Andnarrationmaybeeithersimplenarration，orimitation，oraunionofthetwo？
　　Thatagain，hesaid，Idonotquiteunderstand。
　　IfearthatImustbearidiculousteacherwhenIhavesomuchdifficultyinmakingmyselfapprehended。Likeabadspeaker，therefore，Iwillnottakethewholeofthesubject，butwillbreakapieceoffinillustrationofmymeaning。YouknowthefirstlinesoftheIliad，inwhichthepoetsaysthatChrysesprayedAgamemnontoreleasehisdaughter，andthatAgamemnonflewintoapassionwithhim；
　　whereuponChryses，failingofhisobject，invokedtheangeroftheGodagainsttheAchaeans。Nowasfarastheselines，AndheprayedalltheGreeks，butespeciallythetwosonsofAtreus，thechiefsofthepeople，thepoetisspeakinginhisownperson；heneverleadsustosupposethatheisanyoneelse。ButinwhatfollowshetakesthepersonofChryses，andthenhedoesallthathecantomakeusbelievethatthespeakerisnotHomer，buttheagedpriesthimself。AndinthisdoubleformhehascasttheentirenarrativeoftheeventswhichoccurredatTroyandinIthacaandthroughouttheOdyssey。
　　Yes。
　　Andanarrativeitremainsbothinthespeecheswhichthepoetrecitesfromtimetotimeandintheintermediatepassages？
　　Quitetrue。
　　Butwhenthepoetspeaksinthepersonofanother，maywenotsaythatheassimilateshisstyletothatofthepersonwho，asheinformsyou，isgoingtospeak？
　　Certainly。
　　Andthisassimilationofhimselftoanother，eitherbytheuseofvoiceorgesture，istheimitationofthepersonwhosecharacterheassumes？
　　Ofcourse。
　　Theninthiscasethenarrativeofthepoetmaybesaidtoproceedbywayofimitation？
　　Verytrue。
　　Or，ifthepoeteverywhereappearsandneverconcealshimself，thenagaintheimitationisdropped，andhispoetrybecomessimplenarration。However，inorderthatImaymakemymeaningquiteclear，andthatyoumaynomoresay，Idon’tunderstand，’Iwillshowhowthechangemightbeeffected。IfHomerhadsaid，’Thepriestcame，havinghisdaughter’sransominhishands，supplicatingtheAchaeans，andaboveallthekings；’andthenif，insteadofspeakinginthepersonofChryses，hehadcontinuedinhisownperson，thewordswouldhavebeen，notimitation，butsimplenarration。Thepassagewouldhaverunasfollows（Iamnopoet，andthereforeI
　　dropthemetre），’ThepriestcameandprayedthegodsonbehalfoftheGreeksthattheymightcaptureTroyandreturnsafelyhome，butbeggedthattheywouldgivehimbackhisdaughter，andtaketheransomwhichhebrought，andrespecttheGod。Thushespoke，andtheotherGreeksreveredthepriestandassented。ButAgamemnonwaswroth，andbadehimdepartandnotcomeagain，lestthestaffandchapletsoftheGodshouldbeofnoavailtohim——thedaughterofChrysesshouldnotbereleased，hesaid——sheshouldgrowoldwithhiminArgos。
　　Andthenhetoldhimtogoawayandnottoprovokehim，ifheintendedtogethomeunscathed。Andtheoldmanwentawayinfearandsilence，and，whenhehadleftthecamp，hecalleduponApollobyhismanynames，remindinghimofeverythingwhichhehaddonepleasingtohim，whetherinbuildinghistemples，orinofferingsacrifice，andprayingthathisgooddeedsmightbereturnedtohim，andthattheAchaeansmightexpiatehistearsbythearrowsofthegod，’——andsoon。Inthiswaythewholebecomessimplenarrative。
　　Iunderstand，hesaid。
　　Oryoumaysupposetheoppositecase——thattheintermediatepassagesareomitted，andthedialogueonlyleft。
　　Thatalso，hesaid，Iunderstand；youmean，forexample，asintragedy。
　　Youhaveconceivedmymeaningperfectly；andifImistakenot，whatyoufailedtoapprehendbeforeisnowmadecleartoyou，thatpoetryandmythologyare，insomecases，whollyimitative——instancesofthisaresuppliedbytragedyandcomedy；thereislikewisetheoppositestyle，inwhichthemypoetistheonlyspeaker——ofthisthedithyrambaffordsthebestexample；andthecombinationofbothisfoundinepic，andinseveralotherstylesofpoetry。DoItakeyouwithme？
