Andthereisanotherclassofservants，whoareintellectuallyhardlyonthelevelofcompanionship；stilltheyhaveplentyofbodilystrengthforlabour，whichaccordinglytheysell，andarecalled，ifI
　　donotmistake，hirelings，hirebeingthenamewhichisgiventothepriceoftheirlabour。
　　True。
　　Thenhirelingswillhelptomakeupourpopulation？
　　Yes。
　　Andnow，Adeimantus，isourStatematuredandperfected？
　　Ithinkso。
　　Where，then，isjustice，andwhereisinjustice，andinwhatpartoftheStatedidtheyspringup？
　　Probablyinthedealingsofthesecitizenswithoneanother。
　　cannotimaginethattheyaremorelikelytobefoundanywhereelse。
　　Idaresaythatyouarerightinyoursuggestion，Isaid；wehadbetterthinkthematterout，andnotshrinkfromtheenquiry。
　　Letusthenconsider，firstofall，whatwillbetheirwayoflife，nowthatwehavethusestablishedthem。Willtheynotproducecorn，andwine，andclothes，andshoes，andbuildhousesforthemselves？Andwhentheyarehoused，theywillwork，insummer，commonly，strippedandbarefoot，butinwintersubstantiallyclothedandshod。Theywillfeedonbarley—mealandflourofwheat，bakingandkneadingthem，makingnoblecakesandloaves；thesetheywillserveuponamatofreedsoroncleanleaves，themselvesrecliningthewhileuponbedsstrewnwithyewormyrtle。Andtheyandtheirchildrenwillfeast，drinkingofthewinewhichtheyhavemade，wearinggarlandsontheirheads，andhymningthepraisesofthegods，inhappyconversewithoneanother。Andtheywilltakecarethattheirfamiliesdonotexceedtheirmeans；havinganeyetopovertyorwar。
　　SOCRATES—GLAUCON
　　But，saidGlaucon，interposing，youhavenotgiventhemarelishtotheirmeal。
　　True，Ireplied，Ihadforgotten；ofcoursetheymusthavearelish—salt，andolives，andcheese，andtheywillboilrootsandherbssuchascountrypeopleprepare；foradessertweshallgivethemfigs，andpeas，andbeans；andtheywillroastmyrtle—berriesandacornsatthefire，drinkinginmoderation。Andwithsuchadiettheymaybeexpectedtoliveinpeaceandhealthtoagoodoldage，andbequeathasimilarlifetotheirchildrenafterthem。
　　Yes，Socrates，hesaid，andifyouwereprovidingforacityofpigs，howelsewouldyoufeedthebeasts？
　　Butwhatwouldyouhave，Glaucon？Ireplied。
　　Why，hesaid，youshouldgivethemtheordinaryconveniencesoflife。Peoplewhoaretobecomfortableareaccustomedtolieonsofas，anddineofftables，andtheyshouldhavesaucesandsweetsinthemodernstyle。
　　Yes，Isaid，nowIunderstand：thequestionwhichyouwouldhavemeconsideris，notonlyhowaState，buthowaluxuriousStateiscreated；andpossiblythereisnoharminthis，forinsuchaStateweshallbemorelikelytoseehowjusticeandinjusticeoriginate。InmyopinionthetrueandhealthyconstitutionoftheStateistheonewhichIhavedescribed。ButifyouwishalsotoseeaStateatfeverheat，Ihavenoobjection。ForIsuspectthatmanywillnotbesatisfiedwiththesimplerwayofwayTheywillbeforaddingsofas，andtables，andotherfurniture；alsodainties，andperfumes，andincense，andcourtesans，andcakes，allthesenotofonesortonly，butineveryvariety；wemustgobeyondthenecessariesofwhichIwasatfirstspeaking，suchashouses，andclothes，andshoes：theartsofthepainterandtheembroidererwillhavetobesetinmotion，andgoldandivoryandallsortsofmaterialsmustbeprocured。
　　True，hesaid。
　　Thenwemustenlargeourborders；fortheoriginalhealthyStateisnolongersufficient。Nowwillthecityhavetofillandswellwithamultitudeofcallingswhicharenotrequiredbyanynaturalwant；
　　suchasthewholetribeofhuntersandactors，ofwhomonelargeclasshavetodowithformsandcolours；anotherwillbethevotariesofmusic——poetsandtheirattendanttrainofrhapsodists，players，dancers，contractors；alsomakersofdiverskindsofarticles，includingwomen’sdresses。Andweshallwantmoreservants。Willnottutorsbealsoinrequest，andnurseswetanddry，tirewomenandbarbers，aswellasconfectionersandcooks；andswineherds，too，whowerenotneededandthereforehadnoplaceintheformereditionofourState，butareneedednow？Theymustnotbeforgotten：andtherewillbeanimalsofmanyotherkinds，ifpeopleeatthem。
