Andso，aftermuchtossing，wehavereachedland，andarefairlyagreedthatthesameprincipleswhichexistintheStateexistalsointheindividual，andthattheyarethreeinnumber。
　　Exactly。
　　Mustwenottheninferthattheindividualiswiseinthesameway，andinvirtueofthesamequalitywhichmakestheStatewise？
　　Certainly。
　　AlsothatthesamequalitywhichconstitutescourageintheStateconstitutescourageintheindividual，andthatboththeStateandtheindividualbearthesamerelationtoalltheothervirtues？
　　Assuredly。
　　AndtheindividualwillbeacknowledgedbyustobejustinthesamewayinwhichtheStateisjust？
　　Thatfollows，ofcourse。
　　WecannotbutrememberthatthejusticeoftheStateconsistedineachofthethreeclassesdoingtheworkofitsownclass？
　　Wearenotverylikelytohaveforgotten，hesaid。
　　Wemustrecollectthattheindividualinwhomtheseveralqualitiesofhisnaturedotheirownworkwillbejust，andwilldohisownwork？
　　Yes，hesaid，wemustrememberthattoo。
　　Andoughtnottherationalprinciple，whichiswise，andhasthecareofthewholesoul，torule，andthepassionateorspiritedprincipletobethesubjectandally？
　　Certainly。
　　And，asweweresaying，theunitedinfluenceofmusicandgymnasticwillbringthemintoaccord，nervingandsustainingthereasonwithnoblewordsandlessons，andmoderatingandsoothingandcivilizingthewildnessofpassionbyharmonyandrhythm？
　　Quitetrue，hesaid。
　　Andthesetwo，thusnurturedandeducated，andhavinglearnedtrulytoknowtheirownfunctions，willruleovertheconcupiscent，whichineachofusisthelargestpartofthesoulandbynaturemostinsatiableofgain；overthistheywillkeepguard，lest，waxinggreatandstrongwiththefulnessofbodilypleasures，astheyaretermed，theconcupiscentsoul，nolongerconfinedtoherownsphere，shouldattempttoenslaveandrulethosewhoarenothernatural—bornsubjects，andoverturnthewholelifeofman？
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Bothtogetherwilltheynotbethebestdefendersofthewholesoulandthewholebodyagainstattacksfromwithout；theonecounselling，andtheotherfightingunderhisleader，andcourageouslyexecutinghiscommandsandcounsels？
　　True。
　　Andheistobedeemedcourageouswhosespiritretainsinpleasureandinpainthecommandsofreasonaboutwhatheoughtoroughtnottofear？
　　Right，hereplied。
　　Andhimwecallwisewhohasinhimthatlittlepartwhichrules，andwhichproclaimsthesecommands；thatparttoobeingsupposedtohaveaknowledgeofwhatisfortheinterestofeachofthethreepartsandofthewhole？
　　Assuredly。
　　Andwouldyounotsaythatheistemperatewhohasthesesameelementsinfriendlyharmony，inwhomtheonerulingprincipleofreason，andthetwosubjectonesofspiritanddesireareequallyagreedthatreasonoughttorule，anddonotrebel？
　　Certainly，hesaid，thatisthetrueaccountoftemperancewhetherintheStateorindividual。
　　Andsurely，Isaid，wehaveexplainedagainandagainhowandbyvirtueofwhatqualityamanwillbejust。
　　Thatisverycertain。
　　Andisjusticedimmerintheindividual，andisherformdifferent，orisshethesamewhichwefoundhertobeintheState？
　　Thereisnodifferenceinmyopinion，hesaid。
　　Because，ifanydoubtisstilllingeringinourminds，afewcommonplaceinstanceswillsatisfyusofthetruthofwhatIamsaying。
　　Whatsortofinstancesdoyoumean？
