Indespoticstates，eachhouseisaseparategovernment。Aseducation，therefore，consistschieflvinsocialconverse，itmustbehereverymuchlimited；allitdoesistostriketheheartwithfear，andtoimprintontheunderstandingaverysimplenotionofafewprinciplesofreligion。Learninghereprovesdangerous，emulationfatal；andastovirtue，Aristotle[3]cannotthinkthatthereisanyonevirtuebelongingtoslaves；ifso，educationindespoticcountriesisconfinedwithinaverynarrowcompass。
Here，therefore，educationisinsomemeasureneedless：togivesomething，onemusttakeawayeverything，andbeginwithmakingabadsubjectinordertomakeagoodslave。
Forwhyshouldeducationtakepainsinformingagoodcitizen，onlytomakehimshareinthepublicmisery？Ifheloveshiscountry，hewillstrivetorelaxthespringsofgovernment；ifhemiscarrieshewillbeundone；ifhesucceeds，hemustexposehimself，theprince，andhiscountrytoruin。
4。DifferencebetweentheEffectsofAncientandModernEducation。Mostoftheancientslivedundergovernmentsthathadvirtuefortheirprinciple；andwhenthiswasinfullvigourtheyperformedactionsunusualinourtimes，andatwhichournarrowmindsareastonished。
Anotheradvantagetheireducationpossessedoverourswasthatitnevercouldbeeffacedbycontraryimpressions。Epaminondas，thelastyearofhislife，said，heard，beheld，andperformedtheverysamethingsasattheageinwhichhereceivedthefirstprinciplesofhiseducation。
Inourdayswereceivethreedifferentorcontraryeducations，namely，ofourparents，ofourmasters，andoftheworld。Whatwelearninthelattereffacesalltheideasoftheformer。This，insomemeasure，arisesfromthecontrastweexperiencebetweenourreligiousandworldlyengagements，athingunknowntotheancients。
5。OfEducationinaRepublicanGovernment。Itisinarepublicangovernmentthatthewholepowerofeducationisrequired。Thefearofdespoticgovernmentsnaturallyarisesofitselfamidstthreatsandpunishments；thehonourofmonarchiesisfavouredbythepassions，andfavourstheminitsturn；butvirtueisaself—renunciation，whichiseverarduousandpainful。
Thisvirtuemaybedefinedastheloveofthelawsandofourcountry。
Assuchloverequiresaconstantpreferenceofpublictoprivateinterest，itisthesourceofallprivatevirtues；fortheyarenothingmorethanthisverypreferenceitself。
Thisloveispeculiartodemocracies。Inthesealonethegovernmentisentrustedtoprivatecitizens。Nowagovernmentislikeeverythingelse：
topreserveitwemustloveit。
Hasiteverbeenknownthatkingswerenotfondofmonarchy，orthatdespoticprinceshatedarbitrarypower？
Everythingthereforedependsonestablishingthisloveinarepublic；
andtoinspireitoughttobetheprincipalbusinessofeducation：butthesurestwayofinstillingitintochildrenisforparentstosetthemanexample。
Peoplehaveitgenerallyintheirpowertocommunicatetheirideastotheirchildren；buttheyarestillbetterabletotransfusetheirpassions。
Ifithappensotherwise，itisbecausetheimpressionsmadeathomeareeffacedbythosetheyhavereceivedabroad。
Itisnottheyoungpeoplethatdegenerate；theyarenotspoiledtillthoseofmatureragearealreadysunkintocorruption。
6。OfsomeInstitutionsamongtheGreeks。TheancientGreeks，convincedofthenecessitythatpeoplewholiveunderapopulargovernmentshouldbetraineduptovirtue，madeverysingularinstitutionsinordertoinspireit。UponseeinginthelifeofLycurgusthelawsthatlegislatorgavetotheLaced？monians，IimagineIamreadingthehistoryoftheSevarambes。ThelawsofCretewerethemodelofthoseofSparta；andthoseofPlatoreformedthem。