　　Yes，hesaid；Iseenowwhatyoumeant。
　　IwillaskyoutorememberalsowhatIbeganbysaying，thatwehaddonewiththesubjectandmightproceedtothestyle。
　　Yes，Iremember。
　　Insayingthis，Iintendedtoimplythatwemustcometoanunderstandingaboutthemimeticart，——whetherthepoets，innarratingtheirstories，aretobeallowedbyustoimitate，andifso，whetherinwholeorinpart，andifthelatter，inwhatparts；orshouldallimitationbeprohibited？
　　Youmean，Isuspect，toaskwhethertragedyandcomedyshallbeadmittedintoourState？
　　Yes，Isaid；buttheremaybemorethanthisinquestion：Ireallydonotknowasyet，butwhithertheargumentmayblow，thitherwego。
　　Andgowewill，hesaid。
　　Then，Adeimantus，letmeaskyouwhetherourguardiansoughttobeimitators；orrather，hasnotthisquestionbeendecidedbytherulealreadylaiddownthatonemancanonlydoonethingwell，andnotmany；andthatifheattemptmany，hewillaltogetherfallofgainingmuchreputationinany？
　　Certainly。
　　Andthisisequallytrueofimitation；noonemancanimitatemanythingsaswellashewouldimitateasingleone？
　　Hecannot。
　　Thenthesamepersonwillhardlybeabletoplayaseriouspartinlife，andatthesametimetobeanimitatorandimitatemanyotherpartsaswell；forevenwhentwospeciesofimitationarenearlyallied，thesamepersonscannotsucceedinboth，as，forexample，thewritersoftragedyandcomedy——didyounotjustnowcallthemimitations？
　　Yes，Idid；andyouarerightinthinkingthatthesamepersonscannotsucceedinboth。
　　Anymorethantheycanberhapsodistsandactorsatonce？
　　True。
　　Neitherarecomicandtragicactorsthesame；yetallthesethingsarebutimitations。
　　Theyareso。
　　Andhumannature，Adeimantus，appearstohavebeencoinedintoyetsmallerpieces，andtobeasincapableofimitatingmanythingswell，asofperformingwelltheactionsofwhichtheimitationsarecopies。
　　Quitetrue，hereplied。
　　Ifthenweadheretoouroriginalnotionandbearinmindthatourguardians，settingasideeveryotherbusiness，aretodedicatethemselveswhollytothemaintenanceoffreedomintheState，makingthistheircraft，andengaginginnoworkwhichdoesnotbearonthisend，theyoughtnottopractiseorimitateanythingelse；iftheyimitateatall，theyshouldimitatefromyouthupwardonlythosecharacterswhicharesuitabletotheirprofession——thecourageous，temperate，holy，free，andthelike；buttheyshouldnotdepictorbeskilfulatimitatinganykindofilliberalityorbaseness，lestfromimitationtheyshouldcometobewhattheyimitate。Didyouneverobservehowimitations，beginninginearlyyouthandcontinuingfarintolife，atlengthgrowintohabitsandbecomeasecondnature，affectingbody，voice，andmind？
　　Yes，certainly，hesaid。
　　Then，Isaid，wewillnotallowthoseforwhomweprofessacareandofwhomwesaythattheyoughttobegoodmen，toimitateawoman，whetheryoungorold，quarrellingwithherhusband，orstrivingandvauntingagainstthegodsinconceitofherhappiness，orwhensheisinaffliction，orsorrow，orweeping；andcertainlynotonewhoisinsickness，love，orlabour。
　　Veryright，hesaid。
　　Neithermusttheyrepresentslaves，maleorfemale，performingtheofficesofslaves？
　　Theymustnot。
　　Andsurelynotbadmen，whethercowardsoranyothers，whodothereverseofwhatwehavejustbeenprescribing，whoscoldormockorrevileoneanotherindrinkoroutofindrinkor，orwhoinanyothermannersinagainstthemselvesandtheirneighboursinwordordeed，asthemannerofsuchis。Neithershouldtheybetrainedtoimitatetheactionorspeechofmenorwomenwhoaremadorbad；formadness，likevice，istobeknownbutnottobepractisedorimitated。
