Millcouldnowlookforwardtoasuccessfulpropagandaofthecreedwhichhadpassedsoslowlythroughitsperiodofincubation。ThedeathofRicardoin1823affectedhimtoadegreewhichastonishedhisfriends，accustomedonlytohissternexterior。
　　Aplentifulcropofyoungproselytes，however，wasarisingtocarryonthework；andthepartynowbecamepossessedoftheindispensableorgan。
　　TheWestminsterReviewwaslaunchedatthebeginningof1824。Benthamprovidedthefunds；Mill’sofficialpositionpreventedhimfromundertakingtheeditorship，whichwasaccordinglygiventoBentham’syoungdisciple，Bowring，helpedforatimebyHenrySouthern。TheWestminsterwastorepresenttheRadicalsasthetwoolderreviewsrepresentedtheWhigsandtheTories；andtoshowthatthenewpartyhaditsphilosophersanditsmenofliterarycultivationaswellasitspopularagitatorsandjournalists。
　　ItthereforenaturallyputforthitsclaimsbyopeningfireinthefirstnumbersagainsttheEdinburghandtheQuarterlyReviews。
　　TheassaultupontheEdinburghReview，ofwhichIshallspeakpresently，madeanimpression，and，asJ。S。Milltellsus，broughtsuccesstothefirstnumberofthenewventure，thegauntletwasthrowndownwithplentyofvigour，andreformerswereexpectedtorallyroundsothoroughgoingachampion。InlaternumbersMillafterwardsJan。9，1826felluponSouthey’sBookoftheChurch，andApril1826assailedchurchestablishmentsingeneral。HedefendedtolerationduringthesameyearinareviewofSamuelBailey’sFormationofOpinions，andgaveageneralaccountofhispoliticalcreedinanarticleOctoberonthe’StateoftheNation。’
　　ThiswashislastcontributiontotheWestminster；butin1827hecontributedtotheParliamentaryHistoryandReview，startedbyJamesMarshallofLeeds，anarticleuponrecentdebatesonreform，whichendedforatimehispoliticalwritings。
　　TheUtilitarianshadnogreattalentforcohesion。Theirveryprincipleswereindeedinfavourofindividualindependence，andtheywereperhapsmorereadytodivergethantotoleratedivergence。TheWestminsterReviewhadmadeagoodstart，anddrewattentiontotherising’group’——J。S。Milldeclaresthatitneverformeda’school。’26FromtheveryfirsttheMillsdistrustedBowringanddisapprovedofsomearticles；theelderMillfailedtocarryhisdiscipleswithhim，partlybecausetheywerealreadyinfavourofgivingvotestowomen；andastheReviewsoonshoweditselfunabletopayitsway，somenewarrangementbecamenecessary。ItwasfinallyboughtbyPerronetThompson，andceasedforatimetobetheofficialorganofBenthamism。
　　AnotherundertakingoccupiedmuchofMill’sattentioninthefollowingyears。TheeducationalschemesoftheUtilitarianshadsofarprovedabortive。In1824，however，ithadoccurredtothepoet，ThomasCampbell，theneditingtheNewMonthlyMagazine，thatLondonoughttopossessauniversitycomparabletothatofBerlin，andmoreonalevelwithmodernthoughtthantheolduniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge，whichwerestillintheclosestconnectionwiththechurch。CampbelladdressedalettertoBrougham，andtheschemewastakenupenergeticallyonseveralsides。Place27wroteanarticle，whichheofferedtoCampbellfortheNewMonthly，whodeclinedoutofmodestytopublishitinhisownorgan。ItwasthenofferedtoBowringfortheWestminster，andultimatelysuppressedbyhim，whichmayhavebeenoneofthecausesofhisdifferenceswiththeMills。Broughamtookaleadingpartintheagitation；JosephHumepromisedtoraise£；100，000。GeorgeBirkbeck，founderoftheMechanics’institution，andZacharyMacaulay，whosawinitaplaceofeducationfordissentingministers，joinedthemovement，andamongthemostactivemembersofthenewbodywereJamesMillandGrote。Acouncilwasformedattheendof1825，andaftervariousdifficultiesasumof£；160，000wasraised，andtheuniversitystartedinGowerStreetin1828。AmongthefirstbodyofprofessorswereJohnAustinandM’Culloch，bothofthemsoundUtilitarians。Theolddifficulty，however，madeitselffelt。Inordertosecuretheunsectariancharacteroftheuniversity，religiousteachingwasomitted。Thecollegewasaccusedofinfidelity。
　　King’sCollegewasstartedinopposition；andviolentantipathieswerearoused。Aspecialcontroversyragedwithinthecouncilitself。Twophilosophicalchairsweretobefounded；andphilosophycannotbekeptclearofreligion。
　　Afterlongdiscussions，onechairwasfilledbytheappointmentoftheReverendJohnHoppus，anindependentminister。Grote，declaringthatnoman，pledgedbyhispositiontothesupportofanytenets，shouldbeappointed，resignedhisplaceonthecouncil。28Theuniversityin1836