Letusreflectherealittleontheextensivegeniuswithwhichthoselegislatorsmusthavebeenendowed，toperceivethatbystrikingatreceivedcustoms，andbyconfoundingallmannerofvirtues，theyshoulddisplaytheirwisdomtotheuniverse。Lycurgus，byblendingtheftwiththespiritofjustice，thehardestservitudewithexcessofliberty，themostrigidsentimentswiththegreatestmoderation，gavestabilitytohiscity。Heseemedtodepriveherofallresources，suchasarts，commerce，money，andwalls；ambitionprevailedamongthecitizenswithouthopesofimprovingtheirfortune；theyhadnaturalsentimentswithoutthetieofason，husband，orfather；andchastitywasstrippedevenofmodestyandshame。ThiswastheroadthatledSpartatograndeurandglory；andsoinfallibleweretheseinstitutions，thatitsignifiednothingtogainavictoryoverthatrepublicwithoutsubvertingherpolity。[4]
BytheselawsCreteandLaconiaweregoverned。SpartawasthelastthatfellapreytotheMacedonians，andCretetotheRomans。[5]
TheSamniteshadthesameinstitutions，whichfurnishedthoseveryRomanswiththesubjectoffour—and—twentytriumphs。[6]
AcharactersoextraordinaryintheinstitutionsofGreecehasshownitselflatelyinthedregsandcorruptionsofmoderntimes。[7]AveryhonestlegislatorhasformedapeopletowhomprobityseemsasnaturalasbraverytotheSpartans。Mr。PennisarealLycurgus：andthoughtheformermadepeacehisprincipalaim，asthelatterdidwar，yettheyresembleoneanotherinthesingularwayoflivingtowhichtheyreducedtheirpeople，intheascendanttheyhadoverfreemen，intheprejudicestheyovercame，andinthepassionswhichtheysubdued。
AnotherexamplewehavefromParaguay。Thishasbeenthesubjectofaninvidiouschargeagainstasocietythatconsidersthepleasureofcommandingastheonlyhappinessinlife：butitwillbeeveragloriousundertakingtorenderagovernmentsubservienttohumanhappiness。[8]
Itisgloriousindeedforthissocietytohavebeenthefirstinpointingouttothosecountriestheideaofreligionjoinedwiththatofhumanity。ByrepairingthedevastationsoftheSpaniards，shehasbeguntohealoneofthemostdangerouswoundsthatthehumanspecieseverreceived。
Anexquisitesensibilitytowhatevershedistinguishesbythenameofhonour，joinedtoherzealforareligionwhichisfarmorehumblinginrespecttothosewhoreceivethantothosewhopreachitsdoctrines，hassetheruponvastundertakings，whichshehasaccomplishedwithsuccess。
Shehasdrawnwildpeoplefromtheirwoods，securedthemamaintenance，andclothedtheirnakedness；andhadsheonlybythisstepimprovedtheindustryofmankind，itwouldhavebeensufficienttoeterniseherfame。
TheywhoshallattempthereaftertointroducelikeinstitutionsmustestablishthecommunityofgoodsasprescribedinPlato’srepublic；thathighrespectherequiredforthegods；thatseparationfromstrangers，forthepreservationofmorals；andanextensivecommercecarriedonbythecommunity，andnotbyprivatecitizens：theymustgiveourartswithoutourluxury，andourwantswithoutourdesires。
Theymustproscribemoney，theeffectsofwhicharetoswellpeople’sfortunesbeyondtheboundsprescribedbynature；tolearntopreservefornopurposewhathasbeenidlyhoardedup；tomultiplywithoutendourdesires；andtosupplythesterilityofnature，fromwhomwehavereceivedveryscantymeansofinflamingourpassions，andofcorruptingeachother。
"TheEpidamnians，[9]perceivingtheirmoralsdepravedbyconversingwithbarbarians，choseamagistrateformakingallcontractsandsalesinthenameandbehalfofthecity。"Commercethendoesnotcorrupttheconstitution，andtheconstitutiondoesnotdeprivesocietyoftheadvantagesofcommerce。
7。InwhatCasesthesesingularInstitutionsmaybeofService。
Institutionsofthiskindmaybeproperinrepublics，becausetheyhavevirtuefortheirprinciple；buttoexcitementohonourinmonarchies，ortoinspirefearindespoticgovernments，lesstroubleisnecessary。
Besides，theycantakeplacebutinasmallstate，[10]inwhichthereisapossibilityofgeneraleducation，andoftrainingupthebodyofthepeoplelikeasinglefamily。
