ThepoliticGreeks，wholivedunderapopulargovernment，knewnoothersupportthanvirtue。Themoderninhabitantsofthatcountryareentirelytakenupwithmanufacture，commerce，finances，opulence，andluxury。
Whenvirtueisbanished，ambitioninvadesthemindsofthosewhoaredisposedtoreceiveit，andavaricepossessesthewholecommunity。Theobjectsoftheirdesiresarechanged；whattheywerefondofbeforehasbecomeindifferent；theywerefreewhileundertherestraintoflaws，buttheywouldfainnowbefreetoactagainstlaw；andaseachcitizenislikeaslavewhohasrunawayfromhismaster，thatwhichwasamaximofequityhecallsrigour；thatwhichwasaruleofactionhestylesconstraint；andtoprecautionhegivesthenameoffear。Frugality，andnotthethirstofgain，nowpassesforavarice。Formerlythewealthofindividualsconstitutedthepublictreasure；butnowthishasbecomethepatrimonyofprivatepersons。Themembersofthecommonwealthriotonthepublicspoils，anditsstrengthisonlythepowerofafew，andthelicenceofmany。
Athenswaspossessedofthesamenumberofforceswhenshetriumphedsogloriouslyaswhenwithsuchinfamyshewasenslaved。Shehadtwentythousandcitizens[3]whenshedefendedtheGreeksagainstthePersians，whenshecontendedforempirewithSparta，andinvadedSicily。ShehadtwentythousandwhenDemetriusPhalereusnumberedthem[4]asslavesaretoldbytheheadinamarket—place。WhenPhilipattemptedtolorditoverGreece，andappearedatthegatesofAthens[5]shehadeventhenlostnothingbuttime。WemayseeinDemostheneshowdifficultitwastoawakenher；shedreadedPhilip，notastheenemyofherliberty，butofherpleasures。[6]Thisfamouscity，whichhadwithstoodsomanydefeats，andhavingbeensooftendestroyedhadasoftenrisenoutofherashes，wasoverthrownatCh？ronea，andatoneblowdeprivedofallhopesofresource。WhatdoesitavailherthatPhilipsendsbackherprisoners，ifhedoesnotreturnhermen？ItwaseverafteraseasytotriumphovertheforcesofAthensasithadbeendifficulttosubduehervirtue。
HowwasitpossibleforCarthagetomaintainherground？WhenHannibal，uponhisbeingmadepr？tor，endeavouredtohinderthemagistratesfromplunderingtherepublic，didnottheycomplainofhimtotheRomans？
Wretches，whowouldfainbecitizenswithoutacity，andbebeholdenfortheirrichestotheirverydestroyers！Romesooninsisteduponhavingthreehundredoftheirprincipalcitizensashostages；sheobligedthemnexttosurrendertheirarmsandships；andthenshedeclaredwar。[7]
Fromthedesperateeffortsofthisdefencelesscity，onemayjudgeofwhatshemighthaveperformedinherfullvigour，andassistedbyvirtue。
4。OfthePrincipleofAristocracy。Asvirtueisnecessaryinapopulargovernment，itisrequisitealsoinanaristocracy。Trueitisthatinthelatteritisnotsoabsolutelyrequisite。
Thepeople，whoinrespecttothenobilityarethesameasthesubjectswithregardtoamonarch，arerestrainedbytheirlaws。Theyhave，therefore，lessoccasionforvirtuethanthepeopleinademocracy。Buthowarethenobilitytoberestrained？Theywhoaretoexecutethelawsagainsttheircolleagueswillimmediatelyperceivethattheyareactingagainstthemselves。Virtueisthereforenecessaryinthisbody，fromtheverynatureoftheconstitution。
Anaristocraticgovernmenthasaninherentvigour，unknowntodemocracy。
Thenoblesformabody，whobytheirprerogative，andfortheirownparticularinterest，restrainthepeople；itissufficientthattherearelawsinbeingtoseethemexecuted。
Buteasyasitmaybeforthebodyofthenoblestorestrainthepeople，itisdifficulttorestrainthemselves。[8]Suchisthenatureofthisconstitution，thatitseemstosubjecttheverysamepersonstothepowerofthelaws，andatthesametimetoexemptthem。
Nowsuchabodyasthiscanrestrainitselfonlyintwoways；eitherbyaveryeminentvirtue，whichputsthenobilityinsomemeasureonalevelwiththepeople，andmaybethemeansofformingagreatrepublic；