　　Certainly。
　　Andlivinginthiswayweshallhavemuchgreaterneedofphysiciansthanbefore？
　　Muchgreater。
　　Andthecountrywhichwasenoughtosupporttheoriginalinhabitantswillbetoosmallnow，andnotenough？
　　Quitetrue。
　　Thenasliceofourneighbours’landwillbewantedbyusforpastureandtillage，andtheywillwantasliceofours，if，likeourselves，theyexceedthelimitofnecessity，andgivethemselvesuptotheunlimitedaccumulationofwealth？
　　That，Socrates，willbeinevitable。
　　Andsoweshallgotowar，Glaucon。Shallwenot？
　　Mostcertainly，hereplied。
　　Thenwithoutdeterminingasyetwhetherwardoesgoodorharm，thusmuchwemayaffirm，thatnowwehavediscoveredwartobederivedfromcauseswhicharealsothecausesofalmostalltheevilsinStates，privateaswellaspublic。
　　Undoubtedly。
　　AndourStatemustoncemoreenlarge；andthistimethewillbenothingshortofawholearmy，whichwillhavetogooutandfightwiththeinvadersforallthatwehave，aswellasforthethingsandpersonswhomweweredescribingabove。
　　Why？hesaid；aretheynotcapableofdefendingthemselves？
　　No，Isaid；notifwewererightintheprinciplewhichwasacknowledgedbyallofuswhenwewereframingtheState：theprinciple，asyouwillremember，wasthatonemancannotpractisemanyartswithsuccess。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Butisnotwaranart？
　　Certainly。
　　Andanartrequiringasmuchattentionasshoemaking？
　　Quitetrue。
　　Andtheshoemakerwasnotallowedbyustobehusbandman，oraweaver，abuilder——inorderthatwemighthaveourshoeswellmade；
　　buttohimandtoeveryotherworkerwasassignedoneworkforwhichhewasbynaturefitted，andatthathewastocontinueworkingallhislifelongandatnoother；hewasnottoletopportunitiesslip，andthenhewouldbecomeagoodworkman。Nownothingcanbemoreimportantthanthattheworkofasoldiershouldbewelldone。Butiswaranartsoeasilyacquiredthatamanmaybeawarriorwhoisalsoahusbandman，orshoemaker，orotherartisan；althoughnooneintheworldwouldbeagooddiceordraughtplayerwhomerelytookupthegameasarecreation，andhadnotfromhisearliestyearsdevotedhimselftothisandnothingelse？
　　Notoolswillmakeamanaskilledworkman，ormasterofdefence，norbeofanyusetohimwhohasnotlearnedhowtohandlethem，andhasneverbestowedanyattentionuponthem。Howthenwillhewhotakesupashieldorotherimplementofwarbecomeagoodfighterallinaday，whetherwithheavy—armedoranyotherkindoftroops？
　　Yes，hesaid，thetoolswhichwouldteachmentheirownusewouldbebeyondprice。
　　Andthehigherthedutiesoftheguardian，Isaid，themoretime，andskill，andart，andapplicationwillbeneededbyhim？
　　Nodoubt，hereplied。
　　Willhenotalsorequirenaturalaptitudeforhiscalling？
　　Certainly。
　　Thenitwillbeourdutytoselect，ifwecan，natureswhicharefittedforthetaskofguardingthecity？
　　Itwill。
　　Andtheselectionwillbenoeasymatter，Isaid；butwemustbebraveanddoourbest。
　　Wemust。
　　Isnotthenobleyouthverylikeawell—breddoginrespectofguardingandwatching？
　　Whatdoyoumean？
　　Imeanthatbothofthemoughttobequicktosee，andswifttoovertaketheenemywhentheyseehim；andstrongtooif，whentheyhavecaughthim，theyhavetofightwithhim。
　　Allthesequalities，hereplied，willcertainlyberequiredbythem。
　　Well，andyourguardianmustbebraveifheistofightwell？
　　Certainly。
　　Andishelikelytobebravewhohasnospirit，whetherhorseordogoranyotheranimal？Haveyouneverobservedhowinvincibleandunconquerableisspiritandhowthepresenceofitmakesthesoulofanycreaturetobeabsolutelyfearlessandindomitable？
　　Ihave。
　　Thennowwehaveaclearnotionofthebodilyqualitieswhicharerequiredintheguardian。
　　True。