ThelawsofMinos，ofLycurgus，andofPlatosupposeaparticularattentionandcare，whichthecitizensoughttohaveoveroneanother’sconduct。Butanattentionofthiskindcannotbeexpectedintheconfusionandmultitudeofaffairsinwhichalargenationisentangled。
Ininstitutionsofthiskind，money，aswehaveaboveobserved，mustbebanished。Butingreatsocieties，themultiplicity，variety，embarrassment，andimportanceofaffairs，aswellasthefacilityofpurchasing，andtheslownessofexchange，requireacommonmeasure。Inordertosupportorextendourpower，wemustbepossessedofthemeanstowhich，bytheunanimousconsentofmankind，thispowerisannexed。
8。ExplanationofaParadoxoftheAncientsinrespecttoManners。Thatjudiciouswriter，Polybius，informsusthatmusicwasnecessarytosoftenthemannersoftheArcadians，wholivedinacold，gloomycountry；thattheinhabitantsofCynete，whoslightedmusic，werethecruellestofalltheGreeks，andthatnoothertownwassoimmersedinluxuryanddebauchery。Plato[11]isnotafraidtoaffirmthatthereisnopossibilityofmakingachangeinmusicwithoutalteringtheframeofgovernment。Aristotle，whoseemstohavewrittenhisPoliticsonlyinordertocontradictPlato，agreeswithhim，notwithstanding，inregardtothepowerandinfluenceofmusicoverthemannersofthepeople。[12]
ThiswasalsotheopinionofTheophrastus，ofPlutarch[13]andofalltheancients——anopiniongroundedonmaturereflection；beingoneoftheprinciplesoftheirpolity。[14]Thusitwastheyenactedlaws，andthustheyrequiredthatcitiesshouldbegoverned。
ThisIfancymustbeexplainedinthefollowingmanner。ItisobservablethatinthecitiesofGreece，especiallythosewhose。principalobjectwaswar，alllucrativeartsandprofessionswereconsideredunworthyofafreeman。"Mostarts，"saysXenophon，[15]"corruptandenervatethebodiesofthosethatexercisethem；theyobligethemtositintheshade，ornearthefire。Theycanfindnoleisure，eitherfortheirfriendsorfortherepublic。"Itwasonlybythecorruptionofsomedemocraciesthatartisansbecamefreemen。ThiswelearnfromAristotle，[16]whomaintainsthatawell—regulatedrepublicwillnevergivethemtherightandfreedomofthecity。[17]
Agriculturewaslikewiseaservileprofession，andgenerallypractisedbytheinhabitantsofconqueredcountries，suchastheHelotesamongtheLaced？monians，thePerieciansamongtheCretans，thePenestesamongtheThessalians，andotherconquered[18]peopleinotherrepublics。
Infine，everykindoflowcommerce[19]wasinfamousamongtheGreeks；
asitobligedacitizentoserveandwaitonaslave，onalodger，orastranger。ThiswasanotionthatclashedwiththespiritofGreekliberty；hencePlato[20]inhisLawsordersacitizentobepunishedifheattemptstoconcernhimselfwithtrade。
ThusintheGreekrepublicsthemagistrateswereextremelyembarrassed。
Theywouldnothavethecitizensapplythemselvestotrade，toagriculture，ortothearts，andyettheywouldnothavethemidle。[21]
Theyfound，therefore，employmentforthemingymnicandmilitaryexercises；andnoneelsewereallowedbytheirinstitution。[22]HencetheGreeksmustbeconsideredasasocietyofwrestlersandboxers。Now，theseexerciseshavinganaturaltendencytorenderpeoplehardyandfierce，therewasanecessityfortemperingthemwithothersthatmightsoftentheirmanners。[23]Forthispurpose，music，whichinfluencesthemindbymeansofthecorporealorgans，wasextremelyproper。Itisakindofmediumbetweenmanlyexercises，whichhardenthebody，andspeculativesciences，whichareapttorenderusunsociableandsour。Itcannotbesaidthatmusicinspiredvirtue，forthiswouldbeinconceivable：butitpreventedtheeffectsofasavageinstitution，andenabledthesoultohavesuchashareintheeducationasitcouldneverhavehadwithouttheassistanceofharmony。