orbyaninferiorvirtue，whichputsthematleastuponalevelwithoneanother，anduponthistheirpreservationdepends。
Moderationisthereforetheverysoulofthisgovernment；amoderation，Imean，foundedonvirtue，notthatwhichproceedsfromindolenceandpusillanimity。
5。ThatVirtueisnotthePrincipleofaMonarchicalGovernment。Inmonarchies，policyeffectsgreatthingswithaslittlevirtueaspossible。Thusinthenicestmachines，arthasreducedthenumberofmovements，springs，andwheels。
Thestatesubsistsindependentlyoftheloveofourcountry，ofthethirstoftrueglory，ofself—denial，ofthesacrificeofourdearestinterests，andofallthoseheroicvirtueswhichweadmireintheancients，andtousareknownonlybytradition。
Thelawssupplyheretheplaceofthosevirtues；theyarebynomeanswanted，andthestatedispenseswiththem：anactionperformedhereinsecretisinsomemeasureofnoconsequence。
Thoughallcrimesbeintheirownnaturepublic，yetthereisadistinctionbetweencrimesreallypublicandthosethatareprivate，whicharesocalledbecausetheyaremoreinjurioustoindividualsthantothecommunity。
Nowinrepublicsprivatecrimesaremorepublic，thatis，theyattacktheconstitutionmorethantheydoindividuals；andinmonarchies，publiccrimesaremoreprivate，thatis，theyaremoreprejudicialtoprivatepeoplethantotheconstitution。
IbegthatnoonewillbeoffendedwithwhatIhavebeensaying；myobservationsarefoundedontheunanimoustestimonyofhistorians。Iamnotignorantthatvirtuousprincesaresoveryrare；butIventuretoaffirmthatinamonarchyitisextremelydifficultforthepeopletobevirtuous。[9]
Letuscomparewhatthehistoriansofallageshaveassertedconcerningthecourtsofmonarchs；letusrecollecttheconversationsandsentimentsofpeopleofallcountries，inrespecttothewretchedcharacterofcourtiers，andweshallfindthatthesearenotairyspeculations，buttruthsconfirmedbyasadandmelancholyexperience。
Ambitioninidleness；meannessmixedwithpride；adesireofricheswithoutindustry；aversiontotruth；flattery，perfidy，violationofengagements，contemptofcivilduties，fearoftheprince’svirtue，hopefromhisweakness，but，aboveall，aperpetualridiculecastuponvirtue，are，Ithink，thecharacteristicsbywhichmostcourtiersinallagesandcountrieshavebeenconstantlydistinguished。Now，itisexceedinglydifficultfortheleadingmenofthenationtobeknaves，andtheinferiorsorttobehonest；fortheformertobecheats，andthelattertorestsatisfiedwithbeingonlydupes。
Butifthereshouldchancetobesomeunluckyhonestman[10]amongthepeople。CardinalRichelieu，inhispoliticaltestament，seemstohintthataprinceshouldtakecarenottoemployhim。[11]Sotrueisitthatvirtueisnotthespringofthisgovernment！Itisnotindeedexcluded，butitisnotthespringofgovernment。
6。InwhatMannerVirtueissuppliedinaMonarchicalGovernment。Butitishightimeformetohavedonewiththissubject，lestIshouldbesuspectedofwritingasatireagainstmonarchicalgovernment。Farbeitfromme；ifmonarchywantsonespring，itisprovidedwithanother。
Honour，thatis，theprejudiceofeverypersonandrank，suppliestheplaceofthepoliticalvirtueofwhichIhavebeenspeaking，andiseverywhereherrepresentative：hereitiscapableofinspiringthemostgloriousactions，and，joinedwiththeforceoflaws，mayleadustotheendofgovernmentaswellasvirtueitself。
Hence，inwell—regulatedmonarchies，theyarealmostallgoodsubjects，andveryfewgoodmen；fortobeagoodman[12]agoodintentionisnecessary，[13]andweshouldloveourcountry，notsomuchonourownaccount，asoutofregardtothecommunity。
7。OfthePrincipleofMonarchy。Amonarchicalgovernmentsupposes，aswehavealreadyobserved，pre—eminencesandranks，aslikewiseanobledescent。Nowsinceitisthenatureofhonourtoaspiretoprefermentsandtitles，itisproperlyplacedinthisgovernment。