　　Ifthecaseisputtous，mustwenotadmitthatthejustState，orthemanwhoistrainedintheprinciplesofsuchaState，willbelesslikelythantheunjusttomakeawaywithadepositofgoldorsilver？Wouldanyonedenythis？
　　Noone，hereplied。
　　Willthejustmanorcitizeneverbeguiltyofsacrilegeortheft，ortreacheryeithertohisfriendsortohiscountry？
　　Never。
　　Neitherwillheeverbreakfaithwheretherehavebeenoathsoragreements？
　　Impossible。
　　Noonewillbelesslikelytocommitadultery，ortodishonourhisfatherandmother，ortofallinhisreligiousduties？
　　Noone。
　　Andthereasonisthateachpartofhimisdoingitsownbusiness，whetherinrulingorbeingruled？
　　Exactlyso。
　　Areyousatisfiedthenthatthequalitywhichmakessuchmenandsuchstatesisjustice，ordoyouhopetodiscoversomeother？
　　NotI，indeed。
　　Thenourdreamhasbeenrealised；andthesuspicionwhichweentertainedatthebeginningofourworkofconstruction，thatsomedivinepowermusthaveconductedustoaprimaryformofjustice，hasnowbeenverified？
　　Yes，certainly。
　　Andthedivisionoflabourwhichrequiredthecarpenterandtheshoemakerandtherestofthecitizenstobedoingeachhisownbusiness，andnotanother’s，wasashadowofjustice，andforthatreasonitwasofuse？
　　Clearly。
　　Butinrealityjusticewassuchasweweredescribing，beingconcernedhowever，notwiththeoutwardman，butwiththeinward，whichisthetrueselfandconcernmentofman：forthejustmandoesnotpermittheseveralelementswithinhimtointerferewithoneanother，oranyofthemtodotheworkofothers，——hesetsinorderhisowninnerlife，andishisownmasterandhisownlaw，andatpeacewithhimself；andwhenhehasboundtogetherthethreeprincipleswithinhim，whichmaybecomparedtothehigher，lower，andmiddlenotesofthescale，andtheintermediateintervals——whenhehasboundallthesetogether，andisnolongermany，buthasbecomeoneentirelytemperateandperfectlyadjustednature，thenheproceedstoact，ifhehastoact，whetherinamatterofproperty，orinthetreatmentofthebody，orinsomeaffairofpoliticsorprivatebusiness；alwaysthinkingandcallingthatwhichpreservesandco—operateswiththisharmoniouscondition，justandgoodaction，andtheknowledgewhichpresidesoverit，wisdom，andthatwhichatanytimeimpairsthiscondition，hewillcallunjustaction，andtheopinionwhichpresidesoveritignorance。
　　Youhavesaidtheexacttruth，Socrates。
　　Verygood；andifweweretoaffirmthatwehaddiscoveredthejustmanandthejustState，andthenatureofjusticeineachofthem，weshouldnotbetellingafalsehood？
　　Mostcertainlynot。
　　Maywesayso，then？
　　Letussayso。
　　Andnow，Isaid，injusticehastobeconsidered。
　　Clearly。
　　Mustnotinjusticebeastrifewhicharisesamongthethreeprinciples——ameddlesomeness，andinterference，andrisingupofapartofthesoulagainstthewhole，anassertionofunlawfulauthority，whichismadebyarebellioussubjectagainstatrueprince，ofwhomheisthenaturalvassal，——whatisallthisconfusionanddelusionbutinjustice，andintemperanceandcowardiceandignorance，andeveryformofvice？
　　Exactlyso。
　　Andifthenatureofjusticeandinjusticebeknown，thenthemeaningofactingunjustlyandbeingunjust，or，again，ofactingjustly，willalsobeperfectlyclear？
　　Whatdoyoumean？hesaid。
　　Why，Isaid，theyarelikediseaseandhealth；beinginthesouljustwhatdiseaseandhealthareinthebody。