Letussupposeamongourselvesasocietyofmensopassionatelyfondofhuntingastomakeittheirsoleemployment；theywoulddoubtlesscontracttherebyakindofrusticityandfierceness。Butiftheyhappentoimbibeatasteformusic，weshouldquicklyperceiveasensibledifferenceintheircustomsandmanners。Inshort，theexercisesusedbytheGreekscouldraisebutonekindofpassions，viz。，fierceness，indignation，andcruelty。Butmusicexcitesallthese；andislikewiseabletoinspirethesoulwithasenseofpity，lenity，tenderness，andlove。Ourmoralwriters，whodeclaimsovehementlyagainstthestage，sufficientlydemonstratethepowerofmusicoverthemind。
Ifthesocietyabovementionedweretohavenoothermusicthanthatofdrums，andthesoundofthetrumpet，woulditnotbemoredifficulttoaccomplishthisendthanbythemoremeltingtonesofsofterharmony？
Theancientswerethereforeintherightwhen，underparticularcircumstances，theypreferredonemodetoanotherinregardtomanners。
Butsomewillask，whyshouldmusicbepitcheduponaspreferabletoanyotherentertainment？Itisbecauseofallsensiblepleasuresthereisnonethatlesscorruptsthesoul。WeblushtoreadinPlutarch[24]thattheThebans，inordertosoftenthemannersoftheiryouth，authorisedbylawapassionwhichoughttobeproscribedbyallnations。
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1。Seed’Aubigny’sHistory。
2。Wementionherewhatactuallyis，andnotwhatoughttobe；honourisaprejudice，whichreligionsometimesendeavourstoremove，andatothertimestoregulate。
3。Politics，i。13。
4。PhilopoemenobligedtheLaced？monianstochangetheirmannerofeducatingtheirchildren，beingconvincedthatifhedidnottakethismeasuretheywouldalwaysbenotedfortheirmagnanimity。——Plutarch，Philopoemen。SeeLivy，xxxviii。
5。Shedefendedherlawsandlibertyforthespaceofthreeyears。Seethe98th，99th，and100thbookofLivy，inFlorus’sepitome。Shemadeabraverresistancethanthegreatestkings。
6。Florus，i。16。
7。InfeceRomuli。——Cicero，LetterstoAtticus，ii。1。
8。TheIndiansofParaguaydonotdependonanyparticularlord；theypayonlyafifthofthetaxes，andareallowedtheuseoffirearmstodefendthemselves。
9。PlutarchinhisQuestionsConcerningtheGreekAffairs，xxix。
10。SuchaswereformerlythecitiesofGreece。
11。Republic，iv。
12。Politics，viii。5。
13。Pelopidas。
14。Plato，inhisseventhbookofLaws，saysthatthepr？fecturesofmusicandgymnicexercisesarethemostimportantemploymentsinthecity；and，inhisRepublic，iii，Damonwilltellyou，sayshe，whatsoundsarecapableofcorruptingthemindwithbasesentiments，orofinspiringthecontraryvirtues。
15。Memorabilia，v。
16。Politics，iii。4。
17。Diophantes，saysAristotle，Politics，ii。7，madealawformerlyatAthens，thatartisansshouldbeslavestotherepublic。
18。Plato，likewise，andAristotlerequireslavestotilltheland，Laws，viii。Politics，vii。10。Trueitisthatagriculturewasnoteverywhereexercisedbyslaves：onthecontrary，Aristotleobservesthebestrepublicswerethoseinwhichthecitizensthemselvestilledtheland：butthiswasbroughtaboutbythecorruptionoftheancientgovernments，whichhadbecomedemocratic：forinearliertimesthecitiesofGreeceweresubjecttoanaristocraticgovernment。
19。Cauponatio。
20。Bookv。
21。Aristotle，Politics，vii—viii。
22。Ibid。，viii。3。
23。AristotleobservesthatthechildrenoftheLaced？monians，whobegantheseexercisesataverytenderage，contractedthencetoogreataferocityandrudenessofbehaviour。——Ibid。，viii。4。
24。Pelopidas。
BookV。ThattheLawsGivenbytheLegislatorOughttoBeinRelationtothePrincipleofGovernment1。IdeaofthisBook。Thatthelawsofeducationshouldrelatetotheprincipleofeachgovernmenthasbeenshownintheprecedingbook。Nowthesamemaybesaidofthosewhichthelegislatorgivestothewholesociety。Therelationoflawstothisprinciplestrengthenstheseveralspringsofgovernment；andthisprinciplederivesthence，initsturn，anewdegreeofvigour。Andthusitisinmechanics，thatactionisalwaysfollowedbyreaction。