Ambitionisperniciousinarepublic。Butinamonarchyithassomegoodeffects；itgiveslifetothegovernment，andisattendedwiththisadvantage，thatitisinnowaydangerous，becauseitmaybecontinuallychecked。
Itiswiththiskindofgovernmentaswiththesystemoftheuniverse，inwhichthereisapowerthatconstantlyrepelsallbodiesfromthecentre，andapowerofgravitationthatattractsthemtoit。Honoursetsallthepartsofthebodypoliticinmotion，andbyitsveryactionconnectsthem；thuseachindividualadvancesthepublicgood，whileheonlythinksofpromotinghisowninterest。
Trueitisthat，philosophicallyspeaking，itisafalsehonourwhichmovesallthepartsofthegovernment；buteventhisfalsehonourisasusefultothepublicastruehonourcouldpossiblybetoprivatepersons。
Isitnotveryexactingtoobligementoperformthemostdifficultactions，suchasrequireanextraordinaryexertionoffortitudeandresolution，withoutotherrecompensethanthatofgloryandapplause？
8。ThatHonourisnotthePrincipleofDespoticGovernment。Honourisfarfrombeingtheprincipleofdespoticgovernment：mankindbeingherealluponalevel，noonepersoncanpreferhimselftoanother；andasontheotherhandtheyareallslaves，theycangivethemselvesnosortofpreference。
Besides，ashonourhasitslawsandrules，asitknowsnothowtosubmit；asitdependsinagreatmeasureonaman’sowncaprice，andnotonthatofanotherperson；itcanbefoundonlyincountriesinwhichtheconstitutionisfixed，andwheretheyaregovernedbysettledlaws。
Howcandespotismabidewithhonour？Theonegloriesinthecontemptoflife；andtheotherisfoundedonthepoweroftakingitaway。Howcanhonour，ontheotherhand，bearwithdespotism？Theformerhasitsfixedrules，andpeculiarcaprices；butthelatterisdirectedbynorule，anditsowncapricesaresubversiveofallothers。
Honour，therefore，athingunknowninarbitrarygovernments，someofwhichhavenotevenaproperwordtoexpressit，[14]istheprevailingprincipleinmonarchies；hereitgiveslifetothewholebodypolitic，tothelaws，andeventothevirtuesthemselves。
9。OfthePrincipleofDespoticGovernment。Asvirtueisnecessaryinarepublic，andinamonarchyhonour，sofearisnecessaryinadespoticgovernment：withregardtovirtue，thereisnooccasionforit，andhonourwouldbeextremelydangerous。
Heretheimmensepoweroftheprincedevolvesentirelyuponthosewhomheispleasedtoentrustwiththeadministration。Personscapableofsettingavalueuponthemselveswouldbelikelytocreatedisturbances。
Fearmustthereforedepresstheirspirits，andextinguisheventheleastsenseofambition。
Amoderategovernmentmay，wheneveritpleases，andwithouttheleastdanger，relaxitssprings。Itsupportsitselfbythelaws，andbyitsowninternalstrength。Butwhenadespoticprinceceasesforonesinglemomenttouplifthisarm，whenhecannotinstantlydemolishthosewhomhehasentrustedwiththefirstemployments，[15]allisover：forasfear，thespringofthisgovernment，nolongersubsists，thepeopleareleftwithoutaprotector。
ItisprobablyinthissensetheCadismaintainedthattheGrandSeigniorwasnotobligedtokeephiswordoroath，whenhelimitedtherebyhisauthority。[16]
Itisnecessarythatthepeopleshouldbejudgedbylaws，andthegreatmenbythecapriceoftheprince，thatthelivesofthelowestsubjectshouldbesafe，andthepasha’sheadeverindanger。Wecannotmentionthesemonstrousgovernmentswithouthorror。TheSophiofPersia，dethronedinourdaysbyMahomet，thesonofMiriveis，sawtheconstitutionsubvertedbeforethisresolution，becausehehadbeentoosparingofblood。[17]
HistoryinformsusthatthehorridcrueltiesofDomitianstrucksuchaterrorintothegovernorsthatthepeoplerecoveredthemselvesalittleduringhisreign。[18]Thusatorrentoverflowsonesideofacountry，andontheotherleavesfieldsuntouched，wheretheeyeisrefreshedbytheprospectoffinemeadows。