　　Verytrue，hereplied。
　　Neithermaytheyimitatesmithsorotherartificers，oroarsmen，orboatswains，orthelike？
　　Howcanthey，hesaid，whentheyarenotallowedtoapplytheirmindstothecallingsofanyofthese？
　　Normaytheyimitatetheneighingofhorses，thebellowingofbulls，themurmurofriversandrolloftheocean，thunder，andallthatsortofthing？
　　Nay，hesaid，ifmadnessbeforbidden，neithermaytheycopythebehaviourofmadmen。
　　Youmean，Isaid，ifIunderstandyouaright，thatthereisonesortofnarrativestylewhichmaybeemployedbyatrulygoodmanwhenhehasanythingtosay，andthatanothersortwillbeusedbyamanofanoppositecharacterandeducation。
　　Andwhicharethesetwosorts？heasked。
　　Suppose，Ianswered，thatajustandgoodmaninthecourseofanarrationcomesonsomesayingoractionofanothergoodman，——I
　　shouldimaginethathewillliketopersonatehim，andwillnotbeashamedofthissortofimitation：hewillbemostreadytoplaythepartofthegoodmanwhenheisactingfirmlyandwisely；inalessdegreewhenheisovertakenbyillnessorloveordrink，orhasmetwithanyotherdisaster。Butwhenhecomestoacharacterwhichisunworthyofhim，hewillnotmakeastudyofthat；hewilldisdainsuchaperson，andwillassumehislikeness，ifatall，foramomentonlywhenheisperformingsomegoodaction；atothertimeshewillbeashamedtoplayapartwhichhehasneverpractised，norwillheliketofashionandframehimselfafterthebasermodels；hefeelstheemploymentofsuchanart，unlessinjest，tobebeneathhim，andhismindrevoltsatit。
　　SoIshouldexpect，hereplied。
　　ThenhewilladoptamodeofnarrationsuchaswehaveillustratedoutofHomer，thatistosay，hisstylewillbebothimitativeandnarrative；buttherewillbeverylittleoftheformer，andagreatdealofthelatter。Doyouagree？
　　Certainly，hesaid；thatisthemodelwhichsuchaspeakermustnecessarilytake。
　　Butthereisanothersortofcharacterwhowillnarrateanything，and，theworselieis，themoreunscrupuloushewillbe；nothingwillbetoobadforhim：andhewillbereadytoimitateanything，notasajoke，butinrightgoodearnest，andbeforealargecompany。AsI
　　wasjustnowsaying，hewillattempttorepresenttherollofthunder，thenoiseofwindandhall，orthecreakingofwheels，andpulleys，andthevarioussoundsofflutes；pipes，trumpets，andallsortsofinstruments：hewillbarklikeadog，bleatlikeasheep，orcrowlikeacock；hisentireartwillconsistinimitationofvoiceandgesture，andtherewillbeverylittlenarration。
　　That，hesaid，willbehismodeofspeaking。
　　These，then，arethetwokindsofstyle？
　　Yes。
　　Andyouwouldagreewithmeinsayingthatoneofthemissimpleandhasbutslightchanges；andiftheharmonyandrhythmarealsochosenfortheirsimplicity，theresultisthatthespeaker，ifhcspeakscorrectly，isalwaysprettymuchthesameinstyle，andhewillkeepwithinthelimitsofasingleharmony（forthechangesarenotgreat），andinlikemannerhewillmakeuseofnearlythesamerhythm？
　　Thatisquitetrue，hesaid。
　　Whereastheotherrequiresallsortsofharmoniesandallsortsofrhythms，ifthemusicandthestylearetocorrespond，becausethestylehasallsortsofchanges。
　　Thatisalsoperfectlytrue，hereplied。
　　Anddonotthetwostyles，orthemixtureofthetwo，comprehendallpoetry，andeveryformofexpressioninwords？Noonecansayanythingexceptinoneorotherofthemorinbothtogether。
　　Theyincludeall，hesaid。
　　AndshallwereceiveintoourStateallthethreestyles，oroneonlyofthetwounmixedstyles？orwouldyouincludethemixed？
　　Ishouldpreferonlytoadmitthepureimitatorofvirtue。