　　Howso？hesaid。
　　Why，Isaid，thatwhichishealthycauseshealth，andthatwhichisunhealthycausesdisease。
　　Yes。
　　Andjustactionscausejustice，andunjustactionscauseinjustice？
　　Thatiscertain。
　　Andthecreationofhealthistheinstitutionofanaturalorderandgovernmentofonebyanotherinthepartsofthebody；andthecreationofdiseaseistheproductionofastateofthingsatvariancewiththisnaturalorder？
　　True。
　　Andisnotthecreationofjusticetheinstitutionofanaturalorderandgovernmentofonebyanotherinthepartsofthesoul，andthecreationofinjusticetheproductionofastateofthingsatvariancewiththenaturalorder？
　　Exactlyso，hesaid。
　　Thenvirtueisthehealthandbeautyandwell—beingofthesoul，andvicethediseaseandweaknessanddeformityofthesame？
　　True。
　　Anddonotgoodpracticesleadtovirtue，andevilpracticestovice？
　　Assuredly。
　　Stillouroldquestionofthecomparativeadvantageofjusticeandinjusticehasnotbeenanswered：Whichisthemoreprofitable，tobejustandactjustlyandpractisevirtue，whetherseenorunseenofgodsandmen，ortobeunjustandactunjustly，ifonlyunpunishedandunreformed？
　　Inmyjudgment，Socrates，thequestionhasnowbecomeridiculous。Weknowthat，whenthebodilyconstitutionisgone，lifeisnolongerendurable，thoughpamperedwithallkindsofmeatsanddrinks，andhavingallwealthandallpower；andshallwebetoldthatwhentheveryessenceofthevitalprincipleisunderminedandcorrupted，lifeisstillworthhavingtoaman，ifonlyhebeallowedtodowhateverhelikeswiththesingleexceptionthatheisnottoacquirejusticeandvirtue，ortoescapefrominjusticeandvice；
　　assumingthembothtobesuchaswehavedescribed？
　　Yes，Isaid，thequestionis，asyousay，ridiculous。Still，aswearenearthespotatwhichwemayseethetruthintheclearestmannerwithourowneyes，letusnotfaintbytheway。
　　Certainlynot，hereplied。
　　Comeuphither，Isaid，andbeholdthevariousformsofvice，thoseofthem，Imean，whichareworthlookingat。
　　Iamfollowingyou，hereplied：proceed。
　　Isaid，Theargumentseemstohavereachedaheightfromwhich，asfromsometowerofspeculation，amanmaylookdownandseethatvirtueisone，butthattheformsofviceareinnumerable；therebeingfourspecialoneswhicharedeservingofnote。
　　Whatdoyoumean？hesaid。
　　Imean，Ireplied，thatthereappeartobeasmanyformsofthesoulastherearedistinctformsoftheState。
　　Howmany？
　　TherearefiveoftheState，andfiveofthesoul，Isaid。
　　Whatarethey？
　　Thefirst，Isaid，isthatwhichwehavebeendescribing，andwhichmaybesaidtohavetwonames，monarchyandaristocracy，accordinglyasruleisexercisedbyonedistinguishedmanorbymany。
　　True，hereplied。
　　ButIregardthetwonamesasdescribingoneformonly；forwhetherthegovernmentisinthehandsofoneormany，ifthegovernorshavebeentrainedinthemannerwhichwehavesupposed，thefundamentallawsoftheStatewillbemaintained。
　　Thatistrue，hereplied。
　　BOOKV
　　SOCRATES—GLAUCON—ADEIMANTUS
　　SUCHisthegoodandtrueCityorState，andthegoodandmanisofthesamepattern；andifthisisrighteveryotheriswrong；andtheevilisonewhichaffectsnotonlytheorderingoftheState，butalsotheregulationoftheindividualsoul，andisexhibitedinfourforms。
　　Whatarethey？hesaid。
