolightandtemperancelostsightof；andthereforeIwishthatyouwoulddomethefavourofconsideringtemperancefirst。
　　Certainly，Ireplied，Ishouldnotbejustifiedinrefusingyourrequest。
　　Thenconsider，hesaid。
　　Yes，Ireplied；Iwill；andasfarasIcanatpresentsee，thevirtueoftemperancehasmoreofthenatureofharmonyandsymphonythanthepreceding。
　　Howso？heasked。
　　Temperance，Ireplied，istheorderingorcontrollingofcertainpleasuresanddesires；thisiscuriouslyenoughimpliedinthesayingof’amanbeinghisownmaster’andothertracesofthesamenotionmaybefoundinlanguage。
　　Nodoubt，hesaid。
　　Thereissomethingridiculousintheexpression’masterofhimself’；
　　forthemasterisalsotheservantandtheservantthemaster；andinallthesemodesofspeakingthesamepersonisdenoted。
　　Certainly。
　　Themeaningis，Ibelieve，thatinthehumansoulthereisabetterandalsoaworseprinciple；andwhenthebetterhastheworseundercontrol，thenamanissaidtobemasterofhimself；andthisisatermofpraise：butwhen，owingtoevileducationorassociation，thebetterprinciple，whichisalsothesmaller，isoverwhelmedbythegreatermassoftheworse——inthiscaseheisblamedandiscalledtheslaveofselfandunprincipled。
　　Yes，thereisreasoninthat。
　　Andnow，Isaid，lookatournewlycreatedState，andthereyouwillfindoneofthesetwoconditionsrealised；fortheState，asyouwillacknowledge，maybejustlycalledmasterofitself，ifthewords’temperance’and’self—mastery’trulyexpresstheruleofthebetterpartovertheworse。
　　Yes，hesaid，Iseethatwhatyousayistrue。
　　Letmefurthernotethatthemanifoldandcomplexpleasuresanddesiresandpainsaregenerallyfoundinchildrenandwomenandservants，andinthefreemensocalledwhoareofthelowestandmorenumerousclass。
　　Certainly，hesaid。
　　Whereasthesimpleandmoderatedesireswhichfollowreason，andareundertheguidanceofmindandtrueopinion，aretobefoundonlyinafew，andthosethebestbornandbesteducated。
　　Verytrue。Thesetwo，asyoumayperceive，haveaplaceinourState；andthemeanerdesiresofthearehelddownbythevirtuousdesiresandwisdomofthefew。
　　ThatIperceive，hesaid。
　　Theniftherebeanycitywhichmaybedescribedasmasterofitsownpleasuresanddesires，andmasterofitself，oursmayclaimsuchadesignation？
　　Certainly，hereplied。
　　Itmayalsobecalledtemperate，andforthesamereasons？
　　Yes。
　　AndiftherebeanyStateinwhichrulersandsubjectswillbeagreedastothequestionwhoaretorule，thatagainwillbeourState？
　　Undoubtedly。
　　Andthecitizensbeingthusagreedamongthemselves，inwhichclasswilltemperancebefound——intherulersorinthesubjects？
　　Inboth，asIshouldimagine，hereplied。
　　Doyouobservethatwewerenotfarwronginourguessthattemperancewasasortofharmony？
　　Whyso？
　　Why，becausetemperanceisunlikecourageandwisdom，eachofwhichresidesinapartonly，theonemakingtheStatewiseandtheothervaliant；notsotemperance，whichextendstothewhole，andrunsthroughallthenotesofthescale，andproducesaharmonyoftheweakerandthestrongerandthemiddleclass，whetheryousupposethemtobestrongerorweakerinwisdomorpowerornumbersorwealth，oranythingelse。Mosttrulythenmaywedeemtemperancetobetheagreementofthenaturallysuperiorandinferior，astotherighttoruleofeither，bothinstatesandindividuals。
　　Ientirelyagreewithyou。
　　Andso，Isaid，wemayconsiderthreeoutofthefourvirtuestohavebeendiscoveredinourState。Thelastofthosequalitieswhichmakeastatevirtuousmustbejustice，ifweonlyknewwhatthatwas。
　　Theinferenceisobvious。
　　Thetimethenhasarrived，Glaucon，when，likehuntsmen，weshouldsurroundthecover，andlooksharpthatjusticedoesnotstealaway，andpassoutofsightandescapeus；forbeyondadoubtsheissomewhereinthiscountry：watchthereforeandstrivetocatchasightofher，andifyouseeherfirst，letmeknow。