　　Yes，Isaid，Adeimantus，butthemixedstyleisalsoverycharming：andindeedthepantomimic，whichistheoppositeoftheonechosenbyyou，isthemostpopularstylewithchildrenandtheirattendants，andwiththeworldingeneral。
　　Idonotdenyit。
　　ButIsupposeyouwouldarguethatsuchastyleisunsuitabletoourState，inwhichhumannatureisnottwofoldormanifold，foronemanplaysonepartonly？
　　Yes；quiteunsuitable。
　　AndthisisthereasonwhyinourState，andinourStateonly，weshallfindashoemakertobeashoemakerandnotapilotalso，andahusbandmantobeahusbandmanandnotadicastalso，andasoldierasoldierandnotatraderalso，andthesamethroughout？
　　True，hesaid。
　　Andthereforewhenanyoneofthesepantomimicgentlemen，whoaresocleverthattheycanimitateanything，comestous，andmakesaproposaltoexhibithimselfandhispoetry，wewillfalldownandworshiphimasasweetandholyandwonderfulbeing；butwemustalsoinformhimthatinourStatesuchashearenotpermittedtoexist；thelawwillnotallowthem。Andsowhenwehaveanointedhimwithmyrrh，andsetagarlandofwooluponhishead，weshallsendhimawaytoanothercity。Forwemeantoemployforoursouls’healththerougherandsevererpoetorstory—teller，whowillimitatethestyleofthevirtuousonly，andwillfollowthosemodelswhichweprescribedatfirstwhenwebegantheeducationofoursoldiers。
　　Wecertainlywill，hesaid，ifwehavethepower。
　　Thennow，myfriend，Isaid，thatpartofmusicorliteraryeducationwhichrelatestothestoryormythmaybeconsideredtobefinished；forthematterandmannerhavebothbeendiscussed。
　　Ithinksotoo，hesaid。
　　Nextinorderwillfollowmelodyandsong。
　　Thatisobvious。
　　Everyonecanseealreadywhatweoughttosayaboutthem，ifwearetobeconsistentwithourselves。
　　SOCRATES—GLAUCON
　　Ifear，saidGlaucon，laughing，thatthewords’everyone’hardlyincludesme，forIcannotatthemomentsaywhattheyshouldbe；
　　thoughImayguess。
　　Atanyrateyoucantellthatasongorodehasthreeparts——thewords，themelody，andtherhythm；thatdegreeofknowledgeImaypresuppose？
　　Yes，hesaid；somuchasthatyoumay。
　　Andasforthewords，theresurelybenodifferencewordsbetweenwordswhichareandwhicharenotsettomusic；bothwillconformtothesamelaws，andthesehavebeenalreadydeterminedbyus？
　　Yes。
　　Andthemelodyandrhythmwilldependuponthewords？
　　Certainly。
　　Weweresaying，whenwespokeofthesubject—matter，thatwehadnoneedoflamentationsandstrainsofsorrow？
　　True。
　　Andwhicharetheharmoniesexpressiveofsorrow？Youaremusical，andcantellme。
　　TheharmonieswhichyoumeanarethemixedortenorLydian，andthefull—tonedorbassLydian，andsuchlike。
　　Thesethen，Isaid，mustbebanished；eventowomenwhohaveacharactertomaintaintheyareofnouse，andmuchlesstomen。
　　Certainly。
　　Inthenextplace，drunkennessandsoftnessandindolenceareutterlyunbecomingthecharacterofourguardians。
　　Utterlyunbecoming。
　　Andwhicharethesoftordrinkingharmonies？
　　TheIonian，hereplied，andtheLydian；theyaretermed’relaxed。’
　　Well，andaretheseofanymilitaryuse？
　　Quitethereverse，hereplied；andifsotheDorianandthePhrygianaretheonlyoneswhichyouhaveleft。
　　Ianswered：OftheharmoniesIknownothing，butIwanttohaveonewarlike，tosoundthenoteoraccentwhichabravemanuttersinthehourofdangerandsternresolve，orwhenhiscauseisfailing，andheisgoingtowoundsordeathorisovertakenbysomeotherevil，andateverysuchcrisismeetstheblowsoffortunewithfirmstepandadeterminationtoendure；andanothertobeusedbyhimintimesofpeaceandfreedomofaction，whenthereisnopressureofnecessity，andheisseekingtopersuadeGodbyprayer，ormanbyinstructionandadmonition，orontheotherhand，whenheisexpressinghiswillingnesstoyieldtopersuasionorentreatyoradmonition，andwhichrepresentshimwhenbyprudentconducthehasattainedhisend，notcarriedawaybyhissuccess，butactingmoderatelyandwiselyunderthecircumstances，andacquiescingintheevent。ThesetwoharmoniesIaskyoutoleave；thestrainofnecessityandthestrainoffreedom，thestrainoftheunfortunateandthestrainofthefortunate，thestrainofcourage，andthestrainoftemperance；these，Isay，leave。