10。DifferenceofObedienceinModerateandDespoticGovernments。Indespoticstates，thenatureofgovernmentrequiresthemostpassiveobedience；andwhenoncetheprince’swillismadeknown，itoughtinfalliblytoproduceitseffect。
Heretheyhavenolimitationsorrestrictions，nomediums，terms，equivalents，orremonstrances；nochangetopropose：manisacreaturethatblindlysubmitstotheabsolutewillofthesovereign。
Inacountrylikethistheyarenomoreallowedtorepresenttheirapprehensionsofafuturedangerthantoimputetheirmiscarriagetothecapriciousnessoffortune。Man’sportionhere，likethatofbeasts，isinstinct，compliance，andpunishment。
Littledoesitthenavailtopleadthesentimentsofnature，filialrespect，conjugalorparentaltenderness，thelawsofhonour，orwantofhealth；theorderisgiven，and，thatissufficient。
InPersia，whenthekinghascondemnedaperson，itisnolongerlawfultomentionhisname，ortointercedeinhisfavour。Eveniftheprincewereintoxicated，ornoncompos，thedecreemustbeexecuted；[19]
otherwisehewouldcontradicthimself，andthelawadmitsofnocontradiction。Thishasbeenthewayofthinkinginthatcountryinallages；astheorderwhichAhasuerusgave，toexterminatetheJews，couldnotberevoked，theywereallowedthelibertyofdefendingthemselves。
Onething，however，maybesometimesopposedtotheprince’swill，[20]
namely，religion。Theywillabandon，naytheywillslayaparent，iftheprincesocommands；buthecannotobligethemtodrinkwine。Thelawsofreligionareofasuperiornature，becausetheybindthesovereignaswellasthesubject。Butwithrespecttothelawofnature，itisotherwise；theprinceisnolongersupposedtobeaman。
Inmonarchicalandmoderatestates，thepowerislimitedbyitsveryspring，Imeanbyhonour，which，likeamonarch，reignsovertheprinceandhispeople。Theywillnotallegetotheirsovereignthelawsofreligion；acourtierwouldbeapprehensiveofrenderinghimselfridiculous。Butthelawsofhonourwillbeappealedtoonalloccasions。
Hencearisetherestrictionsnecessarytoobedience；honourisnaturallysubjecttowhims，bywhichthesubject’ssubmissionwillbeeverdirected。
Thoughthemannerofobeyingbedifferentinthesetwokindsofgovernment，thepoweristhesame。Onwhichsidesoeverthemonarchturns，heinclinesthescale，andisobeyed。Thewholedifferenceisthatinamonarchytheprincereceivesinstruction，atthesametimethathisministershavegreaterabilities，andaremoreversedinpublicaffairs，thantheministersofadespoticgovernment。
11。ReflectionsontheprecedingChapters。Sucharetheprinciplesofthethreesortsofgovernment：whichdoesnotimplythatinaparticularrepublictheyactuallyare，butthattheyoughttobe，virtuous；nordoesitprovethatinaparticularmonarchytheyareactuatedbyhonour，orinaparticulardespoticgovernmentbyfear；butthattheyoughttobedirectedbytheseprinciples，otherwisethegovernmentisimperfect。
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1。Thisisaveryimportantdistinction，whenceIshalldrawmanyconsequences；foritisthekeyofaninfinitenumberoflaws。
2。Cromwell。
3。Plutarch，Pericles；Plato，inCritias。
4。Shehadatthattimetwenty—onethousandcitizens，tenthousandstrangers，andfourhundredthousandslaves。SeeAthen？us，vi。
5。Shehadthentwentythousandcitizens。SeeDemosthenesinAristog。
6。Theyhadpassedalaw，whichrendereditacapitalcrimeforanyonetoproposeapplyingthemoneydesignedforthetheatrestomilitary7。Thislastedthreeyears。
8。Publiccrimesmaybepunished，becauseitishereacommonconcern；
butprivatecrimeswillgounpunished，becauseitisthecommoninterestnottopunishthem。
9。Ispeakhereofpoliticalvirtue，whichisalsomoralvirtueasitisdirectedtothepublicgood；verylittleofprivatemoralvirtue，andnotatallofthatvirtuewhichrelatestorevealedtruths。Thiswillappearbetterinv。2。