　　Andalsoofthementalones；hissoulistobefullofspirit？
　　Yes。
　　Butarenotthesespiritednaturesapttobesavagewithoneanother，andwitheverybodyelse？
　　Adifficultybynomeanseasytoovercome，hereplied。
　　Whereas，Isaid，theyoughttobedangeroustotheirenemies，andgentletotheirfriends；ifnot，theywilldestroythemselveswithoutwaitingfortheirenemiestodestroythem。
　　True，hesaid。
　　Whatistobedonethen？Isaid；howshallwefindagentlenaturewhichhasalsoagreatspirit，fortheoneisthecontradictionoftheother？
　　True。
　　Hewillnotbeagoodguardianwhoiswantingineitherofthesetwoqualities；andyetthecombinationofthemappearstobeimpossible；
　　andhencewemustinferthattobeagoodguardianisimpossible。
　　Iamafraidthatwhatyousayistrue，hereplied。
　　HerefeelingperplexedIbegantothinkoverwhathadpreceded。Myfriend，Isaid，nowonderthatweareinaperplexity；forwehavelostsightoftheimagewhichwehadbeforeus。
　　Whatdoyoumean？hesaid。
　　Imeantosaythattheredoexistnaturesgiftedwiththoseoppositequalities。
　　Andwheredoyoufindthem？
　　Manyanimals，Ireplied，furnishexamplesofthem；ourfriendthedogisaverygoodone：youknowthatwell—breddogsareperfectlygentletotheirfamiliarsandacquaintances，andthereversetostrangers。
　　Yes，Iknow。
　　Thenthereisnothingimpossibleoroutoftheorderofnatureinourfindingaguardianwhohasasimilarcombinationofqualities？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Wouldnothewhoisfittedtobeaguardian，besidesthespiritednature，needtohavethequalitiesofaphilosopher？
　　Idonotapprehendyourmeaning。
　　ThetraitofwhichIamspeaking，Ireplied，maybealsoseeninthedog，andisremarkableintheanimal。
　　Whattrait？
　　Why，adog，wheneverheseesastranger，isangry；whenanacquaintance，hewelcomeshim，althoughtheonehasneverdonehimanyharm，northeotheranygood。Didthisneverstrikeyouascurious？
　　Thematterneverstruckmebefore；butIquiterecognisethetruthofyourremark。
　　Andsurelythisinstinctofthedogisverycharming；——yourdogisatruephilosopher。
　　Why？
　　Why，becausehedistinguishesthefaceofafriendandofanenemyonlybythecriterionofknowingandnotknowing。Andmustnotananimalbealoveroflearningwhodetermineswhathelikesanddislikesbythetestofknowledgeandignorance？
　　Mostassuredly。
　　Andisnottheloveoflearningtheloveofwisdom，whichisphilosophy？
　　Theyarethesame，hereplied。
　　Andmaywenotsayconfidentlyofmanalso，thathewhoislikelytobegentletohisfriendsandacquaintances，mustbynaturebealoverofwisdomandknowledge？
　　Thatwemaysafelyaffirm。
　　ThenhewhoistobeareallygoodandnobleguardianoftheStatewillrequiretouniteinhimselfphilosophyandspiritandswiftnessandstrength？
　　Undoubtedly。
　　Thenwehavefoundthedesirednatures；andnowthatwehavefoundthem，howaretheytoberearedandeducated？Isnotthisenquirywhichmaybeexpectedtothrowlightonthegreaterenquirywhichisourfinalend——HowdojusticeandinjusticegrowupinStates？forwedonotwanteithertoomitwhatistothepointortodrawouttheargumenttoaninconvenientlength。
　　SOCRATES—ADEIMANTUS
　　Adeimantusthoughtthattheenquirywouldbeofgreatservicetous。
　　Then，Isaid，mydearfriend，thetaskmustnotbegivenup，evenifsomewhatlong。
　　Certainlynot。
　　Comethen，andletuspassaleisurehourinstory—telling，andourstoryshallbetheeducationofourheroes。
　　Byallmeans。
　　Andwhatshallbetheireducation？Canwefindabetterthanthetraditionalsort？——andthishastwodivisions，gymnasticforthebody，andmusicforthesoul。
　　True。
　　Shallwebegineducationwithmusic，andgoontogymnasticafterwards？
　　Byallmeans。
　　Andwhenyouspeakofmusic，doyouincludeliteratureornot？
　　Ido。
　　Andliteraturemaybeeithertrueorfalse？
　　Yes。
　　Andtheyoungshouldbetrainedinbothkinds，andwebeginwiththefalse？
　　Idonotunderstandyourmeaning，hesaid。