　　Andthese，hereplied，aretheDorianandPhrygianharmoniesofwhichIwasjustnowspeaking。
　　Then，Isaid，iftheseandtheseonlyaretobeusedinoursongsandmelodies，weshallnotwantmultiplicityofnotesorapanharmonicscale？
　　Isupposenot。
　　Thenweshallnotmaintaintheartificersoflyreswiththreecornersandcomplexscales，orthemakersofanyothermany—stringedcuriously—harmonisedinstruments？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Butwhatdoyousaytoflute—makersandflute—players？WouldyouadmitthemintoourStatewhenyoureflectthatinthiscompositeuseofharmonythefluteisworsethanallthestringedinstrumentsputtogether；eventhepanharmonicmusicisonlyanimitationoftheflute？
　　Clearlynot。
　　Thereremainthenonlythelyreandtheharpforuseinthecity，andtheshepherdsmayhaveapipeinthecountry。
　　Thatissurelytheconclusiontobedrawnfromtheargument。
　　ThepreferringofApolloandhisinstrumentstoMarsyasandhisinstrumentsisnotatallstrange，Isaid。
　　Notatall，hereplied。
　　Andso，bythedogofEgypt，wehavebeenunconsciouslypurgingtheState，whichnotlongagowetermedluxurious。
　　Andwehavedonewisely，hereplied。
　　Thenletusnowfinishthepurgation，Isaid。Nextinordertoharmonies，rhythmswillnaturallyfollow，andtheyshouldbesubjecttothesamerules，forweoughtnottoseekoutcomplexsystemsofmetre，ormetresofeverykind，butrathertodiscoverwhatrhythmsaretheexpressionsofacourageousandharmoniouslife；andwhenwehavefoundthem，weshalladaptthefootandthemelodytowordshavingalikespirit，notthewordstothefootandmelody。Tosaywhattheserhythmsarewillbeyourduty——youmustteachmethem，asyouhavealreadytaughtmetheharmonies。
　　But，indeed，hereplied，Icannottellyou。Ionlyknowthattherearesomethreeprinciplesofrhythmoutofwhichmetricalsystemsareframed，justasinsoundstherearefournotesoutofwhichalltheharmoniesarecomposed；thatisanobservationwhichIhavemade。ButofwhatsortoflivestheyareseverallytheimitationsIamunabletosay。
　　Then，Isaid，wemusttakeDamonintoourcounsels；andhewilltelluswhatrhythmsareexpressiveofmeanness，orinsolence，orfury，orotherunworthiness，andwhataretobereservedfortheexpressionofoppositefeelings。AndIthinkthatIhaveanindistinctrecollectionofhismentioningacomplexCreticrhythm；alsoadactylicorheroic，andhearrangedtheminsomemannerwhichIdonotquiteunderstand，makingtherhythmsequalintheriseandfallofthefoot，longandshortalternating；and，unlessIammistaken，hespokeofaniambicaswellasofatrochaicrhythm，andassignedtothemshortandlongquantities。Alsoinsomecasesheappearedtopraiseorcensurethemovementofthefootquiteasmuchastherhythm；orperhapsacombinationofthetwo；forIamnotcertainwhathemeant。Thesematters，however，asIwassaying，hadbetterbereferredtoDamonhimself，fortheanalysisofthesubjectwouldbedifficult，youknow。
　　Ratherso，Ishouldsay。
　　Butthereisnodifficultyinseeingthatgraceortheabsenceofgraceisaneffectofgoodorbadrhythm。
　　Noneatall。
　　Andalsothatgoodandbadrhythmnaturallyassimilatetoagoodandbadstyle；andthatharmonyanddiscordinlikemannerfollowstyle；
　　forourprincipleisthatrhythmandharmonyareregulatedbythewords，andnotthewordsbythem。