10。Thisistobeunderstoodinthesenseoftheprecedingnote。
11。Wemustnot，sayshe，employpeopleofmeanextraction；theyaretoorigidandmorose。——TestamentPolit。，4。
12。Thiswordgoodmanisunderstoodhereinapoliticalsenseonly。
13。SeeFootnote1。
14。SeePerry，p。447。
15。Asitoftenhappensinamilitaryaristocracy。
16。RicautontheOttomanEmpire。I，ii。
17。SeethehistoryofthisrevolutionbyFatherduCerceau。
18。Suetonius，LifeofDomitian，viii。Hiswasamilitaryconstitution，whichisoneofthespeciesofdespoticgovernment。
19。SeeSirJohnChardin。
20。Ibid。
BookIV。ThattheLawsofEducationOughttoBeinRelationtothePrinciplesofGovernment1。OftheLawsofEducation。Thelawsofeducationarethefirstimpressionswereceive；andastheyprepareusforcivillife，everyprivatefamilyoughttobegovernedbytheplanofthatgreathouseholdwhichcomprehendsthemall。
Ifthepeopleingeneralhaveaprinciple，theirconstituentparts，thatis，theseveralfamilies，willhaveonealso。Thelawsofeducationwillbethereforedifferentineachspeciesofgovernment：inmonarchiestheywillhavehonourfortheirobject；inrepublics，virtue；indespoticgovernments，fear。
2。OfEducationinMonarchies。Inmonarchiestheprincipalbranchofeducationisnottaughtincollegesoracademies。Itcommences，insomemeasure，atoursettingoutintheworld；forthisistheschoolofwhatwecallhonour，thatuniversalpreceptorwhichoughteverywheretobeourguide。
Hereitisthatweconstantlyhearthreerulesormaxims，viz。，thatweshouldhaveacertainnoblenessinourvirtues，akindoffranknessinourmorals，andaparticularpolitenessinourbehaviour。
Thevirtuesweareheretaughtarelesswhatweowetoothersthantoourselves；theyarenotsomuchwhatdrawsustowardssociety，aswhatdistinguishesusfromourfellow—citizens。Heretheactionsofmenarejudged，notasvirtuous，butasshining；notasjust，butasgreat；notasreasonable，butasextraordinary。Whenhonourheremeetswithanythingnobleinouractions，itiseitherajudgethatapprovesthem，orsophistbywhomtheyareexcused。
Itallowsofgallantrywhenunitedwiththeideaofsensibleaffection，orwiththatofconquest；thisisthereasonwhywenevermeetwithsostrictapurityofmoralsinmonarchiesasinrepublicangovernments。
Itallowsofcunningandcraft，whenjoinedwiththenotionofgreatnessofsoulorimportanceofaffairs；as，forinstance，inpolitics，withfinessesofwhichitisfarfrombeingoffended。
Itdoesnotforbidadulation，savewhenseparatedfromtheideaofalargefortune，andconnectedonlywiththesenseofourmeancondition。
Withregardtomorals，Ihaveobservedthattheeducationofmonarchiesoughttoadmitofacertainfranknessandopencarriage。Truth，therefore，inconversationishereanecessarypoint。Butisitforthesakeoftruth？Bynomeans。Truthisrequisiteonlybecauseapersonhabituatedtoveracityhasanairofboldnessandfreedom。Andindeedamanofthisstampseemstolayastressonlyonthethingsthemselves，notonthemannerinwhichtheyarereceived。
Henceitisthatinproportionasthiskindoffranknessiscommended，thatofthecommonpeopleisdespised，whichhasnothingbuttruthandsimplicityforitsobject。
Infine，theeducationofmonarchiesrequiresacertainpolitenessofbehaviour。Man，asociableanimal，isformedtopleaseinsociety；andapersonthatwouldbreakthroughtherulesofdecency，soastoshockthoseheconversedwith，wouldlosethepublicesteem，andbecomeincapableofdoinganygood。
Butpoliteness，generallyspeaking，doesnotderiveitsoriginfromsopureasource。Itarisesfromadesireofdistinguishingourselves。Itispridethatrendersuspolite；weareflatteredwithbeingtakennoticeofforbehaviourthatshowswearenotofameancondition，andthatwehavenotbeenbredwiththosewhoinallagesareconsideredthescumofthepeople。