　　Youknow，Isaid，thatwebeginbytellingchildrenstorieswhich，thoughnotwhollydestituteoftruth，areinthemainfictitious；
　　andthesestoriesaretoldthemwhentheyarenotofanagetolearngymnastics。
　　Verytrue。
　　ThatwasmymeaningwhenIsaidthatwemustteachmusicbeforegymnastics。
　　Quiteright，hesaid。
　　Youknowalsothatthebeginningisthemostimportantpartofanywork，especiallyinthecaseofayoungandtenderthing；forthatisthetimeatwhichthecharacterisbeingformedandthedesiredimpressionismorereadilytaken。
　　Quitetrue。
　　Andshallwejustcarelesslyallowchildrentohearanycasualtaleswhichmaybedevisedbycasualpersons，andtoreceiveintotheirmindsideasforthemostparttheveryoppositeofthosewhichweshouldwishthemtohavewhentheyaregrownup？
　　Wecannot。
　　Thenthefirstthingwillbetoestablishacensorshipofthewritersoffiction，andletthecensorsreceiveanytaleoffictionwhichisgood，andrejectthebad；andwewilldesiremothersandnursestotelltheirchildrentheauthorisedonesonly。Letthemfashionthemindwithsuchtales，evenmorefondlythantheymouldthebodywiththeirhands；butmostofthosewhicharenowinusemustbediscarded。
　　Ofwhattalesareyouspeaking？hesaid。
　　Youmayfindamodelofthelesserinthegreater，Isaid；fortheyarenecessarilyofthesametype，andthereisthesamespiritinbothofthem。
　　Verylikely，hereplied；butIdonotasyetknowwhatyouwouldtermthegreater。
　　Those，Isaid，whicharenarratedbyHomerandHesiod，andtherestofthepoets，whohaveeverbeenthegreatstory—tellersofmankind。
　　Butwhichstoriesdoyoumean，hesaid；andwhatfaultdoyoufindwiththem？
　　Afaultwhichismostserious，Isaid；thefaultoftellingalie，and，whatismore，abadlie。
　　Butwhenisthisfaultcommitted？
　　Wheneveranerroneousrepresentationismadeofthenatureofgodsandheroes，——aswhenapainterpaintsaportraitnothavingtheshadowofalikenesstotheoriginal。
　　Yes，hesaid，thatsortofthingiscertainlyveryblamable；butwhatarethestorieswhichyoumean？
　　Firstofall，Isaid，therewasthatgreatestofalllies，inhighplaces，whichthepoettoldaboutUranus，andwhichwasabadlietoo，——ImeanwhatHesiodsaysthatUranusdid，andhowCronusretaliatedonhim。ThedoingsofCronus，andthesufferingswhichinturnhissoninflicteduponhim，eveniftheyweretrue，oughtcertainlynottobelightlytoldtoyoungandthoughtlesspersons；ifpossible，theyhadbetterbeburiedinsilence。Butifthereisanabsolutenecessityfortheirmention，achosenfewmightheartheminamystery，andtheyshouldsacrificenotacommon[Eleusinian]pig，butsomehugeandunprocurablevictim；andthenthenumberofthehearerswillbeveryfewindeed。
　　Why，yes，saidhe，thosestoriesareextremelyobjectionable。
　　Yes，Adeimantus，theyarestoriesnottoberepeatedinourState；
　　theyoungmanshouldnotbetoldthatincommittingtheworstofcrimesheisfarfromdoinganythingoutrageous；andthatevenifhechastiseshisfatherwhendoeswrong，inwhatevermanner，hewillonlybefollowingtheexampleofthefirstandgreatestamongthegods。
　　Ientirelyagreewithyou，hesaid；inmyopinionthosestoriesarequiteunfittoberepeated。
　　Neither，ifwemeanourfutureguardianstoregardthehabitofquarrellingamongthemselvesasofallthingsthebasest，shouldanywordbesaidtothemofthewarsinheaven，andoftheplotsandfightingsofthegodsagainstoneanother，fortheyarenottrue。
　　No，weshallnevermentionthebattlesofthegiants，orletthembeembroideredongarments；andweshallbesilentabouttheinnumerableotherquarrelsofgodsandheroeswiththeirfriendsandrelatives。Iftheywouldonlybelieveuswewouldtellthemthatquarrellingisunholy，andthatneveruptothistimehastherebeenany，quarrelbetweencitizens；thisiswhatoldmenandoldwomenshouldbeginbytellingchildren；andwhentheygrowup，thepoetsalsoshouldbetoldtocomposefortheminasimilarspirit。ButthenarrativeofHephaestusbindingHerehismother，orhowonanotheroccasionZeussenthimflyingfortakingherpartwhenshewasbeingbeaten，andallthebattlesofthegodsinHomer——thesetalesmustnotbeadmittedintoourState，whethertheyaresupposedtohaveanallegoricalmeaningornot。Forayoungpersoncannotjudgewhatisallegoricalandwhatisliteral；anythingthathereceivesintohismindatthatageislikelytobecomeindelibleandunalterable；andthereforeitismostimportantthatthetaleswhichtheyoungfirsthearshouldbemodelsofvirtuousthoughts。