　　Justso，hesaid，theyshouldfollowthewords。
　　Andwillnotthewordsandthecharacterofthestyledependonthetemperofthesoul？
　　Yes。
　　Andeverythingelseonthestyle？
　　Yes。
　　Thenbeautyofstyleandharmonyandgraceandgoodrhythmdependonsimplicity，——Imeanthetruesimplicityofarightlyandnoblyorderedmindandcharacter，notthatothersimplicitywhichisonlyaneuphemismforfolly？
　　Verytrue，hereplied。
　　Andifouryoutharetodotheirworkinlife，musttheynotmakethesegracesandharmoniestheirperpetualaim？
　　Theymust。
　　Andsurelytheartofthepainterandeveryothercreativeandconstructiveartarefullofthem，——weaving，embroidery，architecture，andeverykindofmanufacture；alsonature，animalandvegetable，——inallofthemthereisgraceortheabsenceofgrace。
　　Anduglinessanddiscordandinharmoniousmotionarenearlyalliedtoillwordsandillnature，asgraceandharmonyarethetwinsistersofgoodnessandvirtueandbeartheirlikeness。
　　Thatisquitetrue，hesaid。
　　Butshalloursuperintendencegonofurther，andarethepoetsonlytoberequiredbyustoexpresstheimageofthegoodintheirworks，onpain，iftheydoanythingelse，ofexpulsionfromourState？
　　Oristhesamecontroltobeextendedtootherartists，andaretheyalsotobeprohibitedfromexhibitingtheoppositeformsofviceandintemperanceandmeannessandindecencyinsculptureandbuildingandtheothercreativearts；andishewhocannotconformtothisruleofourstobepreventedfrompractisinghisartinourState，lestthetasteofourcitizensbecorruptedbyhim？Wewouldnothaveourguardiansgrowupamidimagesofmoraldeformity，asinsomenoxiouspasture，andtherebrowseandfeeduponmanyabanefulherbandflowerdaybyday，littlebylittle，untiltheysilentlygatherafesteringmassofcorruptionintheirownsoul。Letourartistsratherbethosewhoaregiftedtodiscernthetruenatureofthebeautifulandgraceful；thenwillouryouthdwellinalandofhealth，amidfairsightsandsounds，andreceivethegoodineverything；andbeauty，theeffluenceoffairworks，shallflowintotheeyeandear，likeahealth—givingbreezefromapurerregion，andinsensiblydrawthesoulfromearliestyearsintolikenessandsympathywiththebeautyofreason。
　　Therecanbenonoblertrainingthanthat，hereplied。
　　Andtherefore，Isaid，Glaucon，musicaltrainingisamorepotentinstrumentthananyother，becauserhythmandharmonyfindtheirwayintotheinwardplacesofthesoul，onwhichtheymightilyfasten，impartinggrace，andmakingthesoulofhimwhoisrightlyeducatedgraceful，orofhimwhoisill—educatedungraceful；andalsobecausehewhohasreceivedthistrueeducationoftheinnerbeingwillmostshrewdlyperceiveomissionsorfaultsinartandnature，andwithatruetaste，whilehepraisesandrejoicesoverandreceivesintohissoulthegood，andbecomesnobleandgood，hewilljustlyblameandhatethebad，nowinthedaysofhisyouth，evenbeforeheisabletoknowthereasonwhy；andwhenreasoncomeshewillrecogniseandsalutethefriendwithwhomhiseducationhasmadehimlongfamiliar。
　　Yes，hesaid，Iquiteagreewithyouinthinkingthatouryouthshouldbetrainedinmusicandonthegroundswhichyoumention。
　　Justasinlearningtoread，Isaid，weweresatisfiedwhenweknewthelettersofthealphabet，whichareveryfew，inalltheirrecurringsizesandcombinations；notslightingthemasunimportantwhethertheyoccupyaspacelargeorsmall，buteverywhereeagertomakethemout；andnotthinkingourselvesperfectintheartofreadinguntilwerecognisethemwherevertheyarefound：
　　True——
　　Or，aswerecognisethereflectionoflettersinthewater，orinamirror，onlywhenweknowthelettersthemselves；thesameartandstudygivingustheknowledgeofboth：