　　Iwasproceedingtotelltheorderinwhichthefourevilformsappearedtometosucceedoneanother，whenPolemarchus，whowassittingalittlewayoff，justbeyondAdeimantus，begantowhispertohim：stretchingforthhishand，hetookholdoftheupperpartofhiscoatbytheshoulder，anddrewhimtowardshim，leaningforwardhimselfsoastobequitecloseandsayingsomethinginhisear，ofwhichIonlycaughtthewords，’Shallwelethimoff，orwhatshallwedo？
　　Certainlynot，saidAdeimantus，raisinghisvoice。
　　Whoisit，Isaid，whomyouarerefusingtoletoff？
　　You，hesaid。
　　Irepeated，WhyamIespeciallynottobeletoff？
　　Why，hesaid，wethinkthatyouarelazy，andmeantocheatusoutofawholechapterwhichisaveryimportantpartofthestory；andyoufancythatweshallnotnoticeyourairywayofproceeding；asifitwereself—evidenttoeverybody，thatinthematterofwomenandchildren’friendshaveallthingsincommon。’
　　AndwasInotright，Adeimantus？
　　Yes，hesaid；butwhatisrightinthisparticularcase，likeeverythingelse，requirestobeexplained；forcommunitymaybeofmanykinds。Please，therefore，tosaywhatsortofcommunityyoumean。
　　Wehavebeenlongexpectingthatyouwouldtellussomethingaboutthefamilylifeofyourcitizens——howtheywillbringchildrenintotheworld，andrearthemwhentheyhavearrived，and，ingeneral，whatisthenatureofthiscommunityofwomenandchildren—forweareofopinionthattherightorwrongmanagementofsuchmatterswillhaveagreatandparamountinfluenceontheStateforgoodorforevil。Andnow，sincethequestionisstillundetermined，andyouaretakinginhandanotherState，wehaveresolved，asyouheard，nottoletyougountilyougiveanaccountofallthis。
　　Tothatresolution，saidGlaucon，youmayregardmeassayingAgreed。
　　SOCRATES—ADEIMANTUS—GLAUCON—THRASYMACHUS
　　Andwithoutmoreado，saidThrasymachus，youmayconsiderusalltobeequallyagreed。
　　Isaid，Youknownotwhatyouaredoinginthusassailingme：WhatanargumentareyouraisingabouttheState！JustasIthoughtthatIhadfinished，andwasonlytoogladthatIhadlaidthisquestiontosleep，andwasreflectinghowfortunateIwasinyouracceptanceofwhatIthensaid，youaskmetobeginagainattheveryfoundation，ignorantofwhatahornet’snestofwordsyouarestirring。NowI
　　foresawthisgatheringtrouble，andavoidedit。
　　Forwhatpurposedoyouconceivethatwehavecomehere，saidThrasymachus，——tolookforgold，ortoheardiscourse？
　　Yes，butdiscourseshouldhavealimit。
　　Yes，Socrates，saidGlaucon，andthewholeoflifeistheonlylimitwhichwisemenassigntothehearingofsuchdiscourses。Butnevermindaboutus；takeheartyourselfandanswerthequestioninyourownway：Whatsortofcommunityofwomenandchildrenisthiswhichistoprevailamongourguardians？andhowshallwemanagetheperiodbetweenbirthandeducation，whichseemstorequirethegreatestcare？
　　Tellushowthesethingswillbe。
　　Yes，mysimplefriend，buttheansweristhereverseofeasy；manymoredoubtsariseaboutthisthanaboutourpreviousconclusions。
　　Forthepracticabilityofwhatissaidmaybedoubted；andlookedatinanotherpointofview，whetherthescheme，ifeversopracticable，wouldbeforthebest，isalsodoubtful。HenceIfeelareluctancetoapproachthesubject，lestouraspiration，mydearfriend，shouldturnouttobeadreamonly。
　　Fearnot，hereplied，foryouraudiencewillnotbeharduponyou；
　　theyarenotscepticalorhostile。