　　becameacollegecombinedwithitsrivalKing’sCollegeunderthenewlyformedexaminingbodycalledtheUniversityofLondon。Ithas，Isuppose，beenofservicetoeducation，andmayberegardedastheonepracticalachievementoftheUtilitariansinthatdirection，sofarasitsfoundationwasduetothem。Itmust，however，beadmittedthattheactualbodystillfallsveryfarshortoftheidealpresenttothemindsofitsfounders。
　　From1822JamesMillspenthisvacationsatDorking，andafterwardsatMickleham。HehaddevotedthemtoataskwhichwasnecessarytofillagapintheUtilitarianscheme。
　　Hithertotheschoolhadassumed，ratherthanattemptedtoestablish，aphilosophicalbasisofitsteaching。Bentham’sfragmentarywritingsabouttheChrestomathicschoolsuppliedallthatcouldbycourtesybecalledaphilosophy。Mill，however，hadbeenfromthefirstinterestedinphilosophicalquestions。Hisreadingwasnotwide；heknewsomethingofthedoctrinestaughtbyStewartandStewart’ssuccessor，Brown。HehadbeenespeciallyimpressedbyHobbes，tosomedegreebyLockeandHume，butaboveallbyHartley。Heknewsomething，too，ofCondillacandtheFrenchideologists。
　　OfrecentGermanspeculationhewasprobablyquiteignorant。IfindindeedthatPlacehadcalledhisattentiontotheaccountofKant，publishedbyWirgmanintheEncyclopaediaLondinensisin1817。MillaboutthesametimetellsPlacethathehasbeguntoreadTheCriticofPureReason，’Iseeclearlyenough，’hesays，’whatpoorKantwouldbeabout，butitwouldrequiresometimetogiveanaccountofhim。’HewishesDecember6，1817thathehadtimetowriteabookwhichwould，makethehumanmindasplainastheroadfromCharingCrosstoSt。Paul’s。’29Thiswasapparentlythetasktowhichheappliedhimselfinhisvacations。TheAnalysisappearedin1829，and，whateveritsdefectsofincompletenessandone-sidednessfromaphilosophicalpointofview，showsinthehighestdegreeMill’spowersofclose，vigorousstatement；andlaysdownwithsingularclearnessthepsychologicaldoctrine，whichfromhispointofviewsuppliedthefundamentaltheoremsofknowledgeingeneral。Itdoesnotappear，however，tohavemadeanimpressionproportionatetotheintellectualpowerdisplayed，andhadtowaitalongtimebeforereachingthesecondeditionduetothefilialzealofJ。S。Mill。
　　JamesMill，afterhisarticlesintheWestminster，couldtakelittlepartinpoliticalagitation。HewasstillconsultedbyPlaceinregardtotheReformmovement。Placehimselftookanimportantpartatthefinalcrisis，especiallybyhiscirculationintheweekofagonyofthefamousplacard，’GoforGold。’ButtheUtilitarianswerenowlostinthecrowd。Thedemandforreformhadspreadthroughallclasses。TheattackupontherulingclasscarriedonbytheRadicalsofallshadesinthedarkdaysofSidmouthandthesixActswasnowsupportedbythenationatlarge。TheoldToryismcouldnolongersupportitselfbyappealingtothenecessitiesofastrugglefornationalexistence。Theprestigeduetothevictoriousendofthewarhadfadedaway。TheReformBillof1832waspassed，andtheUtilitarianshopedthatthemillenniumwouldatleastbegintodawn。
　　Millin1830removedfromQueen’sSquaretoVicaragePlace，Kensington。HekepthishouseatMickleham，andtheretooklongSundaywalkswithafewofhisdisciples。Hisstrengthwasmoreandmoreabsorbedinhisofficialduties。Hewasespeciallycalledupontogiveevidencebeforethecommitteeswhichfrom1830to1833consideredthepolicytobeadoptedinrenewingthecharteroftheEastIndiaCompany。
　　Millappearedastheadvocateofthecompany，defendedtheirpolicy，andarguedagainstthedemandsofthecommercialbodywhichdemandedthefinalsuppressionoftheoldtradingmonopolyoftheCompany。Theabolition，indeed，wasaforegoneconclusion；butMill’sviewwasnotinaccordancewiththedoctrinesofthethoroughgoingfree-traders。Hisofficialexperience，itseems，uponthisandothermattersdeterredhimfromtheaprioridogmatismtoocharacteristicofhispoliticalspeculations。Millalsosuggestedtheformationofalegislativecouncil，whichwastocontainoneman’versedinthephilosophyofmenandgovernment。’ThiswasrepresentedbytheappointmentofthelegalmemberofcouncilintheActof1833。MillapprovedofMacaulayasthefirstholderofthepost。Itwas’veryhandsome’ofhim，asMacaulayremarks，inasmuchasthefamousarticleswrittenbyMacaulayhimself，inwhichtheEdinburghhadatlastretortedupontheUtilitarians，muststillhavebeenfreshinhismemory。The’PenalCode’drawnbyMacaulayasholderoftheofficewasthefirstactualattempttocarryoutBentham’sfavouriteschemesunderBritishrule，andtheinfluenceofthechiefofBentham’sdisciplesattheIndiaHousemayhavehadsomethingtodowithitsinitiation。