　　Thereyouareright，hereplied；butifanyoneaskswherearesuchmodelstobefoundandofwhattalesareyouspeaking——howshallweanswerhim？
　　Isaidtohim，YouandI，Adeimantus，atthismomentarenotpoets，butfoundersofaState：nowthefoundersofaStateoughttoknowthegeneralformsinwhichpoetsshouldcasttheirtales，andthelimitswhichmustbeobservedbythem，buttomakethetalesisnottheirbusiness。
　　Verytrue，hesaid；butwhataretheseformsoftheologywhichyoumean？
　　Somethingofthiskind，Ireplied：——Godisalwaystoberepresentedashetrulyis，whateverbethesortofpoetry，epic，lyricortragic，inwhichtherepresentationisgiven。
　　Right。
　　Andishenottrulygood？andmusthenotberepresentedassuch？
　　Certainly。
　　Andnogoodthingishurtful？
　　No，indeed。
　　Andthatwhichisnothurtfulhurtsnot？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Andthatwhichhurtsnotdoesnoevil？
　　No。
　　Andcanthatwhichdoesnoevilbeacauseofevil？
　　Impossible。
　　Andthegoodisadvantageous？
　　Yes。
　　Andthereforethecauseofwell—being？
　　Yes。
　　Itfollowsthereforethatthegoodisnotthecauseofallthings，butofthegoodonly？
　　Assuredly。
　　ThenGod，ifhebegood，isnottheauthorofallthings，asthemanyassert，butheisthecauseofafewthingsonly，andnotofmostthingsthatoccurtomen。Forfewarethegoodsofhumanlife，andmanyaretheevils，andthegoodistobeattributedtoGodalone；
　　oftheevilsthecausesaretobesoughtelsewhere，andnotinhim。
　　Thatappearstometobemosttrue，hesaid。
　　ThenwemustnotlistentoHomerortoanyotherpoetwhoisguiltyofthefollyofsayingthattwocasksLieatthethresholdofZeus，fulloflots，oneofgood，theotherofevillots，andthathetowhomZeusgivesamixtureofthetwoSometimesmeetswithevilfortune，atothertimeswithgood；
　　butthathetowhomisgiventhecupofunmingledill，Himwildhungerdriveso’erthebeauteousearth。
　　AndagainZeus，whoisthedispenserofgoodandeviltous。
　　Andifanyoneassertsthattheviolationofoathsandtreaties，whichwasreallytheworkofPandarus，wasbroughtaboutbyAtheneandZeus，orthatthestrifeandcontentionofthegodswasinstigatedbyThemisandZeus，heshallnothaveourapproval；neitherwillweallowouryoungmentohearthewordsofAeschylus，thatGodplantsguiltamongmenwhenhedesiresutterlytodestroyahouse。
　　AndifapoetwritesofthesufferingsofNiobe——thesubjectofthetragedyinwhichtheseiambicversesoccur——orofthehouseofPelops，oroftheTrojanwaroronanysimilartheme，eitherwemustnotpermithimtosaythatthesearetheworksofGod，oriftheyareofGod，hemustdevisesomeexplanationofthemsuchasweareseeking；hemustsaythatGoddidwhatwasjustandright，andtheywerethebetterforbeingpunished；butthatthosewhoarepunishedaremiserable，andthatGodistheauthoroftheirmisery——thepoetisnottobepermittedtosay；thoughhemaysaythatthewickedaremiserablebecausetheyrequiretobepunished，andarebenefitedbyreceivingpunishmentfromGod；butthatGodbeinggoodistheauthorofeviltoanyoneistobestrenuouslydenied，andnottobesaidorsungorheardinverseorprosebyanyonewhetheroldoryounginanywell—orderedcommonwealth。Suchafictionissuicidal，ruinous，impious。
　　Iagreewithyou，hereplied，andamreadytogivemyassenttothelaw。
　　Letthisthenbeoneofourrulesandprinciplesconcerningthegods，towhichourpoetsandreciterswillbeexpectedtoconform——thatGodisnottheauthorofallthings，butofgoodonly。