　　Isaid：Mygoodfriend，Isupposethatyoumeantoencouragemebythesewords。
　　Yes，hesaid。
　　Thenletmetellyouthatyouaredoingjustthereverse；theencouragementwhichyouofferwouldhavebeenallverywellhadI
　　myselfbelievedthatIknewwhatIwastalkingabout：todeclarethetruthaboutmattersofhighinterestwhichamanhonoursandlovesamongwisemenwholovehimneedoccasionnofearorfalteringinhismind；buttocarryonanargumentwhenyouareyourselfonlyahesitatingenquirer，whichismycondition，isadangerousandslipperything；andthedangerisnotthatIshallbelaughedat（ofwhichthefearwouldbechildish），butthatIshallmissthetruthwhereIhavemostneedtobesureofmyfooting，anddragmyfriendsaftermeinmyfall。AndIprayNemesisnottovisituponmethewordswhichIamgoingtoutter。ForIdoindeedbelievethattobeaninvoluntaryhomicideisalesscrimethantobeadeceiveraboutbeautyorgoodnessorjusticeinthematteroflaws。AndthatisariskwhichIwouldratherrunamongenemiesthanamongfriends，andthereforeyoudowelltoencourageme。
　　Glauconlaughedandsaid：Wellthen，Socrates，incaseyouandyourargumentdousanyseriousinjuryyoushallbeacquittedbeforehandoftheandshallnotbeheldtobeadeceiver；takecouragethenandspeak。
　　Well，Isaid，thelawsaysthatwhenamanisacquittedheisfreefromguilt，andwhatholdsatlawmayholdinargument。
　　Thenwhyshouldyoumind？
　　Well，Ireplied，IsupposethatImustretracemystepsandsaywhatIperhapsoughttohavesaidbeforeintheproperplace。Thepartofthemenhasbeenplayedout，andnowproperlyenoughcomestheturnofthewomen。OfthemIwillproceedtospeak，andthemorereadilysinceIaminvitedbyyou。
　　Formenbornandeducatedlikeourcitizens，theonlyway，inmyopinion，ofarrivingatarightconclusionaboutthepossessionanduseofwomenandchildrenistofollowthepathonwhichweoriginallystarted，whenwesaidthatthemenweretobetheguardiansandwatchdogsoftheherd。
　　True。
　　Letusfurthersupposethebirthandeducationofourwomentobesubjecttosimilarornearlysimilarregulations；thenweshallseewhethertheresultaccordswithourdesign。
　　Whatdoyoumean？
　　WhatImeanmaybeputintotheformofaquestion，Isaid：Aredogsdividedintohesandshes，ordotheybothshareequallyinhuntingandinkeepingwatchandintheotherdutiesofdogs？ordoweentrusttothemalestheentireandexclusivecareoftheflocks，whileweleavethefemalesathome，undertheideathatthebearingandsucklingtheirpuppiesislabourenoughforthem？
　　No，hesaid，theysharealike；theonlydifferencebetweenthemisthatthemalesarestrongerandthefemalesweaker。
　　Butcanyouusedifferentanimalsforthesamepurpose，unlesstheyarebredandfedinthesameway？
　　Youcannot。
　　Then，ifwomenaretohavethesamedutiesasmen，theymusthavethesamenurtureandeducation？
　　Yes。
　　Theeducationwhichwasassignedtothemenwasmusicandgymnastic。
　　Yes。
　　Thenwomenmustbetaughtmusicandgymnasticandalsotheartofwar，whichtheymustpractiselikethemen？
　　Thatistheinference，Isuppose。
　　Ishouldratherexpect，Isaid，thatseveralofourproposals，iftheyarecarriedout，beingunusual，mayappearridiculous。
　　Nodoubtofit。
　　Yes，andthemostridiculousthingofallwillbethesightofwomennakedinthepalaestra，exercisingwiththemen，especiallywhentheyarenolongeryoung；theycertainlywillnotbeavisionofbeauty，anymorethantheenthusiasticoldmenwhoinspiteofwrinklesanduglinesscontinuetofrequentthegymnasia。