Politeness，inmonarchies，isnaturalisedatcourt。Onemanexcessivelygreatrenderseverybodyelselittle。Hencethatregardwhichispaidtoourfellow—subjects；hencethatpoliteness，equallypleasingtothosebywhom，astothosetowardswhom，itispractised，becauseitgivespeopletounderstandthatapersonactuallybelongs，oratleastdeservestobelong，tothecourt。
Acourtlyairconsistsinquittingarealforaborrowedgreatness。Thelatterpleasesthecourtiermorethantheformer。Itinspireshimwithacertaindisdainfulmodesty，whichshowsitselfexternally，butwhoseprideinsensiblydiminishesinproportiontoitsdistancefromthesourceofthisgreatness。
Atcourtwefindadelicacyoftasteineverything——adelicacyarisingfromtheconstantuseofthesuperfluitiesoflife，fromthevariety，andespeciallythesatiety，ofpleasures，fromthemultiplicityandevenconfusionoffancies，which，iftheyarebutagreeable，aresureofbeingwellreceived。
Thesearethethingswhichproperlyfallwithintheprovinceofeducation，inordertoformwhatwecallamanofhonour，amanpossessedofallthequalitiesandvirtuesrequisiteinthiskindofgovernment。
Hereitisthathonourinterfereswitheverything，mixingevenwithpeople’smannerofthinking，anddirectingtheirveryprinciples。
Tothiswhimsicalhonouritisowingthatthevirtuesareonlyjustwhatitpleases；itaddsrulesofitsowninventiontoeverythingprescribedtous；itextendsorlimitsourdutiesaccordingtoitsownfancy，whethertheyproceedfromreligion，politics，ormorality。
Thereisnothingsostronglyinculcatedinmonarchies，bythelaws，byreligionandhonour，assubmissiontotheprince’swill；butthisveryhonourtellsusthattheprinceneveroughttocommandadishonourableaction，becausethiswouldrenderusincapableofservinghim。
CrillonrefusedtoassassinatetheDukeofGuise，butofferedtofighthim。AfterthemassacreofSt。Bartholomew，CharlesIX，havingsentorderstothegovernorsintheseveralprovincesfortheHuguenotstobemurdered，ViscountDorte，whocommandedatBayonne，wrotethustotheking：[1]"Sire，amongtheinhabitantsofthistown，andyourmajesty’stroops，Icouldnotfindsomuchasoneexecutioner；theyarehonestcitizensandbravesoldiers。Wejointly，therefore，beseechyourmajestytocommandourarmsandlivesinthingsthatarepracticable。"Thisgreatandgeneroussoullookeduponabaseactionasathingimpossible。
Thereisnothingthathonourmorestronglyrecommendstothenobilitythantoservetheirprinceinamilitarycapacity。And，indeed，thisistheirfavouriteprofession，becauseitsdangers，itssuccess，andevenitsmiscarriagesaretheroadtograndeur。Yetthisverylawofitsownmakinghonourchoosestoexplain：andincaseofanyaffront，itrequiresorpermitsustoretire。
Itinsistsalsothatweshouldbeatlibertyeithertoseekortorejectemployments，alibertywhichitpreferseventoanamplefortune。
Honourthereforehasitssupremelaws，towhicheducationisobligedtoconform。[2]Thechiefofthesearethatwearepermittedtosetavalueuponourfortune，butareabsolutelyforbiddentosetanyuponourlives。
Thesecondisthat，whenweareraisedtoapostorpreferment，weshouldneverdoorpermitanythingwhichmayseemtoimplythatwelookuponourselvesasinferiortotherankwehold。
Thethirdisthatthosethingswhichhonourforbidsaremorerigorouslyforbidden，whenthelawsdonotconcurintheprohibition；andthoseitcommandsaremorestronglyinsistedupon，whentheyhappennottobecommandedbylaw。
3。OfEducationinaDespoticGovernment。Aseducationinmonarchiestendstoraiseandennoblethemind，indespoticgovernmentsitsonlyaimistodebaseit。Hereitmustnecessarilybeservile；eveninpowersuchaneducationwillbeanadvantage，becauseeverytyrantisatthesametimeaslave。
Excessiveobediencesupposesignoranceinthepersonthatobeys：thesameitsupposesinhimthatcommands，forhehasnooccasiontodeliberate，todoubt，toreason；hehasonlytowill。