Ourdesignis，toexaminethisrelationineachgovernment，beginningwiththerepublicanstate，theprincipleofwhichisvirtue。
2。WhatismeantbyVirtueinapoliticalState。Virtueinarepublicisamostsimplething：itisaloveoftherepublic；itisasensation，andnotaconsequenceofacquiredknowledge：asensationthatmaybefeltbythemeanestaswellasbythehighestpersoninthestate。Whenthecommonpeopleadoptgoodmaxims，theyadheretothemmoresteadilythanthosewhomwecallgentlemen。Itisveryrarelythatcorruptioncommenceswiththeformer：nay，theyfrequentlyderivefromtheirimperfectlightastrongerattachmenttotheestablishedlawsandcustoms。
Theloveofourcountryisconducivetoapurityofmorals，andthelatterisagainconducivetotheformer。Thelessweareabletosatisfyourprivatepassions，themoreweabandonourselvestothoseofageneralnature。Howcomesitthatmonksaresofondoftheirorder？Itisowingtotheverycausethatrenderstheorderinsupportable。Theirruledebarsthemfromallthosethingsbywhichtheordinarypassionsarefed；thereremainsthereforeonlythispassionfortheveryrulethattormentsthem。Themoreaustereitis，thatis，themoreitcurbstheirinclinations，themoreforceitgivfestotheonlypassionleftthem。
3。WhatismeantbyaLoveoftheRepublicinaDemocracy。Aloveoftherepublicinademocracyisaloveofthedemocracy；asthelatteristhatofequality。
Aloveofthedemocracyislikewisethatoffrugality。Sinceeveryindividualoughtheretoenjoythesamehappinessandthesameadvantages，theyshouldconsequentlytastethesamepleasuresandformthesamehopes，whichcannotbeexpectedbutfromageneralfrugality。
Theloveofequalityinademocracylimitsambitiontothesoledesire，tothesolehappiness，ofdoinggreaterservicestoourcountrythantherestofourfellow—citizens。Theycannotallrenderherequalservices，buttheyalloughttoserveherwithequalalacrity。Atourcomingintotheworld，wecontractanimmensedebttoourcountry，whichwecanneverdischarge。
Hencedistinctionsherearisefromtheprincipleofequality，evenwhenitseemstoberemovedbysignalservicesorsuperiorabilities。
Theloveoffrugalitylimitsthedesireofhavingtothestudyofprocuringnecessariestoourfamily，andsuperfluitiestoourcountry。
Richesgiveapowerwhichacitizencannotuseforhimself，forthenhewouldbenolongerequal。Theylikewiseprocurepleasureswhichheoughtnottoenjoy，becausethesewouldbealsorepugnanttotheequality。
Thuswell—regulateddemocracies，byestablishingdomesticfrugality，madewayatthesametimeforpublicexpenses，aswasthecaseatRomeandAthens，whenmagnificenceandprofusionarosefromtheveryfundoffrugality。Andasreligioncommandsustohavepureandunspottedhandswhenwemakeourofferingstothegods，thelawsrequiredafrugalityoflifetoenablethemtobeliberaltoourcountry。
Thegoodsenseandhappinessofindividualsdependgreatlyuponthemediocrityoftheirabilitiesandfortunes。Therefore，asarepublic，wherethelawshaveplacedmanyinamiddlingstation，iscomposedofwisemen，itwillbewiselygoverned；asitiscomposedofhappymen，itwillbeextremelyhappy。
4。InwhatMannertheLoveofEqualityandFrugalityisinspired。Theloveofequalityandofafrugaleconomyisgreatlyexcitedbyequalityandfrugalitythemselves，insocietieswhereboththesevirtuesareestablishedbylaw。
Inmonarchiesanddespoticgovernments，nobodyaimsatequality；thisdoesnotsomuchasentertheirthoughts；theyallaspiretosuperiority。Peopleoftheverylowestconditiondesiretoemergefromtheirobscurity，onlytolorditovertheirfellow—subjects。
Itisthesamewithrespecttofrugality。Toloveit，wemustpractiseandenjoyit。Itisnotthosewhoareenervatedbypleasurethatarefondofafrugallife；werethisnaturalandcommon，Alcibiadeswouldneverhavebeentheadmirationoftheuniverse。Neitherisitthosewhoenvyoradmiretheluxuryofthegreat；peoplethathavepresenttotheirviewnonebutrichmen，ormenmiserablelikethemselves，detesttheirwretchedcondition，withoutlovingorknowingtherealtermorpointofmisery。