　　Yes，indeed，hesaid：accordingtopresentnotionstheproposalwouldbethoughtridiculous。
　　Butthen，Isaid，aswehavedeterminedtospeakourminds，wemustnotfearthejestsofthewitswhichwillbedirectedagainstthissortofinnovation；howtheywilltalkofwomen’sattainmentsbothinmusicandgymnastic，andaboveallabouttheirwearingarmourandridinguponhorseback！
　　Verytrue，hereplied。
　　Yethavingbegunwemustgoforwardtotheroughplacesofthelaw；atthesametimebeggingofthesegentlemenforonceintheirlifetobeserious。Notlongago，asweshallremindthem，theHelleneswereoftheopinion，whichisstillgenerallyreceivedamongthebarbarians，thatthesightofanakedmanwasridiculousandimproper；andwhenfirsttheCretansandthentheLacedaemoniansintroducedthecustom，thewitsofthatdaymightequallyhaveridiculedtheinnovation。
　　Nodoubt。
　　Butwhenexperienceshowedthattoletallthingsbeuncoveredwasfarbetterthantocoverthemup，andtheludicrouseffecttotheoutwardeyevanishedbeforethebetterprinciplewhichreasonasserted，thenthemanwasperceivedtobeafoolwhodirectstheshaftsofhisridiculeatanyothersightbutthatoffollyandvice，orseriouslyinclinestoweighthebeautifulbyanyotherstandardbutthatofthegood。
　　Verytrue，hereplied。
　　First，then，whetherthequestionistobeputinjestorinearnest，letuscometoanunderstandingaboutthenatureofwoman：Isshecapableofsharingeitherwhollyorpartiallyintheactionsofmen，ornotatall？Andistheartofwaroneofthoseartsinwhichshecanorcannotshare？Thatwillbethebestwayofcommencingtheenquiry，andwillprobablyleadtothefairestconclusion。
　　Thatwillbemuchthebestway。
　　Shallwetaketheothersidefirstandbeginbyarguingagainstourselves；inthismannertheadversary’spositionwillnotbeundefended。
　　Whynot？hesaid。
　　Thenletusputaspeechintothemouthsofouropponents。Theywillsay：’SocratesandGlaucon，noadversaryneedconvictyou，foryouyourselves，atthefirstfoundationoftheState，admittedtheprinciplethateverybodywastodotheoneworksuitedtohisownnature。’Andcertainly，ifIamnotmistaken，suchanadmissionwasmadebyus。’Anddonotthenaturesofmenandwomendifferverymuchindeed？’Andweshallreply：Ofcoursetheydo。Thenweshallbeasked，’Whetherthetasksassignedtomenandtowomenshouldnotbedifferent，andsuchasareagreeabletotheirdifferentnatures？’
　　Certainlytheyshould。’Butifso，haveyounotfallenintoaseriousinconsistencyinsayingthatmenandwomen，whosenaturesaresoentirelydifferent，oughttoperformthesameactions？’
　　——Whatdefencewillyoumakeforus，mygoodSir，againstanyonewhoofferstheseobjections？
　　Thatisnotaneasyquestiontoanswerwhenaskedsuddenly；andI
　　shallandIdobegofyoutodrawoutthecaseonourside。
　　Thesearetheobjections，Glaucon，andtherearemanyothersofalikekind，whichIforesawlongago；theymademeafraidandreluctanttotakeinhandanylawaboutthepossessionandnurtureofwomenandchildren。
　　ByZeus，hesaid，theproblemtobesolvedisanythingbuteasy。
　　Whyyes，Isaid，butthefactisthatwhenamanisoutofhisdepth，whetherhehasfallenintoalittleswimmingbathorintomid—ocean，hehastoswimallthesame。
　　Verytrue。