　　Macaulay’schiefsubordinate，itmayberemarked，CharlesHayCameron，wasoneoftheBenthamites，andhadbeenproposedbyGroteforthechairattheLondonUniversityultimatelyfilledbyHoppus。
　　After1830MillwrotethesevereFragmentonMackintosh，which，afteradelaycausedbyMackintosh’sdeath，appearedin1835。HecontributedsomearticlestotheLondonReview，foundedbySirW。Molesworth，asanorganofthe’philosophicalRadicals，’andsuperintended，thoughnotdirectlyedited，byJ。S。Mill。
　　These，hislastperformances，repeattheolddoctrines。Itdoesnotappear，indeed，thatMilleveralteredoneofhisopinions。HeacceptedBentham’sdoctrinetotheend，asunreservedlyasamathematicianmightacceptNewton’sPrincipia。
　　Mill’slungshadbeguntobeaffected。ItwassupposedthattheywereinjuredbythedustimbibedoncoachjourneystoMickleham。HehadabadattackofhaemorrhageinAugust1835，anddiedpeacefullyon23rdJune1836。
　　WhatremainstobesaidofMillpersonallymaybesuggestedbyanoticeableparallel。S。T。Coleridge，bornaboutsixmonthsbeforeMill，diedtwoyearsbeforehim，thetwolivesthuscoincidedformorethansixtyyears，andeachmanwastheleaderofaschool。Inallelsethecontrastcouldhardlybegreater。Ifweweretoapplytherulesofordinarymorality，itwouldbeentirelyinMill’sfavour。Milldischargedallhisdutiesasstrenuouslyasamancould，whileColeridge’slifewasaprolongedillustrationoftheremarkthatwhenanactionpresenteditselftohimasadutyhebecamephysicallyincapableofdoingit。WhateverMillundertookheaccomplished，ofteninthefaceofenormousdifficulties。Coleridgeneverfinishedanything，andhisworksareaheapoffragmentsoftheprolegomenatoambitiousschemes。Millworkedhishardestfromyouthtoage，neversparinglabourorshirkingdifficultiesorturningasidefromhispath。Coleridgedawdledthroughlife，solacinghimselfwithopium，andcouldonlybecoaxedintooccasionalactivitybyskilfuldiplomacy。Millpreservedhisindependencebyrigidself-denial，temperance，andpunctuality。Coleridgewasalwaysdependentuponthegenerosityofhisfriends，Millbroughtupalargefamily，andinthemidstofseverelaboursfoundtimetoeducatethemeventoexcess。Coleridgelefthiswifeandchildrentobecaredforbyothers。AndColeridgediedintheodourofsanctity，reveredbyhisdisciples，andidolisedbyhischildren；whileMillwenttothegraveamidsttheshrugsofrespectableshoulders，andrespectedratherthanbelovedbythesonwhosucceededtohisintellectualleadership。
　　Theanswertotheriddleisindeedplainenough；orrathertherearemanysuperabundantlyobviousanswers，HadMilldefendedorthodoxviewsandColeridgebeenavowedlyheterodox，weshouldnodoubthaveheardmoreofColeridge’sopiumandofMill’sblamelessandenergeticlife。Butthisexplainslittle。ThatColeridgewasamanofgeniusand，moreover，ofexquisitelypoeticalgenius，andthatMillwasatmostamanofremarkabletalentandthedriestandsternestoflogiciansisalsoobvious。ItisevenmoretothepurposethatColeridgewasoverflowingwithkindliness，thoughlittleabletoturngoodwilltomucheffect；whereasMill’smoralitytooktheformchieflyofattackingthewicked。ThisisindicatedbythesayingattributedbyBowringtoBenthamthatMill’ssympathyforthemanysprangoutofhishatredoftheoppressingfew。30J。S。MillveryproperlyprotestedagainstthisstatementwhenitwasquotedintheEdinburghReview。Itwouldobviouslyimplyagrossmisunderstanding，whetherBentham，notagoodobserverofmen，saidsoornot。ButitindicatesthesideofMill’scharacterwhichmadehimunattractivetocontemporariesandalsotoposterity。Hepartook，sayshisson，31oftheStoic，theEpicurean，andtheCyniccharacter。HewasaStoicinhispersonalqualities；anEpicureansofarashistheoryofmoralswasconcerned；andaCynicinthathecaredlittleforpleasure。Hethoughtlifea’poorthing’
　　afterthefreshnessofyouthhadpassed；andsaidthathehadneverknownanoldmanhappyunlesshecouldliveoveragaininthepleasuresoftheyoung。Temperanceandself-restraintwerethereforehisfavouritevirtues。
　　Hedespisedall’passionateemotions’；heheldwithBenthamthatfeelingsbythemselvesdeservedneitherpraisenorblame；hecondemnedamanwhodidharmwhethertheharmcamefrommalevolenceorfromintellectualerror。