Atruemaximitis，therefore，thatinordertoloveequalityandfrugalityinarepublic，thesevirtuesmusthavebeenpreviouslyestablishedbylaw。
5。InwhatMannertheLawsestablishEqualityinaDemocracy。Someancientlegislators，asLycurgusandRomulus，madeanequaldivisionoflands。Asettlementofthiskindcannevertakeplaceexceptuponthefoundationofanewrepublic；orwhentheoldoneissocorrupt，andthemindsofthepeoplearesodisposed，thatthepoorthinkthemselvesobligedtodemand，andtherichobligedtoconsenttoaremedyofthisnature。
Ifthelegislator，inmakingadivisionofthiskind，doesnotenactlawsatthesametimetosupportit，heformsonlyatemporaryconstitution；inequalitywillbreakinwherethelawshavenotprecludedit，andtherepublicwillbeutterlyundone。
Henceforthepreservationofthisequalityitisabsolutelynecessarythereshouldbesomeregulationinrespecttowomen’sdowries，donations，successions，testamentarysettlements，andallotherformsofcontracting。Forwereweonceallowedtodisposeofourpropertytowhomandhowwepleased，thewillofeachindividualwoulddisturbtheorderofthefundamentallaw。
Solon，bypermittingtheAthenians，uponfailureofissue[1]toleavetheirestatestowhomtheypleased，actedcontrarytotheancientlaws，bywhichtheestateswereorderedtocontinueinthefamilyofthetestator；[2]andevencontrarytohisownlaws，forbyabolishingdebtshehadaimedatequality。
Thelawwhichprohibitedpeoplehavingtwoinheritances[3]wasextremelywelladaptedforademocracy。Itderiveditsoriginfromtheequaldistributionoflandsandportionsmadetoeachcitizen。Thelawwouldnotpermitasinglemantopossessmorethanasingleportion。
Fromthesamesourcearosethoselawsbywhichthenextrelativewasorderedtomarrytheheiress。ThislawwasgiventotheJewsafterthelikedistribution。Plato，[4]whogroundshislawsonthisdivision，madethesameregulationwhichhadbeenreceivedasalawbytheAthenians。
AtAthenstherewasalawwhosespirit，inmyopinion，hasnotbeenhithertorightlyunderstood。Itwaslawfultomarryasisteronlybythefather’sside，butitwasnotpermittedtoespouseasisterbythesameventer。[5]Thiscustomwasoriginallyowingtorepublics，whosespiritwouldnotpermitthattwoportionsofland，andconsequentlytwoinheritances，shoulddevolveonthesameperson。Amanwhomarriedhissisteronlybythefather’ssidecouldinheritbutoneestate，namely，thatofhisfather；butbyespousinghissisterbythesameventer，itmighthappenthatthissister’sfather，havingnomaleissue，mightleaveherhisestate，andconsequentlythebrotherwhomarriedhermightbepossessedoftwo。
LittlewillitavailtoobjecttowhatPhilosays，[6]thatalthoughtheAthenianswereallowedtomarryasisterbythefather’sside，andnotbythemother’s，yetthecontrarypracticeprevailedamongtheLaced？monians，whowerepermittedtoespouseasisterbythemother’sside，andnotbythefather’s。ForIfindinStrabo[7]thatatSparta，wheneverawomanwasmarriedtoherbrothershehadhalfhisportionforherdowry。Plainisitthatthissecondlawwasmadeinordertopreventthebadconsequencesoftheformer。Thattheestatebelongingtothesister’sfamilymightnotdevolveonthebrother’s，theygavehalfthebrother’sestatetothesisterforherdowry。
Seneca[8]speakingofSilanus，whohadmarriedhissister，saysthatthepermissionwaslimitedatAthens，butgeneralatAlexandria。Inamonarchicalgovernmenttherewasverylittleconcernaboutanysuchthingasadivisionofestates。
Excellentwasthatlawwhich，inordertomaintainthisdivisionoflandsinademocracy，ordainedthatafatherwhohadseveralchildrenshouldpitchupononeofthemtoinherithisportion，[9]andleavetheotherstobeadopted，totheendthatthenumbersofcitizensmightalwaysbekeptuponanequalitywiththatofthedivisions。